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Journal articles on the topic 'Rhinoceros'
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Pohlin, Friederike, Peter Buss, Emma H. Hooijberg, and Leith C. R. Meyer. "Midazolam Alters Acid-Base Status Less than Azaperone during the Capture and Transport of Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum)." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081323.
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Acidemia represents a major life-threatening factor during rhinoceros capture. The acid-base status during rhinoceros transport is unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe changes in acid-base status during rhinoceros capture and transport and compare these changes between rhinoceroses sedated with azaperone or midazolam. Twenty-three wild white rhinoceros bulls were road-transported 280 km for reasons unrelated to this study. Rhinoceroses were captured with etorphine-azaperone (Group A) or etorphine-midazolam (Group M). During transport, azaperone (Group A) or midazolam (Group M) was re-administered every 2 h and venous blood collected. Changes in blood pH and associated variables were compared over time and between groups using a general linear mixed model. Rhinoceroses of both groups experienced a respiratory and metabolic acidosis during capture (pH 7.109 ± 0.099 and 7.196 ± 0.111 for Group A and Group M, respectively) that was quickly compensated for by the start of transport (pH 7.441 ± 0.035 and 7.430 ± 0.057) and remained stable throughout the journey. Rhinoceroses from Group M showed a smaller decrease in pH and associated variables at capture than rhinoceroses from Group A (p = 0.012). The use of midazolam instead of azaperone could therefore improve the success of rhinoceros capture and thus, contribute to the outcome of important conservation translocations.
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Wright, Oliver Thomas, Georgina Cundill, and Duan Biggs. "Stakeholder perceptions of legal trade in rhinoceros horn and implications for private reserve management in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Oryx 52, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000764.
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AbstractThe proposed legalization of international trade in rhinoceros horn is a hotly debated topic. South Africa is home to a large proportion of Africa's blackDiceros bicornisand white rhinocerosesCeratotherium simumpopulations. Private owners are custodians of c. 25% of the country's rhinoceroses, and the introduction of legal trade in horn harvested from live rhinoceroses may therefore have significant implications for the private conservation industry. This study explores perceptions of legal trade in rhinoceros horn, and its potential implications for reserve management, among rhinoceros owners and conservation practitioners from private game reserves in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants from 17 private game reserves (c. 37% of the total number of reserves with rhinoceroses). Whereas rhinoceros owners were mostly in favour of trade, opinion among non-owners was more nuanced. Owners expressed more interest in trading in live rhinoceroses, and stockpiled horn from natural mortalities, than in sustainably harvesting rhinoceros horn for trade. Informants therefore predicted that they would not change their practices significantly if the trade were legalized. However, most informants had little confidence that CITES would lift the trade ban. The perspectives of private reserve owners and managers should be taken into account in South African and international policy discussions relating to the legal trade in rhinoceros horn.
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Mihok, S., S. K. Moloo, J. O. Oden'y, R. A. Brett, J. G. Rakwar, E. Munyoki, J. Kiilu, and C. A. Kyorku. "Attractiveness of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) to tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) and other biting flies." Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, no. 1 (February 1996): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300052172.
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AbstractDuring translocations of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis Linnaeus) in Kenya, we studied the relationships between the rhinoceros and biting flies. In trapping experiments, rhinoceros waste products (urine or dung) were substituted for known attractants such as cow urine, l-octen-3-ol or acetone. Catches of Glossina pallidipes Austen, Glossina longipennis Corti, Stomoxys spp., and Haematopota spp. were not affected by these substitutions. NG2G and Vavoua traps sited near captive animals caught similar numbers and kinds of flies as traps set without animals. Any minor attractive properties of rhinoceros odours were probably due to the presence of known attractants such as 4-cresol and 3-n-propylphenol, which were confirmed to be present through gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy. In feeding trials with laboratory-reared tsetse, Glossina brevipalpis Newstead and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado fed well on immobilized animals, whereas G. longipennis fed reluctantly. Catches of G. brevipalpis were doubled in one trapping experiment when rhinoceros urine was used as odour bait. Philoliche spp., Haematopota spp. and other Tabanidae fed on captive rhinoceroses. Many species of Stomoxyinae were associated with rhinoceroses. Of these, the most frequent association was with Rhinomusca dutoiti Zumpt, a species found previously only in South Africa. Rhinomusca dutoiti was found in two highland rhinoceros sanctuaries, Nairobi National Park and Solio Ranch Game Reserve.
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Grigson, Caroline. "New information on Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Britain in the mid-eighteenth century." Archives of Natural History 42, no. 1 (April 2015): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0280.
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Three Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) were present in Britain in the mid-eighteenth century. The first, a female, arrived in 1737, the second, a male, arrived in 1739, the third, a female known as Douwe Mout's rhinoceros or Clara, was shown in London, probably in 1756. Recent research in British newspapers provides new information about all three animals, and produces evidence to show that the rhinoceros exhibited in London in 1751–1752 was not Clara, but the female which had arrived in 1737.
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Subedi, Naresh, Shant Raj Jnawali, Maheshwar Dhakal, Narendra M. B. Pradhan, Babu Ram Lamichhane, Sabita Malla, Rajan Amin, and Yadvendradev V. Jhala. "Population status, structure and distribution of the greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in Nepal." Oryx 47, no. 3 (July 2013): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000562.
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AbstractWe assessed the abundance and distribution of the greater one-horned or Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in all its potential habitats in Nepal, using block counts. In April 2011 5,497 km were searched in 3,548 elephant-hours over 23 days. The validity of the block count was assessed by comparing it with counts obtained from long-term monitoring using photographic identification of individual rhinoceroses (ID-based), and estimates obtained by closed population sighting–mark–resighting in the 214 km2 of Chitwan National Park. A total of 534 rhinoceroses were found during the census, with 503 in Chitwan National Park (density 1 km−2), 24 in Bardia National Park (0.28 km−2) and seven in Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve (0.1 km−2). In Chitwan 66% were adults, 12% subadults and 22% calves, with a female : male ratio of 1.24. The population estimate from sighting–mark–resighting was 72 (95% CI 71–78). The model with different detection probabilities for males and females had better support than the null model. In the Sauraha area of Chitwan estimates of the population obtained by block count (77) and ID-based monitoring (72) were within the 95% confidence interval of the estimate from sighting–mark–resighting. We recommend a country-wide block count for rhinoceroses every 3 years and annual ID-based monitoring in a sighting–mark–resighting framework within selected subpopulations. The sighting–mark–resighting technique provides the statistical rigour required for population estimates of the rhinoceros in Nepal and elsewhere.
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Thapa, Kanchan, Santosh Nepal, Gokarna Thapa, Shiv Raj Bhatta, and Eric Wikramanayake. "Past, present and future conservation of the greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in Nepal." Oryx 47, no. 3 (July 2013): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311001670.
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AbstractUntil the early 1980s the only surviving population of the greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in Nepal was in Chitwan National Park. Between 1986 and 2003 87 rhinoceroses from Chitwan were translocated into Bardia National Park and Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in the western terai region to establish founder populations and reduce the threat of local extinction from natural catastrophic events, disease and/or poaching. The founder populations increased in number through births but a rise in poaching during the period of civil strife in Nepal during 1996–2006 resulted in a dramatic decline in the populations, including in Chitwan. In 2001 the Terai Arc Landscape programme was initiated to connect 11 protected areas in Nepal and north-west India and facilitate dispersal of megafauna and manage them as metapopulations. Corridors that were restored under the programme and that connect Bardia and Suklaphanta with protected areas in India are now used by the greater one-horned rhinoceros. The successes and failures of the last 2 decades indicate that new paradigms for protecting rhinoceroses within and outside protected areas are needed, especially with reference to managing this species at a landscape scale.
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Shepherd, Chris R., Thomas N. E. Gray, and Vincent Nijman. "Rhinoceros horns in trade on the Myanmar–China border." Oryx 52, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531600168x.
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AbstractThe illegal trade in rhinoceros horn, driven largely by the demand from East and South-east Asia, is a major impediment to the conservation of rhinoceroses globally. We surveyed the town of Mong La, in eastern Myanmar on the border with China, for the presence of rhinoceros horn. No rhinoceros horn was observed in 2006 or 2009, and other African wildlife was rare or absent. During visits in 2014 and 2015 we observed two horns, presumed to be of the white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, and one horn tip, small discs from the horn core, horn powder and horn bangles. Shops selling rhinoceros horn all specialized in high-end and high-value wildlife, mostly for decorative purposes, including whole elephant tusks, carved elephant ivory, carved hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius canines, and tiger Panthera tigris skins. Organized criminal syndicates are involved in the wildlife trade between Myanmar and Africa, possibly via China. Mong La's geographical position on the border with China, limited control by the central Myanmar Government, and the presence of the Chinese entertainment industry provide ideal conditions for a global wildlife trade hub catering for the Chinese market. Solutions require more intense collaboration between the Myanmar and Chinese authorities to curb the trade in African rhinoceros horn in this part of Asia.
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Jewell, Zoe C., Sky Alibhai, Peter R. Law, Kenneth Uiseb, and Stephen Lee. "Monitoring rhinoceroses in Namibia’s private custodianship properties." PeerJ 8 (August 14, 2020): e9670. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9670.
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Routinely censusing rhinoceros’ populations is central to their conservation and protection from illegal killing. In Namibia, both white (Ceratotherium simum) and black (Diceros bicornis) rhinoceros occur on private land, in the latter case under a custodianship program of the Namibian Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET). Black rhinoceros custodian landowners are responsible for the protection of the rhinoceroses on their land and are required to report regularly to the MET. Monitoring imposes a financial burden on custodians yet many of the techniques used involve expensive monitoring techniques that include the need for aerial support and/or animal instrumentation. During May and June 2018, WildTrack undertook a pilot study to census black and white rhinoceros on three private custodianship properties in Namibia. We tested three footprint identification methods for obtaining estimates of rhinoceros populations in an effort to provide less costly alternative monitoring options to rhinoceros custodians. The first was a full monitoring protocol with two components: (a) tracking each individual animal and matching them to their footprints, (b) identifying those individuals from the heel lines on the prints. The second method used simple visual heel line identification ex-situ, and the third method used just an objective footprint identification technique. These methods offer different options of fieldwork labour and cost and were designed to offer monitoring options to custodians that provided information about rhinoceros movement and location, with minimal disturbance to the rhinoceros, and best matched their human and economic resources. In this study, we describe the three methods and report the results of the pilot study to compare and evaluate their utility for rhinoceros monitoring. The first method successfully matched each trail photographed to a known rhinoceros at each site. When the other two methods disagreed with the first, they did so by failing to match single trails to a known rhinoceros, thereby creating fictitious identities consisting of a single trail. This failure occurred twice in one application, but otherwise at most once. We expect this failure can be eliminated through more stringent criteria for collecting photographs of footprints. We also briefly compare the use of footprint monitoring with other commonly used monitoring techniques. On this basis, landowners hosting rhinoceros can evaluate which method best suits their needs and resources.
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Muntifering, Jeff R., Wayne L. Linklater, Susan G. Clark, Simson !Uri-≠Khob, John K. Kasaona, Kenneth /Uiseb, Pierre Du Preez, et al. "Harnessing values to save the rhinoceros: insights from Namibia." Oryx 51, no. 1 (September 28, 2015): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315000769.
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AbstractThe rate at which the poaching of rhinoceroses has escalated since 2010 poses a threat to the long-term persistence of extant rhinoceros populations. The policy response has primarily called for increased investment in military-style enforcement strategies largely based upon simple economic models of rational crime. However, effective solutions will probably require a context-specific, stakeholder-driven mix of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms grounded in theory that represents human behaviour more realistically. Using a problem-oriented approach we illustrate in theory and practice how community-based strategies that explicitly incorporate local values and institutions are a foundation for combating rhinoceros poaching effectively in specific contexts. A case study from Namibia demonstrates how coupling a locally devised rhinoceros monitoring regime with joint-venture tourism partnerships as a legitimate land use can reconcile individual values represented within a diverse stakeholder group and manifests as both formal and informal community enforcement. We suggest a social learning approach as a means by which international, national and regional governance can recognize and promote solutions that may help empower local communities to implement rhinoceros management strategies that align individual values with the long-term health of rhinoceros populations.
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Fayrer-Hosken, R. A., M. Kruger, M. Vandenplas, S. Giguere, and P. Buss. "115 CHARACTERIZING NEUTROPHIL PROFILES IN HORSES FOR RHINOCEROS CAPTURE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab115.
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Conservation of several African species is becoming essential, and efforts to move threatened animals are causing physiological and reproductive problems. To save these species, a more comprehensive knowledge of their biology and response to stressors is required. Capture stress of rhinoceroses has been quantified (Kruger et al. 2011 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 23, 181–182) by evaluating leucocyte coping capacity (LCC). LCC is the measurement of the fluorescence of circulating active neutrophils, then expressed as optical density (OD)/1000 neutrophils. The LCC then provides a standardized value between species as we used identical conditions and reagents. To quantify the role of LCC in rhinoceros conservation, it is essential to characterize normal LCC profiles of healthy unstressed rhinoceroses. Horse neutrophils are very similar to rhinoceros neutrophils in their biological activity. The objective of the study was to characterize normal LCC profiles in stallions, geldings, nonpregnant mares, pregnant mares, as well as fillies and colts of various ages as a benchmark for adult and juvenile rhinoceroses. The LCC profiles are shown in Figures 1 to 3. For the colts (days, weeks, and months old) there was little difference in their LCC profile over time. For the fillies (days, weeks, and months old) the LCC response for fillies only days old was significantly (P < 0.05) greater when compared to fillies that were weeks and months old. For the adult horses, the stallions had the lowest overall LCC and were very similar to nonpregnant mares. The LCC of pregnant mares was of significantly (P < 0.5) greater magnitude than that of stallions and nonpregnant mares. The LCC response of gelding was significantly (P < 0.5) greater than that of stallions and nonpregnant mares, but significantly (P < 0.5) lower than that of pregnant mares. The stallion and pregnant mare responses mirrored the quantitative responses of breeding rhinoceros bulls and pregnant rhinoceros cows. From the data (Figure 4) we suggest that breeding males (stallions, elephants, and rhinoceros bulls) have the lowest LCC activity curves, as their breeding activities result in higher daily stresses. We hypothesized that the stressed bulls have their neutrophil activity down regulated by circulating corticosteroids. The converse is true for pregnant females (mares and cows), as they may have more vigorous neutrophils and therefore the highest LCC curves. These basic studies support and validate the role of rapid LCC in stress evaluation of wild caught rhinoceroses and horses could be applicable for captured elephant.
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Zuo, Zhi Hao, Mike Xie, and Bang Zhao. "An Innovative Design Based on CAD Environment." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 1166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.1166.
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The mathematical development of structural topology optimization provides a mature tool for design optimization, although the application is still very limited in engineering practice. This paper intends to study the application of topology optimization in industrial design via commercial CAD software interfaces. An innovative numerical procedure for this purpose is introduced based on convenient CAD modeling interfaces. As an instance, the B-spline based environment Rhinoceros3D features the modeling module for the optimization procedure, in collaboration with an additional optimization engine BESO3D. The topology optimization is realized based on the CAD model from Rhinoceros and outputs the optimal solution into Rhinoceros after computation. Further interpretation of the optimization results is discussed within the framework of Rhinoceros. Design applications of the modeling-optimization design integration are showcased as the examples to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of topology optimization in industrial design.
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Shahi, M. K., and K. P. Gairhe. "Prevalence of Helminths in Wild Asian Elephant and Indian Rhinoceros in Chitwan and Bardia National Park, Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27755.
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The Nepalese elephant (Elephas maximus maximus) and rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), are an important part of Nepal’s heritage, culture and wildlife conservation. Despite its importance, not much is known about the helminth parasites that affect elephant and rhinoceros. This study investigates the prevalence of helminth parasites in wild Asian Elephant and wild Indian Rhinoceros.A study was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 to screen helminth parasites of wild asian elephant and wild Indian Rhinoceros at Chitwan and Bardia National Park of Nepal. Total of 80 samples, 40 each taken from the Wild Asian Elephants and Indian Rhinoceros. The study showed 88.75% overall prevalence of helminthes. The prevalence in Wild Asian Elephant and Indian Rhinoceros was 95% and 82.5% respectively. 97.37% and 72.73% infection were mixed infections in elephant and rhinoceros respectively.Among 38 positive samples of the elephant of CNP and BNP, 9 different types of helminth eggs were found. 15 (39.47%) were positive for Fasciola Spp. With 450 EPG count, 11 (28.95%) for Paramphistomum spp. with 600 EPG, 27 (71.05%) for Schistosoma spp. with 500 EPG, 3 (7.89%) for Dicrocoelium spp. with 900 EPG, 12 (30.16%) for Moniezia spp. with 433.3 EPG, 17 (44.74%) for Oesophagostomum spp. with 1025 EPG, 10 (26.31%) for Chabartia spp. with 1141.65 EPG, 17 (44.74) for Strongyloides spp. with 15558.335 EPG and 23 (60.53%) for Strongylus spp. with 1700 EPG.Similarly out of the 33 positive samples of Rhinoceros of CNP and BNP, 8 different types of helminth eggs were found. 11 (33.33%) were positive for Fasciola Spp. With 558.34 EPG, 10 (30.30%) for Paramphistomum spp. with 525 EPG, 7 (21.21%) for Schistosoma spp. with 475 EPG, 4 (12.12%) for Moniezia spp. with 650 EPG, 6 (18.18%) for Strongyloides spp. with 1466.67 EPG, 4 (12.12%) for Strongylus spp. with 1625 EPG, 9 (27.27%) for Toxocara spp. with 699.98 EPG and 20 (60.61%) for Trychostrongylus spp. with 1149.98 were found to be positive.
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Welker, Frido, Geoff M. Smith, Jarod M. Hutson, Lutz Kindler, Alejandro Garcia-Moreno, Aritza Villaluenga, Elaine Turner, and Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser. "Middle Pleistocene protein sequences from the rhinoceros genusStephanorhinusand the phylogeny of extant and extinct Middle/Late Pleistocene Rhinocerotidae." PeerJ 5 (March 14, 2017): e3033. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3033.
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BackgroundAncient protein sequences are increasingly used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between extinct and extant mammalian taxa. Here, we apply these recent developments to Middle Pleistocene bone specimens of the rhinoceros genusStephanorhinus. No biomolecular sequence data is currently available for this genus, leaving phylogenetic hypotheses on its evolutionary relationships to extant and extinct rhinoceroses untested. Furthermore, recent phylogenies based on Rhinocerotidae (partial or complete) mitochondrial DNA sequences differ in the placement of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Therefore, studies utilising ancient protein sequences from Middle Pleistocene contexts have the potential to provide further insights into the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct species, includingStephanorhinusandDicerorhinus.MethodsZooMS screening (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry) was performed on several Late and Middle Pleistocene specimens from the genusStephanorhinus, subsequently followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain ancient protein sequences from a Middle PleistoceneStephanorhinusspecimen. We performed parallel analysis on a Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceros specimen and extant species of rhinoceroses, resulting in the availability of protein sequence data for five extant species and two extinct genera. Phylogenetic analysis additionally included all extant Perissodactyla genera (Equus,Tapirus), and was conducted using Bayesian (MrBayes) and maximum-likelihood (RAxML) methods.ResultsVarious ancient proteins were identified in both the Middle and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros samples. Protein degradation and proteome complexity are consistent with an endogenous origin of the identified proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of informative proteins resolved the Perissodactyla phylogeny in agreement with previous studies in regards to the placement of the families Equidae, Tapiridae, and Rhinocerotidae.Stephanorhinusis shown to be most closely related to the generaCoelodontaandDicerorhinus. The protein sequence data further places the Sumatran rhino in a clade together with the genusRhinoceros, opposed to forming a clade with the black and white rhinoceros species.DiscussionThe first biomolecular dataset available forStephanorhinusplaces this genus together with the extinct genusCoelodontaand the extant genusDicerorhinus. This is in agreement with morphological studies, although we are unable to resolve the order of divergence between these genera based on the protein sequences available. Our data supports the placement of the genusDicerorhinusin a clade together with extantRhinocerosspecies. Finally, the availability of protein sequence data for both extinct European rhinoceros genera allows future investigations into their geographic distribution and extinction chronologies.
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Rookmaaker, Kees, John Gannon, and Jim Monson. "The lives of three rhinoceroses exhibited in London 1790–1814." Archives of Natural History 42, no. 2 (October 2015): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0312.
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The history of three living Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) exhibited at the Exeter ’Change and the adjoining Lyceum on the Strand in London is detailed. The animals were owned by three successive proprietors of the menagerie: Thomas Clark, Gilbert Pidcock and Stephen Polito. Clark's rhinoceros arrived on 5 June 1790 as a two-year-old from India, largely exhibited at the Lyceum, but shown at Windsor and Ascot races in June 1793 and elsewhere in England until his death in Cosham near Portsmouth (not Corsham) in July 1793. The skin was mounted, possibly bought by William Bullock and subsequently by the Royal Museum in Edinburgh. A painting by George Stubbs should show this animal, but a discrepancy in age and stature is discussed. Pidcock's rhinoceros was acquired in 1799, dying early in 1800 in Drury Lane, after acquisition by an agent of the German Emperor, Francis II. He is shown on token half-pennies issued by Pidcock, and sketched by artist Samuel Howitt. Polito's rhinoceros arrived in July 1810, toured England in 1811, and was sold to the continent in October 1814. Howitt incorporated this animal into his artwork.
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Goossens, Benoît, Milena Salgado-Lynn, Jeffrine J. Rovie-Ryan, Abdul H. Ahmad, Junaidi Payne, Zainal Z. Zainuddin, Senthilvel K. S. S. Nathan, and Laurentius N. Ambu. "Genetics and the last stand of the Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis." Oryx 47, no. 3 (May 9, 2013): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000045.
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AbstractThe Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis is on the brink of extinction. Although habitat loss and poaching were the reasons of the decline, today's reproductive isolation is the main threat to the survival of the species. Genetic studies have played an important role in identifying conservation priorities, including for rhinoceroses. However, for a species such as the Sumatran rhinoceros, where time is of the essence in preventing extinction, to what extent should genetic and geographical distances be taken into account in deciding the most urgently needed conservation interventions? We propose that the populations of Sumatra and Borneo be considered as a single management unit.
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Harding, Lee E. "EDITORIAL : Wildlife Poaching Increasing." TAPROBANICA 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v5i1.83.
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After decades of endangered species protection and conservation success, poachers are staging a come–back. Most people in Europe and North America just don’t believe that rhinoceros horn, monkey meat, tiger penis or bear bile have any curative or health properties, but millions of people in East Asia and Southeast Asia believe otherwise. This cultural predilection is driving extinction. As repugnant as it is to those living outside the range of non–human primates, monkey meat provides a much–needed source of protein in some circumstances—but not enough to justify their extinction. There is no such nutritional excuse for poaching tigers, bears or rhinoceros. Since the start of 2008, at least 1800 white rhinoceroses and a few of the rarer black rhinoceroses have been killed in South Africa for their horns, most smuggled into Vietnam and China.
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Ramey, Linda. "Rhinoceros." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 51, no. 2 (1997): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1348100.
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Engle, Ron, and Eugene Ionesco. "Rhinoceros." Theatre Journal 39, no. 2 (May 1987): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3207696.
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Ververs, C., M. Hostens, M. van Zijll Langhout, M. Otto, J. Govaere, and A. Van Soom. "109 REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS IN A LARGE HERD OF CONFINED FREE-ROAMING WHITE RHINOCEROSES (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab109.
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During the last decade, the population of wild white rhinoceroses has been in steady decline, mainly because of increased poaching incidents and habitat loss. Therefore, more data are necessary on reproduction of this endangered species in order to improve captive breeding, which is at present not very successful. Currently, ~20,000 Southern white rhinoceroses are remaining of which the majority are privately owned. The aim of this study was to create reference values of several reproductive parameters for future white rhinoceros breeding. In previous studies, only low numbers of animals have been observed, often in captive settings. In this study performed between 2008 and 2016, reproductive performance was analysed in 1300 animals kept in a geographically identical, confined free-roaming environment. Analyses were performed in R (R Development Core Team, 2008) using the lme4 and fixed package to model the number of animals born (family = Poisson) and sex ratio (family = binomial). Females had a median age of 83.2 months at first calving (interquartile range: 72.9–110.7) and intercalving intervals of 29.2 (interquartile range: 24.6–34.8) months. Fertility records were excellent with 38% adult females calving per year when compared to previous research, in which first reproduction occurred between 78 and 138 months of age with an intercalving period of 3 years average. A clear seasonal calving pattern was seen with a significant increase of calvings during December–April when compared to April–December. In contrast to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis, our results did not show any significant skewed progeny sex ratios. Weather observations showed no significant influence of rain or season on sex ratios of the calves. Furthermore, translocations of animals did not seem to interfere with reproductive success when looking at intercalving periods or age at first calving. In the free roaming environment of over 10,000 ha, this captive population showed an average annual population growth (%) of 18 ± 0.07 (minimum 5 to maximum 26). As such, comparable breeding management systems can increase population numbers and contribute to increase dwindling population numbers of the wild white rhinoceros. This is the first study to describe reproductive performances in the white rhinoceros at such large scale, indicating that confined free-roaming populations can be used for captive breeding of white rhinoceros to contribute to white rhinoceros conservation.
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Kruger, M., N. I. Pitts, J. Virgo, E. Betts, K. Delk, and R. A. Fayrer-Hosken. "158 DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD ASSAY FOR EVALUATION OF WHITE RHINOCEROS NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION AS A STRESS MARKER." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab158.
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Kruger National Park (KNP) is the primary source of translocated white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) in South Africa. Capture and transport of the rhinoceroses is a highly successful procedure. However, some relocated rhinoceroses present with fertility problems in the 1–2 years post capture. Novel research has shown that one can assess stress using respiratory neutrophil burst levels in several species (Huber et al. 2006 Protoplasma 229, 221–224; Weyts et al. 1998 Dev. Comp. Immunol. 22, 563–572). The hypothesis is that some rhinoceroses respond poorly to stress. The response to stress might be measurable by a neutrophil function (NF) assay, and NF depression might identify adversely stressed animals. The aim was to develop an in-the-bush test for NF and evaluate the changes in neutrophil activity during capture and loading into transportation crates. Neutrophil function was assayed using a portable luminometer (3M Clean-Trace™, 3M, St. Paul, MN, USA) while driving from one capture to the next. For the reaction mixture, 500 μL of PBS was incubated with 10 μL of fresh heparinized blood at 37.6°C. The incubator unit was power by a 230 V convertor in the vehicle. After 5 min of incubation, 100 μL of luminol was added. This sample was read in the luminometer as a blank and then to the sample, 100 μL of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also commonly known as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a diester of phorbol, was added. The luminescence readings or relative light units (RLU) were read at 2.5 min and then 5 min after PMA addition. All samples were prepared in triplicate. The readings were then taken every 5 min for 65 min. Two samples of blood were evaluated for each rhinoceros: the first sample at capture (anaesthetic induction) and then a second sample after loading of the rhinoceros into the transport crate, 20 to 30 min later. Two response curves were produced for each rhinoceros using the means of the triplicate readings. The curves were then transformed with a trend line and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. The 2 AUC for rhinoceros were then compared statistically using Wilcoxon rank regression, with P < 0.05 considered statistically different. Three distinct response curve patters were seen. Sixty-two percent (16/26) of the rhinoceroses had no statistical (P < 0.05) difference between capture and loading samples. In 5 of 26 (19%), the loading AUC was statistically greater than the capture sample, and in 5 of 26 (19%), the capture AUC was statistically greater than the loading sample. In conclusion, NF can be assayed in the field using the blood of wild caught rhinoceroses. The assay is repeatable and can distinguish 3 populations of wild caught rhinoceroses. The hope is that future research will allow us to identify rhinoceroses that have negative stress reactions and to change the capture conditions to make the process less stressful.
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BAUR, BRUNO, and PETER STUDER. "Inbreeding in captive Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis." International Zoo Yearbook 34, no. 1 (January 1995): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1995.tb00680.x.
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Zschokke, Samuel, and Bruno Baur. "Inbreeding, outbreeding, infant growth, and size dimorphism in captive Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 2014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-183.
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Effects of inbreeding and outbreeding on gestation period, birth mass, infant mortality, and growth, as well as the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism, were analyzed in captive Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis L., 1758) using studbook data. Neither gestation period nor birth mass were affected by inbreeding. However, inbred calves grew slower and had a lower mortality rate than non-inbred ones. It is suggested that the severe bottleneck experienced in the early twentieth century by the Kaziranga population, from which most captive-born Indian rhinoceroses descend, resulted in strong inbreeding with consequent purging of recessive lethal alleles. Outbred individuals (offspring of matings between individuals from the Kaziranga and the Chitwan populations) had a higher infant mortality rate, suggesting that the two populations are genetically partially incompatible. Among captive individuals, adult males were found to be heavier (2300 kg) and larger (shoulder height = 172 cm) than females (1800 kg, 160 cm). There were, however, no sex differences in gestation period, birth mass, or infant growth. This suggests that sexual dimorphism in adults is the result of a longer growth period in males rather than a difference in growth rate between the sexes.
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Murphy, Sean T., Naresh Subedi, Shant Raj Jnawali, Babu Ram Lamichhane, Gopal Prasad Upadhyay, Richard Kock, and Rajan Amin. "Invasive mikania in Chitwan National Park, Nepal: the threat to the greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis and factors driving the invasion." Oryx 47, no. 3 (July 2013): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531200124x.
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AbstractAs part of a census of the Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis a survey was conducted to measure the extent of invasion by the neotropical plant mikania Mikania micrantha across major habitats of Chitwan National Park important for the conservation of the rhinoceros. Previous work has demonstrated that this fire-adapted plant can smother and kill native flora such as grasses and sapling trees, several of which are important fodder plants of the rhinoceros. Here, additional studies were conducted on the risks of anthropogenic factors (natural resource collection and grassland burning) contributing to the spread and growth of the plant. Mikania is currently found across 44% of habitats sampled and almost 15% of these have a high infestation (> 50% coverage). Highest densities were recorded from riverine forest, tall grass and wetland habitats and this is where the highest numbers of rhinoceroses were recorded in the habitats surveyed during the census. Local community dependence on natural resources in the core area of the Park is high. The range and volume of resources (e.g. fodder) collected and the distances travelled all pose a high risk of the spread of mikania. Of greater significance is the annual burning of the grasslands in the Park by local communities, estimated at 25–50% of the total area. It is imperative, therefore, that core elements of a management plan for mikania incorporate actions to control burning, reduce spread and raise awareness about best practice for local resource management by local communities.
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Kuc, T., K. Różański, M. J. Kotarba, T. Goslar, and H. Kubiak. "Radiocarbon Dating of Pleistocene Fauna and Flora from Starunia, SW Ukraine." Radiocarbon 54, no. 01 (2012): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200046798.
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New attempts arc presented to determine the age of large Pleistocene mammals excavated at Starunia, ∼130 km southeast of Lviv, Ukraine. This remarkable discovery made at the beginning of the 20th century included a complete carcass of woolly rhinoceros (No. 2), fragments of 3 woolly rhinoceroses (Nos. 1, 3, and 4) and remnants of numerous specimens of other fossil fauna and flora. Although attempts to date paleontological findings from Starunia site go back to the early 1970s, the results obtained before 2006 arc somewhat misleading, mostly due to unresolved contamination problems. Comprehensive cleaning of the samples adopted in the framework of this study was aimed at removal of 2 potential sources of contamination: (i) radiocarbon-free hydrocarbons abundant at the burial site; and (ii) allochthonous organic materials containing contemporary carbon that were used in the past during preservation of the dated specimens. Two types of samples have been analyzed for their14C content in the framework of the present study: (i) fragments of bones and teeth collected from specimens stored or exposed in the Natural History museums in Lviv and Kraków; and (ii) samples of terrestrial macrofossils retrieved from sediment cores obtained during the 2007–2008 field campaigns in the Starunia area.14C analyses of collagen were supplemented by measurements of its elemental C/N ratio and13C/12C and15N/14N isotope ratios. Three14C dates obtained for rhinoceros No. 2 span the age range from 35.3 to 40.0 ka BP, in agreement with the minimum age estimated from macrofossils. The mean value of 37.7 ± 1.7 ka BP falls in the range of ages reported for big Pleistocene mammals from other locations in Europe. The bones of rhinoceros No. 3, which were found in close vicinity to those of rhinoceros No. 2, reveal a14C age of 36.7 ± 0.6 ka BP. The δ15N and δ13C values obtained for collagen extracted from bones and teeth belonging to rhinoceroses Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are in a broad agreement with analogous literature data for large Pleistocene mammals found in other sites in Europe, North America, and Siberia.
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Reetz, Anne Elisabeth, Etienne Aubry, Kinga Teske, Andreas Ochs, Lennard Epping, Torsten Semmler, Antina Lübke-Becker, Marcus Fulde, and Lars Mundhenk. "Progressive Lameness of a Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Associated with a Retroperitoneal Abscess and Thrombus Caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis." Animals 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141784.
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In rhinoceroses, lameness is an occasionally seen symptom primarily caused by lesions affecting the feet and interdigital space. A 3-year-old male Greater one-horned rhinoceros developed a progressive, severe movement disorder of the right hind limb with subsequent death. The pathological analysis diagnosed a severe, retroperitoneal abscess and chronic thrombosis of the right iliac artery. Streptococci detected in the abscess were further identified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis by culture and molecular techniques. The identical isolate was also identified in a vaginal swab of the dam. The list of differential diagnoses for lameness in rhinoceroses must be expanded by processes affecting other than the extremities per se.
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Widiarti, Dewi Gusti, Lestari Wibowo, Agus M. Hariri, and Yuyun Fitriana. "Uji Patogenisitas Jamur Metarhizium sp. Isolat Salatiga dan Lampung Selatan terhadap Larva Oryctes rhinoceros di Laboratorium." Jurnal Agrotek Tropika 7, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jat.v7i2.3254.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui patogenisitas jamur Metarhizium sp. isolat Salatiga dan isolat Lampung Selatan terhadap larva Oryctes rhinoceros. penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Hama danPenyakit Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung. Penelitian dimulai bulan Mei – Oktober. Penelitian ini disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), yang terdiri dari lima perlakuan yaitu tanpa aplikasi jamur Metarhizium sp. terhadap larva O. rhinoceros, aplikasi jamur Metarhizium sp. isolat Salatiga terhadap larva O. rhinoceros dengan dosis 25 g/500 g media hidup larva O. rhinoceros, aplikasi jamur Metarhizium sp. isolat Salatiga terhadap larva O. rhinoceros dengan dosis 50 g/500 g media hidup larva O. rhinoceros, aplikasi jamur Metarhizium sp. isolat Lampung Selatan terhadap larva O. rhinoceros dengan dosis 25 g/500 g media hidup larva O. rhinoceros, aplikasi jamur Metarhizium sp. isolat Lampung Selatan terhadap larva O. rhinoceros dengan dosis 50 g/500 g media hidup larva O. rhinoceros dengan perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Homogenitas ragam diuji dengan uji Bartlett, jika asumsi terpenuhi data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam menggunakan Uji F. Perbedaan nilai tengah perlakuan akan diuji dengan Uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Jamur Metarhizium sp. isolat Salatigadan isolat Lampung Selatan mampu menginfeksi dan menyebapkan kematian larva O. rhinoceros yang berada di Lampung. Aplikasi jamur Metarhizium sp. Lampung Selatan mampu menyebabkan kematian 100% larva O. rhinoceros pada 17 hsa, sedangkan aplikasi jamur Metarhizium sp. Salatiga mampu menyebabkan kematian 100% larva O. rhinoceros pada 19 hsa.
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Knowles, Dorothy, and C. E. J. Dolamore. "Ionesco: 'Rhinoceros'." Modern Language Review 82, no. 4 (October 1987): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3729116.
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Pahos, Maggie. "Rhinoceros Ridge." Colorado Review 49, no. 1 (2022): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2022.0014.
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Ogasawara, Leanne. "Dürer's Rhinoceros." Pleiades: Literature in Context 41, no. 2 (2021): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plc.2021.0041.
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Davies, Telory W. "Rhinoceros (review)." Theatre Journal 54, no. 4 (2002): 645–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tj.2002.0119.
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Cole, Thomas B. "The Rhinoceros." JAMA 303, no. 10 (March 10, 2010): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.215.
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Dinerstein, E., C. Wemmer, and H. Mishra. "Adoption in Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)." Journal of Mammalogy 69, no. 4 (November 29, 1988): 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381636.
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Stoops, M. A., M. W. Atkinson, E. S. Blumer, M. K. Campbell, and T. L. Roth. "Semen cryopreservation in the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)." Theriogenology 73, no. 8 (May 2010): 1104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.01.011.
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Wack, Allison N., Christine L. Miller, Catherine E. Wood, Michael M. Garner, and Holly J. Haefele. "Melanocytic Neoplasms in a Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and an Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 41, no. 1 (January 2010): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2009-0085.1.
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Jones, Dhivan Thomas. "Like the Rhinoceros, or Like Its Horn? The Problem of Khaggavis??a Revisited." Buddhist Studies Review 31, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.v31i2.165.
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The P?li expression khaggavis??akappo may either mean ‘like the rhinoceros’ or ‘like the horn of the rhinoceros’. It occurs in the refrain eko care khaggavis??akappo at the end of each stanza of the Khaggavis??a-sutta and its parallels, and the refrain has been translated by some as ‘one should wander alone like the rhinoceros’ but by some, including K. R. Norman, as ‘one should wander alone like the horn of the rhinoceros’. K. R. Norman has however set out his reasons for regarding ‘like the rhinoceros horn’ as the correct translation, and ‘like the rhinoceros’ as wrong. The present article critically discusses Norman’s reasons, concluding that the expression khaggavis??a may be regarded as a deliberately ambiguous compound meaning both the rhinoceros and its horn, or perhaps as a single expression meaning ‘rhinoceros’. The zoological facts are considered, as well as the difficult etymology of khaggavis??a, its contextual meaning, its meaning in Jain parallels, and its discussion in P?li commentaries. The article concludes that ‘like the rhinoceros’ is in fact a correct translation.
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Widyanto, Hery, Pudjianto Pudjianto, and I. Wayan Winasa. "Struktur umur dan kelimpahan kumbang badak dan kumbang tanduk (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di PTPN VIII Unit Parakan Salak, Kabupaten Sukabumi." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 19, no. 3 (December 3, 2022): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.19.3.203.
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The coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) and brown rhinoceros beetle (Xylotrupes gideon L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are insect pests commonly found in oil palm plantations. Availability of breeding sites is one of factors that can increase the beetle population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the abundance and age structure of the coconut rhinoceros beetles and brown rhinoceros beetles in the breeding sites located in a plantation with immature and mature stage of oil palms. The results of this study indicated that the abundance of coconut rhinoceros beetle was found to be lower than brown rhinoceros beetle (4.47±13.56 compared to 25.23±16.48 individuals/plot) in the oil palm plantations in PTPN VIII Parakan Salak, Sukabumi Regency. The population of coconut rhinoceros beetle was found in the breeding site located in the plantation with mature oil palms, but not found in the location with immature plants. The age structure of coconut rhinoceros beetle was dominated by the 1st and 2nd instar larvae. The age structures of brown rhinoceros beetles in the breeding sites located in the immature and mature oil palm were similar, and they were dominated by the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instar larvae. Results of correlation analysis show that there is no correlation between soil chemical characteristics of the breeding site and the beetle population. Soil chemical characteristics at the breeding sites in both locations were relatively similar, and consequently, the abundance and age structure of coconut rhinoceros beetle and brown rhinoceros beetle not significantly different between both locations.
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Ververs, C., M. Van Zijl Langhout, J. Govaere, and A. Van Soom. "Features of reproduction and assisted reproduction in the white (Ceratotherium simum) and black (Diceros bicornis) rhinoceros." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 84, no. 4 (August 31, 2015): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v84i4.16593.
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Despite the worldwide increase of rhinoceros calf numbers, the growth of the population of white and black rhinoceros is slowing down mainly due to anthropogenic causes, such as poaching and habitat loss. Assisted reproduction is one of the methods of preserving the valuable genomes of these animals from being lost, and assists in breeding them in captivity to maintain the specie(s) numbers and provide an option for possible reintroduction into the wild. Since wild rhinoceros are difficult to handle and examine clinically, most of the current information available on their reproductive characteristics has been gained from captive rhinoceros populations. Nevertheless, very little is known about rhinoceros reproduction. Since the rhinoceros belongs to the odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyls) group, like the horse and the tapir, the horse has been proposed as a suitable model to study reproduction and artificial reproductive techniques in the rhinoceros. In this review, the current knowledge of the reproduction of the rhinoceros is summarized.
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Etienne, Cyril, Alexandra Houssaye, and John R. Hutchinson. "Limb myology and muscle architecture of the Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis and the white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae)." PeerJ 9 (May 11, 2021): e11314. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11314.
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Land mammals support and move their body using their musculoskeletal system. Their musculature usually presents varying adaptations with body mass or mode of locomotion. Rhinocerotidae is an interesting clade in this regard, as they are heavy animals potentially reaching three tons but are still capable of adopting a galloping gait. However, their musculature has been poorly studied. Here we report the dissection of both forelimb and hindlimb of one neonate and one adult each for two species of rhinoceroses, the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). We show that their muscular organisation is similar to that of their relatives, equids and tapirs, and that few evolutionary convergences with other heavy mammals (e.g. elephants and hippopotamuses) are present. Nevertheless, they show clear adaptations to their large body mass, such as more distal insertions for the protractor and adductor muscles of the limbs, giving them longer lever arms. The quantitative architecture of rhino muscles is again reminiscent of that of horses and tapirs, although contrary to horses, the forelimb is much stronger than the hindlimb, which is likely due to its great role in body mass support. Muscles involved mainly in counteracting gravity (e.g. serratus ventralis thoracis, infraspinatus, gastrocnemius, flexores digitorum) are usually highly pennate with short fascicles facilitating strong joint extension. Muscles involved in propulsion (e.g. gluteal muscles, gluteobiceps, quadriceps femoris) seem to represent a compromise between a high maximal isometric force and long fascicles, allowing a reasonably fast and wide working range. Neonates present higher normalized maximal isometric force than the adults for almost every muscle, except sometimes for the extensor and propulsor muscles, which presumably acquire their great force-generating capacity during the growth of the animal. Our study clarifies the way the muscles of animals of cursorial ancestry can adapt to support a greater body mass and calls for further investigations in other clades of large body mass.
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Sahetapy, Betty, Ester D. Masauna, and Rieske Luhukay. "Uji Efektivitas Perangkap Feromon Terhadap Hama Oryctes rhinoceros L. dan Intensitas Kerusakan pada Tanaman Kelapa di Desa Latuhalat, Kecamatan Nusaniwe, Pulau Ambon." Agrikultura 29, no. 1 (April 6, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v29i1.16922.
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ABSTRACTEffectiveness trial of pheromone traps against Oryctes rhinoceros L. and its damage intensity on coconut tree at Batulahat Village, Nusaniwe District, Ambon IslandThe research aimed to determine the efficacy of traps containing pheromone in catching the coconut pest, coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) and its effect on reducing the damage severity caused by the pest. The experiment was conducted by observing the damage intensity before treatment and continued with the efficacy testing of the traps containing pheromone (Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate) against the population of the coconut rhinoceros beetle. The damage intensity was measured following the traps treatment. The result demonstrated that the average of damage intensity before and after treatment were 13.33% and 9.61%, respectively. This indicated the effectiveness of traps in catching the coconut rhinoceros beetle. The number of O. rhinoceros caught during the experiment was analysed using quantitative analysis model. The highest number of coconut rhinoceros beetle caught was 9 bettles/2 months at traps containing pheromone. Whilst, the number of coconut rhinoceros beetle caught at traps containing pheromone with lamp demonstrated lower number of coconut rhinoceros beetle. Furthermore, the lower damage intensity at the experimental location was categorized as low. This was due to good agricultural practice implemented by the farmer.Keywords: Coconut, Pheromone, Damage intensityABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan perangkap feromon dalam memerangkap hama Oryctes rhinoceros L. dan pengaruhnya terhadap intensitas kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hama tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menghitung Intensitas Kerusakan (IK) yang disebabkan oleh hama O. rhinoceros dan dilanjutkan dengan menguji efektivitas perangkap feromon (Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate) terhadap perkembangan populasi hama tersebut. Intensitas kerusakan dihitung dengan menggunakan formula IK untuk tanaman yang terserang dan yang tidak terserang O. rhinoceros sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi feromon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata IK sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi feromon masing-masing sebesar 13,33% dan 9,61%. Terjadi penurunan IK karena efektivitas feromon dapat memerangkap hama O.rhinoceros. Jumlah tangkapan O. rhinoceros tiap perlakuan dianalisa dengan model analisis kuantitatif sederhana. Jumlah tangkapan O. rhinoceros terbanyak dengan rerata tangkapan 9 ekor/2 bulan atau sama dengan 4,75 ekor/bulan pada perangkap berferomon saja. Sementara perangkap feromon dan lampu menghasilkan jumlah tangkapan hama O. rhinoceros yang lebih rendah. Lebih lanjut, rerata IK hama O. rhinoceros di desa Latuhalat tergolong kategori ringan karena sistem kultur teknik dari petani setempat sudah dilakukan dengan baik sehingga areal pertanaman kelapa cukup terawat.Kata Kunci: Kelapa, Feromon, Intensitas kerusakan
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Kuc, T., K. Różański, M. J. Kotarba, T. Goslar, and H. Kubiak. "Radiocarbon Dating of Pleistocene Fauna and Flora from Starunia, SW Ukraine." Radiocarbon 54, no. 1 (2012): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.v54i1.13084.
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New attempts arc presented to determine the age of large Pleistocene mammals excavated at Starunia, ∼130 km southeast of Lviv, Ukraine. This remarkable discovery made at the beginning of the 20th century included a complete carcass of woolly rhinoceros (No. 2), fragments of 3 woolly rhinoceroses (Nos. 1, 3, and 4) and remnants of numerous specimens of other fossil fauna and flora. Although attempts to date paleontological findings from Starunia site go back to the early 1970s, the results obtained before 2006 arc somewhat misleading, mostly due to unresolved contamination problems. Comprehensive cleaning of the samples adopted in the framework of this study was aimed at removal of 2 potential sources of contamination: (i) radiocarbon-free hydrocarbons abundant at the burial site; and (ii) allochthonous organic materials containing contemporary carbon that were used in the past during preservation of the dated specimens. Two types of samples have been analyzed for their 14C content in the framework of the present study: (i) fragments of bones and teeth collected from specimens stored or exposed in the Natural History museums in Lviv and Kraków; and (ii) samples of terrestrial macrofossils retrieved from sediment cores obtained during the 2007–2008 field campaigns in the Starunia area. 14C analyses of collagen were supplemented by measurements of its elemental C/N ratio and 13C/12C and 15N/14N isotope ratios. Three 14C dates obtained for rhinoceros No. 2 span the age range from 35.3 to 40.0 ka BP, in agreement with the minimum age estimated from macrofossils. The mean value of 37.7 ± 1.7 ka BP falls in the range of ages reported for big Pleistocene mammals from other locations in Europe. The bones of rhinoceros No. 3, which were found in close vicinity to those of rhinoceros No. 2, reveal a 14C age of 36.7 ± 0.6 ka BP. The δ15N and δ13C values obtained for collagen extracted from bones and teeth belonging to rhinoceroses Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are in a broad agreement with analogous literature data for large Pleistocene mammals found in other sites in Europe, North America, and Siberia.
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Awaliah, Athaya Talitha Siti, Bainah Sari Dewi, and Gunardi Djoko Winarno. "The Palatability of Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 6, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl3664-72.
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Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is a browser animal or shrub and foliage eaters that has wide needs and variety types of feed. The purpose of the research is to identify the feed types and the palatability of sumatran rhinoceros feed. Data was collected using Direct Observation method. The object of research was a female sumatran rhinoceros " aged named “Ratu”. The results shows that there were founded 61 feed species of rhinoceros in Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary. Those feeds were clasified in 30 different families. The drop-in feed was dominated by Moraceae and Rubiaceae was dominated the natural feed. Leaves were the most eaten part by sumatran rhinoceros both in drop-in feed (75%) or in natural feed (83%). The amount of feed which Sumatran rhinoceros could consumed in one day was 36-47 kg of the total supply as much as ± 100 kg/day. The most eaten quantites and the most prefered feed of sumatran rhinoceros were jack tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and merremia (Merremia peltata).Keywords: Sumatran Rhinoceros, Feed , Palatability, Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary
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Bintang, Aisyah Surya, Arif Wibowo, and Tri Harjaka. "KERAGAMAN GENETIK Metarhizium anisopliae DAN VIRULENSINYA PADA LARVA KUMBANG BADAK (Oryctes rhinoceros) (GENETIC DIVERSITY of Metarhizium anisopliae AND VIRULENCE TOWARD LARVAE OF RHINOCEROS BEETLE (Oryctes rhinoceros))." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 19, no. 1 (November 16, 2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.16015.
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Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) is one of the important pests of coconut tree. One of eco-friendly control applied for this pest is by using entomopathogenic fungiMetarhizium anisopliae. There is not much information about the variability and virulence ofM. anisopliae toward O. rhinoceros. M. anisopliae isolates obtained from Biological Control Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada were cultured on PDA medium.M. anisopliae isolates was isolated from O. rhinoceros larvae (MaOr), Lepidiota stigma larvae (MaLs), Brontispa longissima beetle (MaBl).O. rhinoceros beetles were obtained from Kulon Progo, DIY. This study used molecular test, and virulence test toward 3rd stadium of O. rhinoceros larvae by using dipping method. Molecular test by sequence and phylogenetic analysis, showed that MaOr was located at different group (out group) with MaLs and MaBr. On the density 107 conidium/ml MaOr and MaLs were more virulent than MaBl towards 3rd stadium of O. rhinoceros larvae.Keywords: genetic diversity, Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes rhinoceros, virulenceKumbang badak (Oryctes rhinoceros) merupakan salah satu hama penting pada tanaman kelapa. Salah satu upaya pengendalian yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan menggunakan jamur entomopatogen, yakni Metarhizium anisopliae. Belum banyak diketahui mengenai keragaman dan juga virulensi dari M. anisopliae terhadap O. rhinoceros. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keragaman genetik M. anisopliae dan virulensinya pada larvakumbang badak. Isolat yang digunakan berasal dari Laboratorium Pengendalian Hayati, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada dalam bentuk kultur murni pada medium PDA. Isolat yang gunakan diisolasi dari larvaOryctes rhinoceros (MaOr), larva Lepidiota stigma (MaLs), dan kumbang Brontispa longissima (MaBl). Serangga yang diuji berasal dari daerah Kulon Progo, DIY. Pengujian secara molekuler dengan analisis sekuensing dan filogenetik, menunjukkan bahwa isolat MaOr terletak pada grup yang berbeda dengan MaLs dan MaBl berdasarkan pada urutan basa DNA. Pada kerapatan 107 konidium/ml isolat MaOr dan MaLs lebih virulen terhadap larva O. rhinoceros instar 3 dibandingkan dengan MaBl.Kata kunci: keragaman genetik, Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes rhinoceros, virulensi
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Schaller, George B., Nguyen Xuan Dang, Le Dinh Thuy, and Vo Thanh Son. "Javan rhinoceros in Vietnam." Oryx 24, no. 2 (April 1990): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034712.
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Two species of rhinoceros—the Javan and the Sumatran—once inhabited Vietnam but the Sumatran rhinoceros apparently became extinct there early this century and by the late 1960s it was feared that the Javan rhinoceros probably no longer occurred there either. Then, in November 1988, a hunter shot an adult female rhinoceros about 130 km north-east of Saigon. He was arrested when he tried to sell the horn and hide. In early 1989 the authors were conducting wildlife surveys near where the killing took place and they took this opportunity to check the status of the species. They found evidence that perhaps 10–15 Javan rhinoceros still survive in Vietnam. As a result of this discovery the Vietnamese Government has set up a Rhinoceros Conservation Group.
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Nabeshima, Kei, Nobuyoshi Nakajima, Mitsuaki Ogata, and Manabu Onuma. "Draft genome sequence data of Indian rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis." Data in Brief 41 (April 2022): 107857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.107857.
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Cave, A. J. E. "An unrecorded specimen of the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)." Journal of Zoology 207, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04949.x.
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Rahman, T., D. C. Pathak, and K. L. Jamir. "Rabies in an Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in captivity." Zoos' Print Journal 19, no. 5 (April 21, 2004): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.zpj.1118.1471.
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Santiapillai, Charles, and Hayani Suprahman. "The proposed translocation of the Javan rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus." Biological Conservation 38, no. 1 (1986): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(86)90016-9.
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Mini, A., and V. K. K. Prabhu. "Stridulation in the coconut rhinoceros beetleOryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Proceedings: Animal Sciences 99, no. 6 (November 1990): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03186407.
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ENDO, Hideki, Tadasu K. YAMADA, Nobuaki NAKAMUTA, Kentaro TANEMURA, Masamichi KUROHMARU, and Yoshihiro HAYASHI. "Testicular Morphology of a Greater Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 58, no. 10 (1996): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.58.10_937.
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Shen, Meng-Wei, Chia-Yi Yan, Hung-Chuan Chen, and Shyi-Tien Chen. "Removal of heavy oil using rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros." Journal of Environmental Management 249 (November 2019): 109418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109418.
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