Journal articles on the topic 'Rhode Island Institute of Instruction'

This article describes the application of the positive youth development approach to promote and enhance leadership skills among middle and high school age peer leaders. The article reviews the goals of the positive youth development approach and describes how this approach was adopted and implemented by the Rhode Island Teen Institute (RITI), a comprehensive, residential prevention program founded in 1989. Data are presented from pretests and posttests administered during each of seven annual Institutes delivered between 2002 and 2009 with 775 youth. Participants in the RITI demonstrated significant gains in their leadership skills; an effect that persisted at a 3-month follow-up survey administered with high school age youth. Other significant findings and anecdotal effects are also discussed, such as creation by RITI graduates of a youth-led prevention program for elementary and middle school children.

This study examined the differential impact of implementing the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI) alone with implementing the SDLMI combined with Whose Future Is It? with transition aged students with intellectual disability in a cluster randomized trial in the state of Rhode Island. The state of Rhode Island is implementing systemic change in transition services and supports under the auspices of a Consent Decree entered into by the state with the U.S. Department of Justice. One area of focus is promoting self-determination during transition planning in the school context as a means to affect employment trajectories. This study focused on the impact of self-determination instruction on self-determination outcomes while youth were still in school, given research establishing a relationship between self-determination and employment outcomes. Latent mediation models suggested that students in the SDLMI-only group reported significant increases in their self-determination scores from baseline to the end of the year, and teachers of students in the SDLMI-only group saw students’ goal attainment as predicting change in self-determination over the course of the year. Teachers reported significant changes in student self-determination in the SDLMI + Whose Future Is It? group. Implications for individualizing interventions to teach skills associated with self-determination in the context of planning and setting goals for the transition to integrated employment are discussed.

Throughout the year, research and instruction librarians at Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) instruct students in ways to use the library for studio-based research. At the end of each semester, librarians attend studio critiques for these classes to see the finished work and participate in the critique. These visits are opportunities to look for and reflect upon the presence of research and the impact of concepts taught during library research workshops on the finished presentations and artworks. The coordinator of graduate library instruction created a qualitative tool to assess the evidence of student learning within the studio critique. Its use is cultivating a culture of art and design research within the library and throughout campus by fostering reflection and discussion about the value of qualitative assessment.

This experiment estimated the selection responses for egg production of Fayoumi (Fay) and Rhode Island Red (RIR) breeds. A total of 3000; belonging Fay 2000 & RIR 1000 day old chicks were collected from Egypt and Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka respectively, considered as foundation stock. The chicks were brooded for 5 weeks and reared up to 14 weeks of age providing standard feeding and management. After brooding, 640 Fay and 504 RIR pullets were reared in 40 and 36 individual pens respectively, considering as a family. Finally, 30 and 24 best families of Fay and RIR respectively were selected with 420 Fay and 288 RIR pullets at 15 weeks of age, on the basis of age at 1st egg lay, egg production and fertility. Salmonella and mycoplasma free eggs were collected on the basis of blood test (agglutinate test) from the selected families of both the breeds and hatched out for next generation. The experiment was continued up to 40 weeks of age for each generation. The study revealed that hen day egg production of Fay and RIR was higher in Foundation stock (64.39% in Fay and 68.54% in RIR) than that of F1 generation (58.6% in Fay and 46.8% in RIR) but no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed for livability between Foundation stock and F1 generation. Reasons for lower productivity in F1 generation may be the poor management practices during growing period. In F2 generation, egg production was higher in both the breeds (64.09% in Fay and 62.05% in RIR) than in F1 generation. Egg production of RIR was not recorded for F3 generation, as their ability to adopt under farmers condition was very poor. However, in F3 generation, egg production of Fay was higher (65.82%) than in F2 generation. Genetic gain in Fay was 0.06%, 0.11% and 0.12% for F1, F2 and F3 generation, respectively. In case of RIR genetic gain was 0.07% in F1 and 0.18% in F2 generation. Due to selection slight genetic gain for egg production was obtained in Fay and RIR but further research with larger stock is needed for better understanding of selection responses of these breeds.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 66-73, Jan-Dec 2012

Se describen aquí los esfuerzos en los que se han involucrado algunas instituciones de enseñanza privadas y públicas como el Massachusetts Institute of Technology, el Rhode Island School of Design o escuelas privadas como NuVu en Cambridge para incorporar el arte en la enseñanza de materias troncales en las que se incluyen ciencias, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas (STEM por sus siglas en inglés). Estas y otras instituciones están haciendo grandes logros para proveer a estudiantes de enseñanzas medias la capacidad para incorporar el pensamiento creativo, critical thinking, para ayudarles a ser mejores líderes en sus áreas de especialización.

Abstract Objectives Marketing for infant snack foods has increased in the past 20 years, yet little is known about the availability and pricing of these foods. This study assessed the availability and pricing of infant snack foods in grocery stores in low-income communities across Rhode Island. Methods A random sample of grocery stores (N = 20) was selected from low-income census tracts. Twelve items were developed for this study to assess the availability and pricing of infant foods (e.g., infant formula, purees) and infant snack foods (e.g., puffs, melts). The Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores (NEMS-S) was used to assess the nutrition environment including the availability, pricing, and quality of healthful foods compared to less healthful foods. Total NEMS-S scores range from -9 to 54 with higher scores indicating more healthful foods. Data were collected by trained research assistants during a 2-week period to limit confounding due to restocking and seasonality. This analysis included descriptive statistics to summarize the infant snack foods and the total nutrition environment. Results All 20 grocery stores in this sample sold infant foods and 18 stores sold infant snack foods. Availability of infant snack foods varied by store with puffs having the highest availability (n = 18) followed by melts (n = 15), teething cookies (n = 10), and baby yogurt (n = 7). Baby yogurt had the highest average price per serving ($0.72) followed by melts ($0.62), teething cookies ($0.50), and puffs ($0.49). Mean total NEMS-S score for all grocery stores was 27.5 (SD = 4.7). Conclusions Infant snack foods are available in grocery stores in low-income communities. Recent increases in marketing and availability of infant snack foods make it important to explore factors that influence caregivers to offer these snacks. Future studies should explore these factors and develop evidence-based recommendations for developmentally appropriate, healthful snacking during infancy. Funding Sources This work was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, [Hatch/Tovar/1,001,894].

Abstract The University of Rhode Island became a part of the AFU network in 2018, and much of our rationale for joining the network was based on our strengths and growing interest in intergenerational programs and learning. The URI Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI) currently has over 1,300 members, and a large aspect of their strategic plan and current efforts are focused on increasing intergenerational learning opportunities due to interest and successes in these areas. Some of the successful strategies that have been used include an intergenerational classroom of OLLI member and university students designed within a traditional college class, a matching program where students are partnered with OLLI members, intergenerational service learning opportunities for students to engage with OLLI members in different ways, and question and answer sessions with OLLI members within college classes. This presentation will highlight these efforts, lessons learned, and efforts to track participation and outcomes.

Abstract Introduction Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience sleep problems. A reliance on case-control studies rather than dimensional samples limit our ability to understand how sleep problems distinguish diagnosis and severity of ASD. To address this need, we present preliminary findings from a large community sample of individuals with heterogeneous autism phenotypes. Methods All participants (≤ 21 years) were selected from the Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment (RI-CART) (final n= 977; 233F; 11.27±4.13 years), a public-private-academic registry of families in Rhode Island affected by ASD-like symptoms. Participants completed the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd Edition to confirm the presence of diagnosable ASD. Each caretaker also completed dimensional measures of functional impairment: Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd edition and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (2nd/3rd editions). Caretakers were asked whether the participant suffered current/past sleep problems: yes/no. All analyses are adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, caregiver education, and scale-version (e.g., 2nd/3rd ed., where applicable). Results Endorsement of sleep problems distinguished ASD diagnosis: a confirmed diagnosis of ASD was associated with greater prevalence of sleep problems compared to ASD diagnosis (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.05,2.38; p = .028). Across the sample, endorsement of sleep problems was associated with impairments in adaptive behavior (b = -4.73; 95% CI: -7.47,-2.00045; p = .001) and social responsiveness (b = 6.72; 95% CI: 3.27,10.16; p < .001). Conclusion These data from a heterogenous community sample provide evidence for a link of sleep to the phenomenology of ASD. While the search for better diagnostic indicators of ASD continues, we recommend that clinicians consider a brief assessment of sleep behaviors of patients with such neurodevelopmental conditions as autism. Support Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute at Brown University. K01MH109854 (JMS), NIGMS Advance CTR (JMS). KNAW Ter Meulen Grant (MEKV).

A study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of fertility and hatchability in two strains of Rhode Island Red (RIR) Chickens denoted as Strain A and Strain B respectively using the full-sib (sire +dam variance) and maternal half-sib (dam variance) components. The birds were obtained from the selected populations of RIR Chickens kept at the poultry breeding programme of National Animal Production Research Institute, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria. Settable eggs were collected from mating 28 cocks to 252 hens in a ratio of 1cock:9 hens from each strain. Eggs were pedigreed according to sire and dam. Results showed that values obtained for number of egg set (EGGSET), number of fertile eggs (NFERT), number of hatched chicks (NHATCH), percentage of chicks hatched from total eggs set (PHATCH) and percentage of chicks hatched from fertile eggs (PHATCHBL) were all higher in strain A than strain B. Heritability estimates obtained from the full-sib and maternal half-sib analysis ranged from medium to high for the two strains (0.24-0.96). The maternal half sib estimates were higher (0.40-0.96) than the estimates obtained from full sibs (0.24- 0.48). Genetic and phenotypic correlations obtained for both strains were positive and similar regardless of method of estimation. Genetic correlations between EGGSET and PFERT were low in strain A using both full-sib and maternal half-sib analyses (0.09-0.14). Phenotypic correlations between EGGSET and PFERT, PHATCH and PHATCHBL were also low in both strains and regardless of method of analyses. Moderate to high heritability estimates suggest that genetic improvement can be obtained by selection of these reproductive traits. The full-sib analysis for estimating heritability will be preferred since it is assumed that only additive genetic variance contributes to the covariance between family members.

Abstract We studied the pattern and timing of prebasic molt in adult Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) at two New England sites: Block Island, Rhode Island (BIRI), and the Vermont Institute of Natural Science (VINS) in Woodstock, Vermont. Catbirds at VINS initiated molt earlier and molted at a significantly slower rate than catbirds at BIRI. Mean individual molt durations spanned approximately 54 days at VINS and 44 days at BIRI. The two groups ended molt at about the same time. Catbirds at VINS were more variable in the timing of their molt. At both sites, second-year catbirds began and ended molt significantly earlier than after second-year catbirds. Males and females did not differ significantly in their rate or timing of molt at either site. Behavioral observations at BIRI indicated that catbirds spent less time foraging during the heaviest period of molt, but that increased foraging during late molt stages coincided with increases in fat stores, indicating overlap of molt and hyperphagy. We found no evidence that Gray Catbirds at either site departed for migration prior to completing remigial molt. The later molt schedule of BIRI birds likely resulted from the extended breeding season of some individuals. We believe that molt schedules at the two sites were influenced less by latitude per se than by site-specific differences in vegetation, food abundance, and temperature, resulting from differing elevations and conditions of coastal and inland environments.

Atak-S laying hens are a high-performance hybrid obtained by crossing of the Rhode Island Red (RIR) X the Barred Plymouth Rock (BR) and are being produced in the Ankara Poultry Research Institute since 1997. Phenotypic and genetic improving studies are continuous for this hybrid. In this study three different SNPs, two from IGF1 and one from IGFBP2 genes, were examined in 150 Atak-S chickens. Genetic association of SNPs were compared to body weight and egg number till 32 weeks of age, body weight at sexual maturity, age at sexual maturity and also egg quality traits such as egg shell breaking strength, shell thickness, Haugh unit, albumen index, yolk index and shape index were statistically analyzed. Only IGF1(a) locus was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, while, the rest of the loci were not. As a result of the comparisons performed to the three SNPs, it was determined that there was a significant association (P<0.05) between the T364C haplotypes of the IGF1(b) locus and body weight at 32 weeks of age, but there was not any association to the other traits.

Problems 1-4 were submitted by Mike Arcidiacono, Frazer Boergadine, Gene Maier, Ted Nelson. Kathy Pfaendler, and Mike Shaughnessy of the Math Learning Center at Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207. Problem 5 was submitted by Betty J. Thomson, Community College of Rhode Island, Warwick, RI 02886. The problem was provided by Ruth Sperry, a student in Math 1470, History of Math. Problems 6, 7, 19-22 were sent by Corbin P. Smith. 8750 Hunter's Way, Apple Valley, MN 55124. Credit for 20 was given to Duane Hinders, Woodrow Wilson Summer Institute for Statistics. Problems 8, 9, 16-18 were supplied by Susan L. Besancon, 5100 South Ninety-second Street, Fort Smith, AR 72903. Problems 10 and 23 were adapted from The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers by David Wells (London: Penguin, 1987). Problems 11-15 were adapted from Let's Solve Some Math Problems by Derek Holton (Waterloo, Ont.: Canadian Mathematics Competition, 1993). Problems 25-27 were adapted from After Math: Puzzles and Brainteasers by Ed Barbeau (Toronto: Wall & Emerson, 1995). Problem 29 was contributed by Gene Zirkel, Nassau Community College, Garden City, NY 11530-6793.

Purpose: Successful clinical trial accrual targeting uncommon genomic alterations will require broad national participation from both National Cancer Institute (NCI)–designated comprehensive cancer centers and community cancer programs. This report describes the initial experience with clinical trial accrual after next-generation sequencing (NGS) from three affiliated non–NCI-designated cancer programs. Materials and Methods: Clinical trial participation was reviewed after enrollment of the first 200 patients undergoing comprehensive genomic profiling by NGS as part of an institutional intuitional review board–approved protocol at three affiliated hospitals in Rhode Island and was compared with published experience from NCI-designated cancer centers. Results: Patient characteristics included a median age of 64 years, a median of two lines of prior therapy, and a predominance of GI carcinomas (58%). One hundred sixty-four of 200 patients (82%) had adequate tumor for NGS, 95% had genomic alterations identified, and 100% had variants of unknown significance. Fifteen of 164 patients (9.2%) enrolled in genotype-directed clinical trials, and three patients (1.8%) received commercially available targeted agents off clinical trials. The reasons for nonreceipt of NGS-directed therapy were no locally available matching trial (48.6%), ineligibility (33.6%) because of comorbidities or interim clinical deterioration, physician's choice of a different therapy (6.8%), or stable disease (11%). Conclusion: This experience demonstrates that a program enrolling patients in specific targeted agent clinical trials after NGS can be implemented successfully outside of the NCI-designated cancer program network, with comparable accrual rates. This is important because targetable genes have rare mutation rates and clinical trial accrual after NGS is low.

Liver is recognized as a valuable source of nutrients in human nutrition but there are a few reports of the lipid profile of chicken liver. The aim of work was to determine fat content as well as fatty acids composition of raw chicken liver. The study was carried out on three chicken breeds (New Hampshire, Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island) obtained from National Research Institute of Animal Production in Balice. Total fat was determined by Soxhlet method and the fatty acids profile was performed with gas chromatography method on a Varian 3400. Fat content of chicken liver ranged from 2.65 to 10.07 g/100g depended on the breed. The predominant saturated acid (SFA) in all samples was palmitate (C16:0), followed by stearate (C18:0). Oleate (C18:1) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in all samples, followed by palmitooleate (16:1). n-3 fatty acids in chicken liver were comparatively lower than SFA and MUFA. The predominant polyunsaturated acid (PUFA) was linoleate (C18:2). Arachidonate (C20:4) was the second most important n-6 fatty acid. Fatty acid content also varied between breeds of chicken. It has been demonstrated that conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) is found in chicken liver.

AbstractMuseum educators and graduate students at Brown University’s Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology and the Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World, along with the RISD Museum at the Rhode Island School of Design, are entering their eighth year of partnering with sixth-grade social studies teachers in Providence Public Schools in a five-session classroom and museumbased archaeology program called Think Like an Archaeologist. This experiential program uses the study of archaeological methods to address state and national social studies standards and bridges social studies content with the literacy standards of Common Core State Standards (CCSS) that aim at moving students toward twenty-first-century skill building. Students not only understand the science behind the content in their textbooks but also learn how to use museum objects and archaeological artifacts as primary resources. Students also learn to “read” artifacts, express their ideas in spoken and written language as historians, and use academic vocabulary as required by CCSS while thinking like archaeologists. Through teacher feedback and student evaluations, we know this program to be a successful example of the benefits of teaching archaeological skills in middle school curricula—so much so that it has now been re-created at additional schools in other regions.

The aim of the study was to compare the content of selected metals in raw chicken and goose liver. The study was carried out on three chicken breeds (New Hampshire, Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island) obtained from National Research Institute of Animal Production in Balice and Zatory Landrace goose breed obtained from Department of Poultry, Fur Animal Breeding and Animal Hygiene-Experimental Station in Rzaska. The analysis of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cd were performed in 24 samples by atomic absorption spectrometry (using Varian AA240Z and AA240FS spectrometer) after microwave digestion (MARS Xpress, CEM). The concentrations of investigated minerals in chicken liver samples were found to be in the range of 63.09-146.47 mg/kg for iron, 3.46-5.34 mg/kg for copper, 2.99-4.99 mg/kg for manganese, 40.19 and 59.42 mg/kg for zinc and 0.03- 0.06 mg/kg for cadmium. The minerals content of goose liver was found to be much higher as compared to chicken liver. Minerals content in goose liver samples were to be in the range of 52.93-659.84 mg/kg for iron, 39.32-64.45 mg/kg for copper, 3.43-5.32 mg/kg for manganese, 50.87-67.20 mg/kg for zinc and 1.10-4.12 mg/kg for cadmium. The concentration of cadmium found in chicken liver in most instances is lower than the limits established by European Union legislation, in contrast to goose liver, where the concentration of cadmium highly exceeds the limits.

Limited data is available on the micronutrient intake and adequacy in preschool children enrolled in family child care homes (FCCH). The goal of this paper is to describe the micronutrient adequacy relative to age-specific recommendations of preschool-aged children (aged 2–5 years) attending FCCH in Rhode Island (RI). Dietary data among younger preschoolers (aged 2–3 years), n = 245) and older preschoolers (aged 4–5 years), n = 121) in 118 RI FCCH (N = 366 children) were analyzed. Nutrient adequacy was assessed as the amount of nutrient per 1000 kcal of the diet that would meet the Institute of Medicine nutrient requirements (critical nutrient density), and it was compared to the observed nutrient densities of the children. The sodium:potassium ratio was also calculated. For most micronutrients, the observed density met or exceeded the recommendation, meaning the children’s intake was adequate. However, a high proportion of children had nutrient densities under the recommendation for vitamins D, E, K, and potassium (86.1%, 89.1%, 70.8%, and 99.2% of children, respectively). The mean vitamin B12, potassium, and zinc densities were statistically higher in younger vs. older preschoolers (p < 0.05 for all). Low densities in calcium and vitamins K and B5 were more frequent in older children vs. younger children (p < 0.05). In addition, older preschoolers had a higher sodium:potassium ratio than younger children (p < 0.05). The micronutrient intake density was adequate for most nutrients. However, intake of some nutrients was of concern. Further attention to training and compliance in FCCH may improve the diet quality of those cared for in these settings.

Abstract Objectives To identify and describe the food sources that contribute to food group intake in preschool children attending family childcare homes (FCCH) in Rhode Island and to examine differences by provider ethnicity. Methods Baseline data (n = 120 FCCH and n = 370 children) from Healthy Start, an ongoing cluster-randomized trial, were used. Information about foods and beverages consumed by the children was collected using the Dietary Observation in Child Care. The Nutrition Data System for Research food group classification was used to define food groups, sources and servings. The contribution of food sources to major food groups was calculated using ratio of means. Differences in mean ratios between Latino and non-Latino providers were tested with ANOVA and ANCOVA (P < 0.05) and Bonferroni adjustments were made for multiple comparisons. Results The analysis included 120 FCCH providers, all female, 68% were Latino, mean age of 48.9 ± 9.0 years; and 370 preschool children, 57% were Latino, mean age of 3.4 ± 0.9 years. Across FCCH, juice contributed the highest proportion to the fruits consumed (0.85 ± 0.24), and most vegetables consumed were non-starchy (0.61 ± 0.34). Nearly, three-fourths of dairy was low-fat (0.71 ± 0.30) and most milk/yogurt was unsweetened (0.85 ± 0.20). Three fourths of the grain servings consumed were refined (0.75 ± 0.22). The majority of the fats were vegetable oils (0.89 ± 0.20), and syrup/honey/jelly contributed more than half (0.50 ± 0.41) to the total sweets consumed. Children in non-Latino vs Latino FCCH consumed a significantly higher proportion of nuts and seeds (0.21 ± 0.34 vs 0.05 ± 0.13) and animal fats (0.37 ± 0.36 vs 0.11 ± 0.20). Similarly, children attending non-Latino FCCH ate a significantly higher proportion of non-starchy vegetables (0.82 ± 0.24 vs 0.52 ± 0.34), but a significantly lower proportion of legumes (0.05 ± 0.19 vs 0.33 ± 0.31) compared to Latino FCCH. Conclusions FCCH providers should be encouraged to include more whole fruits and whole grains. Differences between the foods consumed in FCCH according to the ethnicity of the provider, highlights the importance of considering cultural differences when developing tailored interventions to improve children's dietary intake at these settings. Funding Sources National Institutes of Health- National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health.

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.
 
 International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org. 
 
 Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 10
 
  
 
 Andrea Carosi, University of Sassari, Italy
 
 Anna Paola Micheli, Univrtsity of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
 
 Antônio André Cunha Callado, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernmabuco, Brazil
 
 Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA
 
 Aurelija Burinskiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania
 
 Benjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, Nigeria
 
 Bruno Ferreira Frascaroli, Federal University of Paraiba, BrazilBrazil, 
 
 Celina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
 
 Cheng Jing, eBay, Inc. / University of Rochester, USA
 
 Chokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, Canada
 
 Claudia Isac, University of Petrosani, Romania
 
 Dea’a Al-Deen Al-Sraheen, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Jordan 
 
 Eunju Lee, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
 
 Federica De Santis , University of Pisa , Italy
 
 Foued Hamouda, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, Tunisia
 
 Francesco Ciampi, Florence University, Italy
 
 Gilberto Marquez-Illescas , University of Rhode Island, USA
 
 Giuseppe Granata, University of Cassino and Southen Lazio, Italy
 
 Giuseppe Russo, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
 
 Guo Zi-Yi, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA
 
 Imran Riaz Malik, IQRA University, Pakistan
 
 Janusz Wielki, Opole University of Technology, Poland
 
 Jerome Kueh, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
 
 Joseph Lok-Man Lee, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
 
 Ladislav Mura, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia
 
 Luisa Pinto, University of Porto School of Economics, Portugal
 
 Manuel A. R. da Fonseca, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
 
 Manuela Rozalia Gabor, “Petru Maior” University of Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
 
 Marcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
 
 Maria-Madela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, Romania
 
 Maryam Ebrahimi, Azad University, Iran
 
 Mithat Turhan, Mersin University, Turkey
 
 Modar Abdullatif, Middle East University, Jordan
 
 Mohamed Abdel Rahman Salih, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
 
 Ozgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey
 
 Pascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UK
 
 Rafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, Australia
 
 Riaz Ahsan, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
 
 Sumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, India
 
 Valeria Stefanelli, University of Salento, Italy
 
 Valerija Botric, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, Croatia
 
 Wanmo Koo, Western Illinois University, USA
 
 Wejdene Yangui, Institute of High Business Studies of Sfax _ Tunisia (IHEC), Tunisia
 
 Yasmin Tahira, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, UAE

The paper analyzes the state of play in the negotiations and the challenges facing meaningful services trade liberalization in the Doha Round. In tracing the treatment of services in the WTO, the reasons are examined for the success of the 1997 financial and telecommunications services negotiations and how those negotiations marked the entry of services companies and associations as advocates for services liberalization in the WTO. High expectations for substantial reductions in barriers to services trade emerged from the 1997 negotiations, but thus far remain unfulfilled. In the Doha Round the quality of offers has been poor and little progress has been made primarily because many WTO Members cannot perceive the economic benefits of trade liberalization. It is argued that this Round’s success is contingent upon the ability of the developed countries to respond to the legitimate concerns of the developing countries. However, too much attention has been given to trying to find a formula for services liberalization and not enough on hard bilateral bargaining. After analyzing various proposals put forth to jumpstart the talks, the paper suggests grouping key WTO Members and identifying “incentives that will motivate those groups.” The countries of greatest interest to the United States can be divided into three groups. Offers in agriculture, temporary entry, and emergency safeguards would appeal to each of these and provide a basis for progress. It is concluded that “a Doha Round that does not contain substantial benefits for services is a Round that will have failed” and will not have industry support if it is to be implemented by the US Congress. J. Robert Vastine is the President of US Coalition of Service Industries (CSI) in Washington, DC. Prior to joining the CSI, he served as President of the Congressional Economic Leadership Institute, a bi-partisan, non-profit foundation that helps educate Congress on issues affecting US economic competitiveness. His extensive Capitol Hill experience includes posts as Staff Director of the Senate Republican Conference, Minority Staff Director of the Senate Committee on Government Affairs; Legislative Director for Senator John H. Chafee of Rhode Island; and Legislative Assistant for Congressman Thomas B. Curtis of Missouri. His Executive Branch experience includes service as Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Trade and Raw Materials Policy and Vice President of the Oversight Board of the Resolution Trust Corporation, which was chaired by Secretaries of the Treasury Brady and Bentsen, and he has had extensive private-sector experience. Vastine is Chairman of the official Industry Trade Advisory Committee for International Trade in Services (ITAC 10), which advises the US Trade Representative. He was a fellow of the Institute of Politics of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and has written a number of articles on US trade policy. Vastine is a graduate of Haverford College and the Johns Hopkins University School for Advanced International Studies.

Abstract Background Klebsiella pneumoniae is a frequently multidrug-resistant organism with a high propensity to form biofilm. K. pneumoniae is the most common carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), and labeled an urgent threat by the CDC. The relationship between K. pneumoniae biofilm formation and specific antimicrobial resistance patterns has not been well defined. Methods K. pneumoniae isolates (n = 139) were evaluated for antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation (CDC, Providence VA Med. Ctr., Rhode Island Hosp., BEI, and ATCC). Susceptibility was based predominantly on 2017 CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) breakpoints. Isolates were categorized as multidrug-resistant (MDR: resistant to ≥ 1 antimicrobial in ≥ 3 out of 16 antimicrobial categories) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR: resistant to ≥ 1 antimicrobial in all but ≤ 2 out of 16 antimicrobial categories) based on expert consensus criteria for Enterobacteriaceae (European CDC (ECDC)/CDC, 2012). We collapsed antimicrobial categories described by the ECDC/CDC consensus group into nine categories: penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactam, carbapenems, protein synthesis inhibitors, fluoroquinolones, folate pathway inhibitors, fosfomycin, and colistin. Biofilm formation was assessed using a modified crystal violet method (OD570) and defined by tertile cut-points. Antimicrobial resistance was compared for weak (n = 47) vs. strong (n = 46) biofilm formation by chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Predictors of strong biofilm formation were identified using logistic regression. Results MDR isolates were more common among weak (n = 46/47, 97.9%) vs. strong biofilm formers (n = 35/46, 76.1%; P = 0.002), whereas XDR was similar between groups (n = 12/47, 25.5% vs. n = 13/46, 28.3% P = 0.77). Resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, protein synthesis, or fluoroquinolones was more common among weak biofilm formers (P < 0.05). Carbapenem resistance was inversely associated with strong biofilm formation (odds ratio 0.09; 95% confidence interval 0.02–0.33). Conclusion Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae was 91% less likely to form strong biofilm. Potential trade-off mechanisms between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation require further exploration. Disclosures A. Caffrey, Merck: Grant Investigator, Research grant. The Medicine’s Company: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Pfizer: Grant Investigator, Research grant. K. LaPlante, Merck: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Allergan: Scientific Advisor, Honorarium. Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.: Grant Investigator and Scientific Advisor, Honorarium and Research grant. Achaogen, Inc.: Scientific Advisor, Honorarium. Zavante Therapeutics, Inc.: Scientific Advisor, Honorarium.

259 Background: The Lifespan Cancer Institute (LCI) identified strategies to improve the palliative care experience and outcomes by providing clinic to home telehealth services. LCI is an integrated academic medical center program combining three hospital programs operating at five outpatient sites. One quality goal is to embed and increase palliative care within the fabric of oncology by providing palliative telehealth in the home to avoid office visits, ED and hospital admissions. Methods: LCI’s multidisciplinary palliative care team, including administrators, physicians, advanced practice providers and community partner physicians assessed telehealth challenges with a vulnerable patient in the home setting. Process development included operations, technology, patient and staff education. The group modified existing Lifespan system workflows, clinic to clinic video for behavioral health and clinic to clinic for providers, to create the clinic to home method. This process benchmarked patient and behavioral health noting video differences with the clinic setting versus the home. Results: Outcome metrics include no show rate, chemotherapy within 14 days of death, ED/ICU within 30 days of death, patient and provider experience. Initial data shows no show rates decreased from 10% (January) to 6% (May) as telehealth increased. Patients marked deceased within 3 months of a LCI visit for January (n = 52) and May ( = 61) unfortunately did not have a negative trend for chemotherapy in the last 14 days of life (Jan: 8%, May 15%). ED and ICU visits both had modest decreases from January (ED 50%, ICU 29%) to May (ED 48%, ICU 21%). In anticipation of future Press Ganey results, patient feedback includes an increase of comfort while at home. Provider satisfaction increased with the ability to assess the patient in their own home instead of the sterile clinic environment. Encountered challenges include insurance restrictions for Rhode Island (not a rural state), technology, and remote trouble shooting. Conclusions: The success of clinic-to-home telehealth services set the foundation for the COVID-19 telehealth insurgence and led to the palliative team acting as role models to medical and radiation oncology. End of life oncology patients stayed home while having their palliative needs addressed remotely. The innovative approach to implementing telehealth services will serve as a model for future LCI telehealth programs including treatment education sessions, oral chemotherapy follow-up, survivorship and post hospital discharge assessments.

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.
 
 International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.
 
 Reviewers for Volume 12, Number 1
 
  
 
 Abedalqader Rababah, Arab Open University, Oman
 
 Ajit Kumar Kar, Indian Metal & Ferro Alloys Ltd, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
 
 Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, Iran
 
 Andrei Buiga, “ARTIFEX University of Bucharest, Romania
 
 Anna Paola Micheli, Univrtsity of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
 
 Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA
 
 Aurelija Burinskiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania
 
 Bazeet Olayemi Badru, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Nigeria
 
 Benjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, Nigeria
 
 Celina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
 
 Claudia Isac, University of Petrosani, Romania
 
 Dionito F. Mangao, Cavite State University – Naic Campus, Philippines
 
 Duminda Kuruppuarachchi, University of Otago, New Zealand
 
 Federica Caboni, University of Cagliari, Italy
 
 Federica De Santis, University of Pisa, Italy
 
 Georges Samara, ESADE Business School, Lebanon
 
 Gianluca Ginesti, University of Naples “FEDERICO II”, Italy
 
 Gilberto MarquezIllescas, University of Rhode Island, USA
 
 Guo ZiYi, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA
 
 Hejun Zhuang, Brandon University, Canada
 
 Henrique Fátima Boyol Ngan, Institute for Tourism Studies, Macao, Macao
 
 Herald Monis, Milagres College, India
 
 HungChe Wu, Nanfang College of Sun Yatsen University, China
 
 Joanna Katarzyna Blach, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
 
 Manuel A. R. da Fonseca, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
 
 Marcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
 
 Maria do Céu Gaspar Alves, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
 
 Maria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, Italy
 
 MariaMadela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, Romania
 
 Marta Joanna Ziólkowska, Warsaw School of Economics (Szkoła Główna Handlowa), Poland
 
 Maryam Ebrahimi, Azad University, Iran
 
 Michaela Maria SchaffhauserLinzatti, University of Vienna, Austria
 
 Michele Rubino, Università LUM Jean Monnet, Italy
 
 Mithat Turhan, Mersin University, Turkey
 
 Mohsen Malekalketab Khiabani, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia
 
 Mongi Arfaoui, University of Monastir, Tunisia
 
 Murat Akin, Omer Halisdemir University FEAS – NIGDE, Turkey
 
 Ozgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey
 
 Pascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UK
 
 Roxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USA
 
 Sara Saggese, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
 
 Serhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, Ukraine
 
 Shame Mukoka, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe
 
 Shun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
 
 Silvia Ferramosca, University of Pisa, Italy
 
 Sumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, India
 
 Tatiana Marceda Bach, Centro Universitário Univel (UNIVEL), Brazil
 
 Vassili JOANNIDES de LAUTOUR, Grenoble École de Management (France) and Queensland University of Technology School of Accountancy (Australia), France
 
 Wanmo Koo, Western Illinois University, USA
 
 Wasilu Suleiman, Bauchi State University, Nigeria
 
 Wejdene Yangui, Institute of High Business Studies of Sfax _ Tunisia (IHEC), Tunisia

1572 Background: Rn-222 is a radioactive gas found in rocks and soil. It emits alpha particles that cause dsDNA breaks and increase potential for carcinogenesis. Rn is the 2nd leading cause of LC in the US after smoking. EPA estimates >15,000 deaths/yr (9% of LC deaths) from Rn. We hypothesize that the impact of Rn exposure may be reflected in LC gene mutation (mut) profiles. Methods: Using commercial NGS assays, we retrospectively analyzed genomic DNA alterations in FFPE specimens from 159 LC patients (pts) from the Lifespan Cancer Institute in Rhode Island (2014- 2019), followed by validation in a larger cohort of 5,532 pts using Caris platform. Based on EPA Rn maps, we identified counties with high indoor Rn levels (>4 pci/L; HR), and compared gene mut patterns with those from low Rn zones (<4 pci/L; LR). Based on pt’s zip code of residence, we categorized them to HR and LR. In the validation cohort, p values adjusted for multiple comparison (q) of < .05 were considered significant. Results: In the pilot cohort, 35 pts (22%) were in HR and 124 (78%) in LR zones. Adenocarcinoma histology was most frequent (73%) and smoking prevalence was high (75%) in both groups. Most prevalent alterations were TP53, KRAS and CDKN2A muts. In the HR, we noted more frequent recurrent muts in 2 DNA repair genes (DDR): ATM (11 vs 1%, p= .00086) and CHEK2 (6 vs 0%, p= .047) when compared to LR group. When classified into major pathways implicated in lung carcinogenesis, higher frequency of mutations were seen in DDR in HR zones vs. LR (29 vs 13%, p= .038). In the validation cohort, 1,433 (26%) pts were in HR and 4099 (74%) in LR zones. Among the DDR genes, ATM muts in HR group tended to be more frequent (4.7 vs 3.4% in LR, p= .03) as well as PALB2 (0.9 vs 0.4%, p= .02) while no difference seen in CHEK2. Other genes with significantly higher prevalence in HR were TP53, SMARCA4 and NFE2L2 (q< .05); while KMT2D, KEAP1, CDKN2A, MET, NF2, DNMT3A, CCND1 and FAS show a trend (p< .05). EGFR muts were significantly more frequent in LR zones (8.4 vs 14.6%, q= .001). Similar to the pilot cohort, DDR pathway alterations trend to be higher in HR zones (14 vs 12%, p= .05). Using a high TMB cut-off >10, tumors from HR zones had significantly higher TMB when compared to LR zones (56 vs 48%, q= .0005). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to elucidate the pathobiology of Rn induced LC using gene mut analyses. Our observations suggest that LC associated with higher Rn exposure may have disabled DNA repair pathways and higher TMB. Assuming uniform tobacco smoke exposure, higher Rn was not associated with EGFR mut.

Background Hearing aid (HA) use is known to improve health outcomes for people with hearing loss. Despite that, HA use is suboptimal, and communication issues and hearing-related activity limitations and participation restrictions often remain. Web-based self-management communication programs may support people with hearing loss to effectively self-manage the impact of hearing loss in their daily lives. Objective The goal of the research is to examine the short- and long-term effects of a web-based self-management SUpport PRogram (SUPR) on communication strategy use (primary outcome) and a range of secondary outcomes for HA users aged 50 years and older. Methods Clients of 36 HA dispensing practices were randomized to SUPR (SUPR recipients; n=180 HA users) and 34 to care as usual (controls; n=163 HA users). SUPR recipients received a practical support booklet and online materials delivered via email over the course of their 6-month HA rehabilitation trajectory. They were encouraged to appoint a communication partner and were offered optional email contact with the HA dispensing practice. The online materials included 3 instruction videos on HA handling, 5 videos on communication strategies, and 3 testimonial videos. Care as usual included a HA fitting rehabilitation trajectory only. Measurements were carried out at baseline, immediately postintervention, 6 months postintervention, and 12 months postintervention. The primary outcome measure was self-reported use of communication strategies (3 subscales of the Communication Profile for the Hearing Impaired [CPHI]). Secondary outcome measures included self-reported personal adjustment to hearing loss (CPHI); use, satisfaction and benefit of HAs and SUPR (use questionnaire; International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids [IOI-HA], Alternative Interventions [IOI-AI]); recommendation of HA dispensing services; self-efficacy for HA handling (Measure of Audiologic Rehabilitation Self-Efficacy for Hearing Aids [MARS-HA]); readiness to act on hearing loss (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment adapted for hearing loss [URICA-HL]); and hearing disability (Amsterdam Inventory for Auditory Disability and Handicap [AIADH]). Results Linear mixed model analyses (intention to treat) showed no significant differences between the SUPR and control group in the course of communication strategy use (CPHI). Immediately postintervention, SUPR recipients showed significantly higher self-efficacy for advanced HA handling than the controls, which was sustained at 12 months (MARS-HA; mean difference immediately postintervention: 5.3, 95% CI 0.3 to 10.4; P=.04). Also, SUPR recipients showed significantly greater HA satisfaction than controls immediately postintervention (IOI-HA; 0.3, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.5; P=.006), which was sustained at 12 months, and significantly greater HA use than the controls immediately postintervention (IOI-HA; 0.3, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.5; P=.03), which was not sustained at 12 months. Conclusions This study provides ground to recommend adding SUPR to standard HA dispensing care, as long-term, modest improvements in HA outcomes were observed. Further research is needed to evaluate what adjustments to SUPR are needed to establish long-term effectiveness on outcomes in the psychosocial domain. Trial Registration ISRCTN77340339; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN77340339 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015012

Abstract Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. This disease is characterized by vaso-occlusive pain crisis and end-organ damage, ultimately contributing to poor quality of life and reduced life expectancy. While many advances have been made in the management of sickle cell disease, there remains room for improvement in the delivery of care for these patients. The Lifespan Academic Medical Center is the largest health care organization in the state of Rhode Island. In January of 2018, a large cohort of patients was referred to Lifespan's Cancer Institute for treatment of sickle cell disease. The patients had previously been cared for in private medical practices in the state. In response to the large number of referrals, the Lifespan Cancer Institute established a Sickle Cell Disease Multidisciplinary Clinic (SCDMDC). Disciplines represented include nursing, hematology, psychiatry, social work, pharmacy and pain and palliative care. Goals of care are to address the underlying disease process, treat pain effectively, and prevent and manage end-organ damage. Patients meet with hematology, pain management and social work during their intake appointment, and with psychiatry as indicated. The multidisciplinary team works with each patient to develop a treatment plan to achieve the patient's life and health-care goals. In addition to the disciplines included in the clinic, other departments such as emergency medicine, nephrology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, pulmonology and cardiology have collaborated with the SCDMDC to provide comprehensive care to patients. The Sickle Cell Disease Multidisciplinary Clinic was established in January of 2018. The initial priority was to enroll and transition patients who did not have access to hematologic care. Additional patients were enrolled based on an urgent need for a multidisciplinary approach. Thirty patients were enrolled within the first 3 months. Of these 30 patients, 6 patients could not identify a hematologist responsible for their care prior to enrollment. Two of these 6 patients were formerly pediatric patients who never transitioned appropriately to adult care. The group of 30 included another young adult who transitioned directly from the children's hospital to the SCDMDC within the same healthcare system. While a multidisciplinary approach is typically well-established and utilized in the pediatric setting, it is often lacking in the adult healthcare system. This can be intimidating for young adults and discourage them from completing the transition process. As such, the SCDMDC provides an opportunity for a smoother transition from pediatric to adult care for patients with sickle cell disease within our institution. This initial cohort of patients allowed us to review emergency department (ED) presentations and hospital admissions for pain crisis at a single institution 6 months prior to and 6 months after implementation of the SCDMDC. Two patients within the cohort were identified as high healthcare system utilizers. In the 6 months prior to enrollment in the SCDMDC, patient A presented to the ED 49 times, resulting in 15 admissions for a total of 81 days hospitalized and an average length of stay of 5.4 days. In the 6 months after enrollment, patient A presented to the ED 41 times, resulting in 6 admissions for a total of 16 days hospitalized and an average length of stay of 2.7 days. The second high-utilizer, patient B, presented to the ED 24 times, resulting in 13 admissions for a total of 44 days hospitalized and average length of stay of 3.4 days in the 6 months prior. After enrollment in the SCDMDC, Patient B presented 41 times, resulting in 18 admissions for a total of 35 days hospitalized and average length of stay of 1.9 days. The other 28 patients collectively had 39 admissions for a total of 318 days hospitalized and average length of stay of 8.2 days prior to implementing the SCDMDC, compared to 28 admissions for a total of 152 days and average length of stay of 5.4 days in the 6 months after the start of SCDMDC. This decrease in admissions, days hospitalized and average length of stay is likely due to the comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to patient care with the SCDMDC. Initial observations suggest that the development of the Sickle Cell Disease Multidisciplinary Clinic delivers high-quality care that reduces hospitalization and thus, improves quality of life. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Food on the Move is an ongoing mobile produce market program in Rhode Island whose operations evolved from previous mobile market programs evaluated by 2 research studies: (1) one on Fresh to You, a prospective cohort study evaluating markets at community sites serving low-income families; and (2) one on Live Well, Viva Bien, a cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating markets and complementary nutrition interventions at public housing sites. The 2 studies spanned more than a decade and demonstrated the effect of mobile produce markets on access to, affordability of, and consumption of fruit and vegetables in low-income communities in Rhode Island. When grant funding ended in 2016, academic and community partners continued the mobile market program as Food on the Move. The Rhode Island Public Health Institute adopted the program model and developed a business plan to maximize market efficiency. To address price as a barrier to buying fruit and vegetables, the Institute implemented an innovative incentive program for purchases made with Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits, funded by a federal Food Insecurity Nutrition Incentive grant program. In 2018, Food on the Move sold more than $160 000 in produce at 335 markets, more than $50 000 of which came from these SNAP incentive programs. For sustained change in communities, researchers and community partners need examples of how to translate findings from research trials into public health practice. Food on the Move serves as a case study for the successful transition of community-focused research into a sustainable and scalable evidence-based program.

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine trends in performance and hatchability traits of eight strains of hens that have been covered by the gene pool protection programme in Poland over ten years/generations. The study involved conservation populations of laying hens: Greenleg Partridge (Z-11), Yellowleg Partridge (Ż-33), Sussex (S-66), Leghorn (H-22, G99), Rhode Island Red (R-11, K-22) and Rhode Island White (A-33), which were maintained at the Experimental Station of the National Research Institute of Animal Production in Chorzelów. The following productive traits were analysed for each population: body weight at 20 wk (g), egg weight at 33 and 53 wk, sexual maturity and number of eggs laid per hen up to 56 wk of age. Mortality and culling were also recorded during rearing and production periods. Furthermore, effective population size (Ne) and inbreeding coefficient in the population (Fx) were calculated for each strain. The analysis of the performance results of the eight strains of hens and their trends indicate that the methods of conservation breeding adopted for these populations enable effective implementation of the conservation programme. The strains were found to differ in all the performance traits subjected to evaluation. Over the 10 generations, the strains examined showed high survival and hatchability parameters during both rearing and production periods. The currently used random mating system proved effective to prevent the populations from an increase of inbreeding. However, a worrying downward trend in body weight was observed in some strains.

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Dr. Peruvemba S Jaya is an Associate Professor in the Department of Communication, Faculty of Arts, at the University of Ottawa. Prior to that, she has been in teaching in faculties of business in the USA and Canada. She has a PhD in Business Administration (Organizational Behaviour and Organizational Studies) from the University of Rhode Island, USA, MA in Sociology from the Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, India and BA (Hons) in Sociology from the University of Delhi, India. Her research interests include the areas of gender diversity and multiculturalism in the workplace, immigration and gender, immigrant women, South Asian immigrant women’s experience, immigrants’ issues, interpersonal communication, identity formation and construction processes, postcolonial theory, and intercultural communication. She is also interested in ethnic media and qualitative research methodologies. She is affiliated with the Institute of Women’s Studies, University of Ottawa as well as Affiliate Faculty in the interdisciplinary E Business and Technology PhD Program. She is a member of the Organizational Communication Research Group of the University of Ottawa, Department of Communication. She is currently the Regional Representative of Research Committee 32: Women in Society of the International Sociological Association and a Member of the Board of the Canadian Communication Association.

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Reading in a Foreign Language (U Hawaii, HI, USA) 19.1 (2007), 1–18.07–598Tanaka, Hiroya & Paul Stapleton (Hokkaido U, Japan; higoezo@ybb.ne.jp), Increasing reading input in Japanese high school EFL classrooms: An empirical study exploring the efficacy of extensive reading. The Reading Matrix (Readingmatrix.com) 7.1 (2007), 115–131.07–599Weinstein, Susan (Louisiana State U, Baton Rouge, USA), Pregnancy, pimps, and ‘clichèd love things’: Writing through gender and sexuality. Written Communication (Sage) 24.1 (2007), 28–48.07–600Williams, Eddie (U Bangor, UK; eddie.williams@bangor.ac.uk), Extensive reading in Malawi: Inadequate implementation or inappropriate innovation?Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 30.1 (2007), 59–79.07–601Yamashita, Junko, The relationship of reading attitudes between L1 and L2: An investigation of adult EFL learners in Japan. 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Abstract Objectives Less healthy snack food consumption has increased in young children, yet little is known about snack food consumption during infancy. This qualitative study explored how low-income mothers define snacking and factors that influence snack food consumption during infancy. Methods A purposive sample of low-income mother-infant dyads (N = 8) were recruited from Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and childcare centers in Rhode Island. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted when infants were approximately 6-months of age to explore the mother's definition of snacking and factors that influence when and what snack foods are offered to infants. Interviews were audio recorded, verbatim transcribed, and a thematic analysis was conducted. Results Mothers were on average 27.3 years old (SD = 4.9), 62.5% identified as White, 25.0% as Multiracial, and 12.5% as African-American/Black. Mothers defined snacking as small feedings that help infants feel full between milk-feedings and exposes them to a variety of new flavors. Most mothers (75%) reported that they had offered snack foods to their infant by around 5 months of age, and 25% reported that they had decided not to offer snack foods due to concerns about choking (n = 1) and healthfulness (n = 1). Despite reporting that snack foods offered to infants should be healthy, most mothers (75%) expressed concerns about offering vegetables and fruits due to choking and reported offering snack foods that easily dissolve in the infant's mouth (e.g., puff and melts). Conclusions Preliminary results suggest that mothers believed snack foods were an important part of infant feeding to ensure adequate caloric intake, exposure to new flavors, and a healthful diet while reducing choking risk. Given that many mothers will introduce snacks during infancy, it is critical to promote developmentally appropriate, healthy snacks. Future studies should explore other environmental factors that influence snack food consumption during infancy. Funding Sources This work was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, [Hatch/Tovar/1001894].

Robert Sanderson Mulliken was born on 7 June 1896 in Newburyport, Rhode Island. His father, Samuel Parsons Mulliken, was a Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to which he would travel a distance of some 30 miles every day on the Boston and Maine Railroad. Samuel’s income was modest, and the family had little contact with the more influential members of the community. “This may account”, says Robert in his autobiography (B 250)*, “for a deep-seated inferiority complex which I have had, especially toward people in authority, but not towards prominent scientists”. He recalls helping his father proofread his four-volume treatise A method for the identification of pure organic compounds '. “It is natural”, says Robert loyally, “that I became interested in science although I was strongly tempted to move in other directions, such as philosophy or other humanistic fields”. His mother Katherine W. Mulliken (a distant cousin of his father) formed a stronger bond with her son. She was a member of the Unitarian Church, and frequently took Robert along with her. She failed to persuade him to learn the piano, but succeeded in imbuing him with a sense of justice and of the beauty of nature. “I have sometimes experienced very strong feelings of intimacy with nature”, he writes (B 250) “but not of beauty in its laws”. His upbringing was strict and conventional and one gains the impression of an extremely well-behaved but rather shy child. He writes with lurking admiration about a red-haired classmate at the Jackman Grammar School, who became famous for his unconventional exploits and is quoted (B 250) as saying “my worst trouble is that I got my lessons done too quick”. Bossy Gillis, as he was called, rose rapidly in the community and was eventually elected mayor of Newburyport. Half a century later Robert Mulliken was invited back to Newburyport by another mayor, to have a street named after him.

Abstract Objectives To determine if there is an association between critical nutrition literacy (CNL) and dietary behavior. It is hypothesized that college students with higher nutrition literacy scores will consume more fruits and vegetables (FV) and less added sugar (S). Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted using a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of college students from the University of Rhode Island, Rutgers University, and West Virginia University. Participants completed the Behavior Environment Perception Survey (BEPS), including the validated NCI Dietary Screener Questionnaire to assess FV and S consumption, and a validated, 5-item CNL Claims Scale to assess CNL. Mean CNL scores (range 1–5) were divided into tertiles: 1.0 to 3.0 indicated lower CNL, 3.01 to 3.81 moderate CNL and 3.82 to 5.0 higher CNL. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) examined the differences between the CNL tertiles and cup equivalents (C) of FV per day and teaspoon equivalents (tsp) of S per day. Results Out of the 1820 student responses to BEPS, 1407 students had complete data for CNL, the dependent variables, and were between the ages of 18 and 24. The average age was 20.3 ± 1.7 (SD) years old; majority were female (72%), white (81%), and lived off-campus (61%). Mean CNL score among students was 3.49 ± 0.72 (SD). After controlling for university, there were no differences between CNL score and fruit and vegetable or added sugar intake (F(2704) = 1.88, P = .08). Interestingly, although not statistically significant, mean FV was 2.28 ± 0.95 (SD) C and S was 12.29 ± 7.7 (SD) tsp for subjects with lower CNL while students with higher CNL reported less FV of 2.16 ± 0.96 (SD) C and more S of 13.30 ± 8.9 (SD) tsp. Conclusions Results suggest no significant relationships between CNL score and FV or added S intake. This finding contrasts with research demonstrating that health literacy is predictive of positive health promotion behavior. Future research should investigate the relationship between CNL and FV or S more specifically by including more sensitive and comprehensive nutrition literacy measures. Funding Sources This work is supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch projects, at the participating universities.

ObjectiveAssess the validity of Florida (FL) Enhanced State Opioid Overdose Surveillance (ESOOS) non-fatal syndromic case definitions.IntroductionIn 2017, FL Department of Health (DOH) became one of thirty-two states plus Washington, D.C funded by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) under the ESOOS program. One of the objectives of this funding was to increase the timeliness of reporting on non-fatal opioid overdoses through syndromic surveillance utilizing either the emergency department (ED) or Emergency Medical Services (EMS) data systems. Syndromic case validation is an essential requirement under ESOOS for non-fatal opioid-involved overdose (OIOD). FL’s ESOOS program conducted OIOD validation and quality monitoring of EMS case definitions, using data from FL’s Emergency Medical Services Tracking and Reporting System (EMSTARS). We examined measurement validity with OIOD cases identified from FL’s statewide hospital billing database, FL Agency for Health Care Administration (AHCA).MethodsFrom FL-EMSTARS, we extracted EMS data where the type of service requested was a 911 response, the patient was treated then transported by EMS to a hospital facility in Florida and was 11 years of age or older. Additionally, all incident-patient encounters excluded those who were dead at the scene. We included all responses with dispatch dates between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. From FL-AHCA, we extracted ED and inpatient discharge information with admission dates and patient age covering the same ranges as our EMS encounters. We classified FL-EMSTARS cases based on combinations, like that of Rhode Island,1 using providers primary impression (PPI), providers secondary impression (PSI) and response to the administration of naloxone. FL-AHCA cases were defined by the following T and F codes from the International Classification of Diseases 10: T40.0-T40.4, T40.60, T40.69, F11.12, F11.120, F11.121, F11.122, F11.129, F11.22, F11.220, F11.221, F11.222, F11.229, F11.92, F11.920, F11.921, F11.922, F11.929. For all “T” codes, the 6th character was either a “1” or “4,” because ESOOS is focused on unintentional and undetermined drug overdoses, ergo we excluded ED visits that are related to intentional self-harm (i.e., “2”) or assault (i.e., “3”). Lastly, for all “T” codes, the 7th character we included was the initial ED encounter (i.e., “A”) because the purpose of the system is to capture increases or decreases in acute overdoses. To improve our match rate, account for typographical errors, and account for the discriminatory power some values may contain, we employed probabilistic linkage using Link Plus software developed by the CDC Cancer Division. Blocking occurred among social security number (SSN), event date, patient age in years, and date of birth (DOB). Next, we matched both datasets on ten variables: event date, age, sex, DOB, ethnicity, facility code, hospital zip code, race, SSN, and patient’s residence zip code. Further pruning was performed to ensure all matches were within a 24-hour time interval. Data management and statistical analyses were performed using SAS® statistical software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). We assessed EMS measurement validity by sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV). Next, risk factors were identified by stepwise multivariable logistic regression to improve the accuracy of the FL-ESOOS definition. Significant risk factors from the parsimonious multivariable model were used to simulate unique combinations to estimate the maximum sensitivity and PPV for OIOD.ResultsPrior to merging, FL-EMSTARS contained 1,308,825 unique incident-patient records, where FL-AHCA contained 8,862,566 unique incident-patient records. Of these, we conservatively linked 892,593 (68.2%) of the FL-EMSTARS dataset with FL-AHCA. Our probabilistic linkage represents an 18.2% linkage improvement over previous FL-DOH deterministic strategies (J Jiang, unpublished CSTE presentation, 2018). Among the matched pairs we estimated 8,526 OIOD, 0.96% prevalence, using the FL-AHCA case definition. Whereas the FL-ESOOS syndromic case definition estimated 6,188 OIOD, 0.69% prevalence. The FL-ESOOS OIOD syndromic case definition demonstrated 31.64% sensitivity, 99.61% specificity, and 43.60% PPV. Among false negatives, the response to administrated naloxone among OIOD was 39.37% “not known,” 37.95% “unchanged,” and 0.28% “worse.” We altered the FL-ESOOS EMSTARS case definition for OIOD to include those who were administered naloxone regardless of their response to the medication. We observed 12.37% sensitivity increase to 44.01%, 0.56% specificity decrease to 99.05%, and 12.78% PPV decrease to 30.82%.Are final multivariable model is as follows: lnOdds(Opioid Overdose)= 12.66 – 0.5459(Med Albuterol) – 0.9568(Med Aspirin) – 0.5765(Med Midazolam Hydrochloride) – 0.8690(Med Morphine Sulfate) + 1.4103 (Med Naloxone) – 0.7694(Med Nitroglycerine) + 0.3622(Med Oxygen) – 0.3702(Med Phenergan) – 0.8820(Med Epinephrine 1:10000) – 0.7397(Med Fentanyl) – 0.6376(Med Sodium Bicarbonate) – 0.2725(Med Normal Saline) + 0.3935(Med Other-Not Listed) + 0.6300(PPI General Malaise) + 0.8476(PPI Other, Non-Traumatic Pain) + 0.8725(PPI Airway Obstruction) + 0.4808(PPI Allergic reaction) + 1.4948(PPI Altered level of consciousness) + 1.5481(PPI Behavioral/psychiatric disorder) + 1.3843(PPI Cardiac arrest) + 2.3913(PPI Poisoning/drug ingestion) + 2.2418(PPI Intentional Drug Use; Related Problems) + 0.2783(PPI Respiratory distress) + 2.0305(PPI Respiratory arrest) + 0.4292(PPI Stroke/CVA) + 0.5402(PPI Syncope/fainting) + 0.5219(PSI Other, Non-Traumatic Pain) + 0.9355(PSI Allergic reaction) + 0.3521(PSI Altered level of consciousness) + 0.9036(PSI Poisoning/drug ingestion) + 0.9661(PSI Intentional Drug Use; Related Problems) + 0.3766(PSI Respiratory Distress) + 1.1802(PSI Respiratory Arrest).We plotted the multivariable sensitivity and PPV by probaiblity cutoff value to determine which would produce the best discrimination (see Figure 1). By incorporating a probability cutoff value ≥ 0.22, we can inprove both sensitivity and PPV. Specifically, we can achieve 45.48% sensitivity, 99.32% specificity, and 45.48% PPV.ConclusionsThe sensitivity of the FL-ESOOS surveillance system is not generally high but could still be useful if subsequent validation shows sensitivity stability. Regarding maximizing FL-ESOOS sensitivity and PPV, we deomonstrated that our mulitvariable model with an appropriate probability cutoff value performes better than the current case definition. This study contributes to the limited literature on Florida non-fatal opioid overdoses with a specific emphasis on validating EMS records. New unique indicator combinations are possible to increase sensitivity and PPV but should be thoroughly investigated to balance the tradeoffs to optimize the system’s ability to detect non-fatal overdoses and to discriminate true cases.References1. Rhode Island Department of Health. Rhode Island Enhanced State Opioid Overdose Surveillance (ESOOS) Case Definition For Emergency Medical Services (EMS).; 2017.2. Jiang J, Mai A, Card K, Sturms J, McCoy S. EMS Naloxone Administration for Implication of Opioid Overdose. Presentation presented at the: 2018; CSTE Annual Conference.

I have only ever owned one pig. It didn’t have a name, due as it was for the table. Just pu‘aka. But I liked feeding it; nothing from the household was wasted. I planned not to become attached. We were having a feast and a pig was the one essential requirement. The piglet came to us as a small creature with a curly tail. It would not even live an adult life, as the fully-grown local pig is a fatty beast with little meat. Pigs are mostly killed when partly grown, when the meat/fat ratio is at its optimum. The pig was one of the few animals to accompany Polynesians as they made the slow journey across the islands and oceans from Asia: pigs and chickens and dogs. The DNA of island pigs reveals details about the route taken that were previously hidden (Larsen et al.). Of these three animals, pigs assumed the most ceremonial importance. In Tonga, pigs often live an exalted life. They roam freely, finding food where they can. They wallow. Wherever there is a pool of mud, often alongside a road, there is a pig wallowing. Huge beasts emerge from their pools with dark mud lining their bellies as they waddle off, teats swinging, to another pleasure. Pig snouts are extraordinarily strong; with the strength of a pig behind them, they can dig holes, uproot crops, and generally wreak havoc. How many times have I chased them from my garden, despairing at the loss of precious vegetables I could get no other way? But they must forage. They are fed scraps, and coconut for protein, but often must fend for themselves. Despite the fact that many meet an early death, their lives seem so much more interesting than those lived by the anonymous residents of intensive piggeries in Australia, my homeland. When the time came for the pig to be sacrificed to the demands of the feast, two young Tongan men did the honours. They also cooked the pig on an open fire after skewering it on a pole. Their reward was the roasted sweetmeats. The ‘umu was filled with taro and cassava, yam and sweet potato, along with lū pulu and lū ika: tinned beef and fish cooked in taro leaves and coconut cream. In the first sitting, all those of high status—church ministers, college teachers, important villagers and pālangi like me—had the first pick of the food. Students from the college and lowly locals had the second. The few young men who remained knew it was their task to finish off all of the food. They set about this activity with intense dedication, paying particular attention to the carcass of the pig. By the end of the night, what was left of our little pig was a pile of bones, the skeleton taken apart at every joint. Not a scrap of anything edible remained. In the early 1980s, I went to live on a small island in the Kingdom of Tonga, where my partner was the Principal of an agricultural college, in the main training young men for working small hereditary mixed farms. Memories of that time and a recent visit inform this reflection on the contemporary Tongan diet and problems associated with it. The role of food in a culture is never a neutral issue. Neither is body size, and Tongans have traditionally favoured the large body as an indication of status (Pollock 58). Similarly the capacity to eat has been seen as positive. Many Tongans are larger than is healthy, with 84% of men and 93% of women “considered overweight or obese” (Kirk et al. 36). The rate of diabetes, 80% of it undiagnosed, has doubled since the 1970s to 15% of the adult population (Colagiuri et al. 1378). In the Tongan diaspora there are also high rates of so-called “metabolic syndrome,” leading to this tendency to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In Auckland, for instance, Pacific Islanders are 2.5 times more likely to suffer from this condition (Gentles et al.). Its chief cause is not, however, genetic, but comes from “differences in obesity,” leading to a much higher incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes (Gentles et al.). Deaths from diabetes in Tonga are common. When a minister’s wife in the neighbouring village to mine died, everyone of status on the island attended the putu. Though her gangrenous foot could have been amputated, the family decided against this, and she soon died from the complications of her diabetes. On arrival at the putu, as well as offering gifts such as mats and tapa, participants lined up to pay very personal respects to the dead woman. This took the form of a kiss on her face. I had never touched a dead person before, let alone someone who had died of gangrene, but life in another culture requires many firsts. I bent down and kissed the dry, cold face of a woman who had suffered much before dying. Young men of the family pushed sand over the grave with their own hands as the rest of us stood around, waiting for the funeral food: pigs, yes, but also sweets made from flour and refined sugar. Diet and eating practices are informed by culture, but so are understandings of illness and its management. In a study conducted in New Zealand, sharp differences were seen between the Tongan diaspora and European patients with diabetes. Tongans were more likely “to perceive their diabetes as acute and cyclical in nature, uncontrollable, and caused by factors such as God’s will, pollution in the environment, and poor medical care in the past”, and this was associated “with poorer adherence to diet and medication taking” (Barnes et al. 1). This suggests that as well as being more likely to suffer from illnesses associated with diet and body size, Tongans may also be less likely to manage them, causing these diseases to be even more debilitating. When James Cook visited the Tongan group and naively named them the Friendly Islands, he was given the customary hospitality shown to one of obviously high status. He and his officers were fed regularly by their hosts, even though this must have put enormous pressure on the local food systems, in which later supply was often guaranteed by the imposition of tapu in order to preserve crops and animals. Further pressure was added by exchanges of hogs for nails (Beaglehole). Of course, while they were feeding him royally and entertaining his crew with wrestling matches and dances, the local chiefs of Ha‘apai were arguing about exactly when they were going to kill him. If it were by night, it would be hard to take the two ships. By day, it might be too obvious. They never could agree, and so he sailed off to meet his fate elsewhere (Martin 279-80). As a visitor of status, he was regularly fed pork, unlike most of the locals. Even now, in contemporary Tonga, pigs are killed to mark a special event, and are not eaten as everyday food by most people. That is one of the few things about the Tongan diet that has not changed since the Cook visits. Pigs are usually eaten on formal feasting occasions, such as after church on the Sabbath (which is rigorously kept by law), at weddings, funerals, state occasions or church conferences. During such conferences, village congregations compete with each other to provide the most lavish spreads, with feasting occurring three times a day for a week or more. Though each pola is spread with a range of local root crops, fish and seafood, and possibly beef or even horse, the pola is not complete unless there is at least one pig on it. Pigs are not commercially farmed in Tonga, so these pigs have been hand- and self-raised in and around villages, and are in short supply after these events. And, although feasts are a visible sign of tradition, they are the exception. Tongans are not suffering from metabolic syndrome because they consume too much pork; they are suffering because in everyday life traditional foods have been supplanted by imports. While a range of traditional foods is still eaten, they are not always the first choice. Some imported foods have become delicacies. Mutton flap is a case in point. Known as sipi (sheep), it is mostly fat and bone, and even when barbequed it retains most of its fat. It is even found on outer islands without refrigeration, because it can be transported frozen and eaten when it arrives, thawed. I remember once the local shopkeeper said she had something I might like. A leg of lamb was produced from under the counter, mistakenly packed in the flap box. The cut was so unfamiliar that nobody else had much use for it. The question of why it is possible to get sipi in Tonga and very difficult to get any other kind of fresh meat other than one’s own pigs or chickens raises the question of how Tonga’s big neighbours think of Pacific islands. Such islands are the recipients of Australian and New Zealand aid; they are also the recipients of their waste. It’s not uncommon to find out of date medications, banned agricultural chemicals, and food that is really unsuitable for human consumption. Often the only fresh and affordable meat is turkey tails, chicken backs, and mutton flap. From July 2006 to July 2007, New Zealand exported $73 million worth of sheep off-cuts to the Pacific (Edwardes & Frizelle). Australia and the US account for the supply of turkey tails. Not only are these products some of the few fresh meat sources available, they are also relatively inexpensive (Rosen et al.). These foods are so detrimental to the health of locals that importing them has been banned in Fiji and independent Samoa (Edwardes & Frizelle). The big nations around the Pacific have found a market for the meat by-products their own citizens will not eat. Local food sources have also been supplanted as a result of the high value placed on other foods, like rice, flour and sugar, which from the nineteenth century became associated with “civilisation and progress” (Pollock 233). To counter this, education programs have been undertaken in Tonga and elsewhere in the Pacific in order to promote traditional local foods. These have also sought to address the impact of high food imports on the trade balance (Pollock 232). Food choices are not just determined by preference, but also by cost and availability. Similarly, the Tonga Healthy Weight Loss Program ran during the late 1990s, but it was found that a lack of “availability of healthy low-cost food was a problem” to its success (Englberger et al. 147). In a recent study of Tongan food preferences, it was found that “in general, Tongans prefer healthier traditional, indigenously produced, foods”, but that they are not always available (Evans et al. 170). In the absence of a consistent supply of local protein sources, the often inferior but available imported sources become the default ingredient. Fish in particular are in short supply. Though many Tongans can still be seen harvesting the reef for seafood at low tide, there is no extensive fishing industry capable of providing for the population at large. Intensive farming of pigs has been considered—there was a model piggery on the college where I lived, complete with facilities for methane collection—but it has not been undertaken. Given the strongly ceremonial function of the pig, it would take a large shift in thinking for it to be considered an everyday food. The first cooked pig I encountered arrived at my house in a woven coconut leaf basket, surrounded by baked taro and yam. It was a small pig, given by a family too poor to hold the feast usually provided after church when it was their turn. Instead, they gave the food portion owed directly to the preacher. There’s a faded photo of me squatting on a cracked linoleum floor, examining the contents of the basket, and wondering what on earth I’m going to do with them. I soon learnt the first lesson of island life: food must be shared. With no refrigeration, no family of strapping youths, and no plans to eat the pig myself, it had to be given away to neighbours. It was that simple. Even watermelon went off within the day. In terms of eating, that small pig would have been better kept until a later day, when it reached optimum size, but each family’s obligation came around regularly, and had to be fulfilled. Feasting, and providing for feasting, was a duty, even a fatongia mamafa: a “heavy duty” among many duties, in which the pig was an object deeply “entangled” in all social relations (Thomas). A small pig was big enough to carry the weight of such obligations, even if it could not feed a crowd. Growing numbers of tourists to Tonga, often ignored benignly by their hosts, are keen to snap photos of grazing pigs. It is unusual enough for westerners to see pigs freely wandering, but what is more striking about some pigs on Tongatapu and ‘Eua is that they venture onto the reefs and mudflats at low tide, going after the rich marine pickings, just as their human counterparts do. The silhouette of a pig in the water as the tropical sun sinks behind, caught in a digital frame, it is a striking memory of a holiday in a place that remains largely uninterested in its tourist potential. While an influx of guests is seen by development consultants as the path to the nation’s economic future, Tongans bemusedly refuse to take this possibility seriously (Menzies). Despite a negative trade balance, partly caused by the importation of foreign food, Tonga survives on a combination of subsistence farming and remittances from Tongans living overseas; the tourist potential is largely unrealised. Dirk Spennemann’s work took a strange turn when, as an archaeologist working in Tonga, it became necessary for him to investigate whether these reef-grazing pigs were disturbing midden contents on Tongatapu. In order to establish this, he collected bags of both wet and dry “pig excreta” (107). Spenemann’s methodology involved soaking the contents of these bags for 48 hours, stirring them frequently; “they dissolved, producing considerable smell” (107). Spennemann concluded that pigs do appear to have been eating fish and shellfish, along with grass and “the occasional bit of paper” (107). They also feed on “seaweed and seagrass” (108). I wonder if these food groups have any noticeable impact on the taste of their flesh? Creatures fed particular diets in order to create a certain distinct taste are part of the culinary traditions of the world. The deli around the corner from where I live sells such gourmet items as part of its lunch fare: Saltbush lamb baguettes are one of their favourites. In the Orkneys, the rare and ancient North Ronaldsay Sheep are kept from inland foraging for most of the year by a high stone fence in order to conserve the grass for lambing time. This forces them to eat seaweed on the beach, producing a distinct marine taste, one that is highly valued in certain Parisian restaurants. As an economy largely cut out of the world economic loop, Tonga is unlikely to find select menus on which its reef pigs might appear. While living on ‘Eua, I regularly took a three hour ferry trip to Tongatapu in order to buy food I could not get on my home island. One of these items was wholemeal flour, from which I baked bread in a mud oven we had built outside. Bread was available on ‘Eua, but it was white, light and transported loose in the back of truck. I chose to make my own. The ferry trip usually involved a very rough crossing, though on calmer days, roof passengers would cook sipi on the diesel chimney, added flavour guaranteed. It usually only took about thirty minutes on the way out from Nafanua Harbour before the big waves struck. I could endure them for a while, but soon the waves, combined with a heavy smell of diesel, would have me heading for the rail. On one journey, I tried to hold off seasickness by focussing on an island off shore from Tongatapu. I went onto the front deck of the ferry and faced the full blast of the wind. With waves and wind, it was difficult to stand. I diligently stared at the island, which only occasionally disappeared beneath the swell, but I soon knew that this trip would be like the others; I’d be leaning over the rail as the ocean came up to meet me, not really caring if I went over. I could not bear to share the experience, so in many ways being alone on the foredeck was ideal for me, if I had to be on the boat at all. At least I thought I was alone, but I soon heard a grunt, and looked across to see an enormous sow, trotters tied front and back, lying across the opposite side of the boat. And like me, she too was succumbing to her nausea. Despite the almost complete self-absorption seasickness brings, we looked at each other. I may have imagined an acknowledgement, but I think not. While the status of pigs in Tongan life remains important, in many respects the imposition of European institutions and the availability of imported foods have had an enormous impact on the rest of the Tongan diet, with devastating effects on the health of Tongans. Instead of the customary two slow-cooked meals, one before noon and one in the evening (Pollock 56), consisting mostly of roots crops, plantains and breadfruit, with a relish of meat or fish, most Tongans eat three meals a day in order to fit in with school and work schedules. In current Tongan life, there is no time for an ‘umu every day; instead, quick and often cheaper imported foods are consumed, though local foods can also be cooked relatively quickly. While some still start the day by grabbing a piece of left over cassava, many more would sit down to the ubiquitous Pacific breakfast food: crackers, topped with a slab of butter. Food is a neo-colonial issue. If larger nations stopped dumping unwanted and nutritionally poor food products, health outcomes might improve. Similarly, the Tongan government could tip the food choice balance by actively supporting a local and traditional food supply in order to make it as cheap and accessible as the imported foods that are doing such harm to the health of Tongans References Barnes, Lucy, Rona Moss-Morris, and Mele Kaufusi. “Illness Beliefs and Adherence in Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparison between Tongan and European Patients.” The New Zealand Medical Journal 117.1188 (2004): 1-9. Beaglehole, J.C. Ed. The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery: The Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery 1776-1780. Parts I & II. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1967. ­­­____. Ed. 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McGarvey. “Overweight and Diabetes in American Samoa: The Cultural Translation of Research into Health Care Practice.” Medicine and Health/ Rhode Island 91.12 (2008): 372-78. Spennemann, Dirk H.R. “On the Diet of Pigs Foraging on the Mud Flats of Tongatapu: An Investigation in Taphonomy.” Archaeology in New Zealand 37.2 (1994): 104-10. Thomas, Nicholas. Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Objects and Colonialism in the Pacific. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1991.