Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rhythmic gymnasts'

Orientador: Gil Guerra Júnior
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Estrutura da tese: No presente estudo optou-se pelo "Modelo Escandinavo", o qual é chamado de "Modelo Alternativo" no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Dessa forma, a tese foi composta por introdução geral, objetivos, capítulos (1, 2 e 3) e conclusão geral. A introdução apresentou considerações sobre a ginástica rítmica, abordou aspectos sobre o comportamento alimentar, a massa óssea e técnica de sua avaliação por meio da ultrassonografia das falanges. Os capítulos 1 a 3 apresentam os artigos de acordo com as normas específicas de periódicos de circulação internacional. As principais conclusões dos artigos foram apresentadas na conclusão geral. As referências bibliográficas foram apresentadas no final de cada capítulo e da tese. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivos: (1) avaliar a composição corporal e a massa óssea com o comportamento alimentar em atletas de elite de ginástica rítmica. (2) analisar o crescimento físico e a composição corporal de atletas de ginástica rítmica em relação à maturação somática e (3) avaliar a massa óssea de atletas de ginástica rítmica em relação à idade cronológica e à maturação somática. Materiais e Métodos: Foram incluídas no estudo 136 atletas do sexo feminino de 23 equipes de ginástica rítmica de 10 estados do Brasil, que participam de campeonatos nacionais de alto nível. A faixa etária do grupo estudado variou de 9 a 16 anos de idade (12,3 ± 1,9). Foram avaliadas as medidas de peso, altura e dobras cutâneas e calculados o índice de massa corporal (IMC), altura tronco-cefálica (altura sentada), massa gorda, massa isenta de gordura e percentual de gordura corporal. O valores de peso e altura foram transformados em z escore segundo o padrão da WHO (2007) e Silva et al. (2012). A maturação somática, denominada pico de velocidade de crescimento (PVC), foi determinada por meio de uma equação de regressão múltipla. A classificação do desenvolvimento puberal foi realizada por meio da auto-avaliação do desenvolvimento das mamas. Para avaliar o comportamento alimentar foi adotado o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT- 26). Foi registrado o número de horas de treinamento e de sessões semanais e a idade da menarca através de um questionário. A massa óssea foi avaliada por meio da ultrassonografia nas falanges utilizando-se a terceira geração do equipamento DBM Sonic BP (IGEA, Carpi, Italy). Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados, com aplicação dos testes t, Shapiro-Wilk, análise de variância ANOVA, qui-quadrado, teste de Tukey e Mann-Whitney, com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os resultados monstraram que o comportamento alimentar das ginastas de elite não está relacionado com a faixa etária, puberdade, composição corporal e com a massa óssea. Os escores z do peso foram negativos em todas as idades em relação às referências nacional e internacional e da altura ficaram abaixo em todas as idades em relação à internacional e apenas até 12 anos em relação à nacional. O PVC máximo apresentou-se aos 12,1 anos e até quatro anos após observou-se aumento significativo em peso, altura, altura tronco-cefálica, percentual de gordura, massas gorda e isenta de gordura. Foram observadas diferenças significativas na massa óssea no BTT (Bone Transmission Time em ?/s) apenas no momento do PVC e na AD-SoS (Amplitude Dependent Speed of Sound em m/s) dos 12,1 aos 15,4 anos. O maior aumento na massa óssea ocorreu no momento do PVC. Os valores da massa óssea são ascendentes antes do PVC e estáveis após. Conclusão: O estudo constatou comportamento alimentar inadequado e estado nutricional predominantemente baixo, fatores que não foram preditores de atraso no desenvolvimento puberal e não estiveram associados à massa óssea. As ginastas rítmicas demonstraram diminuição da massa óssea, encontraram-se abaixo das referências internacional e nacional para peso, mas para altura abaixo da referência internacional em todas as idades e referência nacionail até 12 anos de idade. Elas apresentaram PVC e menarca em idades semelhantes às referências internacionais, porém com potencial de ganho de peso e altura vários anos após o PVC, o que pode indicar a maturação tardia
Abstract: Structure of the thesis: In this study we chose the "Scandinavian Model", which is called "Alternative Model" in the Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health from the Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas. Thus, the thesis consisted of general introduction, objectives, chapters (1, 2 and 3) and a general conclusion. A general introduction presented considerations in rhythmic gymnastics, addressed issues on feeding behavior, bone mass and its evaluation by phalanges ultrasound. Chapters 1-3 present the articles in accordance with the specific rules of international journals. The main conclusions of the papers were presented at the general conclusion. References were presented at the end of each chapter and the thesis. Objective: The study aimed to: (1) evaluate the body composition and bone mass with eating behavior of elite rhythmic gymnasts, (2) analyze the physical growth and body composition of rhythmic gymnastics athletes relative to their level of somatic maturation and (3) assess bone mass in elite athletes of rhythmic gymnastics in relation to chronological age and somatic maturation and compare with literature data of female non-athletes of the same age (12.3 ± 1.9). Materials and Methods: The study included 136 female athletes from 23 Rhythmic Gymnastics teams from 10 states of Brazil, who participate in high-level national championships. The age of the study group ranged from 9 to 16 years of age. The measurements of weight, height and thickness skinfolds were done. It was calculated the body mass index (BMI), height-cephalic trunk (sitting height), fat and lean mass, and body fat percentage. The values of weight and height were transformed in score z according tho WHO (2007) reference. Somatic maturation, called peak of height velocity (PHV), was determined by a multiple regression equation. The evaluation of puberty was performed through selfassessment of breast development. It was adopted the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) to evaluate the feeding behavior. We assessed the number of hours of training and weekly sessions and age at menarche by questionnaires. The bone mass was assessed by ultrasound at the phalanges using the third generation of equipment DBM Sonic BP (IGEA, Carpi, Italy). Descriptive analysis, t-tests, Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA, qui-squared, Tukey and Mann-Whitney test, with a significance level of 5%, were applied. Results: The results showed that the eating behavior (EAT-26) of elite gymnasts is not related to age, puberty, body composition and bone mass. The z scores for weight were negative during all ages according to both WHO and a Brazilian references, but for height were also negative for all ages according to WHO reference and only until 12 years old according to a Brazilian reference. The maximum PHV curred at 12.1 years and up to four years after it was observed a significant increase in weight, height, trunk-cephalic height, body fat percentage, fat and lean mass. The average age of menarche was 13.2 years. There were significant differences in bone mass by BTT (Bone Transmission Time in ?/S) only at the time of PHV and by AD-SOS (Amplitude Dependent Speed of Sound in m/s) from 12,1 to 15,4 years. The greatest increase in bone mass occurred at the time of PHV. The values of the bone mass are up before the PHV and stable after. Conclusion: The study found inadequate eating behavior and predominant low nutritional status, factors that were not predictors of delayed pubertal development and were not associated with bone mass. The rhythmic gymnasts showed decreased bone mass, were at below the national and international references for weights but heights below the international reference for all ages and national reference until 12 years of age. PHV and menarche were at similar age of to international references, but with potential for weight and height gain several years after the PHV, which indicates late development
Doutorado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Doutora em Ciências

Orientador: Elizabeth Paoliello Machado de Souza
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica
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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi reconstruir a história da ginástica rítmica em Campinas ¿ São Paulo - Brasil, pois este tema nunca foi explorado em pesquisas acadêmicas e esta é sem dúvida uma grande história, a história de vida de pessoas que passaram por esse esporte e deixaram marcas de conquistas, vitórias e paixões. Registrar esta pesquisa na área acadêmica é algo importante para podermos dar continuidade na história da ginástica em nossa cidade e com isso entendermos o crescimento relevante dessa modalidade em Campinas, que transformou a vida de muitas pessoas ao longo dessas três décadas e nesse decorrer, foi tomando diversos rumos, ganhando espaço e conquistando cada vez mais adeptos. Para essa composição histórica, foi utilizada a metodologia da História Oral, que possibilitou a reconstrução com os personagens que fizeram e fazem parte dela, além da utilização de imagens e reportagens pesquisadas nos jornais da cidade e dos acervos pessoais cedidos pelas entrevistadas. Este trabalho teve como resultado o registro da história desta modalidade esportiva, que nessas três ultimas décadas tem encantado o cenário esportivo campineiro
Abstract: The objective of this study was to ransom The History of the Rhythmic Gymnastics in the city of Campinas ¿ São Paulo ¿ Brazil, since that theme had never been explored in academic researches before, and that is, beyond doubt, a great story, a life story of people who went through that sport and left their marks of conquests, victories and passion. Registering this research in the academic area is something important, to be able to have the continuity of the gimnastic history in our city, and so as to understand the relevant growth of that modality in Campinas, which has changed the life of many people along these three decades and which, in the meantime, has taken several courses, gaining space and conquering more and more adepts. For that historical essay, the methodology of the oral history was used, which enabled its rescue with the characters that made, and still make, part of it, besides the use of images and reportings collected into the city newspapers, as well as the personal assets given in by the interviewees. This work had as a result the registering of this sports modality history, which within these last three decades has delighted the Campinas sports scenery
Mestrado
Pedagogia do Movimento
Mestre em Educação Física

Ancorada na perspectiva de pesquisa proposta pelos Estudos Culturais e de Gênero, realizo essa tese que tem como objetivo descrever e analisar o movimento de inserção dos meninos no universo cultural da Ginástica Rítmica (GR) a partir das iniciativas da Federação Riograndense de Ginástica (FRG). Baseada nos/as autores/as que operam com a terminologia gênero como categoria de análise relacional temos que as masculinidades e as feminilidades são produzidas e reproduzidas em diferentes espaços, culturas e tempos. O esporte como um campo generificado também apresenta meninos e meninas atletas de diferentes maneiras e, com isso, produz e reproduz masculinidades e feminilidades possíveis de serem representadas. Analisando alguns livros técnicos/didáticos de GR podemos perceber como a modalidade foi criada e pensada de/para mulheres. Porém, estudar, discutir e rediscutir as possibilidades de meninos praticarem GR no Brasil se faz necessária em todos os âmbitos do ensino da Educação Física (da Educação Física escolar aos eventos competitivos), uma vez que a GR praticada atualmente já não é a mesma GR praticada na época de sua criação. Através da realização de pesquisa-ação na FRG, programando regulamentos que contemplem a participação dos meninos em eventos e competições de GR, busco visibilizar que os meninos podem ser pensados como praticantes em potencial dessa prática esportiva, assim multiplicando as formas de pertencer ao universo cultural da GR. As repercussões dessa iniciativa do RS também são analisadas e apontam para a necessidade de uma institucionalização das ações com esse intuito, através das entidades responsáveis pela organização da modalidade no Brasil.
Based in research perspective proposed by the Cultural and Gender Studies, realize this thesis aims to describe and analyze the insertion movement of the boys in the cultural universe of Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) from the initiatives of Riograndense Gymnastics Federation (RGF) . Based on the author those operating with gender terminology such as relational analysis category have to masculinities and femininities are produced and reproduced in different places, cultures and times. Sport as a gendered field also features boys and girls athletes in different ways and, therefore, produces and reproduces possible masculinity and femininity to be represented. Analyzing some technical books of RG we can see how the sport was created and thought of/for women. However, study, discuss and re-discuss the possibilities for boys practice RG in Brazil is needed in all areas of teaching physical education (school physical education to competitive events), since the RG currently practiced is no longer the same RG practiced at the time of its creation. By conducting action research in the RGF, programming regulations to cover the participation of boys in events and RG competitions, I try to visualize that boys can be thought of as potential practitioners of this sport practice, thus multiplying forms of belonging to the cultural universe RG. The repercussions of this initiative are also analyzed and point to the need for institutionalization of actions to this end, through the entities responsible for the organization of the sport in Brazil.

O objetivo geral deste estudo é testar e discutir as correlações (intensidade, sinal, e significância) intra e interdimensões de dois inventários: Inventário de Motivação à Prática Regular de Atividades Físicas e Esportivas (IMPRAFE-126) e o Inventário de Autodeterminação para Praticantes Regulares de Atividades Físicas e Esportivas (IAPAFE-25). O IMPRAFE-126 avalia seis dimensões motivacionais à prática regular de atividade física e esportiva (Controle de Estresse, Saúde, Sociabilidade, Competitividade, Estética e Prazer); enquanto que o IAPAFE-25 avalia cinco níveis de autodeterminação propostos pela Teoria da Autodeterminação: Motivação Intrínseca, Regulação Identificada, Regulação Introjetada, Regulação Externa, e Amotivação. Tais correlações permitirão detectar em que níveis de autoregulação o IMPRAFE-126 mede as seis dimensões motivacionais, considerando os cinco níveis de autodeterminação avaliados pelo IAPAFE-25. Para responder adequadamente ao objetivo geral foi necessário examinar as intensidades, sinais e níveis de significância das seguintes correlações: (a) as seis dimensões motivacionais com as cinco dimensões de autodeterminação; (b) os itens do IMPRAFE-126 com as cinco dimensões de autodeterminação. Através dessas análises pretende-se apresentar algumas orientações para a condução das atividades de treino. Para tanto, o estudo contou com a participação de uma amostra de 62 atletas de Ginástica Rítmica (GR) do sexo feminino com idades de 13 a 16 anos, participantes de campeonatos estaduais e escolares no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados das correlações intradimensões do IMPRAFE-126 indicaram que o “Prazer” é a dimensão que melhor representa o perfil motivacional das atletas avaliadas, correlacionando-se de maneira significativa com as outras cinco dimensões motivacionais do IMPRAFE-126. Cabe salientar que a “Competitividade” também se destaca enquanto uma dimensão motivacional relevante, quando associada às dimensões “Controle de Estresse”, “Saúde” e “Sociabilidade”. Quanto às correlações intradimensões do IAPAFE-25, constatou-se que os maiores índices correlacionais ocorreram nos estilos mais internos de motivação, caracterizando um comportamento mais autônomo destas atletas. Com relação aos objetivos específicos, os resultados foram os seguintes: (a) nas correlações interdimensões dos inventários IMPRAFE-126 e IAPAFE-25, os maiores índices ocorreram nos estilos mais internos de motivação, caracterizando um comportamento autodeterminado das atletas; (b) nas correlações entre os itens do IMPRAFE-126 e as dimensões do IAPAFE-25, foi possível constatar que as correlações significativas ocorreram nos estilos mais internos de motivação. Esses resultados indicam que é preciso orientar a prática regular da GR no sentido de fortalecer a Motivação Intrínseca e proporcionar prazer ao praticante. Sugere-se que estudos dessa natureza sejam realizados com atletas de outras modalidades esportivas, visando aprofundar o conhecimento sobre essa temática.
The general objective of this study is to test and discuss the correlations (intensity, sign and significance) intra and interdimensions of two inventories: “Inventário de Motivação à Prática Regular de Atividades Físicas e Esportivas” (IMPRAFE-126) and “Inventário de Autodeterminação para Praticantes Regulares de Atividades Físicas e Esportivas” (IAPAFE-25). The IMPRAFE-126 assesses six motivational dimensions to the regular practice of physical activity and sport (Stress’ Control, Health, Sociability, Competitiveness, Aesthetic and Pleasure), while the IAPAFE-25 assesses five levels of self-determination proposed by the Self- Determination Theory: Intrinsic Motivation, Identified Regulation, Introjected Regulation, External Regulation, and Amotivation. Carrying out such correlations will allow detecting in what levels of self-regulation the IMPRAFE-126 measures the six motivational dimensions, considering the five levels of self-determination assessed by the IAPAFE-25. In order to adequately answer the general objective of this study it was necessary to examine the intensities, signs and levels of significance of the following correlations: (a) the six motivational dimensions in relation to the five selfdetermination dimensions; (b) the items of the IMPRAFE-126 in relation to the five self-determination dimensions. Throughout these analyses we also intent to present some guidelines for conducting physical activity and sport training sessions. The sample was composed of 62 female athletes of Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) with age from 13 to 16 years who participate in Rio Grande do Sul State and school championships. The results of the intradimensions of the IMPRAFE-126 indicated that “Pleasure” is the dimension that better represents the motivational profile of the athletes that participate in the study, correlating in a significant manner with the other five motivational dimensions of the IMPRAFE-126. “Competitiveness” is also a relevant motivational dimension when associated to the dimensions of “Stress’ Control”, “Health” and “Sociability”. In respect to the intradimensions’ correlation of the IAPAFE-25, the highest indices occurred in the more internal forms of motivation. This characterizes a more autonomous behavior of these athletes. In relation to the specific objectives, the results were the following: (a) in the interdimensions’ correlation of the IMPRAFE-126 and IAPAFE-25, the highest indices occurred in the more internal forms of motivation, characterizing a self-determined behavior of the athletes; (b) in the correlations between the items of the IMPRAFE-126 and the dimensions of the IAPAFE-25, the significant correlations occurred in the more internal forms of motivation. These results indicated that it is necessary to orient the regular practice of RG in a way to strength the Intrinsic Motivation and must give pleasure to the athletes. For a better understanding of the matter, it is necessary to carry out new studies including other sports.

Este estudo histórico teve o objetivo de compreender o processo de constituição do Instituto de Cultura Física (ICF) de Porto Alegre, desde sua fundação em 1928, até o ano de 1937, quando o nome da instituição é modificado. Esta pesquisa se desenvolve dentro dos horizontes teórico-metodológicos da História Cultural, utilizando fontes impressas e imagéticas, as quais foram submetidos a análise documental. O ICF foi um espaço educacional fundado em 1928 na cidade de Porto Alegre, destinado ao ensino de práticas corporais exclusivamente femininas. Nenê Dreher Bercht e Mina Black-Eckert, foram as idealizadoras, diretoras e professoras do Instituto. De origem alemã, ambas portavam uma trajetória no cenário artístico e esportivo de Porto Alegre, que possibilitou a fundação do Instituo e a inserção das mulheres no campo das práticas corporais. Dentre as principais práticas oferecidas pelo ICF estavam a Ginástica Rítmica, Ginástica Corretiva, Ginástica Geral, Ginástica Acrobática, Plástica Animada e Estudo e Improvisação Coreográfica. Alicerçado nos discursos eugenistas e higienistas do século XX, o ICF encontrou grande divulgação na sociedade porto-alegrense principalmente através do jornal Diário de Notícias, propondo-se a desenvolver no corpo feminino a cultura física esperada da mulher moderna. Através da Ginástica Rítmica, principal prática difundida pelo espaço, propunha-se a desenvolver a feminilidade e a graça nas mulheres, bem como a correção dos desvios posturais, que as tornavam menos atraente aos olhos da sociedade. O ICF foi responsável pelo incentivo e a formação das principais precursoras da dança na cidade e, igualmente, pelo início da divulgação das aulas de Dança Clássica na capital.
This study aimed to understand the process of formation of the Instituto de Cultura Física (ICF) in Porto Alegre, since its founding in 1928 until 1937, when the name changed. This research is developed within the theoretical and methodological horizons of cultural history, using imagery and printed sources, which were subjected to analysis of documents. The ICF is an educational space founded in 1928 in Porto Alegre, for the teaching of bodily practices exclusively female. Nenê Dreher Bercht and Mina Black-Eckert were the creators, principals and teachers of the Institute. Of German origin, both carried a career in the sports and arts scene of Porto Alegre, which enabled the foundation of the Institute and the inclusion of women in the field of bodily practices. Among the main practices offered by the ICF were Rhythmic Gymnastics, Corrective Gymnastics, General Gymnastics, Acrobatic Gymnastics, Animated Plastic Gymnastics and Choreographic Study and Improvisation. Based on the hygienists and eugenicists discourses of the twentieth century, ICF was widely disseminated in the society of Porto Alegre mainly through the Diário de Notícias newspaper, proposing to develop the so expected physical education in the female body of the modern woman. Through Rhythmic Gymnastics, the main practice promoted by the Institute, their proposal was to develop the grace and femininity in women, as well as to work on the correction of posture deviations, which made them less attractive in the eyes of the society. The ICF was responsible for encouraging and training the main precursors of dance in the city and also by the early spread of Classical Dance classes in the capital.

Orientador: Roberto Rodrigues Paes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física
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Resumo: Com o objetivo de conhecer e descrever o contexto dos centros de treinamento (CT) em ginástica rítmica (GR), o presente estudo buscou analisar suas estruturas e programas. Os primeiros tópicos trataram da revisão de temas importantes da área das Ciências do Esporte, buscando embasar o conhecimento sobre as formas de organização e composição dos treinos, e aliá-los aos conceitos trazidos pela modalidade ginástica rítmica. Discorreu-se sobre o fenômeno social esporte, delineando suas concepções. Seguindo-se o marco teórico, tratou-se da pedagogia do esporte relacionada à iniciação e ao treinamento esportivo. O terceiro tópico tratou da GR propriamente dita, apresentando suas características, assim como o panorama histórico e organizacional. O quarto tópico discutiu os centros de treinamento, contextualizando o tema objeto do presente estudo, e configurando seu cenário no país. Utilizou-se a pesquisa quantitativa e a qualitativa, a fim de suprir as necessidades do estudo, essas foram realizadas através da observação não participante e aplicação de questionários aos sujeitos atuantes nos centros. Por fim, tratou-se, no texto, da coleta e discussão dos dados, sobre a estrutura física e organizacional dos centros de treinamento, bem como sobre o conteúdo de treino neles observado. Neste tópico, também foram analisados dados obtidos através de questionários respondidos pelos sujeitos atuantes nos centros. Acredita-se que as respostas obtidas pela pesquisa de campo e questionários auxiliam na visualização do processo de iniciação, especialização e treinamento defendido pelos centros de treinamento, pois é a partir desta iniciativa que a modalidade se estabeleceu para atletas, família, e outros personagens, impulsionando consequentemente a prática da GR
Abstract: Aiming at getting to know and describing the context of rhythmic gymnastics (RG) training centers (TC), the present study analyzed its structures and programs. The first topics dealt with the review of important areas of Sports Sciences, trying to support the knowledge on the training organization and composition, and align it to concepts brought from rhythmic gymnastics. The discussion was based on sports as a social phenomenon, outlining its conceptions. After analyzing the theoretical mark, the discussion covered sports pedagogy related to the initiation and training in sports. The third topic discussed was RG itself, presenting its characteristics as well as a historical and organizational overview. The forth topic discussed the training centers, establishing the scenario of the topic object of this study, and defining the existing scenario in our country. Quantitative and qualitative research was conducted in order to fulfill what the study demanded, through a non participative observation and questionnaires completed by the subjects who work in the training centers. Finally, the text discusses the data collection and discussion on physical and organizational structure of the training centers, as well as on the content observed in the training sections. During this topic, data obtained through the questionnaires were also analyzed. It is believed that the response obtained from the field observation research and the answers from the questionnaires help visualize the process of initiation, specialization and training defended by the training centers, since it was from this initiative that this sport was established for athletes, their families and other people involved, thus stimulating RG practice
Mestrado
Ciencia do Desporto
Mestre em Educação Física

A Ginástica Rítmica é praticada, em quase toda sua totalidade, por meninas, para as quais a iniciação esportiva ocorre de forma precoce. A magreza é uma característica muito prevalente nas atletas, devido às restrições calóricas realizadas, as quais podem afetar o equilíbrio hídrico. Além disso, as sessões de treino são longas (3-4 horas diárias), podendo ocasionar uma não recuperação adequada entre as sessões de treino e competições. Por conseguinte, a combinação da restrição de alimentos com a perda hídrica pela sudorese e as longas sessões de treino pode acentuar a desidratação e, de maneira adversa, prejudicar as respostas fisiológicas, o desempenho e o conforto térmico dos treinos. Objetivo: Comparar respostas fisiológicas e perceptivas de meninas atletas de ginástica rítmica entre uma sessão de treino sem hidratação, e outra com hidratação controlada. Métodos: Quatorze meninas atletas de Ginástica Rítmica que treinavam no período de aproximadamente um ano. Nenhuma tinha diagnóstico de doença crônica ou fazia uso de medicamentos. Elas foram avaliadas em duas sessões de treino (105 minutos cada), uma com hidratação controlada (CH) e outra sem hidratação (SH). A frequência cardíaca (FC), taxa de percepção de esforço (TPE), sensação térmica (ST), conforto térmico (CT) e irritabilidade (IR) foram mensuradas periodicamente. A sudorese foi avaliada, a cada sessão de treino,mediante coleta de uma amostra de suor para análise da concentração de eletrólitos (Na+, Cl- e K+). Foram realizados o teste de força máxima (dinamometria) e o teste do tempo de reação pré e pós sessão de treino. Para a revisão da literatura, foram selecionados 42 artigos nas bases de dados SciELO, Scopus e PubMed com as palavras-chave: hydration, sweating, exercise, children, RhythmicGymnastics, youngathlete. Resultados: Todas as atletas iniciaram as sessões de treino em similares condições de hidratação (hipohidratação mínima), conforme parâmetros urinários. Na sessão de treino CH,encontrou-se um percentual de desidratação de 0,07%, enquanto que na sessão de treino SH esse foi de 1,15%. A força diminuiu na sessão SH (p=0,013), enquanto que nenhuma modificação ocorreu no teste de reação em ambas as sessões. A TPE no minuto 25 foi maior na sessão de treino SH. A ST, no minuto 105, foi maior na sessão SH. O CT e a IR foram similares entre as sessões. Observou-se maior concentração de Na+ na urina na sessão de treino SH. Um grau de hipohidratação acima de 1% pode prejudicar componentes da aptidão física, do conforto térmico, assim como a motivação e a cognição, repercutindo no desempenho do atleta em treinos e competições. Conclusão: A hidratação é essencial para garantir o desempenho e a saúde dos jovens atletas. É necessário que ocorra hipohidratação antes, durante, e após os treinos e competições. Em suma, a maioria dos jovens atletas não consegue ingerir a quantidade necessária para evitar a desidratação.
The Rhythmic Gymnastics is practiced, in almost its totality, by girls, for whom the sports initiation starts early. Thinness is a prevalent characteristic in athletes, due to the caloric restrictions made, that can affect the water balance. Moreover, the training sessions are long (3-4 hours daily), which could cause a non adequate recovery between training sessions and competitions. Thus, the combination of food restriction with the water loss by sweating and the long training sessions can enhance dehydration and, adversely, impair the physiological responses, the performance and the thermal comfort from training. Aim: Compare physiological responses and perceptions of girls athletes of Rhythmic Gymnastics between one training session without hydration and other with controlled hydration. Methods: Fourteen girls athletes of Rhythmic Gymnastics who trained during a period of approximately one year. None of them had a diagnosis of chronic disease or made use of medicaments. They were evaluated in two training sessions (105 minutes each), one with controlled hydration (CH) and other without hydration (WH). The heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TS), thermal comfort (TC) and irritability (IR) were measured periodically. The sweating was evaluated, in each training session, by collecting a sample of sweat to analyze the concentration of electrolytes (Na+, Cl- e K+). The maximal strength test (dynamometry) and the test of reaction time pre and post training session were performed. To literature review, were selected 42 articles in data base ScIELO, Scopus and PubMed with the keywords: hydration,sweating, exercise, children, RhythmicGymnastics, youngathlete. Results: All athletes started training sessions in similar conditions of hydration (minimal hypohydration), according to urinary parameters. In CH training session, we find a dehydration percentage of 0,07%, while in training session WH was 1,15%. The strength decreased in WS session (p=0,013), while no modification occurred in reaction test in both sessions. The RPE on minute 25 was higher than in training session WH. The TS, on minute 105, was higher in session WH. The TC and the IR were similar between sessions. Greater concentration of Na+ in urine was observed in training session WH. A hypohydration degree above 1% can harm components of physical fitness, thermal comfort, as motivation and cognition, impacting the athlete performance in training and competition. Conclusion: Hydration is essential to ensure the young athletes performance and health. In short, majority young athletes can’t ingest a necessary amount to avoid dehydration.

Tyrimo objektas - Trenerio ir sportininko tarpusavio santykių ypatumai. Tyrimo tikslas - Atskleisti trenerio ir sportininkių tarpusavio santykių ypatumus meninėje gimnastikoje. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti, kaip sportininkės vertina trenerio gnostinį, emocinį ir elgesio komponentus pratybų metu, didesnės ir mažesnės sportinės patirties gimnasčių tarpe. 2. Nustatyti gimnasčių požiūrį į trenerio bendravimo per treniruotes efektyvumą didesnės ir mažesnės sportinės patirties gimnasčių tarpe. Tyrime buvo naudojama J. Chanino metodika „Treneris - sportininkas“ (Ханин, 1980), apklausta 45 gimnastės ir T. Dembo ir S. Rubinštein metodika „Bendravimo efektyvumas“ (Елиссев, 1994), apklausta 54 gimnastės. Tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į dvi grupes pagal sportinę patirtį: pirmoji – 9 ir daugiau metų lankančios meninę gimnastiką, antroji – 5-8 metus lankančios meninę gimnastiką. Tyrimo metu pagal J. Chanino metodiką „Treneris – sportininkas“ nustatyta, kad didesnės sportinės patirties gimnastės gnostinį ir elgesio komponentus vertina kaip aukšto lygio, o emocinį – kaip vidutinio lygio, mažesnės sportinės patirties gimnastės trenerio gnostinį, emocinį ir elgesio komponentus vertina kaip aukšto lygio. Taikant χ2 kriterijų, statistiškai reikšmingų skirtumų nenustatyta (p>0,05). Pagal T. Dembo ir S. Rubinštein „Bendravimo per pratybas efektyvumo“ tyrimo metodiką, nustatyta, kad didesnės sportinės patirties gimnastės geriausiai, kaip aukšto lygio įvertino trenerio pagyrimus, žemiausiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Research object: the features of relationships between a coach and athlete. Research purpose: Reveal the features of relationships between a coach and athlete in rhythmic gymnastics. Research tasks: 1. Establish how athletes assess their coach’s gnostic, emotional and behavioral components between larger and smaller sporting experience gymnasts groups. 2. Establish the efficiency of coach’s communication during training between larger and smaller sporting experience gymnasts groups. During the research were applied questionnaire „Coach – Athlete“ (Ханин, 1980), questioned 45 gymnasts and T. Dembo & S. Rubinstein methodic „Efficiency of Communication during Training“ (Елиссев, 1994), questioned 54 gymnasts. Study participants were divided in two groups: larger sporting experience gymnasts and smaller sporting experience gymnasts. When applying the J. Chanin (1980) method „Coach – Athlete“, it was established that larger sporting experience gymnasts gnostic and behavioral components assess as high-level, and emotional component – as mid-level. Smaller sporting experience gymnasts assess coach gnostic, behavioral and emotional components as high-level. Applying the χ² criterion, statistically significant differences were not found. When applying the T. Dembo and S. Rubinstein method “Efficiency of Communication during Training”, it was revealed that larger sporting experience gymnasts top rated coach compliments, as high-level, lowest, as mid-level – coach support. Smaller... [to full text]

Not enough research has been carried out on the rhythmic gymnasts’ adaptation to physical loads, intensity of training and competitive activities, peculiarities of energy demands during the competition. Research has not established models of training and sport performance (as well as their interaction) of rhythmic gymnastics athletes of different age and sport performance levels (basic and special). In the doctoral thesis for the solving of this problem were formulated following research problem questions: 1) What training programs of athletes in rhythmic gymnastics are effective for the dynamically changing model of their sport performance? 2) What are the most significant factors of training and indices of sport performance that would ensure the optimization of targeted long-term training of athletes in rhythmic gymnastics aged 11–15 years? 3) What management criteria would allow optimization of athlete’s sport performance in rhythmic gymnastics? Research aim was to establish the optimal model of training and sports performance of 11–15 year old athletes in rhythmic gymnastics, as well as the interaction of training and sports performance. In the research was revealed: 1) Models and interaction of basic period training and sport performance of 11–12 year old athletes; 2) Models and interaction of training and sport performance (12–13 year) in different periods; 3) Models and interaction of training and sport performance (13–14 year) in preparatory period; 4) Models and... [to full text]

Este estudo teve por objetivo apresentar um modelo motivacional teórico-explicativo para o treinamento de Ginástica Rítmica (GR), tomando como base a Teoria da Autodeterminação (TAD). A TAD, quando aplicada ao esporte, postula que a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas de competência, autonomia e relacionamento é fundamental para o crescimento, a integridade e o bem estar psicológico dos atletas. Postula também que o ambiente de treino desempenha papel relevante na autodeterminação dos atletas. Para apresentar o Modelo Motivacional Teórico-Explicativo acima referido, o presente estudo procurou num primeiro momento caracterizar o ambiente de treino da GR, verificando se o mesmo atendia às necessidades psicológicas básicas estabelecidas pela TAD. A abordagem metodológica foi do tipo mista. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram treinadoras de GR do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, filiadas à Confederação Brasileira de Ginástica e que atuam em campeonatos nacionais na categoria juvenil. Para a coleta das informações, foram utilizados três instrumentos: Questionário de Identificação das Variáveis de Controle (QIVC), Entrevista Semiestruturada e Ficha de Observação para Análise das Necessidades Psicológicas Básicas no Ambiente de Treino (FOANPBAT). Foram realizadas cinco observações do ambiente de treino de cada uma das treinadoras. Para a interpretação dos dados coletados nas entrevistas e nas anotações de campo se utilizou a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Para a análise dos dados obtidos nas observações do ambiente de treino, considerou-se as frequências de ocorrência das categorias de avaliação. Os resultados demonstraram que o ambiente de treino proporcionado pelas treinadoras de GR está parcialmente de acordo com a necessidade psicológica básica de competência. Em relação à necessidade psicológica de autonomia, o ambiente de treino não contempla os aspectos estabelecidos pela TAD. Quanto à necessidade psicológica de relacionamento, a maioria dos aspectos postulados pela TAD estão presentes no ambiente de treino. Os resultados das frequências de ocorrência mostraram que 69,73% dos itens da competência foram atendidos, 59,37% dos itens da autonomia não foram atendidos e 73,12% dos itens do relacionamento foram atendidos.
The aim of this study was to present a theoretical-explanatory motivational model for the training of Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG), based on the Theory of Self- Determination (SDT). The SDT, when applied to sports, posits that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs of competence, autonomy and relatedness is critical to the growth, integrity and psychological well being of the athletes. It also postulates that the training environment plays an important role in the athlete’s self-determination. To present the theoretical-explanatory motivational model mentioned above, this study sought at first to characterize the RG training environment, to verify if it met the basic psychological needs established by the SDT. The methodological approach was of the mixed type, Research subjects were coaches of RG of the Rio Grande do Sul State, affiliated to the Brazilian Gymnastics Federation and working in national championships in the youth category. To collect the information, three instruments were used: the Variables Control Identification Questionnaire (QIVC), semi-structured Interview and the Observation Sheet for Analysis of Psychological Basic Needs in Training Environment (FOANPBAT). Five observations of training environment of each of the coaches were performed. For the interpretation of the data collected in interviews and field notes it was used the technique of content analysis. For the analysis of data obtained in the observations of the training environment, it was considered the frequencies of occurrence of the evaluation categories. The results demonstrated that the training environment provided by RG coaches was partially according to the basic psychological need of competence. Regarding the psychological need for autonomy, the training environment did not attend the aspects established by the SDT. As to the relatedness psychological need, most of the aspects postulated by SDT were present in the training environment. The result’s frequencies of occurrence showed that 69,73% of the competence items were met, 59,37% of autonomy items were not met, and 73,12% of relatedness items were met.

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O texto aqui apresentado aborda a Ginástica Rítmica (GR) e seu percurso como prática educativa e esportiva em Salvador, Bahia. Nossa questão de estudo é: como se deu a introdução e o desenvolvimento desta modalidade como prática esportiva e educativa em Salvador? De forma secundária, podemos também perguntar: quais foram os personagens atuantes nesse processo, e como se deram as experiências com a modalidade nos cursos superiores de Educação Física da Bahia? A partir das questões citadas, apontamos como hipótese, a compreensão de que o desenvolvimento da ginástica se deu atrelado à instalação da Educação Física, como curso superior na Bahia e isto, por permitir a formação de profissionais que assumiram relações profissionais com esta prática. Nessa conjuntura, nosso objetivo foi tecer um panorama explicativo sobre a experiência histórica da Ginástica Rítmica na década de 1970.
ABSTRACT The text presented here deals with Rhythmic Gymnastics (GR) and its course as an educational and sports practice in Salvador, Bahia. Our question of study is: how did the introduction and development of this modality take place as a sports and educational practice in Salvador? Secondarily, we can also ask: what were the characters that were active in this process, and how did the experiences with the modality take place in the higher courses of Physical Education in Bahia? Based on the aforementioned questions, we hypothesized that the development of gymnastics was linked to the establishment of Physical Education, as a higher education in Bahia, and this, because it allowed the formation of professionals who had professional relations with this practice. At this juncture, our objective was to provide an explanatory panorama about the historical experience of Rhythmic Gymnastics in the 1970s and, within that, to interpret the specific aspects of the modality, to better understand the expressions assumed in society over the years. The justification of the study is based on the value of sport itself, as a social dimension and more, because we believe in a double expression of practice. The methodology used was the New Cultural History and as sources we used documents, periodicals and interviews, within the temporal cut of the 1970s. As results we identified that GR developed in the city having schools as central space and so-called "schools" too were fundamental. The modality took shape from the formation of new professionals in Physical Education, always counting on characters and social spaces that acted directly with this sport in the city.

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In Rhythmic Gymnastics, the body element jump is one of sportive gestures that is harder to achieve to correct execution. As the gymnast executes the jump, vertical displacement is indispensable. The lift of the centre of gravity increase of gymnast is one of the basic requisites to jump validation. The general objective of this study is to analyze the vertical displacement on four different jumps realizing by rhythmic gymnastic in distinct training phases. Eight gymnasts of juvenile category of Florianópolis Team, with mean of age at 13,37 + 0,74 years old took part of this study. The data mining was executed at the Instituto Estadual de Educação gymnasium. The vertical displacement jumps were measured by a soil contact measuring system, projected and made at the Labin/UDESC. The statistic analysis was made by the means of software SPSS 14.0. The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistic where ANOVA 4x6 was applied among participants with Bonferroni´s correction and Pearson´s correlation, with significance level of p<0,05. By obtained results it was verified which is, or not, an effect between training phases and the height of jumps (p=0,111; 2 = 0,218). There is not an effect between training phase x jump and the height of jumps (p=0,239; 2 = 0,153). However, it was verified that there`s a strong effect between the jump's jump height and type (p=0,000; 2 = 0,937). It could be perceived that the variability of height depends almost exclusively on the type of jump. It also could be perceived that there's no correlation between the height of gymnast and the height of jump under analysis. Although a restrict number of individuals were observed on this study, it could be verified that the height of jumps is directly associated to its type and the complexity of jump don't determine a higher height. The quantitative evaluation of specific movements of the Rhythmic Gymnastic (RG), like the jump shall be a support to improve of this technique serving, thus, like helping elements to the training, increasing the performance of the proper sportive expressions in search of optimal results.
Na Ginástica Rítmica, o elemento corporal salto é um dos gestos desportivos mais difíceis de ser realizado corretamente. O deslocamento vertical durante a execução do salto torna-se imprescindível. A elevação do centro de gravidade da ginasta é um dos requisitos básicos para a validação do salto. O objetivo geral deste estudo é analisar o deslocamento vertical dos quatro diferentes saltos realizados por praticantes de Ginástica Rítmica em diferentes fases do treinamento. Participaram deste estudo oito ginastas da categoria juvenil da Equipe de Florianópolis, com média de idade de 13,37 + 0,74 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada no ginásio do Instituto Estadual de Educação. O deslocamento vertical dos saltos foi mensurado através de um sistema de medição de contato com o solo idealizado e confeccionado no Labin/UDESC. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo software SPSS-14.0. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e inferencial, onde foi aplicada Anova 4X6 dentre participantes com correção de Bonferroni e correlação de Pearson, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Através dos resultados obtidos verificou-se que não existe um efeito entre a fase de treinamento e a altura dos saltos (p=0,111; 2=0,218) e também não existe um efeito entre a interação fase de treinamento X salto e a altura dos saltos (p=0,239; 2=0,153). Entretanto, pôde-se verificar que existe um forte efeito do tipo de salto em relação à altura do salto (p=0,000; 2=0,937). Pôde-se perceber que a variabilidade da altura do salto depende quase que exclusivamente do tipo do salto. Pôde-se verificar, também, que não há correlação entre estatura das ginastas e a altura dos saltos analisados. Apesar do número restrito de sujeitos neste estudo, pode-se verificar que a altura dos saltos está diretamente associada à sua forma e que a complexidade do salto não determina uma maior altura. A avaliação quantitativa de movimentos específicos do esporte, como o salto na GR poderá auxiliar no aprimoramento desta técnica servindo, portanto, como elementos acessórios ao treinamento melhorando o desempenho dos próprios gestos desportivos na busca de resultados ótimos.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar como certas práticas e representações das ciências influenciaram a concepção de corpo feminino presente nos primeiros livros brasileiros de Ginástica Feminina e Rítmica, objeto circunscrito, assim, pelas temáticas de gênero, corpo feminino e história da ciência. A ciência, considerada como elemento cultural na sociedade, tematizando, influenciando e sofrendo influência da cultura, pode tanto agir sobre a concepção de corpo como produzi-la, através de um discurso prescritivo. Antes tratado somente em comparação ao homem, o lugar do corpo feminino pode ser realçado a partir da Ginástica Feminina e Rítmica, prática corporal elaborada originalmente para as mulheres. A análise de cunho histórico dos primeiros manuais da modalidade no Brasil, de meados do século XX, incluindo a investigação de seus enquadramentos contextuais e de elementos das trajetórias de suas autoras, permitiu a compreensão da influência de algumas visões de ciência sobre expectativas a respeito do corpo feminino e das formas de intervenção sobre ele. Além de notar a presença de aspectos relacionados a ideias e conteúdos de determinadas ciências, como noções de evolução e experimentação, mostramos como os manuais analisados partem de uma certa visão de ciência para almejar sistematicidade, estruturar sua argumentação e empregar imagens. Nos manuais, a mulher, seu corpo e o feminino são representados como dotados de uma essência natural, mas que é passível de intervenção e cuidado por meio da Ginástica Feminina e Rítmica
The aim of this investigation was to analyze how certain practices and representations of the sciences influenced the conception of the female body in the first Brazilian handbooks of Womens and Rhythmic Gymnastics (an object thus circumscribed by the themes of gender, the female body and history of science). Considered as a cultural element in society, thematising, influencing and being influenced by culture, science can at the same time act upon conceptions of the body and construct it through a prescriptive discourse. Beforehand considered only in comparison to male bodies, the place of female ones can be highlighted within the universe of Womens and Rhythmic Gymnastics, bodily practices originally designed for women. The historical analysis of the first Brazilian handbooks of such practices, dating from the mid-twentieth century, including their contexts and elements of the trajectories of their authors, allowed us to understand the bearing of some visions of science on expectations about the female body and ways of intervening on it. In addition to noting the presence some ideas and contents related to certain sciences, such as notions of evolution and experimentation, here we show how the handbooks are based on a certain vision of science that leads to claims of systematicity, as well as structures their arguments and use of images. In the handbooks, women, their bodies, and the feminine are represented as having a natural essence, one that is nevertheless subject to intervention and care through Womens and Rhythmic Gymnastics

This thesis is about selection processes and processes of measuring and judging athletes in competitions in top-level sport. The purpose was to increase the knowledge of these processes and to analyse them from a validity perspective in order to contribute to the discussion of whether the “right” athletes are selected to participate in teams, competitions and games and whether the “right” athletes win. The rule and judging systems were investigated in the judged sports acroski and rhythmic gymnastics. Information was gathered through individual interviews with two judges, two coaches, and four elite athletes from each of the sports, and in addition to this the respective sport’s rule systems, judging manuals, meeting protocols and historical documents were studied. Selections to top-level sport teams were investigated by individual interviews with 14 top-level coaches (selectors) from the national league in soccer and a national team and from national teams in alpine skiing. The results from the judging study showed that both studied sports had undergone major changes in their rule and judging regulations, changes that had a considerable impact on the sports and the judgements. The level of definition of the rules and regulations was raised to increase the opportunities for clear and reliable judgements, but this became problematic for the overall validity of the judgements. The reason for this was that the new rules and regulations did not clearly correspond to the original idea of the sport, since the specified and detailed regulations lead to less originality and freedom in the performances. In the selection study, the results pointed to great differences in how precisely defined the selection criteria were among the teams. The selectors stated that well-defined selection criteria or grounds could be helpful in many ways, but they also emphasised how important it was for them that some parts of the selections were based on their subjective valuations of the athletes. Quite a few coaches from both sports argued that they would choose an athlete with good behaviour and favourable personality over an athlete with better sports skills, if they had an opportunity to do that depending on the selection system that was used. Overall, this research displays how validity issues connected to the selection and judging criteria and these processes might affect the outcome of the processes. It is notable that high reliability is in the main focus of the measuring and judging processes, while considerably vaguer and more subjective assessments are considered important in the selection process. The thesis points to the importance of discussing and understanding the consequences of rules, rule changes, selection and judging criteria as well as how these processes are performed, if the desired outcomes and consequences of the selection and judging processes are to be reached.

Orientador: Eliana Ayoub
Acompanha anexo em DVD: Emile-Dalcroze: Memorias em musica
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Émile Jaques-Dalcroze (1865-1950), compositor austro-suíço, é o protagonista deste estudo. Suas andanças foram muitas assim como os temas de suas investigações. Este é um trabalho inédito de tradução e discussão de parte substancial da obra teórica de Jaques-Dalcroze, bem como um apontamento sobre as interfaces de seu sistema de educação musical - denominado Rítmica (Rythmique) - com o devir da modernidade na dança do século XX, na Europa como nos Estados Unidos, e com os sistemas ginásticos alemães que estiveram tão perigosamente ligados ao totalitarismo europeu novecentista. Este trabalho foi organizado em 9 fragmentos que narram as incursões de Jaques-Dalcroze pelo universo da música, do teatro, da dança e da ginástica. Os fragmentos - aqui intitulados QUADROS - encontram-se inacabados e, justamente por essa razão, guardam uma grande potência germinativa que poderá inspirar outras pesquisas acerca da temática corpo-ritmo-movimento-expressão. Os 9 QUADROS são precedidos de um PRÓLOGO e estão organizados nos seguintes temas: 1. Panorama biográfico de Émile Jaques-Dalcroze; 2. Origens e princípios do sistema de educação musical denominado Rítmica; 3. A influência das teorias da expressão de François Delsarte (1811-1871) na concepção da Rítmica; 4. A amizade com o cenógrafo Adolphe Appia (1812-1928) e a relação da Rítmica com o conceito de "obra de arte viva"; 5. A experiência do Instituto Jaques-Dalcroze de Hellerau (1911-1914), situado nos arredores de Dresden (Alemanha); 6. O brutal fechamento do Instituto alemão devido à eclosão da 1ª Guerra Mundial; 7. A relação de Jaques-Dalcroze e de sua obra com o devir da dança do século XX; 8. A relação da Rítmica com a ginástica moderna especialmente a partir da figura do ex-aluno Rudolf Bode (1881-1971); 9. A permanência da Rítmica na dança contemporânea francesa a partir do trabalho de Françoise Dupuy. Ao final do texto teórico encontra-se disponível um material complementar de consulta organizado em 3 APÊNDICES: A. Cronologia da vida e das publicações teóricas de Jaques-Dalcroze; B. Dicionário sobre as personalidades citadas ao longo do texto; C. Alguns aforismos esparsos de Émile Jaques-Dalcroze. Em anexo, encontra-se disponível o DVD "Émile Jaques-Dalcroze: Memórias em Música" (18 min.), no qual pode-se ouvir trechos das obras musicais engendradas por Dalcroze enquanto o olhar acompanha algumas imagens de suas andanças pelo mundo afora.
Abstract: This work presents the concepts and practices of Eurhythmics (Rythmique) as conceived by the Swiss composer Émile Jaques-Dalcroze (1865-1950). It discusses the relation of Eurhythmics with modern dance and gymnastics in Europe and in the U.S. It also stablishes a comparison between the poetic experience of Eurhythmics and the German employ of rhythm and expression gymnastics in the european totalitarism. This thesis is composed by 9 PICTURES which describe Dalcroze's exploration of the universe of dramatic arts (music, dance and theather) and gymnastics. These pictures are unfinished, and for this reason they may offer their potency to inspire future researches on the theme body-rhythmmovement- expression. The 9 pictures are preceded by a PROLOGUE and present the following approaches: 1. A biographical essay about Émile Jaques-Dalcroze; 2. A synthesis about Dalcroze's system of musical education named Eurhythmics; 3. The influences of the theories of expression by François Delsarte (1811-1871) on the creation of Eurhythmics; 4. The friendship with the cenographer Adolphe Appia (1862-1928) and the relation between Eurhythmics and the Appia's concept of "living work of art"; 5. The experience of the 1st Dalcroze's Eurhythmics Institute created at the garden-city of Hellerau (Germany); 6. The interruption of Hellerau's school activities caused by the begining of the World War I; 7. The relation between Dalcroze's Eurhythmics and the conception of Modern Dance in Eupore and in the U.S.; 8. The relation between Eurhythmics and the germany gymnastics - a special approach with the Expression-gymnastics created by Dalcroze's pupil Rudolf Bode (1881-1971); 9. The permanence of Eurhythmics at french contemporary dance with Françoise Dupuy. Annexed there is a video named "Émile Jaques-Dalcroze: Memory into Music", where it's possible to hear Dalcroze's own compositions and see some images about his personal life and work.
Doutorado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Doutor em Educação

Orientador: Rubens Venditti Júnior
Resumo: Esta dissertação é fruto das experiências enriquecedoras vividas do projeto de extensão “Dançando no Escuro”, um programa de Atividades Rítmicas e Expressivas inclusivas para pessoas com deficiências variadas. O projeto de extensão foi o objeto desta pesquisa, sendo investigado pelo método de Pesquisa-ação. Uma análise crítica das práticas corporais rítmico expressivas na abordagem da Cultura Corporal de Movimento da pessoa com deficiência. Com o objetivo de ampliar as habilidades expressivas e o protagonismo da pessoa com deficiência, auxiliando na capacitação profissional em Educação Física Adaptada dos monitores do projeto de extensão. Estimulando o trabalho em equipe, a autoconfiança e promovendo a inclusão social dos participantes, com práticas corporais orientadas nos elementos estruturantes da Ginástica para Todos. No decorrer das 39 intervenções da pesquisa, os participantes, pessoas com deficiência e monitores forneceram relatos de suas perspectivas das situações problema. Os debates coletivos durante os seminários trouxeram as possíveis soluções para os problemas encontrados. Foram esses relatos que transformaram o plano de ação deste estudo, tornando os monitores do projeto de extensão peças fundamentais para alcançar os objetivos da pesquisa. Os laços criados entre os participantes da pesquisa auxiliaram no desenvolvimento de composições coreográficas coletivas, no sucesso do programa de Atividades Rítmicas e Expressivas inclusivas, e desta pesquisa.
Abstract: This dissertation is the result of the enriching experiences of the community outreach program “Dancing in the Dark”. An inclusive Rhythmic and Expressive Activities program for people with different disabilities. The community outreach program was the object of this research, being investigated by the Action Research method. A critical analysis of the Rhythmic and Expressive practices addressed Body Culture of Movement of persons with disabilities. As a main objective of this research to expand the expressive skills and protagonism of the person with disabilities, helping in the professional capacitation in Adapted Physical Education of the monitors of the community outreach program. Stimulating teamwork, self-confidence and promoting the social inclusion of participants, with body practices guided by the structuring elements of Gymnastics for All. Throughout the 39 interventions of this research, participants with disabilities and monitors provided reports of their perspectives on problem situations. The collective debates during the seminars brought possible solutions to the problems encountered. It was these reports that transformed the Action Plan of this study, making the extension project monitors fundamental to achieve this research objectives. The bonds created between the research participants helped to develop collective choreographic compositions, and the success of the inclusive Rhythmic and Expressive Activities program and of this research.
Mestre

碩士
國立體育大學
教練研究所
100
Introduction: With the evolution of international rules rhythmic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics moves toward difficult, novel, beautiful harmony of the continuous development of the athlete's physical and psychological demands increased, so the chances of injury is increasing. Through the study of rhythmic gymnasts and coaches of the investigation, rhythmic gymnasts to study the causes of sports injuries, to reduce the incidence of sports injuries, provide a reference to improve the performance of athletes. Objective: 1.understand the injury types, reasons and impact in Taiwan rhythmic gymnasts; 2 understand the injury treatment, medical and seeking behavior in Taiwan rhythmic gymnasts; 3 understand the movements that cause injury in Taiwan rhythmic gymnasts; 4 analysis of rhythmic gymnastics injury reasons, the treatments of injury, the parts of injury and the types of injury at the differences of demographic variables. With specific sampling National Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship players 120 valid responses were recruited. The Rhythmic gymnast sports injury questionnaire was designed for this study. It includes four parts are: background information, injury report, injuries management and injury treatment. The result of the questionnaire was analyzed by using SPSS for Windows 18.0. The following conclusions were drawn based on the results of descriptive statistics and chi-square test. The result from this study showed: The ankles prain was most rhythmic gymnasts’ injuries (28.2％), follow up was lower back strain (21.8％); improper posture (19.5％) was the major cause of getting injury; the major impact was practice (44.4％). Most participants would apply ice (49.3％) for immediate treatment after injury occurred; follow up was massage (30.8％). Chinese medicine treatment (56.9％) was most medical seeking behavior, follow up was western medicine (23.5％). The main movements that cause injury was jump up action (16.5％), follow up was jump (14.1％), and waist warm-up (12.9％) was third. The concludesion are rhythmic gymnastics injury reasons (17), the treatments of injury (23), the parts of injury (9) and. the types of injury (3) were in the demographic variables showed significant differences The discussion: The rhythmic gymnasts should be at the usual practice when they should pay attention to the waist and ankle injury protection; rhythmic gymnasts and coaches continue to face injury and appropriate treatment and therapy; established players to write detailed daily training log to record physical condition, lifestyle and sports injury cases.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2018.
Background: Rhythmic Gymnastics is a sporting discipline involving the use of an apparatus (hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon or rope) to a choreographed routine with music. It requires agility, grace, co-ordination and most of all flexibility. Safety in Rhythmic Gymnastics is questionable when one takes training hours and the extreme flexibility required into consideration. An awareness and understanding of the prevalence and risk factors in Rhythmic Gymnastics will allow event organisers, medical personnel, managers, and coaches to adapt training approaches that will minimize the development of injuries. This information will also aid in developing monitoring systems to prevent adaptation injuries, which will lead to safer training and better management of gymnasts Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in rhythmic gymnasts within the eThekwini municipality and to identify selected factors associated with an increased risk of injury, in order to improve the management of gymnasts. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive questionnaire-based survey with a Beighton Score assessment was conducted on 67 Rhythmic gymnasts in the eThekwini municipality. Statistical analysis was performed on the results obtained from the questionnaire and the Beighton Score using IBM SSS version 23.0. The Chi-squared test was used (Fisher’s Exact Test was used when the Chi-squared test was violated); A p value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Graphical representation of scores by groups was done using various types of tables and graphs. Risk factors for injuries were assessed using logistic regression. Factors were entered individually into the model to determine the co- efficients and odds ratios. Trend tests were computed in order to better assess associations between specific factors and injury. Results: A 100% response rate was achieved in this study. The average age of the participants was 12.3 years (95% CI= 11.7-12.8), average height was 148.5 centimetres (95% CI= 145.1-151.9), average weight was 41.0 kilograms (95% CI= 38.3-43.7), the average level of performance was 4.9 (95% CI= 4.1-5.8) and the average Beighton Score was 5.8 (95% CI= 5.3-6.3). The most commonly previously injured areas were the ankle (n=25) (14.0%), hip and knee (each n=19) (each 10.6%) and the low back (n=18) (10.1%). When considering the two most severe previous injuries the results stay similar, with the ankle being most commonly injured (n=15) (28.0%), followed by the hip (n=9) (17.0%) and the knee (n=6) (11.0%). When considering current injuries, the most commonly injured area is the knee and low back (each n=11) (each 14.5%), and the hip and ankle (each n=9) (each 11.8%). From the above it can be deduced that RG results in more injuries to the lower limb than the upper limb, or core/abdomen or the spine. The most common types of RG injury were muscle strains (n=16) (23.9%), followed by unsure (n=9) (13.4%) and joint sprains (n=8) (11.9%). The most common cause of injury for both previous and current RG injuries were overstretching and overuse ((n=23) (34.3%) for previous injuries; (n=15) (22.4%) for current injuries). Risk factors for injury were significant for the following: training hours per week (36.5 times for 5-8 hours of training per week; 15.7 times for under five hours of training per week; both when compared to more than 8 hours) and lack of balance skills included in RG training (4.5 times more likely than not). When considering treatment option used to keep the body in a good condition, a participant was 4.3 times more likely to utilize home remedies than any other treatment option. Trend tests noted that there is an increase in the mean of injuries as one goes up in age, up until a certain age (13-14 years of age for current injuries; 15-16 years of age for previous injuries), thereafter, there is a decease. Trend tests were also constructed for training hours per week; there was a directly proportional relationship between training hours per week and injury. Conclusion: When considering risk of injury in RG, many of the risk factors cannot be modified (such as age). Those risk factors that can be modified (such as training amount and components of training) should be considered by gymnasts and their coaches in order to implement strategies that could prevent injury.
M

碩士
中山醫學大學
物理治療學系碩士班
103
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate concurrent validity between the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and Pediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance(PCTSIB). Another aim was to find out practice of the SOT effect; Finally, dual task with two level of difficult (low difficulty, high difficulty) of a stcondary mathematic combined with the SOT test were compared in general adolescents and rhythmic gymnasts. METHODS: Two conventioned groups included 15 general adolescents and 15 rhythmic gymnasts. SOT and PCTSIB tests were first assessmented in a cross-sectioned manner.The practice effect of SOT were then assessed five for general adolescents and twice for rhythmic gymnasts, and once after two months for both groups. After two moths, the in fluenes of dual-task were assessed using Dual-task Cost(DTC) index. Results: The correlation between SOT and PCTSIB was not significant,except in rhythmic gymnasts in condition five (R=0.6,P=0.016). Our results indicated that the general adolescents had SOT practice effects from session one to two (P = 0.003), session two to three (P = 0.024), session five to six (P = 0.018) and rhythmic gymnasts had practice from session one to two (P <0.001), session two to three (P = 0.048).We also found significant differented of two level difficulty of mathematic task(P=0.03), of SOT six conditions(P<0.001), but no effectof group. The DTC index between general adolescents and rhythmic gymnasts was not significantly different. Conclusion: The correlation between the SOT and PCTSIB tests was not significantly different in generally teenagers and rhythmic gymnasts, except in the condition relying only on the vestibular sense in rhythmic gymnasts . The practice effects needed in general adolescents were three times, but rhythmic gymnasts the practice effect was uncertain,because we did not have enough practice sessions.The two level of task difficult resulted in different dual-task balance performance.The results the study results can be used as a reference to balance, and provide directions for future research.

In this diploma work there are compared performances and the difficulty of gymnasts' routines (exercies) at the World level. In rhythmic gymnastics (RG) by monitoring and observation I am going to find out the reason, why the national team members the places in the fifth top ten gymnasts (athlets). In this work I am going to observe one of the best European gymnast A. Maksymenko of Ukraine, who regularly participates in the European, World Championships and in the Olympic Games, and the best Czech gymnast M. Míčková, the competitor without participation in the Olympic Games. Further I am going to observe one of the oldest Austrian gymnast, which is also the Olympic participant, but one of the last advancing, level is more similar exercises Czech gymnastics. By observing videos of gymnasts all around (exercise with hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon) according to the international rules of the RG, I am going to compare complexly the change of the rules which are valid in the contemporary olympic cycle and were valid in the previous rules of the last Olympic cycle. In this analyzes I am going to focus on the routines as a whole, from the perspective of the technical elements (difficulties), dynamic rotating elements with rotations under the apparatus (DER, "risc"), mastery handling, innovative handling...

Text in English
Rhythmic gymnastics is a demanding sport that requires the athlete to not only execute the moves and elements required with perfection, but also demands a very specific lean body type in order to compete and be successful within the sport. This study explores retired gymnasts’ experiences of competing in rhythmic gymnastics at an elite level, as well as, exploring their experiences in relation to personal body image satisfaction and eating habits when they enter into retirement from the sport. The aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the athlete’s experiences as a rhythmic gymnast, as well as aspects of body image satisfaction and eating habits, following retirement from rhythmic gymnastics. The study provided a semi-structured interview to seven retired elite rhythmic gymnasts from Canada that had competed at provincial, national, and international levels. The data for this in-depth phenomenological study was obtained through the means of the semi-structured interviews to allow for the researcher to obtain an understanding of each of the gymnasts own personal experiences in their retired years. The transcription of each interview was then analysed and coded, first manually and then electronically using the qualitative coding software program ATLAS.ti, into various categories as well as themes found within the data. Findings were interpreted utilising the method of phenomenology explored themes relating to negative body image and poor eating habits both during their athletic career and after they had transitioned out of the sport and into retirement. In addition, the themes suggested that most of the former athletes still related to their elite rhythmic gymnastics identity with respect to their body image even after years of being in retirement. Participants seemed to highlight difficulties with lower self-confidence and self-esteem, as well as struggles regarding the acceptance of their body type and body image, themes also spoke to some participants’ dissatisfaction towards their new body post gymnastics. Ethical approval was obtained and all ethical standards were maintained throughout the duration of the research.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

碩士
國立臺灣體育運動大學
體育研究所
106
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of instruction pattern of training stages through the tool of Coach Behavior Recording Form (CBRF) during the continuous observation of the preparation period in general rhythmic gymnastics for an elite coach. An elite rhythmic gymnastics coach, female and 36 year-old, participated in this study voluntarily. One camcorder was used to record the entire training session for the continuous five days. After the cording and analyzation of coach behavior, the results showed the elite coach provided the verbal instructions clearly and individually about how the skill to do and what should the skill to do during the training session, including the period of warm-up, basic movement on floor, hip stretching, barre work of Ballet, movability, the practice of apparatus manipulation. The coach behavior of feedback was the most frequent in percentage at the training session of the practice of apparatus manipulation. It indicated that the elite rhythmic gymnastics coach had to provide the feedback information more for the athlete during this period of training session. The feedback behavior of coaching had to individualize to adapt the skill level of athlete and the difficulty level of technique for each training period of rhythmic gymnastics.

碩士
國立體育大學
競技與教練科學研究所
106
Rhythmic gymnastics is a type of competitive sport that can fully demonstrate the athletes’ strength and beauty. The unique artistic charm of rhythmic gymnastics has helped the sport to draw public attention gradually. According to the regulation, the total score is obtained by the combination of difficulty point value and practice point value. When an error occurs in the process of technical actions, the athlete will be unable obtain the difficulty point value. What’s more, he or she will also lose certain points in the practice point value. In that case, whether the action performance is successful will be a key factor to winning the competition of rhythmic gymnastics. Thus, the main objective of the research aims to discuss the effect of imagery training on rhythmic gymnastics performance. Method: The participants of the experiment will be composed of 5 junior high students with average age of 13.80±0.8 years old. These students are professional rhythmic gymnastics who have received related training for at least 3 years. A pre-test will be conducted before the participants take a 6-week long training course. The course will require the participants to attend 15 minute-long training classes for 5 times per week. Participants will take a post-test afterward. The category of “Hoop”will be regarded as the experimental group while the category of “Clubs” will be considered the control group. The post-test is taken to determine the effects of imagery training on difficulty performance and practice performance. All the basic information will be established with descriptive statistics, and be analyzed through dependent sample t test to verify the difference. The variety of imagery capability is examined with linear regression. The result indicates that with the application of imagery training, the difficulty level action performance can be elevated to a great extent. With the application of imagery training, the practice action performance can be elevated to a certain degree, but not as significant as the difficulty level. Furthermore, with the application of imagery training, practice performance can not be elevated prevalently, and it is not able to demonstrate significant difference as well. By means of observing the variation of imagery capability, it helps to understand the difference of athletes’ condition in every situation. In brief, coaches are advised to adopt the ideas presented in this study to include imagery in the daily training schedule so as to elevate the competitiveness of professional athletes of our nation.

碩士
中國文化大學
運動教練研究所
95
In the highly competitive and ever-changing field of sports, the ultimate goal of all athletes is inevitably to gain victory in tournaments. On the path leading to success, the coaches play an important role. They are no only parents to the athletes but also team leaders, whose leadership behavior, attitude and values impact deeply gymnasts’ learning motivation, emotional states and performances. The aim of this study consists in exploring R.O.C.’s national level rhythmic gymnastic coaches’ leadership behavioral perspectives and relative issues. Conducted using personal, depth interviews, this qualitative research’s respondents included 5 coaches from the national rhythmic gymnastics team from year 2000 to 2006. The results of the study are as followed: 1. The coach’s leadership behavior: Most respondents used authoritative teaching method during their training and leading process. 2. The coach’s moral value: Most respondents thought it was inappropriate to have a profit motive in their leadership behavior. 3. Training and management tactics (towards individual gymnasts and gymnastic team): Most respondents viewed setting up a yearly training schedule (planned according to the corresponding year’s upcoming competitions) and establishing gymnasts’ character and courtesy as the two of the most important tasks. 4. The coach-gymnast relationship: Most respondents agreed to have patience in the relationship between coaches and gymnasts is crucial, and it is equally important to set goals together with the gymnasts to maintain the relationship. 5. Training strategy: Most interviewees considered to use the least time to accomplish the greatest goals as the most efficient method. In addition, they tended to apply different teaching methods on different gymnasts according to their individual characteristics and aptitudes, in order to build up the gymnasts’ self-confidence and to achieve training efficiency.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
體育學系
101
This study aims to establish professional competency indicators for rhythmic gymnastics coaches. A literature review was performed to explore the current development of rhythmic gymnastics and the professional competency of athletic coaches. The Delphi technique was used to identify professional competency indicators for rhythmic gymnastics coaches from 10 experts. The weight scores of all indicators were determined by analytic hierarchy process. The results are as follows: 1.The professional competency indicator system for rhythmic gymnastics coaches consists of seven indicators for the dimension of professional knowledge, eight indicators for the dimension of professional skill and four indicators for the dimension of professional attitude. 2.The most important dimension in the professional competency indicator system for rhythmic gymnastics coaches is professional knowledge, followed by professional skill and professional attitude. 3.The key indicators of the dimensions of professional knowledge, professional skill and professional attitude are operational knowledge, choreographic ability and professional dedication respectively. It is hoped that the professional competency indicators for rhythmic gymnastics coaches proposed by this research could be a reference for the government and related agencies in cultivating rhythmic gymnastics coaches.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
體育學系在職進修碩士班
91
Based on social learning theory and motor learning theories, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different information strategies on rhythmic gymnastics-rope skill learning. Forty female normal college students were randomly assigned to the following groups: silent model, verbal cue plus model, elaborative feedback plus model, and verbal cue plus elaborative feedback plus model. Participants practiced for 40 trials on one day followed by 10 retention trials on the next day. Acquisition and retention scores were analyzed using mixed-designed two-way ANOVA. The findings were as follows：There was a significant difference when information strategies was provided and when information strategy for motor skill was not provided（p＜.05）. In different information strategies there was no significant difference for motor skill；There was no significant difference between the single information strategy and the combination information strategies for motor skill. It was concluded that verbal cue plus model, elaborative feedback plus model, verbal cue plus elaborative feedback plus model was significantly higher than the group who practiced the skill using only silent model；the group provided verbal cue plus model strategy was not superior to the elaborative feedback plus model strategy；the group combination of verbal cue and elaborative feedback strategies provided no additional advantage over either verbal cue plus model or elaborative feedback plus model.

Characterization work: The rhythm of the movement is considered one of the basic assumptions of the optimum design movement technique. It develops musical-physical assumptions, and therefore a rhythmic feeling, which is important in children's categories. These assumptions can influence the appropriate intervention program of music and movement activities. Well mastered rhythm and movement patterns contribute to the successful acquisition of a variety of physical activities and sports performance in the final. Objective: The aim of this work is to elaborate an intervention program focused on music and movement activities. These activities develop and enhance music assumptions with mainly a sense of rhythm, coordination of movement and an ability to handle performance music, as well as movement etudes for children of school age. The intervention program is made up of several sections that include activity without music, as well as with music and activities with sounding tools. Methodology: In my work I used empirical method of research - testing. We worked with experimental (EG) and control (CG) group. Both groups underwent input diagnostic rhythmic abilities. Subsequently, on the basis of diagnosis, age-old practice and literature, I created a musical movement intervention program for the...

碩士
臺北市立教育大學
視覺藝術學系視覺藝術教學碩士學位班
101
Art creation is based on real life, but it would never be just a simple re-presentation of that real life. The researcher used “gymnastics” and the image of “cloud” as the basic elements. And “tumbling” was the central idea connecting all his works. He tried to apply both Eastern and Western ways of presenting the image of “cloud” to his creation of gymnastics human body. Aesthetic thoughts were implied in his works. This study aimed to interpret the movements of the gymnastics figures. Beside presenting the visual beauty of human body, it hoped to aspire the viewer’s thoughts and emotion by the atmosphere and framework of the works. Elements of production such as modeling, color, texture, line, etc. were used to present the power and rhythm beauty of gymnastics. Various kinds of arrangement of the “cloud” image in the background corresponded to the dynamic forms of “tumbling”, thus to create a dynamic and moving atmosphere in the picture. The beauty of “tumbling” in gymnastics was well performed in visual creation.

碩士
臺北巿立體育學院
運動科學研究所
92
Interview and questionnaire survey are the two major research methods applied in this thesis. Through a detailed understanding of the present situation of its development and the reasons and motives of gymnasts’ participation, I hope (1) to work out a better way to attract younger students to join the training of rhythmical gymnastics and increase their enthusiasm, and (2) to help the instructors forward a more proper and effective training mode, in order to cultivate the best gymnasts to represent our country for international competitions. From the study on the development situation, some points can be observed. First of all, since its initiation of development in 1979, only Taipei, Taoyuan, Changhwa, Tainan, and Kaoshoung have take part in the training projects, in which, Taoyuan is the best. Second, the lack of instructors and training gyms, and the insufficient endurance of trainees are the obstacles of rhythmical gymnastics development and hence the reasons of poor performances in international arenas. From the study on the motive of participation, we can see that “interest” is the reason that promotes students to take part in a team of rhythmical gymnastics. As for the structure of their motives of participation, “knowledge inquiry” and “fitness” are the most emphasized; “getting rid of pressure” and “ need of achievement” are the second important ones; “social need” is the least. According to this research, there are some suggestions given to two parties, and for further researches: 1. To the government, especially the R.O.C. Rhythmical Gymnastics Association: n Building training gyms in the central, southern, and eastern part of Taiwan as soon as possible. n Offering more channels for the gymnasts to access to a higher school, which would absolutely make them concentrate more on their training and keeps them from training discontinuance. 2. To instructors: n Instructions on trainees’ knowledge inquiry and fitness should be strengthened. n Special attention should be paid to gymnasts’ performances in difference stages. 3. For further research: Owing to some certain limitation, I didn’t deal with elements other than participation motives, such as learning satisfaction, instructor leadership, the power of the team unity, facilities, and technological analyses. At the same time, the objects of research can extend to include those beyond 18 or under six years old. This thesis is just a starting point. I believe that all these elements, with the application of qualitative ways of research, and more field studies, observation and more profound interview, can build up a deeper and more complete research sphere on rhythmical gymnastics. Keywords: rhythmical gymnastics, motive of participation

碩士
國立體育大學
教練研究所
98
Purpose: To determine the effect of 8 weeks Swiss ball supplemental training on stability of torso and limbs to increase the abilities of static and dynamic balance on rhythmic gymnastic players. Methods: Sixteen rhythmic gymnastic players in the training camp at Shuang Long, Taoyuan were assigned to experiment group (E, n = 8) or control group (C, n = 8) by matching pre-test values. Group E was trained by Swiss ball for 8 weeks, 40 minutes per week separated into 3 days. Group C was also trained their abdomen and back muscle unarmed 40 minutes per week. Data was analyzed by SPSS 17.0 statistical software. Comparisons between groups and times were performed with mixed-design ANOVA. The limit of significance was set at α = .05. Results: The performance of specific dynamic balance in group E was significant higher than group C at post-test (19.1 ± 6.9 vs. 11.0 ± 6.0 sec, p＜.05). The performance of specific static balance in group E was also better than group C at post-test (68.3 ± 32.8 vs. 37.6 ± 20.8 sec, p＜.05). The scale error of proprioception in group E was less than group C at post-test(4.5 ± 4.4 vs 14.8 ± 6.1 scale , p＜.05) Conclusions: Eight weeks Swiss ball supplemental training could improve the abilities of balance and proprioception in rhythmic gymnastic players. It is suggested that Swiss ball training can be add to the rhythmic gymnastic training programs by coaches.

Dissertação de mestrado em Biocinética, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física da Universidade de Coimbra
O treino de Ginástica Rítmica (GR) é caraterizado por ser um treino intenso e de inúmeras repetições, o que deixa as ginastas suscetíveis a lesão. No treino e competição as ginastas realizam excessivos movimentos de hiperextensão e extensão das regiões dorso-lombar, receções em flexão plantar e saltos (Sabeti e colaboradores 2015). Esta investigação analisou a receção num salto, o “grand jete”. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de investigar a relação das forças de reação do solo (FRS) com a altura máxima atingida do centro de massa (na fase de voo) do salto. Para tal foi utilizada uma plataforma de forças (PF) e capturadas imagens de vídeo durante o salto para posteriormente serem analisadas a partir do software (Tracker 4.95) e analisadas variáveis cinemáticas e cinéticas. Esta investigação dividiu-se em duas partes: 1) Estudos de Laboratório e 2) Estudo em Contexto de Treino. Cada parte é subdividida em três estudos. Nos estudos de laboratório foram utilizados dois sujeitos em que cada um realizou três saltos com a receção sobre a PF. Foram recolhidas as variáveis: altura do centro de massa (CM), FRS e ângulo de receção. No primeiro estudo realizado em Contexto de Treino foi repetido o protocolo do estudo laboratorial, sem PF, com uma amostra de dez ginastas de competição ( =12,3±3,02 anos de idade). No segundo estudo foi efetuada uma regressão linear para estimar as cargas a que as ginastas estão sujeitas nos saltos. No terceiro estudo foi pedido às mesmas ginastas que executassem um esquema de GR, com obrigatoriedade de execução de saltos (Código adaptado de Pontuação 2017-2020), para analisar quantos saltos realizam num esquema e calcular a carga a que ficaram sujeitas durante a execução do esquema tendo por base as cargas estimadas no estudo de regressão. Os principais resultados obtidos foram: as ginastas estão sujeitas, na receção do salto, a uma carga que varia entre 3,07 e 5,01 vezes o peso do corpo. Concluiu-se que para além da influência da altura do CM no valor da carga transmitido ao pé (FRS), o modo como o pé faz a receção na PF tem influência. A carga máxima foi atingida na posição em que o calcanhar toca na PF. O número de imagens, durante a filmagem influencia a análise da receção do salto. Palavras-chave: forças de reação do solo; ginástica rítmica; salto grand jete; altura do CM Rhythmic Gymnastics (GR) is characterized by intense training and numerous repetitions, which makes gymnasts susceptible to injury. In training and competition, gymnasts perform excessive hyperextension and extensor movements of the dorso-lumbar regions, feeds on plantar flexion, and jumps (Sabeti et al., 2015). This investigation analyzed the reception in a jump, the "grand jete". Thus the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of ground reaction forces (FRS) with the maximum height of the center of mass (in the flight phase) of the jump. For this purpose, a force platform (PF) was used and video images were captured during the jump to be analyzed from the software (Tracker 4.95) and kinematic and kinetic variables analyzed. This research was divided into two parts: 1) Laboratory Studies and 2) Study in Training Context. Each part is subdivided into three studies. In the laboratory studies two subjects were used in which each one performed three jumps with the reception on the PF. The variables were: height of center of mass (CM), FRS, reception angles. In the first study performed in Training Context, the laboratory study protocol, without PF, was repeated with a sample of ten competition gymnasts ( = 12.3 ± 3.02 years of age). In the second study, a linear regression was performed to estimate the loads that the gymnasts are subjected to in the jumps. In the third study, the same gymnasts were asked to execute a GR scheme, with mandatory jump performance (Code adapted from Score 2017-2020), to analyze how many jumps they perform in a scheme and to calculate the load to which they were subjected during the execution of the Scheme based on the estimated loads in the regression study. The main results obtained were: the gymnasts are subject, in the reception of the jump to a load that varies between 3,07 times of its weight and 5,01 times the weight of the body . It is concluded that in addition to the influence of the CM height on the value of the load transmitted to the foot the way the foot receives the foot in the PF has influence. The maximum load was reached at the position where the heel touches the FP. The number of images during the shooting influences the analysis of the reception of the jump.

Title: Specific changes on feet of rhythmic gymnasts and possibilities of physiotherapeutic influence of the feet with the help of a movement program Objectives: An objective of the thesis is to assess a function and specific changes on feet of rhythmic gymnasts and to demonstrate a positive influence of a movement program on these changes and the deteriorated function of the foot. To summarize the results of existing studies focused on influencing of proper function of the foot and to gain useful information from this experiment not only for physiotherapists, trainers and modern gymnasts but also for laical, actively sporting public which exhibit the same issues with the foot area Methods: The main essence of this scientific-research quantitative study is an influencing of deteriorated function and specific changes on feet of rhythmic gymnasts with the help of a movement program. The program was performed after each practice (i.e. 4 times a week) through the course of 3 months. 10 probands in the age from 14 to 17 years participated in the program. The experiment was based on the method of a comparison of 2 questionnaires and an entrance and exit kinesiological analysis, the part of which was also a test according to Véle (with visual control/without visual control) and a plantogram. For their...

Title: Planning and organizing a sport event in Milevsko Objectives: The main purpose of this thesis is to create a real basis for the organization of the unique competition in rhythmic gymnastics, to find out the interest of the clubs from the Czech Republic for this competition and to describe the organizational strategy for the implementation of the competition. Methods: To obtain the necessary information for this thesis an electronic questionnaire was created. Interviews method and SWOT analysis were also used. Results: Based on the questionnaire, interviews, SWOT analysis and study of organizational strategy by various authors, an organizational strategy for the organization of a unique competition in rhythmic gymnastics was written. After the end of the event, the organizational strategy was evaluated, feedback was obtained from participants and visitors, and recommendations for the competition were written for coming years. Keywords: Management, marketing, rhythmic gymnastics, questionnaire, interview, SWOT analysis

Title: The Competency Profile of the Rhythmic Gymnastics Coach Objectives: The main aim of this thesis is to create the competency profile of the rhythmic gymnastics coach from the perspective of current and former rhythmic gymnasts, based on the identification of important competencies that Czech rhythmic gymnastics coaches lack. Methods: The thesis uses qualitative and quantitative methods. According to the expert literature studies, researches and interviews with the qualified rhythmic gymnastics coaches was created a list of four competency groups that should be needed for quality work of rhythmic gymnastics coach. After that current and former rhythmic gymnasts of the senior age category evaluated the importance of individual competencies and assessed the existence of these competencies in their rhythmic gymnastics coaches by electronic questioning. Results: Two theoretical competency profiles of the rhythmic gymnastics coach are created in the thesis, including competencies from all competency groups: personal characteristics, abilities and skills, education and knowledge, other specific competencies. The first profile includes 23 competencies that Czech coaches lack but the competencies are considered as important ones by the most rhythmic gymnasts. The second profile focuses on ideal...

A personalidade pode representar papel importante no desempenho desportivo e exerce uma forte contribuição para a formação da identidade dos sujeitos (Costa & McCrae, 1992). A determinação (Grit), é definida como perseverança e paixão para metas a longo prazo, é um traço de personalidade diferencial que faz com que os indivíduos com coeficiente de inteligência equiparados possam alcançar o sucesso (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews & Kelly, 2007). A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as relações entre os constructos psicológicos Determinação, Identidade Atlética (IA) e Personalidade entre praticantes e não praticantes de Ginástica Rítmica (GR). Para alcançar este objetivo, foram realizados três estudos: uma revisão sistemática de literatura com o objetivo de expor um balanço geral do constructo determinação; um estudo que analisou as relações entre os constructos psicológicos e um estudo para analisar as relações entre variáveis de perfil sócio demográfico e determinação. A revisão sistemática de literatura foi composta por 23 artigos que seguiram as diretrizes de Petticrew e Roberts (2006). Participaram no estudo 109 meninas com idade superior a 12 anos (M = 14,42; anos SD = 2,26) das quais 49 eram praticantes de GR e 60 não eram praticantes. Para mensurar os constructos psicológicos foram utilizados os questionários “Grit Scale” (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews & Kelly, 2007) adaptado para a versão da língua portuguesa em processo de validação fatorial exploratória (Cunha, Rosado & Pesca, 2017) intitulado como Grit Scale – 6 itens; a versão adaptada do “AIMS” de 10 itens na língua portuguesa (Cabrita, Rosado, Leite & Sousa, 2014) e o Inventario de Avaliação da Personalidade NEO-FFI-20 na versão portuguesa (Bertoquini & Ribeiro, 2005). A maior parte dos estudos ainda são de origem norte americana e as pesquisas sugerem relações positivas de determinação com os constructos centrais da Psicologia Positiva, como uma forma de buscar a felicidade através do sucesso e da Psicologia Cognitiva, uma vez que os estudos apontam que a determinação está relacionada a conscienciosidade, uma das dimensões da Personalidade. Após análises de correlação de Pearson e ANOVA “one-way” foi constatado que Determinação, IA e Personalidade obtiveram relações positivas e significativas. Adicionalmente, as dimensões conscienciosidade e extroversão, dos traços de personalidade, também foram relacionadas com a determinação. Apenas a prática desportiva foi fator determinante para níveis de determinação mais elevados. A escassez de referências aponta a necessidade de futuras pesquisas sobre a determinação uma vez que há resultados divergentes na literatura e lacunas a serem preenchidas principalmente no âmbito desportivo. O desporto alavanca níveis de determinação e este traço está relacionado a personalidade e a identidade do atleta.
The personality may an important role in sports performance and can make a strong contribution to the formation of the subjects' identity (Costa & Mc Crae, 1992). Grit is perseverance and passion for long-term goals, and is a trait of differential personality that makes people with equal IQs achieve success (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews & Kelly, 2007). The aim of present research was to analyze the relations between the psychological constructs Grit, Athletic Identity and Personality between gymnasts and non-gymnasts of Rhythmic Gymnastics (GR). To achieve this goal, three studies were carried out: a systematic review of literature with the objective of exposing a general balance of the grit construct; A study that analyzed the relationships between psychological constructs and a study to analyze the relationships between profile variables and grit. 109 girls aged 12 years and over (M = 14.42; years SD = 2.26) were studied. Of these, 49 were RG gminasts and 60 were non-gymnasts, and 23 studies comprised a systematic literature review in which they followed guidelines the Petticrew & Roberts (2006). The measure the psychological constructs, the "Grit Scale" (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews & Kelly (2007) were used questionnaires adapted to the Portuguese language version in the validation process (Cunha, Rosado & Pesca, 2017); The adapted version of the "AIMS" of 10 ítems in the Portuguese language (Cabrita, Rosado, Leite & Sousa, 2014) and the NEO-FFI-20 personality assessment inventory in the Portuguese version (Bertoquini and Ribeiro, 2005). Most studies are still of American origin, and research suggests positive gritting relationships with the central constructs of positivist psychology, as a way of pursuing happiness through success, and cognitive psychology since studies point out that grit is related to Conscientiousness. After analysis of Pearson correlation and ANOVA one-way, Grit, AI and Personality obtained positive and significant relationships. Additionally, the dimensions of conscientiousness and extraversion of personality traits were also related to the grit. Only sporting practice was a determining factor for higher grit levels. The scarcity of references indicates the need for future research on the grit since there are divergent results in the literature and gaps to be filled mainly in the sports field. The sport leverages levels of grit and this trait is related to personality and the identity of the athlete.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biocinética apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física
O treino de Ginástica Rítmica (GR) é caraterizado por ser um treino intenso e de inúmeras repetições, o que deixa as ginastas suscetíveis a lesão. No treino e competição as ginastas realizam excessivos movimentos de hiperextensão e extensão das regiões dorso-lombar, receções em flexão plantar e saltos (Sabeti et al. 2015). Esta investigação analisou a receção num salto, o “jete”. Assim o objetivo deste estudo foi o de investigar a relação das forças de reação do solo (FRS) com a altura máxima atingida do centro de massa (na fase de voo) do salto. Para tal foi utilizada uma plataforma de forças (PF) e capturadas imagens de vídeo durante o salto para posteriormente serem analisadas a partir do software (Tracker 4.95) e analisadas variáveis cinemáticas e cinéticas. Esta investigação dividiu-se em duas partes: 1) Estudos de Laboratório e 2) Estudo em Contexto de Treino. Cada parte é subdividida em três estudos. Nos estudos de laboratório foram utilizados dois sujeitos em que cada um realizou três saltos com a receção sobre a PF. Foram recolhidas as variáveis: altura do centro de massa (CM), FRS, ângulos de receção. No primeiro estudo realizado em Contexto de Treino foi repetido o protocolo do estudo laboratorial, sem PF, com uma amostra de dez ginastas de competição (x =12,3±3,02 anos de idade). No segundo estudo foi efetuada uma regressão linear para estimar as cargas a que as ginastas estão sujeitas nos saltos. No terceiro estudo foi pedido às mesmas ginastas que executassem um esquema de GR, com obrigatoriedade de execução de saltos (Código adaptado de Pontuação 2017-2020), para analisar quantos saltos realizam num esquema e calcular a carga a que ficaram sujeitas durante a execução do esquema tendo por base as cargas estimadas no estudo de regressão. Os principais resultados obtidos foram: as ginastas estão sujeitas na receção do salto a uma carga que varia entre 3,07 e 5,01 vezes o peso do corpo. Concluiu-se que para além da influência da altura do CM no valor da carga transmitido ao pé (FRS), o modo como o pé faz a receção na PF tem influência. A carga máxima foi atingida na posição em que o calcanhar toca na PF. O número de imagens, durante a filmagem influencia a análise da receção do salto.
Rhythmic Gymnastics (GR) is characterized by intense training and numerous repetitions, which makes gymnasts susceptible to injury. In training and competition, gymnasts perform excessive hyperextension and extensor movements of the dorso-lumbar regions, feeds on plantar flexion, and jumps (Sabeti et al., 2015). This investigation analyzed the reception in a jump, the "jete". Thus the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of ground reaction forces (FRS) with the maximum height of the center of mass (in the flight phase) of the jump. For this purpose, a force platform (PF) was used and video images were captured during the jump to be analyzed from the software (Tracker 4.95) and kinematic and kinetic variables analyzed. This research was divided into two parts: 1) Laboratory Studies and 2) Study in Training Context. Each part is subdivided into three studies. In the laboratory studies two subjects were used in which each one performed three jumps with the reception on the PF. The variables were: height of center of mass (CM), FRS, reception angles. In the first study performed in Training Context, the laboratory study protocol, without PF, was repeated with a sample of ten competition gymnasts (x = 12.3 ± 3.02 years of age). In the second study, a linear regression was performed to estimate the loads that the gymnasts are subjected to in the jumps. In the third study, the same gymnasts were asked to execute a GR scheme, with mandatory jump performance (Code adapted from Score 2017-2020), to analyze how many jumps they perform in a scheme and to calculate the load to which they were subjected during the execution of the Scheme based on the estimated loads in the regression study. The main results obtained were: the gymnasts are subject, in the reception of the jump to a load that varies between 3.07 times of its weight and 5,01 times the weight of the body . It is concluded that in addition to the influence of the CM height on the value of the load transmitted to the foot the way the foot receives the foot in the PF has influence. The maximum load was reached at the position where the heel touches the FP. The number of images during the shooting influences the analysis of the reception of the jump.

Theoretical part of this project mainly concerns the study of moving skills and abilities in the Rhytmic gymnastic. Basic devision of degree of difficulty and technic has been described. Moreover it briefly portrays a history of development of the Rhytmic gymnastics during the decades in the Czech Republic. Next part handle with comparism of the moving skills of contenders in the R.G. (In different clubs obviously approach to the training veried). Testing procedure had been running in clubs for 6 months. In this study there is also a wide photo attachment.

Title: The Problematics of musicality in aesthetic-coordination sports Objectives:. This thesis deals with the problematics of musicality in conjunction with aesthetic-coordination sports, particularly acrobatic rock and roll, Latin American dances and modern gymnastics. The aim is to determine the level of musicality in active individuals operating in these sports sectors and compare these results. Method: The research was made by using standardized test of musicality by Arnold Bentley. The research group consists of competitors of early school age in acrobatic rock and roll (10), Latin American dances (10) and modern gymnastics (10). The results are interpreted by using the tables of frequency and bar graphs through a functions in Excel. Results: The Ranking aesthetic-coordination sports by success in the test musicality by Arnold Bentley is folowing: 1) Acrobatic rock and roll (58,1%), 2) Latin American dances (56,5%), 3) modern gymnastics (55,5%). Keywords: acrobatic rock and roll, music-movement relationships, Latin American dances, early school age, modern gymnastics

of disertation Rhythmic gymnastics (RG) is the only Olympia sport of girls and women and it is characterized by precision, fluency and elegance of movement that emphasizes feminine beauty and grace. At present, there is no coherent concept of long-term sports training of talented gymnasts in Czech RG. The outflow of athletes is evident especially during prepubescence. Basic RG preparation aims gradual development of motor abilities, practice of sports (gymnastics) skills and the beginning of specialized techniques based on the principle of comprehensive movement base. This period (in rhythmic gymnastics between 7-9 years of gymnasts) for further performance growth is very substantial, in terms of content and in terms of training forms and influence of trainers (coaches). Defining the content of movement and gymnastic activities determines the path of development athletes and also defines (for caoches) performance criteria in each age category. The aim of disertation was to verify correspondence between published scientific theories and trainers experience of coaching using the Repertory Grid Technique. Along the way sixteen semi-structured interviews with selected experts was achieved interpersonal and intrapersonal data. Experts in the preparation of RG agreed on the fact that in practice a set of...

The aim of this thesis was to capture the readiness of elementary school teachers in regards to aerobics. I came to a conclusion in my research that aerobic is not included into physical education classes enough, as teachers are not well prepared, and therefore they do not include it in their plans. This fact is rather disturbing because I am positive that the aerobics exercise would enrich students in area of aesthetics and physical skills and coordination.