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1
Pachas, A. Nahuel A., H. Max Shelton, Christopher J. Lambrides, Scott A. Dalzell, and G. John Murtagh. "Effect of tree density on competition between Leucaena leucocephala and Chloris gayana using a Nelder Wheel trial. I. Aboveground interactions." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 4 (2018): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17311.
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Silvopastoral systems with the tree legume leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) and grass pastures are widely used for ruminant feeding in subtropical and tropical regions. Different densities and planting configurations of leucaena will influence relative yields of both species because of intra- and interspecific competition. With the aim to describe the effects of competition between leucaena and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth), a Nelder Wheel trial with 10 different leucaena tree densities (100–80 000 trees ha–1) growing with and without Rhodes grass was established in a subtropical environment at Gatton, south-east Queensland, in November 2013. From 2014 to 2016, the biomass of leucaena (six harvests) and Rhodes grass (seven harvests) was measured by using allometric equations and the BOTANAL sampling procedure over 742 and 721 days, respectively. No complementary or facilitative aboveground interactions were observed between the leucaena and Rhodes grass components of the pasture system. Increasing leucaena tree density resulted in greater aboveground intra- and interspecific competition. Average maximum individual tree yield (38.9 kg DM tree–1 year–1) was reached at 100 trees ha–1 without grass competition and was reduced by 60% with grass competition. Rhodes grass biomass yield was negatively affected by shading from the leucaena canopy, with negligible grass yield at tree densities ≥8618 trees ha–1. Therefore, there was effectively no grass competition on individual tree yield at higher leucaena densities. Accordingly, edible leucaena biomass per unit area was positively related to log10 leucaena density (R2 = 0.99) regardless of grass competition, reaching 21.7 t DM ha–1 year–1 (2014–15) and 27 t DM ha–1 year–1 (2015–16) at the highest leucaena density of 80 000 trees ha–1. By contrast, the yield of Rhodes grass was linearly and inversely correlated with log10 tree density (R2 = 0.99). Practical implications for the design and management of commercial leucaena–grass pastures are discussed.
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Pachas, A. Nahuel A., H. Max Shelton, Christopher J. Lambrides, Scott A. Dalzell, G. John Murtagh, and Craig M. Hardner. "Effect of tree density on competition between Leucaena leucocephala and Chloris gayana using a Nelder Wheel trial. II. Belowground interactions." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 7 (2018): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18040.
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Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) Zarate) in combination with grass pasture is one of the most persistent, productive and sustainable grazing systems used in Queensland, Australia. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the competitive interactions that determine the proportions of leucaena and grass components is needed to optimise the design and management of the hedgerow pasture system. In a water-limited environment, belowground interactions between species are especially influential. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of leucaena plant density and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) competition on root distribution, evapotranspiration, patterns of soil-water use and the resulting water-use efficiency (WUE) of the leucaena and grass components. Results showed that although leucaena had deeper roots than Rhodes grass, the majority of fine roots of both leucaena and Rhodes grass were in the upper 1.5 m of the soil profile suggesting a high level of competition for water resources. A major factor favouring Rhodes grass was that its root abundance was 8–10 times greater than leucaena, allowing it to compete more effectively for water resources and limit the lateral spread of leucaena roots. Higher cumulative evapotranspiration values were recorded from leucaena grown with Rhodes grass than from leucaena grown in absence of grass. However, this difference was negligible at the highest leucaena density owing to the reduced yield of grass caused by shading and increased water uptake of leucaena. The findings of this study also confirmed the hypothesis that at low tree densities, leucaena–grass pasture will have higher WUE (13.8 kg DM mm–1) than sole leucaena, but this difference was reduced with increments of leucaena density. Highest WUE (65.9 kg DM mm–1) occurred at highest leucaena density with or without grass.
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Lodge, G. M., S. P. Boschma, and S. Harden. "Replacement series studies of competition between tropical perennial and annual grasses and perennial grass mixtures in northern New South Wales." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 6 (2009): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08374.
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Seedlings of three perennial tropical grasses, Chloris gayana cv. Katambora (Rhodes grass), Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi (panic grass), and Digitaria eriantha ssp. eriantha cv. Premier (digit grass), were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings of the annual summer-growing grass weeds Urochloa panicoides (liverseed grass) and Echinochloa colona (awnless barnyard grass). A separate experiment examined the competitiveness of seedlings of the three perennial tropical grasses when two species were sown together. Plants were sown 50 mm apart in boxes at a density of 307 plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were used to derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry weights of perennial and annual grasses. Seedlings of the summer-growing annual liverseed grass competed aggressively with those of the tropical perennial Katambora Rhodes grass. However, Bambatsi panic seedlings were equally competitive with those of awnless barnyard grass, while those in a Premier digit-barnyard grass mixture were inhibited by the presence of each other. In the perennial grass mixtures study, the performance of both Premier digit and Bambatsi panic was adversely affected by the presence of Katambora Rhodes grass.
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Hunter, R. A., and P. M. Kennedy. "Effects of increasing rates of molasses supplementation and forage quality on the productivity of steers." Animal Production Science 56, no. 5 (2016): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14846.
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This study consisted of several experiments that investigated the feed intakes, and growth rates of steers fed low-quality Angleton grass (Dichanthium aristatum) supplemented with urea and sulfur (dry matter (DM) digestibility, 45%) and medium-quality Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) (DM digestibility, 58%) when fed either alone or with molasses mixtures (MM, molasses plus nitrogen and phosphorus). Some digestion characteristics of the basal forage diets were also measured. Addition of MM at 1.2 times calculated maintenance energy requirements (M) was associated with about a four-fold increase in microbial crude protein production and a 42% decrease in neutral detergent fibre digestibility. In the first growth experiment, MM at 0M, 0.45M, 0.90M and 1.35M was offered and mostly consumed before forage was offered ad libitum. The initial mean weight of the steers was 240 kg. Consumed MM comprised 0%, 21%, 38% and 50% of the total DM intake for Angleton grass and 0%, 19%, 33% and 41% for Rhodes grass. The corresponding mean liveweight (LW) gains were 0.06, 0.31, 0.73 and 0.83 kg/day for steers fed Angleton grass and 0.61, 0.90, 1.02 and 1.13 kg/day for steers fed Rhodes grass. In a second experiment, MM was offered to steers (initially 370 kg) at the same time as forage. Offered MM comprised 0, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20M of the calculated metabolisable energy (ME) requirements for maintenance. Consumed MM comprised 0%, 20%, 36% and 48% of the total DM intake for Angleton grass diets and 0%, 18%, 28% and 32% for Rhodes grass diets. The corresponding mean LW gains were –0.09, 0.36, 0.58 and 0.70 kg/day for Angleton grass diets and 0.63, 0.67, 0.80 and 0.94 kg/day for Rhodes grass diets. The method of presentation of the MM had only minor effects on the amounts and proportions of forage and the MM consumed and on the LW gains of the steers, expressed as g/kg0.75 LW per day to allow for differences in initial LW between experiments. Using modifications to the scheme of SCA (1990) to predict maintenance energy requirements, a value for efficiency of use of ME for growth was calculated from growth rates of steers fed Rhodes grass. When MM with an assumed content of 11 MJ ME/ kg DM was added to the forage diets, the calculated ME content of forage decreased with increased MM content, consistent with depression of fibre digestion. The relationships for the separate experiments indicated that at 50% MM in the diet, the magnitudes of the depression in the calculated ME content of the forages were 20–37% for Rhodes grass and 18–33% for Angleton grass.
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Egan, M. K., S. P. Boschma, S. Harden, C. A. Harris, and C. Edwards. "Temperatures for seedling emergence of tropical perennial grasses." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 5 (2017): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17139.
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A growth-cabinet study was conducted to determine the optimum temperature range for seedling emergence of seven tropical grasses commonly sown in the frost-prone, summer-dominant rainfall region of inland northern New South Wales. The grasses were Bothriochloa bladhii subsp. glabra (forest bluegrass) cv. Swann, Bothriochloa insculpta (creeping bluegrass) cv. Bisset, Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) cv. Katambora, Digitaria eriantha (digit grass) cv. Premier, Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense (makarikari grass) cv. Bambatsi, and Megathyrsus maximus (panic) cvv. Gatton and Megamax 059. Six constant temperatures were used, ranging from 10°C to 35°C in 5°C increments. Katambora Rhodes grass was the only grass to emerge at 10°C; seedlings of all grasses emerged at temperatures >10°C. Optimal temperature range for emergence varied between species, falling into three groups: low (Bisset creeping bluegrass 16−22°C); intermediate (Premier digit grass 21−32°C, Swann forest bluegrass 23−31°C, Megamax 059 panic 23−35°C, Gatton panic 24−32°C); and high (Bambatsi makarikari grass 24−35°C, Katambora Rhodes grass 24−35°C). The temperature range at which 50% of optimum emergence occurred was 12−14°C for Katambora Rhodes grass, Bisset creeping blue and Premier digit, and 17−18°C for the panic grasses, Swann forest bluegrass and Bambatsi makarikari grass. These temperatures provide options for sowing earlier in spring or later in summer–autumn and may assist development of sowing time options in new environments and provide insight into competition between species.
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Manalil, Sudheesh, Ahmadreza Mobli, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan. "Competitiveness of windmill grass (Chloris truncata) and feathertop Rhodes grass (Chloris virgata) in mungbean (Vigna radiata)." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 10 (2020): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20092.
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Windmill grass (Chloris truncata R.Br.) and feathertop Rhodes grass (Chloris virgata Sw.) are two weeds of the northern region of Australia that are rapidly expanding in range, being favoured by conservation agricultural systems and prevailing weed management using a narrow pool of herbicides. Information on competitiveness and seed-production dynamics of these weeds is lacking for mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), a major summer crop in the region. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different densities of these weed species on crop yield of mungbean in the 2016–17 (2016) and 2017–18 (2017) seasons. Windmill grass reduced mungbean yields by 56% with 39 weed plants m–2 in 2016 and 55% with 47 weed plants m–2 in 2017. Windmill grass produced a maximum of 98708 seeds m–2 in 2016 and 118613 seeds m–2 in 2017, and there was 15–21% seed dispersal at crop harvest. Competition from feathertop Rhodes grass resulted in yield losses of 73% with 49 weed plants m–2 and 65% with 45 weed plants m–2. Feathertop Rhodes grass produced a maximum of 229514 seeds m–2 in 2016 and 367190 seeds m–2 in 2017, and seed dispersal at crop harvest was only 3–7%. Competition from both weed species resulted in a significant reduction in number of pods per m2, grains per pod and 1000-grain weight of mungbean. These results show that windmill grass and feathertop Rhodes are highly competitive against mungbean, and their timely management is crucial for minimising yield loss. Although both weeds produced a substantial number of seeds, seed dispersal at crop harvest was low, especially for feathertop Rhodes grass. The high weed-seed retention relative to maturity of mungbean may help in managing these problematic weeds through various means including weed-seed capturing and destruction
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Ogedegbe, S. A., and C. N. C. Nwaoguala. "Effects of some animal manure and rate of application on growth, herbage and seed yields of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana var. Callide)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 41, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v41i2.800.
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An experiment was conducted twice concurrently at Vom in Plateau State Nigeria in 2011 to evaluate the effects of three animal based organic fertilizers and three rates of application on the growth, seed and herbage yields of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana var. Callide). This study involved three types (poultry, rabbit and sheep dung) of animal fertilizer and three rates (0, 25 and 50 t ha-1) of application in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement fitted into randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Animal fertilizers significantly (p < 0.05) increased growth, seed, fresh herbage and dry matter yields of Rhodes grass. Generally, fertilizers from poultry and rabbit were similar and better (p < 0.05) than that of sheep in the enhancement of the measured variables. At 6 weeks after fertilizer application (WAF), fresh herbage yield was in the range of 14.6 – 48.3 t ha-1 whereas dry matter yield ranged from 4.7 – 13.9 t ha-1 while seed yield was 1.8 – 2.3 t ha-1. At 12 WAF, rabbit fertilizer produced significantly higher values than sheep fertilizer by 21.2 % for sward height, 70.1 % for fresh herbage yield and 61.4 % for dry matter yield. The correlation coefficients among the measured variables were positive and highly significant. The highest correlation recorded (0.937**) was between fresh herbage and dry matter yields. The study indicated that application of either rabbit or poultry fertilizer can suitably enhance Rhodes grass growth for higher herbage and seed yields. The study also showed that 25 and 50 t ha-1 of animal fertilizers on Rhodes grass yielded similar results. With adequate fertilizer application, Rhodes grass can produce sufficient herbage to meet the nutritional requirement of several ruminant livestock. It is not economical to apply more than 25 t ha-1 of animal fertilizers to Rhodes grass if they contain more than 1.21 % of nitrogen.
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Rasool, Ghulam, Gulshan Mahajan, Rajpaul Yadav, Zarka Hanif, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan. "Row spacing is more important than seeding rate for increasing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) control and grain yield in soybean (Glycine max)." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 7 (2017): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17229.
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In Australia, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is planted at a low density in wide rows, and weeds substantially reduce yield because of opportunities for their growth in the wide rows. Field studies were conducted over 2 years at the University of Queensland farm, Gatton, Australia, to assess the effect of row spacing and seeding rate on the competitiveness of soybeans with a model weed, Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). The experiment was conducted in a split-split plot design, replicated three times. Main plots comprised two seeding rates (40 and 80 kg ha–1), subplots two row spacings (25 and 75 cm), and sub-subplots four Rhodes grass infestation periods (weedy from planting to maturity, weedy from 3 weeks after planting (WAP) to maturity, weedy from 6 WAP to maturity, and weed-free from planting to maturity). The results showed that seed rate did not influence Rhodes grass biomass or soybean yield. Soybean yield was greater and Rhodes grass biomass was less in the 25-cm rows than the 75-cm rows. For the 25-cm rows, Rhodes grass biomass in the plots infested beyond 3 WAP was 81–89% less than in the season-long weedy plots, whereas for the wider row crop, this reduction was only 60–75%. For the 25-cm rows, soybean yield in the plots infested with Rhodes grass beyond 3 WAP was 30–36% less than under weed-free condition. However, for the 75-cm rows, this reduction was 56–65%. The results suggest that planting soybean in wider rows caused greater reduction in yield and required an earlier weed management program than planting in narrow rows. The study also suggested that narrowing row spacing was more important than increasing seeding rates for improving weed control and soybean grain yield.
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Russell, JS. "Soil treatment, plant species and management effects on improved pastures on a solodic soil in the semi-arid subtropics. 2. Cattle liveweight gains." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (1985): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850380.
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Increased and sustained beef cattle liveweight gains were obtained during 1974-79 on improved pastures in an experiment on a solodic soil at Kogan in southern Queensland. Annual liveweight gains of almost 100 kg/ha and 160 kg/steer were obtained at a stocking rate of 0.62 steers/ha on Rhodes grass fertilized with nitrogen; Rhodes grass and medics; and Rhodes grass, medics and siratro. The latter two pastures received an initial application of hydrated lime and gypsum (HLG). Medics responded markedly to HLG and this resulted in a 54% increase in liveweight gain per hectare on the Rhodes grassmedic pasture. However, the capacity of Rhodes grass-legume pastures to sustain higher stocking rates was much less than Rhodes grass fertilized with nitrogen. Rate of liveweight gain varied seasonally. There was a marked depression in late autumn and early winter, a steady increase in spring, a minor depression in late spring and early summer, and a minor increase in late summer and early autumn. Comparison of animal production with a long term experiment at Narayen on a low-fertility soil showed similarities, except for the poor performance of siratro at Kogan in terms of productivity and persistence. The main differences in the soils (both Alfisols) were the presence of levels of exchangeable sodium exceeding 40% in the subsoil, and poorer physical properties of the Kogan soil. Although the experiment has shown potential for increased animal production from improved pastures in this environment, factors limiting sustained high production are high liveweight losses in the cool months, rainfall variability and pasture instability. Conservative pasture management is needed if improved species are to be retained in pastures on these soils.
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Russell, JS. "Soil treatment, plant species and management effects on improved pastures on a solodic soil in the semi-arid subtropics. I. Dry matter and botanical composition." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (1985): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850367.
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Pastures of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), temperate legumes (annual medics) and a tropical legume (siratro) were established on a solodic soil in 1973-74 at Kogan in the semi-arid subtropics of southern Queensland. The effect of soil treatments, sown pasture species and cattle stocking rates on dry matter yields and botanical composition were measured during 1974-79. Nitrogen deficiency was a key factor limiting herbage production. Increased nitrogen in the ecosystem applied as fertilizer increased mean presentation dry matter of Rhodes grass pastures from 990 to 3443 kg/ha. Use of hydrated lime and gypsum (HLG) and annual medics with Rhodes grass increased dry matter yields from 990 to 1773 kg/ha. Where HLG had been applied, the annual medics re-established from seed each autumn and early winter throughout the period studied. Siratro established well at sowing and contributed initially to herbage production but then declined to almost zero. Deep subsoiling had no significant effect on dry matter yields or siratro persistence. Applied phosphorus at 48 kg Plha at establishment significantly increased herbage yields of Rhodes grass compared with 24 kg P/ha but no significant effects at either rate were found with a further 60 kg P/ha applied as 12 kg P/ha.year. Rhodes grass, which is tolerant of high soil sodium and magnesium status, maintained frequencies above 90% in treatments where the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus were high and when grazed at 0.62 steers/ha. However, deterioration occurred where nitrogen and phosphorus were lower or grazing pressure was higher, resulting in an ingress of native grasses. Twenty-five volunteer grass species were identified, the main genera being Eragrostis and Chloris. The need for a self-regenerating annual summer-growing legume in this environment is discussed.
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Negawo, Alemayehu Teressa, Meki S. Muktar, Yilikal Assefa, Jean Hanson, Alieu M. Sartie, Ermias Habte, and Chris S. Jones. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of a Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana) Collection." Genes 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081233.
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Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) is one of the most important forage grasses used throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Enhancing the conservation and use of genetic resources requires the development of knowledge and understanding about the existing global diversity of the species. In this study, 104 Rhodes grass accessions, held in trust in the ILRI forage genebank, were characterized using DArTSeq markers to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure, and to develop representative subsets, of the collection. The genotyping produced 193,988 SNP and 142,522 SilicoDArT markers with an average polymorphic information content of 0.18 and 0.26, respectively. Hierarchical clustering using selected informative markers showed the presence of two and three main clusters using SNP and SilicoDArT markers, respectively, with a cophenetic correction coefficient of 82%. Bayesian population structure analysis also showed the presence of two main subpopulations using both marker types indicating the existence of significant genetic variation in the collection. A representative subset, containing 21 accessions from diverse origins, was developed using the SNP markers. In general, the results revealed substantial genetic diversity in the Rhodes grass collection, and the generated molecular information, together with the developed subset, should help enhance the management, use and improvement of Rhodes grass germplasm in the future.
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Nadaf, S. K., S. A. AI-Khamisi, and A. H. AI-Lawati. "Productivity of Alfalfa, Rhodes Grass and Their Mixtures in Arid Conditions Under Sprinklers." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol9iss2pp23-29.
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The presently existing dominant perennial forages like Rhodes grass, alfalfa and their mixtures were investigated from January 1998 to August 1999 for their productivity as a part of ICARDA’s Arabian Peninsula Research Program (APRP) at Rumais in the Batinah Coast of the Sultanate of Oman. The results indicated that the Rhodes grass varieties produced significantly (P< 0.01) higher green (230.50 - 306.10 t/ha-1) and dry matter yields (52.39 - 67.48 t/ha-1) during the period. followed by the mixture treatments (green matter: 223.51 - 241.76 tfha" and dry matter: 49.02 - 53.11 t/ha-1) and alfalfa cultivars (green matter: 182.05 - 184.04 t/ha-1 and dry matter: 40.83-44.67 t/ha-1). Among the Rhodes grass varieties, Callide had a very high significant yield potential (P<0.05) in terms of both green and dry matter yields followed by Katambora and Topcut, a newly introduced variety. In alfalfa, both cultivars produced similar (P> 0.05) green matter (182.05 - 184.04 film") and dry matter (40.83 44.67 t/ha-1) yields. Among the mixtures, both green and dry matter yields of l: 2 mixture of Alfalfa and Rhodes grass were significantly higher than the other two mixture proportions i.e. 1:1 and 2:1 (P<0.05).
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Kurihara, M., T. Magner, R. A. Hunter, and G. J. McCrabb. "Methane production and energy partition of cattle in the tropics." British Journal of Nutrition 81, no. 3 (March 1999): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599000422.
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The aim of this experiment was to determine CH4production and energy partition for a range of diets fed toBos indicuscattle. Six Brahman cattle were fed on three different diets in a replicated Latin square experiment over three periods. The diets were (1) long-chopped Angleton grass (Dicanthium aristatum) hayad libitum(DM digestibility (DMD) 41 (se 2)%; 4 g N/kg), (2) long-chopped Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hayad libitum(DMD 60 (se 1)%; 14 g N/kg) or (3) 2 kg long-chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay/d plus a high-grain diet (ad libitum) (DMD 70 (se 1)%; 31 g N/kg). CH4production was measured using confinement-type respiration chambers. Metabolizable energy intake (MJ/d) of cattle fed on Angleton grass (18·4 (se 2·0)) was lower (P< 0·01) than that for Rhodes grass (54·9 (se 2·1)), which was lower (P< 0·01) than that for the high-grain diet (76·7 (se 5·8)). CH4production (g/d) for cattle fed on Rhodes grass (257 (se 14)) was higher (P< 0·01) than that for cattle fed on both the high-grain diet (160 (se 24)) and Angleton grass (113 (se 16)). CH4conversion rate (MJ CH4produced per 100 MJ gross energy intake) was not significantly different between cattle fed on Angleton (10·4 (se 1·1)) and Rhodes (11·4 (se 0·3)) grass, but was higher (P< 0·01) than for cattle fed on the high-grain diet (6·7 (se 0·7)). CH4production (g/kg live-weight gain) was associated (P< 0·001) with both live-weight gain and feed: gain ratio. We conclude that the relationships between CH4production, energy utilization and live-weight change of cattle fed on tropical forages differ from those of cattle fed on diets based on temperate forages.
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Chaudhry, A. S., R. T. Cowan, B. C. Granzin, and A. V. Klieve. "The nutritive value of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) when treated with CaO, NaOH or a microbial inoculant and offered to dairy heifers as big-bale silage." Animal Science 73, no. 2 (October 2001): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058318.
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AbstractA series of laboratory and animal studies examined the use of chemical and biological agents to enhance the digestibility of Rhodes grass (grass) cut at 60 (young) and 100 (mature) days of regrowth and ensiled as big round bales. The treatments included an untreated control (C), a microbial inoculant (I), NaOH, CaO and NaOH plus inoculant (NaOH + I). Inoculant was grown anaerobically, using a starter culture of rumen fluid from cattle given Rhodes grass. Treatments C, I, NaOH, NaOH + I, were offered separately to twelve dairy heifers, in a 3 ✕ 4 randomized complete block design, repeated twice for each grass silage. C and I had substantial mould growth, compared with no visible mould in NaOH or NaOH + I. CaO treatment was effective in preventing mould growth, but had little effect on the chemical composition and in sacco digestibility of mature grass silage. NaOH reduced NDF content and increased in sacco digestibility (P < 0·05) but not the in vivo digestibility (P > 0·05) of both mature- and young-grass silage. The effects of other treatments on nutritive value were non-significant at both stages of maturity. NaOH increased the intake of mature-grass silage by 24-26% (P < 0·05), but had little effect on the intake of young-grass silage (P > 0·05). Treatment I consistently reduced grass silage intake (P < 0·05) for young-grass silage. The findings of these studies show that treating mature Rhodes grass with NaOH will improve its nutritive value and reduce mould growth in conserved herbage. However none of the treatments in this study had any consistently positive effects on the in vivo nutritive value or storage quality of young-grass silage.
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Roper, M. M., I. R. P. Fillery, R. Jongepier, P. Sanford, L. M. Macdonald, J. Sanderman, and J. A. Baldock. "Allocation into soil organic matter fractions of 14C captured via photosynthesis by two perennial grass pastures." Soil Research 51, no. 8 (2013): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12375.
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Perennial grass pastures are being increasingly adopted, but little is known about the flows of carbon (C) from photosynthesis into soil organic matter (SOM) that could be used for calculations in carbon accounting. Repeat-pulse labelling of perennial grass pastures (kikuyu and Rhodes grass) with 14C in the field in Western Australia was used to trace the allocation of C to SOM fractions and to determine the stability of each fraction over an extended period. For kikuyu, >40% of the 14C fed to the plants was allocated belowground within 10 days of labelling, and after 1 year half of this remained. Allocation of 14C belowground under Rhodes grass ranged between 20 and 24% of 14C applied and remained constant for up to 6 months. At least 90% of the 14C belowground was found in the surface 300 mm of soil. The allocation of 14C to the coarse (50 µm–2 mm) and fine (<50 µm) SOM fractions was similar in magnitude for the two grasses and remained stable through time. It was estimated that in 1 year ~1 t C ha–1 was assimilated into the coarse + fine SOM fractions under kikuyu. However, Rhodes grass was not uniformly distributed across the paddock, thereby reducing the estimates of assimilation of C belowground in these systems to one-tenth of that under kikuyu. Data obtained will help validate plant–soil models for assessing rates of C sequestration under perennial pastures.
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Wehr, J. B., P. M. Kopittke, S. A. Dalzell, and N. W. Menzies. "Germination of leucaena and Rhodes grass seeds in saline and alkaline conditions." Seed Science and Technology 44, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2016.44.3.06.
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Russell, JS. "Soil treatment, plant species, and management effects on improved pastures on a solodic soil in the semi-arid subtropics: 3. Improving cool season plant and cattle productivity." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 2 (1994): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940145.
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Seasonal analyses of grasses and legumes in a long-term experiment on a solodised solonetz soil (Natrustalf) in southern Queensland showed that the large liveweight losses of steers in the cool months (June-August) appeared to be broadly correlated with low plant nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations. Annual variation in the N, P, and K percentages of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) and volunteer grasses [medics (Medicago spp.) and siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum)] as affected by soil and plant treatments were examined by fitting a Fourier series to the data. Cool season liveweight losses of steers ranged from 391 glday with sown grasses alone to 11 g/day with sown grasses and medics plus lime and gypsum. The N content of volunteer and sown grasses ranged from 0.56 to 0.70% in the cool months, which is below the accepted N requirement of 1%. The P concentration of volunteer grasses was only 0.08%, but where P fertiliser was applied, concentrations in Rhodes grass were 0.10-0.11%. Potassium levels were also low in the cool months, with values of 0.23-0.43% in grasses. Exchangeable magnesium (Mg) and sodium increased from 1.3 and 0.48 mLJ100 g at 0-10 cm depth to 8.5 and 5.2, respectively, at 40-70 cm. Exchangeable calcium decreased from 2.5 mL/100 g at 0-10 cm to 0.40 at 40-70 cm. The Mg levels in siratro (0.58-0.60%) were higher than those in Rhodes grass (mean 0.12%). Medics responded markedly to lime, resulting in a 54% increase in steer liveweight gains on Rhodes grass-medic pastures. The use of lime on solodic soils for reducing both surface soil acidity and exchangeable aluminium increased plant and steer productivity. The cost of lime transportation can be high in inland areas, but small limestone deposits have been identified on the Darling Downs and these merit closer attention.
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Barrett-Lennard, E. G., Sarita Jane Bennett, and M. Altman. "Survival and growth of perennial halophytes on saltland in a Mediterranean environment is affected by depth to watertable in summer as well as subsoil salinity." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 2 (2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12416.
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Farmers need methods for assessing the capability of saltland for productive use based on characteristics that are readily measurable at the paddock scale. We conducted experiments on saltland transects with gradients of salinity and depth to watertable at three sites in south-western Australia. Each was planted with five perennial species with at least some salt tolerance: samphire (Tecticornia mellaria K.A.Sheph.), river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola Paul G.Wilson), small leaf bluebush (Maireana brevifolia (R.Br.) Paul G.Wilson), saltwater couch (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). Survival and growth of species was related to depth to watertable in summer and average subsoil (0.25–0.50 m depth) electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe). It has been hypothesised that plant zonation on land affected by dryland salinity is affected by the level of salinity and waterlogging on sites. While plant survival ≥60% could be associated with particular ranges of depth to watertable and soil salinity, our data suggest that the most important factor affecting survival and growth was the presence of shallow groundwater in summer. The range of depths to watertable in summer associated with ‘good survival’ (≥60%) was 0.7–1.0 m with samphire, 0.7–1.6 m with saltwater couch, 0.8–1.5 m with Rhodes grass, 0.7–2.4 m with river saltbush, and 0.9–2.4 m with small leaf bluebush. The subsoil ECe (95% confidence interval) associated with ‘good survival’ was 5–14 dS/m for Rhodes grass, 6–11 dS/m for small leaf bluebush, 7–11 dS/m for river saltbush, 6–16 dS/m for saltwater couch, and 27–65 dS/m for samphire. Growth of the perennial grasses was strongly affected by the presence of a shallow watertable in summer; the size of saltwater couch and Rhodes grass increased many-fold as watertable depths decreased from ~1.3 to 0.9 m from the soil surface.
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Osman, Ahmed Ali Mohamed, Abdel Aziz Hamid Abdel Aziz, and Faisal Suleiman Hag Babiker. "A Comparative Study between Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) with Local Grass Forages." Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 2, no. 2 (February 2014): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2014.020203.
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Getnet, Kindie, Amare Haileslasseie, Yigzaw Dessalegne, Fitsum Hagos, Gebregziabher Gebrehaweria, and Berhanu Gebremedhin. "On the profitability of irrigated fodder production: comparative evidence from smallholders in Koga irrigation scheme, Ethiopia." Animal Production Science 57, no. 9 (2017): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15651.
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Irrigated fodder production can be vitalised as a useful strategy to sustainably intensify subsistence livestock production owned and managed by smallholders and to diversify farm income through linkages to commercial livestock systems. However, uncertainty about the production and market environment of such a non-traditional commodity can be a major hindrance against commercialisation and scaling out of irrigated fodder production. This makes ex-ante analysis of profit portfolio and its determinants necessary in order to improve farmers’ investment and risk management decisions. Using a stochastic approach to farm profit analysis to account for business uncertainty, this paper simulated and compared the level and distribution of profit that smallholders in Koga irrigation scheme (Ethiopia) can generate from irrigated Rhodes grass seed and from traditional irrigated crops. The finding shows the absolute and comparative profitability of irrigated Rhodes grass seed. Though 0.19 times less profitable than irrigated onion, irrigated Rhodes grass seed is 4 times, 1.27 times, and 1.25 times more profitable than irrigated barley, irrigated wheat, and irrigated tomato, respectively. Profit from the commodity is robust to adverse business conditions such as yield reduction, cost increase, and price reduction, assuring optimism about positive financial returns from investments to expand production. Long-term business viability can be improved and farm income further stabilised through interventions targeted at fodder agronomy to enhance crop yield and at value chain development to improve market linkages and output price.
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Crovetto, Gianni Matteo, Francesco Magnoli, Maria Chiaravalli, Timoty Njeru, Jhon Waweru Gitau, and Stefania Colombini. "Nutritive value of forages and diets in some small-scale dairy farms in Kiambu County, Kenya in the short rains season." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(10)69-77.
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Sixteen selected small-scale dairy farms were investigated in Kiambu County (Kenya) during the short rains seasonto develop a snapshot of the types of rations fed, milk yields obtained and sources of fodder. On average farmers had1 ha of land and 2.2 lactating cows yielding 8.93 kg milk/cow/d with feed intake of 10.5 kg DM/d. Only 35% of feedconsumed was produced on farm. Boma Rhodes grass hay and green Napier grass were the main forage components(37.9 and 28.3% of total DM). Protein forages used were the herbaceous legumes lucerne and desmodium (19.9 and15.9% CP, respectively) and leguminous shrubs (Leucaena, Calliandra and Sesbania with 21.1% CP and 43.4%aNDFom, on average). Grasses had higher aNDFom digestibility (47.1%) than legumes (39.7%). Napier grass, BomaRhodes grass, lucerne and desmodium had fiber digestibility of 51.9, 48.6, 46.8 and 32.6%, respectively. The energyand protein balances (actual vs. requirements) of the cows were on average -19.3 and -16.4%, respectively, indicatingthat cows utilized body tissues to produce the levels of milk obtained. Mutiple correspondence analysis showed that amilk yield higher than 9.1 kg/d was associated with a level of Boma Rhodes grass <5 kg DM/d, concentration of nonfibrous carbohydrates in the diet >22.0% (DM basis), concentrate level >2.63 kg/cow/d and CP% in the ration >9.1%. To improve milk yields during this season farmers should harvest grass forage at a younger age, include leguminous forage in the diets and increase the level of concentrates fed. These strategies should be demonstrated on farms to show possible benefits.
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Kennedy, P. M., A. N. Boniface, Z. J. Liang, D. Muller, and R. M. Murray. "Intake and digestion in swamp buffaloes and cattle. 2. The comparative response to urea supplements in animals fed tropical grasses." Journal of Agricultural Science 119, no. 2 (October 1992): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600014179.
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SUMMARYSwamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and crossbred cattle (B. indicusxB. taurus) were offered two forages in two experiments. In Expt 1, four animals of each species were offered mature Rhodes grass hay (Chloris gayana) with a mineral supplement or with a supplement of minerals and urea (17·6 gN/d). In Expt 2, another group of four buffaloes and four cattle were offered mature spear grass hay(Heteropogon contortus) with mineral supplementation at intervals of 3 h. Four levels of urea (0, 5, 21 and 97 g/day) and35S-sulphate were continuously infused in four periods.Rhodes grass was consumed in greater amounts by cattle, whereas buffaloes ate more spear grass. Urea supplements increased intake of Rhodes grass by 12% in buffaloes and 22% in cattle, and of spear grass by 34% in buffaloes and 41 % in cattle. Digestibility of cell wall constituents and acid-detergent fibre of spear grass was lower (P< 0·05) in buffaloes than in cattle (417v. 499; 471v. 560 g/kg respectively). In Expt 2, dry matter digestibility progressively increased (P< 0·05) from 364 to 408 g/kg with increased urea infusion. Rumen dry matter pool increased by 11–21 % on infusion of 97 g urea/day, compared with no urea. Digestion of ground forages incubatedin situin the rumen was depressed below rumen ammonia levels of 30–60 mg N/l, while digestion of cotton thread was depressed below 60–80 mg N/l (Expt 1) or 150–200 mg N/l (Expt 2).Patterns of N content in cotton thread suggested that more microbes attached in buffaloes and there was subsequently faster detachment than in cattle, particularly with increased urea infusion.
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Alfuraiji, M. M., S. M. Basmaeil, and M. H. Gamil. "A note on relationship of plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine rate to body weight in growing male camels." Animal Science 59, no. 3 (December 1994): 460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007996.
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This study was conducted to determine the relationship between plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and body weight in young Majaheem male camels. Eighteen camels aged 6 to 7 months were divided equally into three groups (Gl, G2 and G3). All groups were given concentrate pellets (187 g crude protein per kg) at the rate of 15 g/kg body weight daily. In addition, each group was given one of the following roughages: lucerne hay to Gl, rhodes grass hay to G2 and ammonia-treated wheat straw to G3. Roughages, salt and water were measured and given ad libitum. Every 2 weeks all camels were weighed and blood samples were collected. Data were statistically analysed using a general linear model procedure. There was a positive correlation between T4 concentration and body weight. T4 was higher in camels given either hay or straw compared with those given rhodes grass hay, while there were no differences among the three groups in T3 and in body weight.
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Malkin, E., and Y. Waisel. "Mass selection for salt resistance in Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)." Physiologia Plantarum 66, no. 3 (March 1986): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb05948.x.
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Chiacchiera, Sebastián, Nicolás Bertram, Edith Taleisnik, and Esteban Jobbágy. "Effect of watertable depth and salinity on growth dynamics of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 8 (2016): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15241.
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Depending on their depth, watertables can have a positive effect on plants by supplying water, a negative effect by creating waterlogged and/or saline conditions or a neutral effect. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), a tropical perennial forage adapted to saline soils, floods and droughts, is a viable choice for the lowlands in the Pampas region of Argentina. The effects of the depth and salt concentration of the watertable on the growth dynamics and biomass accumulation of Rhodes grass were quantified in a greenhouse experiment. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments, resulting from the factorial combination of five watertable depths (25, 75, 125, 175 and 225 cm) and two salt treatments (EC 1.4 and 20.5 dS m–1). The presence of non-saline watertable at a depth of 25 cm produced a 5-fold greater biomass and showed an increase in water consumption of equal magnitude compared with deeper watertables. The increase in shoot biomass was explained primarily by higher tiller and stolon density, which increased 3.3- and 7.7-fold respectively, at watertables that were 25 cm deep compared with deeper treatments. Furthermore, groundwater use efficiency was 30% higher in non-saline watertables at 25 cm depth. Similarly, at this depth, the leaf blades were 50% longer compared with the deepest watertables evaluated. In contrast, the presence of saline watertables at 25 cm depth had a detrimental effect on the production of biomass and its components, whereas the effect at 125 cm and greater depths was neutral. Therefore, Rhodes grass is a species that can take advantage of the widespread shallow watertable environments of the Pampas region as long as the salinity levels are low.
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Kopittke, Peter M., F. Pax C. Blamey, and Neal W. Menzies. "Toxicity of Cd to signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.)." Plant and Soil 330, no. 1-2 (November 13, 2009): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0224-6.
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Boschma, S. P., G. M. Lodge, and S. Harden. "Seedling competition of lucerne in mixtures with temperate and tropical pasture species." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 5 (2010): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09349.
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Two replacement series studies were conducted to quantify the competitive ability of seedlings of Medicago sativa (lucerne) sown in mixtures with temperate and tropical species. A temperate mixtures study (Expt 1) consisted of lucerne cv. Genesis sown with each of Phalaris aquatica (phalaris) cv. Atlas PG, Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue) cv. Resolute MaxP, Cichorium intybus (chicory) cv. Puna, Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cv. Clare, Austrodanthonia richardsonii (wallaby grass) cv. Taranna and Avena sativa (forage oats) cv. Eurrabie. There was also an additional mixture of chicory and subterranean clover. A tropical grass mixtures study (Expt 2) included Genesis lucerne sown with each of Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi, Dicanthium aristatum cv. Floren, Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) cv. Katambora, Digitaria eriantha subsp. eriantha cv. Premier and Bothriochloa bladii subsp. glabra cv. Swann. In Expt 1, lucerne-phalaris mixtures were equally competitive, whereas lucerne-tall fescue mixtures over-yielded. Chicory was aggressive in mixtures with lucerne and subterranean clover; similarly forage oats was more competitive than lucerne. Subterranean clover was competitive against lucerne at harvest 1, but by harvest 2 the low cutting height had reduced its competitiveness. Lucerne was more aggressive than wallaby grass. In Expt 2, all tropical grass-lucerne mixtures over-yielded; however, lucerne was generally more competitive than the grasses, except for Rhodes grass at harvest 1. While our study indicated that mixtures of lucerne seedlings with phalaris or tall fescue may be compatible, mixtures with tropical grasses were more likely to result in lucerne seedling dominance. This competitiveness may be overcome by either spatial or temporal separation and we discuss the concept of using mixtures to exploit environmental niches.
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Vandermeulen, Sophie, Sultan Singh, Carlos Alberto Ramírez-Restrepo, Robert D. Kinley, Christopher P. Gardiner, Joseph A. M. Holtum, Iain Hannah, and Jérôme Bindelle. "In vitro assessment of ruminal fermentation, digestibility and methane production of three species of Desmanthus for application in northern Australian grazing systems." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 8 (2018): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17279.
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Three species of Desmanthus adapted to the heavy clay soils of northern Australia were studied to determine their nutritive value and effects on in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid, compared with Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay. Leaves and stems of D. leptophyllus cv. JCU 1, D. virgatus cv. JCU 2 and D. bicornutus cv. JCU 4 were collected in summer, winter and spring of 2014 and analysed for chemical composition. Apparent digestibility as in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVD-OM) and fermentation parameters including methane (CH4) production were measured during 72-h fermentations using rumen fluid from steer donors grazing tropical grasses and legumes. Desmanthus bicornutus was on average more digestible than both D. leptophyllus and D. virgatus at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. This species also demonstrated an anti-methanogenic potential, in particular when harvested in summer with a reduction in CH4 production of 26% compared with Rhodes grass hay after 72 h of incubation. At this time point, D. leptophyllus produced higher volatile fatty acids (VFA per g of organic matter fermented) compared with the other forages. This legume also reduced the CH4 production up to 36% compared with the Rhodes grass hay reference. However, D. leptophyllus showed lower IVD-OM. Overall, Desmanthus species produced lower in vitro CH4 and lower volatile fatty acids concentration compared with the reference grass hay. These effects may be due to presence of secondary compounds such as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins and/or their combination in Desmanthus species. The IVD-OM was influenced by the season after 72 h of incubation; the digestibility was higher in plants collected in spring. This study suggests that contrasting fermentative profiles in Desmanthus cultivars may offer the opportunity to reduce the greenhouse gas contribution of the beef industry. The next step in demonstration of these promising in vitro results is demonstration of Desmanthus in vivo as proof of concept confirming the productivity and CH4 reduction ability of these legumes in the pastoral systems of northern Australia.
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Allah, Y. Na. "The Potentials of Rhodes Grass (Chloris Gayana Kunth) as Drought Resistant Perennial Forage Grass in Nigeria." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 6, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2019.06.001025.
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Sanderman, Jonathan, I. R. P. Fillery, R. Jongepier, A. Massalsky, M. M. Roper, L. M. Macdonald, T. Maddern, D. V. Murphy, B. R. Wilson, and J. A. Baldock. "Carbon sequestration under subtropical perennial pastures I: Overall trends." Soil Research 51, no. 8 (2013): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13111.
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The use of subtropical perennial grasses in temperate grazing systems is increasingly being promoted for production and environmental benefits. This study employed a combination of elemental and stable isotope analyses to explore whether pastures sown to either kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) or a combination of panic (Panicum maximum) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) could increase soil organic carbon (SOC) levels in five regions across southern Australia. Carbon was sequestered under kikuyu at a rate of 0.90 ± 0.25 Mg C ha–1 year–1 along the south coast of Western Australia. Lower but still significant sequestration rates were found for kikuyu in South Australia (0.26 ± 0.13 Mg C ha–1 year–1). No changes in SOC were found for panic–Rhodes grass pasture systems in the northern district of Western Australia. Additionally, we found no changes in SOC when kikuyu-based pastures were established on formerly cropped paddocks in the Namoi Catchment of New South Wales. Stable isotope results corroborated these findings and suggested that, where SOC has accumulated, the gains have been dominated by SOC derived from the perennial vegetation and have been concentrated in the upper 10 cm of soil.
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Abu-Alrub, Ihsan, Kenneth B. Marcum, Neamat Kabir, Ahmed Aran, and Mohammed Al Hammadi. "Productivity and nutritional value of four forage grass cultivars compared to Rhodes grass irrigated with saline water." Australian Journal of Crop Science 12, no. 02 (February 20, 2018): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.18.12.02.pne571.
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D Sharma, Aman, and Daniel KY Tan. "Crop Competition as a Strategy to Control Feathertop Rhodes Grass in Sorghum." Acta Scientific Agriculture 3, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asag.2019.03.0630.
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Kobayashi, Hidekazu, and Yoshikuni Masaoka. "Salt secretion in Rhodes grass (Chloris gayanaKunth) under conditions of excess magnesium." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 54, no. 3 (June 2008): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2008.00246.x.
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York, P. A. "Resistance To Meloidogyne Javanica (Root-Knot Nematode) in Chloris Gayana (Rhodes Grass)." Nematologica 35, no. 2 (1989): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002825989x00368.
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Suybeng, Bénédicte, Felista W. Mwangi, Christopher S. McSweeney, Edward Charmley, Christopher P. Gardiner, Bunmi S. Malau-Aduli, and Aduli E. O. Malau-Aduli. "Response to Climate Change: Evaluation of Methane Emissions in Northern Australian Beef Cattle on a High Quality Diet Supplemented with Desmanthus Using Open-Circuit Respiration Chambers and GreenFeed Emission Monitoring Systems." Biology 10, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090943.
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The main objective of this study was to compare the effect of supplementing beef cattle with Desmanthus virgatus cv. JCU2, D. bicornutus cv. JCU4, D. leptophyllus cv. JCU7 and lucerne on in vivo methane (CH4) emissions measured by open-circuit respiration chambers (OC) or the GreenFeed emission monitoring (GEM) system. Experiment 1 employed OC and utilized sixteen yearling Brangus steers fed a basal diet of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay in four treatments—the three Desmanthus cultivars and lucerne (Medicago sativa) at 30% dry matter intake (DMI). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added to the diets to neutralize tannin binding and explore the effect on CH4 emissions. Experiment 2 employed GEM and utilized forty-eight animals allocated to four treatments including a basal diet of Rhodes grass hay plus the three Desmanthus cultivars in equal proportions at 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% DMI. Lucerne was added to equilibrate crude protein content in all treatments. Experiment 1 showed no difference in CH4 emissions between the Desmanthus cultivars, between Desmanthus and lucerne or between Desmanthus and the basal diet. Experiment 2 showed an increase in CH4 emissions in the three levels containing Desmanthus. It is concluded that on high-quality diets, Desmanthus does not reduce CH4 emissions.
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Brosh, A., A. Shkolnik, and I. Choshniak. "Effects of infrequent drinking on the nitrogen metabolism of Bedouin goats maintained on different diets." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 1 (August 1987): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081107.
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summaryThe effect of infrequent drinking on nitrogen metabolism was studied in Bedouin goats, a breed herded in the extreme deserts of the Middle East. The goats were given water either daily or only once every 4 days, while being maintained on roughages of different quality: lucerne hay (19% protein), Rhodes grass (10% protein) or wheat straw (3·7%). On lucerne hay and Rhodes grass the goats kept their body mass constant, whether given water daily or only once every 4 days. When on wheat straw the body mass was maintained constant only when given water once every 4 days. Infrequent drinking was found to hamper considerably the food intake of the goats when fed on high quality roughage. When on the wheat straw, the nitrogen intake of the goats (only 12% of that recorded when fed lucerne hay and given water daily) was, however, not affected by the drinking regime. Infrequent drinking improved nitrogen digestibility on all the diets, but more so on those of low quality than on the lucerne hay.When tested on the low quality feeds, urea excretion was low and urea retention and recycling were maintained at high rates. Infrequent drinking had no adverse effect on these capacities.
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Moore, G. A., T. O. Albertsen, P. Ramankutty, P. G. H. Nichols, J. W. Titterington, and P. Barrett-Lennard. "Production and persistence of subtropical grasses in environments with Mediterranean climates." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 8 (2014): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13424.
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The agricultural region of south-west Western Australia (WA) has a Mediterranean climate, characterised by a winter-dominant rainfall pattern. Perennial subtropical grasses are increasingly being grown to increase productivity and reduce erosion on infertile sandy soils in the northern agricultural region (NAR) of WA, an area with mild winters and dry, hot summers. However, little information exists on the persistence of different species or their expected seasonal production and feed quality. On the south coast of WA, an area with dry, warm summers and a maritime influence, kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) has been widely sown, but there is little information on the potential of other subtropical grasses. To address these issues, five trials were established across the agricultural area of south-west WA to measure the seasonal production, feed quality and persistence of the main, commercially available subtropical grasses over 3–4 years. This study demonstrates that subtropical grasses have a long-term role in the NAR in areas with mild winters and/or where the rainfall is >400 mm. The best performing subtropical grasses across a range of sites were panic grass (Megathyrsus maximus) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). These species can be expected to have a water-use efficiency of ~10 kg ha–1 mm–1 over a 12-month period, provided there is a good perennial grass density. On the south coast, panic grass, Rhodes grass and setaria (Setaria sphacelata) persisted well and produced significantly more biomass than kikuyu. These grasses could complement kikuyu by increasing out-of-season production. At Kojonup, a more inland site, most of the subtropical grasses died over winter from a combination of occasional frosts and cold, wet soils. However, kikuyu re-grew from rhizomes in spring and maintained >90% ground cover 4 years after sowing. The results from these experiments are likely to be applicable to other regions across the globe with Mediterranean climates and similar soil types.
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Kopittke, Peter M., Colin J. Asher, F. Pax C. Blamey, Graeme J. Auchterlonie, Yanan N. Guo, and Neal W. Menzies. "Localization and Chemical Speciation of Pb in Roots of Signal Grass (Brachiaria decumbens) and Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana)." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 12 (June 2008): 4595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702627c.
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Mengistu, Gezahegn, Getnet Assefa, and Samuel Tilahun. "Noug Seed (Guizotia abyssinica) Cake Substituted with Dried Mulberry (Morus indica) and Vernonia amygdalina Mixed Leaves’ Meal on Growth Performances of Bonga Sheep at Teppi, Ethiopia." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2020 (September 25, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9308761.
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This study was conducted to evaluate noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) cake substituted with dried mulberry and Vernonia mixed leaves’ meal on feed intake, body weight change, and digestibility of Bonga sheep fed on Rhodes grass hay at Teppi Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted using 25 yearling lambs with an average initial body weight of 20.83 ± 1.66 kg. Five lambs were allotted per treatment in randomized complete block design. Treatments were isonitrogenous supplements of 100% concentrate (49.5% NSC, 49.5% ground maize grain, and 1% salt) offered at 400 g DM/head/day (T1), 25, 50, 75, and 100 of NSC CP substituted by dried mulberry and Vernonia mixed leaves’ meal in T2 = 429.8 g/day, T3 = 459.5 g/day, T4 = 489.3 g/day, and T5 = 519 g/day, respectively. The sheep were fed Rhodes grass hay adlibitum and had free access to water and salt block. Intake and growth trail lasted for 90 days followed by 10 days of digestibility trial. The CP, NDF, and ADF contents of Rhodes grass hay were 7.9, 74.8, and 46.8 percent. The CP content of NSC, ground maize grain, dried mulberry, and Vernonia leaves was 32.4, 8.3, 18.5, and 22.5%, respectively. Total DM intake (g/day) was significantly higher for lambs in T3 (771.4) than in T1 (722.8) and T5 (642.8) but similar to T2 (754.9) and T4 (759.7). The CP intake was highest (P < 0.001) for sheep in T2 and T3, but lowest in T5. The apparent DM digestibility for T1 (70.8%), T2 (68.8%), and T3 (69.1%) was significantly higher than for T5 (64.4%), while T4 (67.9%) and T5 were not significantly different. The attained average daily gain (g/day) of sheep in T1 (87.7), T2 (82.0), T3 (83.4), and T4 (75.2) was higher (P < 0.01) than in T5 (56.0). The result of this study indicated that dried mulberry and Vernonia mixed leaves’ meal can substitute NSC as a protein supplement up to 75% inclusion level resulting in optimum DM and nutrient intakes and body weight gain of yearling Bonga sheep. This study also highlights the positive potential of dried mulberry and Vernonia mixed leaves’ meal as a supplement to ruminants on a basal diet of fibrous feeds.
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Hassan Saad, Hamdi, Yassin Mohamed Ibrahim, and Mohamed Eltigani Salih. "Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Quality of Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana. L. kunth.) Cultivars." Journal of Agricultural Science 4, no. 1 (October 26, 2022): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fajas.v4i1.2760.
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A field experiment was conducted in the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology, during the season (2006/2007) to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on crude protein, fiber, ash content, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and metabolizable energy of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana L.) cultivars. Four cultivars of Rhodes grass (Katambora, Callide, Boma and Finecut) were used in this study. Four levels of Nitrogen fertilizers (0, 40, 60 and 80 kg N/ha) were used. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot with four replications. Nitrogen applications lead to insignificant increase in crude protein for all cultivars except for Katambora cultivar. The results revealed that, crude fiber insignificantly affected by nitrogen applications for the cultivars Callide and Boma. Whereas; the cultivars Katambora and Finecut were significantly affected. Ether extract significantly affected by nitrogen application in all cultivars. The results showed that, ash was not affected by nitrogen levels for all cultivars except for cultivar Callide. Nitrogen free extract was significantly affected by nitrogen levels for all cultivars. Moreover, the metabolizable energy was significantly affected by nitrogen applications in all cultivars except cultivar Katambora. It can be concluded that, the best cultivars in the terms of forage Dry Weight, Crude Protein and Nitrogen Free Extract were Finecut, Callide, Katambora and Boma respectively with added fertilizer (80 kg N /ha).
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Valenzuela, Hector R., and Joseph DeFrank. "214 LIVING-MULCH AND GENOTYPE EFFECT ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND GROWTH OF EGGPLANT." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 460b—460. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.460b.
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Living mulches offer a low-input alternative to achieve weed control while minimizing herbicide applications, decreased fertilizer leaching, insect and nematode management. and improved soil texture. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana cv. Katambora) living mulch on the growth and productivity of ten eggplant. Solanum melongena, cultivars grown under fertigation. The living sod was established at the Univ. Hawaii Waimanalo Experiment Station in June 1992. Soil analysis was taken before experiment initiation. Ten eggplant cultivars were transplanted on both living-mulch and control (woven-polyethelene mulch) plots on 4 March 1993. Weekly or bi-weekly harvests were conducted for six months. beginning on 19 May 1993. In addition plant height and canopy dimensions were determined on 16 April. and 10 Nov. Plant growth was monitored throughout the experiment. Soil samples were taken from the eggplant rhizosphere, hare-ground and in Rhodes grass monoculture, for nematode count determinations. Soil samples were also taken for nutrient determination after completion of the experiment. Overall yields were greater in the polyethelene mulch than in the living mulch plots. A differential response was observed on the response of cultivars to cropping system. However the most vigorous cultivars performed well in both systems. The living mulch system showed potential for nematode management in eggplant agroecosystems.
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Karda, I. W., and G. McL Dryden. "Effect of leucaena supplementation level, and provision of urea, on utilisation by sheep of Rhodes grass hay." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 2 (2001): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99044.
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Tarramba leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba) foliage had per kilogram dry matter, 169 g protein and 29.8 g condensed tannins. Its value as a supplement, given either with or without urea, to sheep given a low-quality Callide Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Callide) hay was studied. Six rumen fistulated sheep (mean s.d. liveweight, 34 1.4 kg) were used to compare 6 dietary treatments in an incomplete latin square design. Rhodes grass hay was given ad libitum either alone, or with urea 7 g/day (U), or with leucaena 150 g/day (L150), or leucaena with urea (L150U), or leucaena 300 g/day (L300), or leucaena with urea (L300U). Digestible organic matter intake was increased significantly by leucaena supplementation although digestibility of the whole diet did not alter. Rumen fluid ammonia-N was not altered by leucaena supplementation, but was increased by urea. This suggests that Tarramba foliage protein has some resistance to ruminal degradation. Liquid and solids passage rates were not affected by the treatments. Microbial nitrogen supply to the intestine (g/day), and the efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (g/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen), were increased by leucaena supplementation (P<0.01). Microbial protein synthesis was the only response in which 300 g/day air-dry Tarramba foliage gave improved results over 150 g/day.
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Waisel, Y. "The stimulating effects of NaCl on root growth of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)." Physiologia Plantarum 64, no. 4 (August 1985): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb08532.x.
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Edraki, M., H. B. So, and E. A. Gardner. "Water balance of Swamp Mahogany and Rhodes grass irrigated with treated sewage effluent." Agricultural Water Management 67, no. 3 (July 2004): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.02.007.
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Mazahrih, N. Th, A. S. Al Sayari, A. Al-Hamoodi, A. Nejatian, and A. Ouled Belgacem. "Impacts of Irrigation with Reclaimed Wastewater on Forages Production, Nutrients, and Heavy Metals Content." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 2 (January 12, 2018): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n2p206.
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In order to investigate the effect of reclaimed wastewater (RWW) on soil chemical properties and heavy metal uptake of selected forages, an experiment was carried out at Dhaid Research Station, UAE during three growing seasons (2014-2016). Alfalfa, Rhodes and Buffel grass were irrigated by RWW and grown in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Composite soil samples were collected from the experimental site before starting the study and every six months from planting date to test the macro and heavy elements concentration in soil and forages tissues. Chemical analysis for soil, crops and wastewater were analyzed. RWW irrigation has significantly increased the soil salinity (1 to 8 dSm-1) in 2014 but soon these values were declined in 2015 and 2016 growing seasons due to the enhanced irrigation water quality and the use of good water management.Results revealed that UAE (Sharjah) domestic RWW is suitable to be reused for irrigate forages as its quality match international standards for RWW irrigation except its Na and Cl content. The results of the plants tissues analysis during 2014 season indicated a rise in the nutrients concentration, particularly nitrogen, potash, iron and boron, compared with the critical limits. While, the results have also shown a significant increase of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), especially in Buffel grass and Alfalfa tissues during the third season (2016) which exceeded the critical limits.The highest mean yearly dry weight yield during the study period were recorded for Buffel grass (50.5 ton ha-1) followed by Rhodes (44.5 ton ha-1) and Alfalfa (11.1 ton ha-1). It can be concluded that regular monitoring of recycled wastewater, soil and appropriate management are needed to mitigate the negative impacts of sodium and salts accumulations.
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Brima, Fathi I. A., and Awad Abusuwar. "Influence of seed rate and NPK fertilizer on yield and quality of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana L. kunth.)." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2020.1116.
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A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2007 at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, to investigate the effect of seed rate and NPK fertilization on yield and quality of Rhodes grass forage (Chloris gayana L. Kunth) cv. Finecut. The treatment consisted of three seed rates (SDR1, SDR2 and SDR3) namely 5, 10 and 15 kg/ha and three NPK fertilizer levels (F0, F1 and F2) namely 0, 120 and 240 kg/ha respectively. NPK fertilizer components were N17 P17 K17. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial CRBD with four replications. The results showed that seed rate significantly increased forage fresh and dry yield. NPK fertilization significantly increased forage fresh and dry yield. Neither seed rate nor NPK fertilization were significantly affected crude protein and fiber content of leaves and stems of Rhodes grass, but the increase in seed rate and fertilizer levels slightly increased crude protein and decreased fiber percentage. Seed rate ×NPK fertilization interaction showed significant effect on crude protein and crude fiber contents. The highest protein percentage obtained under SDR2 (10kg/ha) with highest NPK fertilization level F2 (240 kg/ha), and lowest value obtained under SDR1(5kg/ha) with NPK fertilization F1(120kg/ha) and SDR1(5kg/ha) under control of fertilizer treatment (F0). Regarding crude fiber, highest value obtained under SDR2(10 kg/ha) with NPK fertilization F1 (120kg/ha) and SDR3 (15 kg/ha) under control treatments of fertilization (F0).
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Madugundu, Rangaswamy, Khalid A. Al-Gaadi, ElKamil Tola, Ahmed M. Zeyada, Ahmed A. Alameen, Mohamed K. Edrris, Haroon F. Edrees, and Omer Mahjoop. "Impact of Field Topography and Soil Characteristics on the Productivity of Alfalfa and Rhodes Grass: RTK-GPS Survey and GIS Approach." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 2918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122918.
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Understanding the spatial pattern of soil chemical properties along with the topologic indicators is essential for site-specific agriculture management. A study was conducted on a 50 ha field to investigate the effect of selected topographic indicators, including elevation (DEM), slope (SL), flow accumulation (FA) and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) on forage crop production. The soil samples and yield data were obtained from the field inventory. Topographical parameters of elevation and slope were estimated with the use of a real-time kinematic global positioning system (RTK-GPS), and then the DEM was generated. The collected soil samples were analyzed for pH, EC, nitrogen and soil organic carbon. Sentinel-2 images were for the creation of yield maps of alfalfa and Rhodes grass. Subsequently, on the basis of DEM, the generated elevation, slope and FA model were then compared with the yield and soil chemical properties. Statistical analysis revealed that the SL, FA and TWI, which are associated with water distribution, were significantly related to crop yields. The FA showed a medium-to-non-significant correlation with the productivity of both alfalfa (R2 = 0.586; p = 0.015) and Rhodes grass (R2 = 0.578; p = 0.01). A significant inverse correlation was recorded between the SL and the yield of both crops (R2 = −0.591 to −0.617; p = 0.01). The yield map revealed that the majority of the area (37.56%) of the experimental field was occupied by the medium-yield class, followed by the high-yield class (33.03%).
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Kopittke, P. M., C. J. Asher, F. P. C. Blamey, and N. W. Menzies. "Toxic effects of Pb2+ on the growth and mineral nutrition of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)." Plant and Soil 300, no. 1-2 (September 12, 2007): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9395-1.
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Patil, V. C., K. A. Al-Gaadi, R. Madugundu, E. Tola, S. Marey, D. Mulla, and S. Upadhyaya. "Response of Rhodes grass to variable rate application of irrigation water and fertilizer nitrogen." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 53, no. 03 (September 1, 2016): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/16.3491.
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Faji Dida, Mulisa, Alemeyehu Abebe Lemore, and Kedija Ahmed Seid. "Effect of Nitrogen Level on Herbage and Seed Yield of Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana)." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (March 11, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5540596.
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Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient for forage and food crop production. Currently, cultivable lands in Ethiopia undergo a deficiency of this element. Thus, this study was conducted to find an appropriate rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer for the better agronomic performance of Chloris gayana Masaba. The experiment was carried out at Assosa Agricultural Research Center. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications, and the treatments were five levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg N/ha). The collected data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS, and the least significance difference was used for mean separation. Plant height at forage harvesting, dry matter yield, leaf to stem ratio, leaf height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers, and seed yield were significantly ( p < 0.001 ) influenced by the year of planting while nonsignificantly ( p > 0.05 ) by nitrogen fertilizer rate and interaction of planting year and fertilizer rate. The mean leaf to stem ratio was significantly ( p < 0.001 ) higher in 2017 and 2018 than in the 2019 planting year. However, forage dry matter yield was significantly ( p < 0.001 ) higher in 2019, followed by 2018 and 2017 planting years. Mean seed yield was significantly ( p < 0.001 ) different among the establishment years and the peak seed yield productivity attained during the third year of harvesting (1st = 2nd < 3rd year of harvesting). Generally, all measured agronomic traits were not significantly responsive to the different fertilizer rates, and in the economic point of view, 0 kg of N/ha is recommended.