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Journal articles on the topic 'Rice cropping system'
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Qamar, Rafi, Atique ur Rehman, Hafiz Muhammad Rashad Javeed, Abdul Rehman Abdul Rehman, Muhammad Ehsan Safdar, Hasnain Ali, and Shakeel Ahmad. "Tillage Systems Affecting Rice-Wheat Cropping System." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5006-04.
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Rice-wheat production is an essential component of cropping systems in the Indus-Ganga Plains (IGP) which play a pivotal role in food security of south Asia. These crops are being cultivated on an area of about 13.5 M ha of South Asia. In rice-wheat cropping system, the major reason for lower wheat grain yield is use of unwise tillage practices during wheat seedbed preparation, cultivation of late maturing rice varieties, water shortage, labor shortage, high cost of fertilizers and poor crop management practices. Resource-conserving technology improves the sustainability and productivity of wheat, which ultimately increase the farmer’s livelihood and reduce poverty. Tillage plays an important role in agricultural operation for soil manipulation to optimize the crop productivity. Different tillage systems are being practiced for wheat production in rice-wheat cropping systems including intensive tillage system, conventional and deep tillage, conservation tillage that consisting of minimum tillage, ridge tillage, and no-till or zero tillage system. Zero tillage gives more accessible and efficient planting system that ensures timely wheat cultivation, cut off the tillage operation, better crop residue management that ultimately minimize the cost of production and keeps environment clean. Operational costs for wheat sowing are 50-60% lower with zero tillage (ZT) sowing than with conventional sowing. The cost saving effect is the main reason for the spread of zero tillage technology in rice-wheat system. Current paper presented a review of different tillage systems and their effects on soil physical properties, plant available water, soil organic matter and nutrients, rice residues, wheat yield and farmer’s economics.
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Quddus, Md Abdul, Md Alamgir Siddiky, Khokan Kumer Sarker, Mohibur Rahman, Mohammad Ayub Hossain Khan, Md Anarul Islam, Mohammad Rezaul Karim, and Md Faruque Hossain. "The Assessment of Four Crop-Based Cropping System Productivity, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Fertility With Existing Cropping Systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 6 (May 15, 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v14n6p206.
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Sustainable crop production through intensification of crops in cropping system is a global important issue to ensure food security, human and soil nutrition, poverty alleviation, and job opportunity creation. Rabi crop (mustard/lentil)-Jute cropping system and transplanted (T) Aman rice-Boro (T. Boro) rice cropping system are the traditional cropping systems in Low Ganges River Floodplain (AEZ-12) soils of Bangladesh. Jute and T. Aman rice are usually cultivated in summer season, but the T. Boro rice is cultivated in winter season. Jute and T. Boro rice are highly cost consuming crops due to need more irrigation, labors and fertilizer etc. T. Boro rice and jute are easily replaced by a short duration of mungbean and T. Aus rice in the existing cropping system. Hence field trial on different cropping systems were conducted in Regional pulses Research Station (RPRS), BARI, Madaripur and the adjacent farmers’ field of RPRS during 2013-14 and 2014-15 to compare and evaluate the four crop-based cropping systems with existing cropping systems based on system productivity, nutrient uptake and balance, profitability and sustaining soil fertility. The experiment was planned with six treatments comprising three of four crop-based cropping systems and three existing traditional cropping systems. The treatments were FCS1 (Mustard-Mungbean-T. Aus rice-T. Aman rice), FCS2 (Lentil-Mungbean-T. Aus rice-T. Aman rice), FCS3 (Fieldpea-Mungbean-T. Aus rice-T. Aman rice), ECS1 (Mustard-Jute), ECS2 (Lentil-Jute) and ECS3 (T. Boro rice-T. Aman rice) following randomized complete block design with three dispersed replications. As per results, the greater system productivity (rice equivalent yield: 16368 kg ha-1) was significantly obtained from FCS2 than the other system treatments. The FCS2 treatment exhibited the highest percent increment of rice equivalent yield (REY) over existing cropping system ECS1, ECS2 and ECS3 was 322%, 234% and 84.1%, respectively. Also higher %REY increment of FCS2 was 20.3% and 14.5% over the other four crop-based cropping systems FCS1 and FCS3. Production efficiency was highest in same FCS2 treatment. Land use efficiency increment was observed higher in Fieldpea-Mungbean-T. Aus rice-T. Aman rice cropping system. Total nutrient (N, P, K, S, Zn, B) uptakes and nutrient balance were positively influenced among the cropping systems, but both were showed inconsistent trends. The result of postharvest soil exhibited higher organic carbon (8.78 g kg-1) and total N content (0.74 g kg-1) was in FCS2 treatment. The FCS2 was also economically profitable and viable as compared to other cropping systems due to having higher gross return, gross margin and benefit cost ratio (2.48). The FCS3 was the second economically profitable and viable system as compared to other cropping systems. Intensification and diversification of crops from two to four crop-based cropping systems lead to increase the system productivity, profitability, and sustaining soil fertility. Results suggest that lentil-Mungbean-T. Aus rice-T. Aman rice followed by Fieldpea-Mungbean-T. Aus rice-T. Aman rice cropping system can practice in the experimental area for positive change the farmers’ livelihoods. This finding may be potential for the area where there is no practice of improving four crop-based cropping systems.
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Paramesh, Venkatesh, Parveen Kumar, Ranjan Parajuli, Rosa Francaviglia, Kallakeri Kannappa Manohara, Vadivel Arunachalam, Trivesh Mayekar, and Sulekha Toraskar. "A Life Cycle Assessment of Rice–Rice and Rice–Cowpea Cropping Systems in the West Coast of India." Land 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020502.
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Crop diversification is essential in lowland rice cropping systems to achieve sustainability, improve soil health, and as a climate-resilient practice to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted for the farms in the west-coast region of India to assess the environmental impact of the rice–rice and rice–cowpea cropping systems. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was evaluated in a “cradle-to-gate” perspective. A higher energy consumption was found in the rice–rice system (32,673 vs. 18,197 MJ/ha), while the net energy output was higher in the rice–cowpea system (211,071 vs. 157,409 MJ/ha). Energy consumption was 44% lower in the rice–cowpea system, which was coupled with a higher energy efficiency (11.6 vs. 4.8), attributed to the lower energy consumption and the higher energy output. Further, the results indicated an energy saving potentialin the rice–cowpea system due to the higher use of renewable resources such as farmyard manure. Field emissions, fertilizer production, and fuel consumption were the major contributors to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in both cropping systems. The total GHG emissions were 81% higher in the rice–rice system (13,894 ± 1329 kg CO2 eq./ha) than in the rice–cowpea system (7679 ± 719 kg CO2 eq./ha). The higher GHG emissions in the rice–rice system were largely due to the higher use of fertilizers, diesel fuel, and machinery. Hence, diversifying the winter rice with a cowpea crop and its large-scale adoption on the west coast of India would provide multiple benefits in decreasing the environmental impact and improving the energy efficiency to achieve sustainability and climate resilience in rice-based cropping systems.
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Verma, Nidhi. "Performance of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Crop under Various Rice-Based Copping Systems in Central India." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8723.
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Present experiment was conducted during 2011-12 and 2012-13 at the research farm of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV), Jablapur, Madhya Pradesh to study the performance of rice under various rice-based cropping systems. Total 12 rice-based cropping systems viz., rice followed by wheat, chickpea, onion-green gram, berseem, potato-sesame, gobhi sarson-black gram, vegetable pea-sesame, potato- ground nut, gobhi sarson- sorghum, gobhi sarson- okra, French bean and marigold-sesame were studied during the study period. The performance of rice was assessed by monitoring growth attributes (plant height, effective tillers, panicle length, weight of panicle, sterility percentage etc.), yield attributes (grains per panicle, test weight etc.) and grain yield. The results revealed that, among the various cropping system studied the performance of rice crop was found statistically superior under rice-wheat and rice-chickpea cropping sequence. The poor performance of rice crop was observed under rice-berseem followed by rice-marigold-sesame cropping system.
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Yang, Taotao, Yanhua Zeng, Yanni Sun, Jun Zhang, Xueming Tan, Yongjun Zeng, Shan Huang, and Xiaohua Pan. "Experimental warming reduces fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency in a double rice cropping system." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 10 (November 5, 2019): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/315/2019-pse.
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Climate warming significantly affects nitrogen (N) cycling, while its effects on the use efficiency of fertilizer N are still unclear in agroecosystems. In the present study, we examined for the first time the response of fertilizer N use efficiency to experimental warming using <sup>15</sup>N labeling with a free-air temperature increase facility (infrared heaters) in a double rice cropping system. <sup>15</sup>N-urea was applied in micro-plots to trace the uptake and loss of fertilizer N. Results showed that moderate warming (i.e. an increase of 1.4°C and 2.1°C in canopy temperature for early and late rice, respectively) did not significantly affect grain yield and biomass. Warming significantly reduced N uptake from fertilizer for both early and late rice, while increased N uptake from soil. The N recovery rate of fertilizer was reduced from 35.5% in the control and to 32.3% in the warming treatments for early rice and from 47.2% to 43.1% for late rice, respectively. Warming did not affect fertilizer N loss rate in the early rice season, whereas significantly increased it from 38.9% in the control and to 42.7% in the warming treatments in the late rice season, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that climate warming may reduce fertilizer N use efficiency and increase N losses to the environment in the rice paddy.
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Cho, Y. S., B. Z. Lee, Z. R. Choe, and S. E. Ockerby. "An evaluation of a no-tillage, unfertilised, direct-sown, wheat - rice cropping system in Korea." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 1 (2001): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00060.
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A no-tillage, direct-sown, unfertilised, wheat–rice relaying cropping system has major advantages over a conventional transplanted-rice system. For example, when rice is sown simultaneously with the wheat harvest, there are savings in labor and costs as a result of eliminating the tillage required to prepare the seedbed and for transplanting. A field experiment was conducted between 1996 and 1998 at Hadong, Korea. The experiment compared the soil microbial-N status, the soil physical and chemical characteristics, and rice growth and yield in a long-term conventional rice system with those in a no-tillage, unfertilised, direct-sown, wheat–rice, relay cropping system. The wheat–rice system was imposed for 2, 4 and 7 years to identify the time course of responses in the soil and crop. Agricultural chemicals including fertilisers were not applied in the wheat–rice cropping system. Rice crop yields after 2, 4 and 7 years of a direct-sown, wheat–rice cropping system were similar to those in the conventional rice system. Rice yields were high, ranging from 4.7 to 6.9 t/ha. Since 110 kg N/ha was applied to the conventional rice system, a large amount of N was mineralised during the wheat–rice system. The pattern of rice growth and yield formation, however, differed between the 2 systems. Rice in the wheat–rice system generally had more panicles, fewer spikelets per panicle and heavier grains. These responses reflected temporal changes in the N content and greenness of the rice leaf and were related to soluble N levels in the soil. Generally the soil was fertile with a high initial organic matter content. Organic matter increased by 30% during the 7 years of wheat–rice cropping. Other soil physical measures, bulk density and permeability to air and water, indicated that soil structure improved in response to wheat–rice cropping. Problems of pathogens and perennial weeds associated with new cultural practices in the wheat–rice cropping were minor; however, a higher rate of seeding was necessary to achieve satisfactory seedling establishment. Benefits to weed control and soil moisture conditions during crop establishment were derived from the increased level of crop mulch. The wheat–rice cropping system was found to be high yielding and sustainable over the 7-year period of experimentation.
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Sun, Xiaolu, Xiaohui Yang, Jinjin Hou, Bisheng Wang, and Quanxiao Fang. "Modeling the Effects of Rice-Vegetable Cropping System Conversion and Fertilization on GHG Emissions Using the DNDC Model." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020379.
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The cropping system conversion, from rice to vegetable, showed various influences on the greenhouse gases (GHG) emission with conversion time and fertilizer/irrigation management. In this study, we evaluated the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model for predicting carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and crop yields as rice converted to vegetable cropping system under conventional or no fertilization from 2012 to 2014. Then, we quantified the long-term (40 years) impacts of rice-vegetable cropping system conversions and fertilization levels (0, 50, 100 and 150% conventional fertilization rate) on GHGs emissions and global warming potentials (GWP) using the calibrated model. The DNDC model-simulated daily GHG emission dynamics were generally consistent with the measured data and showed good predictions of the seasonal CH4 emissions (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.96), CO2 emissions (R2 = 0.75), N2O emissions (R2 = 0.75) and crop yields (R2 = 0.89) in response to the different cropping systems and fertilization levels across the two years. The overall model performance was better for rice than for vegetable cropping systems. Both simulated and measured two-year data showed higher CH4 and CO2 emissions and lower N2O emissions for rice than for vegetable cropping systems and showed positive responses of the CO2 and N2O emissions to fertilizations. The lowest GWP for vegetable without fertilization and highest the GWP for rice with fertilization were obtained. These results were consistent with the long-term simulation results. In contrast to the two-year experimental data, the simulated long-term CH4 emissions increased with fertilization for the rice-dominant cropping systems. The reasonable cropping systems and fertilization levels were recommended for the region.
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Kumar, M., S. Mitra, A. Bera, and M. R. Naik. "Energy use pattern of diversified cropping systems under different nutrient and crop residue management practices in Eastern Indo-Gangetic plain." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 1053–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/4/mrn-1463.
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Aim: Assessment of energy input output relationship, greenhouse gases emission and carbon footprint of diversified jute-rice cropping systems under different nutrients and crop residue management practices. Methodology: The inventory was prepared for all inputs required for crop cultivation and outputs of crops in cropping systems. These inputs and outputs were converted into energy by multiplying with energy equivalent coefficient and CO2 emission coefficient following standard procedure. Results: Jute-rice-baby corn cropping system recorded significantly higher net energy (324 GJ ha-1) and energy use efficiency (8.02). Among different nutrient and crop management (NCRM) practices, significantly higher energy output (336.9 GJ ha-1) and net energy (291.4 GJ ha-1) recorded 100% NPK with crop residue. The highest carbon footprint recorded with rice-rice (0.44 kg COe kg-1 economic yield) and the lowestwith jute-rice-pea (0.29 kg COe kg-1 economic yield) cropping system. Among different NCRM practices, higher carbon footprint was (0.38 kg COe kg-1 economic yield) recorded with 100% NPK with crop residue. Interpretation: The energy efficient and low input required cropping systems which include legume crops like garden pea and mungbean should be considered for cultivation for diversifying the existing rice-rice cropping system in Eastern India.
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Ladha, J. K., H. Pathak, and R. K. Gupta. "Sustainability of the Rice-Wheat Cropping System." Journal of Crop Improvement 19, no. 1-2 (March 15, 2007): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j411v19n01_06.
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Nepal, Aarati. "Global warming and rice based cropping system." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 8 (December 26, 2007): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v8i0.728.
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International Pannel for Climate Change approximates that the global temperature would rise between 1.50 and 4.50 Celsius by some time in twenty-first century. Since the advent of the industrial revolution in the 1700s, human beings have devised many inventions that burn fossil fuels. Burning these fossil fuels as well as other activities such as clearing land for agriculture or urban settlements, releases some of the gases that trap heat in the atmosphere leading to global warming. Carbon dioxide, methane Nitrous oxide chloro-fluoro-carbons comprises the green house gases. Soil in the earth surface is viewed both as source and sink for most of the green house gases. Agricultural practices such as rice cultivation and clearing of the biomass results in the emission of green house gases. It is always not too late for good beginning, so knowledge and research is emphasized for understanding the green house gases emission and its reduction from agricultural practices.
Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 62-65
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Bhatt, Rajan, Surinder S. Kukal, Mutiu A. Busari, Sanjay Arora, and Mathura Yadav. "Sustainability issues on rice–wheat cropping system." International Soil and Water Conservation Research 4, no. 1 (March 2016): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.12.001.
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Chaudhary, VP, B. Gangwar, Anil Kumar Singh, Poonam Kashyap, Shikha Gangwar, Rakesh Kumar, Roop Kishore, and Ranjan Bhattacharyya. "Soil organic carbon and biochemical properties affected by tillage, mulching and mineral fertilization under rice-based cropping systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 59, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2022.59.3.13.
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A field trial was conducted for four years at Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh, to delineate the impacts of tillage, cropping systems and residue mulching at different rates of mineral fertilization on crop productivity, soil health and enzyme activities. Two tillage systems (no tillage and conventional tillage), four cropping systems [C1: rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum), C2: rice-winter maize (Zea mays), C3: rice-barley (Hordeum vulgare) and C4: rice –mustard (Brassica spp)] and four rice residue mulching along with mineral fertilization (M1: No mulch + recommended dose of mineral fertilizers (RDF), M2: Mulch (at 6 Mg ha-1) + RDF, M3: No mulch +125% RDF and M4: mulch (at 6 Mg ha-1) + 125% RDF) were used. Results indicated that ZT had ~16% higher oxidizable SOC concentration than CT plots in the surface layer. Although surface oxidizable SOC was unaffected by cropping systems, M4 plots had ~49 and 45% higher oxidizable SOC concentration than M1 and M3 plots, respectively. In surface layer, ZT was better than CT, C1 and C2 were better than C3 and C4 plots, and M4 was better than M1, M2 and M3 plots in terms of dehydrogenase activity. Rice-wheat cropping system had maximum system productivity than other cropping systems and both ZT and CT plots had similar system productivity, but ZT plots had better soil quality indicators. Hence, it is recommended that 6 Mg ha-1 rice residues with 25% higher mineral fertilization under ZT may be adopted for sustained productivity in the rice-wheat cropping system.
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WALIA, S. S., R. S. GILL, TAMANPREET KAUR, and C. S. AULAKH. "Bio-intensive complimentary cropping systems for north-west India." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 8 (March 29, 2022): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i8.89317.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2014–15 and 2015–16 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to evaluate bio-intensive complementary cropping systems as a possible replacement of the prevailing rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The treatments comprised 12 cropping systems and were set in a three-time replicated randomized block design. The results revealed that maize (Zea mays L.) (cobs) + vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] + Sesbania-gram (Cicer arietinum L.) + gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.) cropping system showed maximum rice equivalent yield (229.9 q/ha), production efficiency (79.4 kg/day/ha) and net returns (`30,6066/ha). These systems also ensured saving of 127.5 cm irrigation water over the existing rice-wheat system (247.5 cm) and proved to be a viable option to avail higher profitability for farmers in Punjab. The removal of N, P and K was significantly higher in all the maize based cropping systems over rice-wheat cropping system. In addition, maize (furrow) + turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) (bed)-wheat (bed) + linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) (furrow) cropping system gave highest viable counts of actinomycetes and fungi, whereas maize (furrow) + turmeric (bed)-barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (bed) + linseed (furrow) gave highest count for bacteria. The fodder based cropping system, viz. sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] + cowpea (fodder)-wheat + gobhi sarson with high energy output showed the highest energy-use efficiency (48.28) and energy output efficiency (6.35×103 MJ/ha/day). Maize (cobs)+vegetable cowpea + Sesbania-gram + gobhi sarson cropping system showed the highest average maximum energy productivity (8.24 kg REY/MJ) and it was mainly due to its higher REY.
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Khan, MAH, N. Sultana, N. Akter, S. Akhter, and MAI Khan. "Development of Potato-Boro-T. Aman Rice Cropping Pattern Against Fallow-Boro-T. Aman Rice Cropping Pattern at Mymensingh." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 3 (December 8, 2022): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v45i3.62948.
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The experiment was conducted at Multiplication Testing Site (MLT) Trishal of On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Mymensingh during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the agro-economic performance of improved cropping pattern for increasing cropping intensity and system productivity as compared to farmers’ existing cropping pattern. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six dispersed replications. Two cropping patterns viz. improved pattern Potato (BARI Alu- 25)-Boro (BRRI dhan28)-T. Aman rice (BRRI dhan49) and farmers existing cropping pattern Fallow-Boro (BRRI dhan29)- T. Aman rice (BRRI dhan49) were treatments variables of the experiment. Two years mean data showed that Potato-Boro-T. Aman rice cropping pattern produced higher tuber/grain yield as well as higher rice equivalent yield (30.53 t ha-1yr-1), production efficiency (149 kg ha-1 day-1), land utilization index (74 %) and labour employment (367mandays ha-1 yr-1) than Fallow-Boro-T. Aman rice cropping pattern. This pattern also increased system productivity, production efficiency, land utilization index and labour employment by 158, 166, 26 and 51% higher over exiting pattern. The mean gross return (Tk. 481800 ha-1) and gross margin (Tk.235329 ha-1) of improved cropping pattern were 139 and 237% higher, respectively compared to existing pattern with 87% extra cost. The mean marginal benefit cost ratio (2.45) indicated superiority to improved cropping pattern over existing pattern. Experimental findings revealed that there is potential for greater adoption of intensified cropping systems with increased productivity and profitability as compared to rice–rice systems in Mymensingh.
Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 45(3): 279-292, September 2020
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Minh, Huynh Vuong Thu, Ram Avtar, Geetha Mohan, Prakhar Misra, and Masaaki Kurasaki. "Monitoring and Mapping of Rice Cropping Pattern in Flooding Area in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta Using Sentinel-1A Data: A Case of An Giang Province." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8050211.
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Cropping intensity is one of the most important decisions made independently by farmers in Vietnam. It is a crucial variable of various economic and process-based models. Rice is grown under irrigated triple- and double-rice cropping systems and a rainfed single-rice cropping system in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). These rice cropping systems are adopted according to the geographical location and water infrastructure. However, little work has been done to map triple-cropping of rice using Sentinel-1 along with the effects of water infrastructure on the rice cropping intensity decision. This study is focused on monitoring rice cropping patterns in the An Giang province of the VMD from March 2017 to March 2018. The fieldwork was carried out on the dates close to the Sentinel-1A acquisition. The results of dual-polarized (VV and VH) Sentinel-1A data show a strong correlation with the spatial patterns of various rice growth stages and their association with the water infrastructure. The VH backscatter (σ°) is strongly correlated with the three rice growth stages, especially the reproductive stage when the backscatter is less affected by soil moisture and water in the rice fields. In all three cropping patterns, σ°VV and σ°VH show the highest value in the maturity stage, often appearing 10 to 12 days before the harvesting of the rice. A rice cropping pattern map was generated using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification of Sentinel-1A data. The overall accuracy of the classification was 80.7% with a 0.78 Kappa coefficient. Therefore, Sentinel-1A can be used to understand rice phenological changes as well as rice cropping systems using radar backscattering.
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MALIK, A. I., M. NASIM, K. FLOWER, M. A. HOSSAIN, M. S. RAHMAN, B. ANWAR, M. O. ALI, M. M. RAHMAN, and W. ERSKINE. "Cropping system intensification: vegetable pea can replace fallow between rainfed monsoon rice and irrigated spring rice." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 8 (August 8, 2017): 1287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000351.
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SUMMARYThe Eastern Gangetic Plain is among the world's most intensively farmed regions, where rainfed and irrigated agriculture coexist. While the region and especially Bangladesh is a major producer of rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica), there is potential to further develop sustainable rice production systems. Specifically, there is scope to include a replacement crop for the short fallow between rice crops in the dominant cropping pattern of rainfed monsoon rice harvest followed by irrigated spring rice. The aim of the current research was to identify a suitable cool-season legume crop – pea (Pisum sativum L.) or lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris) – that could be grown in the brief period between rice crops. The study comprised four crop sequence experiments comparing legume cultivars differing in maturity grown in between both long and short duration rice cultivars. These experiments were done at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute regional station at Rajshahi over three cropping cycles. This was followed by an evaluation of pea vs. fallow between rice crops on three farmers’ fields in one cropping cycle. Here it is demonstrated that green pod vegetable pea is one of the best options to intensify the rainfed monsoon rice–fallow–spring irrigated rice cropping system, notwithstanding other remunerative rabi cropping options that could displace boro rice. The inclusion of an extra crop, pea as green pod vegetable, increased farm productivity by 1·4-fold over the dominant cropping sequence (rice–fallow–rice) and farm net income by fourfold. The study highlighted the advantages in total system productivity and monetary return of crop intensification with the inclusion of a pea crop between successive rice crops instead of a fallow period.
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Mollah, MIU, MSU Bhuiya, A. Khatun, and SMA Hossain. "Increasing Crop Diversity and Productivity of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)-Wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) Cropping System through Bed Planting." Bangladesh Rice Journal 19, no. 2 (June 9, 2016): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v19i2.28163.
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CORRECTION: Due to a number of formatting and layout issues, the PDF of this paper was replaced on 10th October 2016. The page numbers of this paper have changed from 35-44 to 37-46.Adoptions of new crop establishment methods, changing management practices and inclusion of new crops in the rice-wheat cropping system are very important for maintaining and increasing system productivity. Experiments were conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur and farmers fields in Chuadanga during 2002-03 to evaluate the performances of rice, wheat and mungbean in bed planting and to evaluate the system productivity of Rice-Wheat-Mungbean cropping pattern. Wheat-Mungbean-Direct seeded rice (DSR), Wheat-Mungbean-Transplant rice (TPR), Wheat-Fallow-DSR and Wheat-Fallow-TPR cropping system under bed planting and conventional methods were evaluated. Grain yields of wheat, mungbean, rice and rice equivalent yield (REY) under bed planting were significantly higher (25.41, 40.91, 13.00 and 21.12%, respectively) than the conventional method. The Wheat-Mungbean-Rice cropping pattern produced significantly greater REY (38.25%) than Wheat-Fallow-Rice cropping pattern. Total variable cost was lower (17.33%) in bed planting than conventional method. Gross return, gross margin and benefit-cost ratio of Wheat-Mungbean-Rice cropping system in bed planting were higher (14.43, 40.99 and 38.52%, respectively) than the conventional method.Bangladesh Rice j. 2015, 19(2): 37-46
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Dewi, Khairun Nisa Saputri, and Saifuddin Hasjim. "PENGARUH SISTEM TANAM KONVENSIONAL DAN RATUN TERHADAP KEBERADAAN HAMA UTAMA, PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI PADI (ORYZA SATIVA L.)THE INFLUENCE OF CONVENTIONAL AND RATOON PLANTING SYSTEM ON THE PRESENCE OF MAIN PESTS GROWTH AND RICE PRODUCTION (ORYZA SATIVA L.)." Jurnal Bioindustri 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31326/jbio.v4i1.233.
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Rice is an important commodity in Indonesia because it is the main food source consumed daily by people in Indonesia. Farmers often fail in cultivation of rice plant thereby affecting availability of foodstuffs. One factor of the rice production failure and the decreasing cultivation is the pests attack on the land plantation. Affecting factors of the pests existence is cropping system. This research was conducted to find out the presence of pest in ratoon and conventional cropping systems. Observations on this research used random sampling technique on the diagonal line with conventional and ratoon cropping systems. The variety used was Sertani 13 with planting distance 25 x 25 on 50 m x 20 m acres. The observation parameters are plant height, pest population, pest attack intensity, number of shoots and results of production. The data obtained will be analysed descriptively by comparing Conventional and Ratoon cropping systems. The results showed that conventional cropping systems and ratoon has good effect on pest growth and populations however both system have bad effect on rice production.
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Bhowal, SK, MH Hossain, AKMS Haque, and ASMMR Khan. "Effect of Planting Method on Mustard Boro Inter Mixed Cropping System." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 21, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v21i2.44491.
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A field experiment was carried out at Multi Location Testing (MLT) site, Debiddar and Chandpur during Rabi season of 2015-16 to find out the suitable boro rice planting method with cost and return of inter mixed cropping system in Cumilla region. The treatment combinations used were T1 : Boro rice (broadcast) + Mustard, T2 : Boro rice (Line sowing) + Mustard, T3 : Sole Mustard, T4 : Sole boro rice. Results revealed that all the mixed cropping combinations showed superior in terms of gross return, gross margin and rice equivalent yield (REY) than sole cropping. The highest rice equivalent yield (8.52 t ha-1) was found in the treatment combination of boro rice line sowing + mustard. From the cost and return analysis it was observed that the combination of boro rice line sowing with mustard (T2) gave the highest gross return (Tk. 127800 ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 77400 ha-1) where sole crop of mustard (T3) gave the lowest gross return (Tk. 65120 ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 21450 ha-1) which indicated the advantage of mixed cropping over the sole
Bangladesh Agron. J. 2018, 21(2): 45-48
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Biswas, Puja, Md Sanaul Islam, Abu Bakor Siddique, and Milton Halder. "Organic carbon content and Fe-organo association in soils under rice dominant cropping system in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i1.49129.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is significant for nutrient recycling and mitigation of greenhouse gasses emission from soil environment. It is investigated as to how SOC is varied and stored at iron (Fe) interface under different cropping systems. Thus, the experiment was conducted at three cropping systems consisted as Fallow-Fallow-Fallow (FL), Fallow - Fallow - Rice (OC), Fallow- Rice - Rice (TC). Soil samples were collected from the indicated cropping systems and three parameters were assessed: SOC, amorphous Fe oxides (Feo) and organically complex Fe (Fep) oxides. The results revealed that SOC content reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in the order of FL < OC < TC. Feo and Fep oxides also reduced significantly under OC and TC cropping systems compared to FL. A significant (p < 0.01) positive correlation between Feo and Fep oxides with SOC (r = 0.93, r = 0.86, respectively) was observed. The results suggest that Feo and Fep play a significant role to improve SOC storage through complex formation in soils of rice dominant cropping system.
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Alam, M. Jahangir, S. Ahmed, MK Islam, R. Islam, and M. Islam. "Effect of Cropping System and Rice Residue Retention on Crop Productivity and Soil Physical Properties in Rice Based Cropping System of Bangladesh." Agriculturists 17, no. 1-2 (December 26, 2019): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v17i1-2.44693.
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Cropping systems of Bangladesh are highly diverse and cultivation costs of puddled transplanted rice (PTR) are high. Therefore, an improved system is needed to address the issues, a field experiment was conducted during 2011-2013 to evaluate system intensification with varying degrees of cropping systems and residue retention. Four cropping systems (CSE) namely CSE1: T. boro rice-T. aman rice (control), CSE2: wheat-mungbean-T. aman rice (wheat and mungbean sown using a power tiller-operated seeder (PTOS) with full tillage in a single pass; puddled transplanted aman), CSE3: wheat-mungbean-dry seeded DS aman rice (DSR), and CSE4: wheat-mungbean-DS aman rice (all sown by PTOS with strip tillage) were compared. Two levels of aman rice residue retention (removed; partial retention i.e. 40 cm of standing stubble) were compared in sub plots. Grain yield was significantly higher (by 11%) when wheat was grown after DSR than PTR. Similarly, PTR and DSR (aman rice) produced statistically similar crop yields. Rice residue retention resulted a significantly higher (by 10%) wheat yield and a slightly increased (by 6%) mungbean yield than that of residues removed. The system productivity of CSE4 was significantly higher (by 10%) than CSE1 when averaged of the two years data. Partial aman residue retention gave significantly higher system yield than residue removal (by 0.6 t ha-1). After two years, no effect of CSE or partial aman residue retention was found on soil physical property (bulk density) of the top soil. Therefore, CSE4 along with residue retention would be more effective for sustainable crop production.
The Agriculturists 2019; 17(1-2) 14-30
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Upadhaya, Bharati, Kaushal Kishor, Vipin Kumar, Navnit Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, Vinod Kumar Yadav, Randhir Kumar, et al. "Diversification of Rice-Based Cropping System for Improving System Productivity and Soil Health in Eastern Gangetic Plains of India." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): 2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102393.
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Mono-cropping in the farming system decline in farm profit, climate change, and food insecurity are some of the major concerns that lead to unsustainability in the agricultural production system in the Eastern Gangetic Plains. A study was conducted for three years from June 2019 to June 2022 at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India, to assess the profitable and best rice-based cropping system through crop diversification for sustainable agriculture. Ten different cropping sequences were exploited using randomised block design and replicated thrice, with the system productivity ranging from 8.70 to 24.95 t ha−1 under the different cropping sequences. The system productivity was increased by 187% and profitability by 299.52% in the maize − Cole crops − sesame cropping system over the rice − wheat cropping system. A diversified cropping system with black gram − maize + vegetable pea − sesbania possessed significantly more soil organic carbon (0.49%), bacterial population (47.85 × 106 cfu/g soil), azotobacter population (42.96 × 104 cfu/g soil), phosphate solubilising bacteria (20.72 × 106 cfu/g soil), dehydrogenase activity (4.39 µg TPF/g/h), fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity (17.28 µg fluorescein/g/h) and acid phosphatase activity (451.46 µg pNP/g/h), as well as urease activity (47.21 µg NH4+/g/h), relative to the rice–wheat cropping system. Therefore, the adoption of vegetables and legumes as diversified crops are viable options for enhancing productivity, profitability and soil health in the EGPs.
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Alam, Md Jahangir, Abdullah Al-Mahmud, Md Aminul Islam, Md Faruque Hossain, Md Akkas Ali, Eldessoky S. Dessoky, Ehab I. El-Hallous, Mohamed M. Hassan, Nasrin Begum, and Akbar Hossain. "Crop Diversification in Rice—Based Cropping Systems Improves the System Productivity, Profitability and Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 6288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116288.
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Cropping systems in the Level Barind Tract (LBT) of Bangladesh are highly diverse, as Transplanted (T.) Aman and Boro (T. Boro) rice are a common practice in the area. Although. T. Aman is generally cultivated in the rainy (monsoon) season, but the T. Boro rice is the intensive irrigation-based winter rice with high establishment costs as a result of exhaustive tillage and high labours for transplanting of seedlings. Furthermore, pumping of a large amount of irrigation during T. Boro cultivation declines the level of groundwater, which is not environmentally friendly nor cost-effective. Therefore, the replacement of the T. Boro rice from the cropping pattern in the LBT area is the major concern of policymakers. In this context, a replicated three to four crop-based cropping systems (CS) field trial was conducted in LBT of Gaibandha, Bangladesh for consecutive three years (2018–2020) to evaluate productivity, profitability and sustainability of the multiple crop-based cropping systems. Among these CS, existing three crops based CS, CS1: T. Aman–Potato–T. Boro (introduction of the local potato in the existing cropping system) were compared with four crops based CS2: T. Aman–Potato–Cucumber–T. Aus (Introduction of high yielding potato, cucumber and T. Aus as an improved cropping system). After two years of observations, significantly higher system productivity (rice equivalent yield; REY) was found in the improved CS2 than that of existing CS1 in both years (two years’ average 49% or 11.1 t ha−1). As a result of the introduction of the high yielding potato, cucumber and T. Aus rice instead of the T. Boro rice. The CS2 was also found profitable as compared to the CS1 in terms of higher gross margin (by 74%), net return (double) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) (1.69 vs. 1.44) due to higher gross return with slightly higher (by 28%) production cost. It is due to farmers received higher prices for potato, cucumber and two rice crops in the improved CS2 than the existing CS1. On the other hand, protein and energy output was lower (by 17% and 9%, respectively) in the CS2 than the existing CS1, due to the less content of protein and energy value in the vegetable cucumber. The results of the study revealed that crops diversification in the existing T. Boro based CS with high yielding potato, cucumber, and T. Aus rice, improved the system productivity, profitability and sustainability; which lead to improve the food security of the increasing population and also reduce the adverse effect on the environment.
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., M. R. Islam, S. Islam ., M. Jahiruddin ., and M. A. Islam . "Effects of Irrigation Water Arsenic in the Rice-rice Cropping System." Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 4 (June 15, 2004): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2004.542.546.
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Rao, K. Tejeswara, M. M. V. Srinivasa Rao, and D. Nagarjuna. "Response of rice-rice cropping system to different agronomic management practices." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 14, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/14.2/81-83.
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KUMARI, C. RADHA, K. V. S. SUDHEER, M. NIVEDITHA, and B. SAHADEVA REDDY. "Sustainable nitrogen management in rice based cropping system." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/11.1/126-134.
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MODI, RAJESH U., MUDASIR ALI, RAGHUVIRSINH P. PARMAR, and SHARAD KUMAR NAMDEV. "Energy Audit Application for Rice-Wheat Cropping System." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2018): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst11.04.06.
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This computer application deals with energy auditing for rice-wheat cropping system. Computing different input parameters for the crop production system in terms of energy requirement (MJ/ha) can be done by using this computer application. The developed application was found to be a simple, easy and user-friendly with appropriate output units. It works efficiently and gives the desired output in terms of energy consumption (MJ/ha). The advantage of this application is to decide the inputs on the basis of energy consumption before performing actual cultivation practice using the last season data. Moreover, using this package energy budget difference and comparison of subsequent production seasons can be achieved. The computer application was developed using Visual Basic, which allows the user to calculate total energy use efficiency, specific energy and different energy ratios in a particular cropping system.
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Kataki, P. K., P. Hobbs, and B. Adhikary. "The Rice-Wheat Cropping System of South Asia." Journal of Crop Production 3, no. 2 (January 2001): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j144v03n02_01.
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Kolar, Jaspinder Singh, and Harsharn Singh Grewal. "Phosphorus management of a rice-wheat cropping system." Fertilizer Research 20, no. 1 (August 1989): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01055398.
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Pandey, Sweta, Swastika Shrestha, Ruchita Bhattarai, and Anu Sharma. "ROLE OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN SUSTAINABILITY OF RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM IN NEPAL." Reviews in Food and Agriculture 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/rfna.02.2021.76.82.
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Rice Wheat Cropping system is a major cropping system in Nepal representing one-fourth of the total cultivated land. 83% of the population are dependent on the system for income and employment. However, there are serious threats to sustainability of the Rice Wheat Cropping system in Nepal. The conventional practices are water, labor, and nutrient intensive. Puddling the soil for rice has degraded soil structure in the field and long turn-around period between rice and wheat has delayed wheat planting. Both have contributed to stagnant yield and therefore to low profitability of the Rice Wheat Cropping system. Various literatures related to conservation agriculture, its practices and its role in maintaining sustainable agriculture were studied and enough information were gathered for argument. Conservation agriculture practice mainly focuses on minimal soil disturbance, crop rotation and mulching. Conservation agriculture includes zero tillage, integrated nutrient management, alternate drying and wetting, bed planting and mulching, and crop rotation to diminish the threats to sustainability of Rice Wheat Cropping system. In Nepal, the extension work has been carried out as Climate Smart Agriculture which comes under Conservation Agriculture. However, less research and hesitation of farmers to adopt the technology have created hurdles in extension of conservation agriculture. Conservation Agriculture has proven itself to be the best cultivation practice to enhance productivity of any land without overexploiting the natural resources. Such technology is important to sustain our agriculture in future. Hence, CA is of utmost importance to sustain the livelihood of Nepalese farmers, which is, Rice-Wheat Cropping system of Nepal.
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Devkota, Pawan, Dipendra Aryal, and Baburam Khanal. "Assessment of Soil Nutrient Status under Different Cropping Systems in Khotang, Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 7, no. 3 (September 22, 2019): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v7i3.25697.
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Availability of plant nutrients in rhizosphere is directly influenced by types of crop grown and land use pattern. The experiment was conducted in Diktel Rupakot Majhuwagadhi Municipality, Khotang, Nepal to assess the soil nutrients dynamics as influenced by different cropping system. Five different cropping systems (Rice – Wheat, Maize – Millet, Maize – Vegetables, Ginger and Cardamom) were selected as treatments and all treatments were replicated for five times for blocking in Randomized Complete Block Design. Soil samples from 0-15 cm depth were collected from each site and evaluated for soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and available potassium (K). All the tested parameters except N were found to be significantly affected by cropping system. Soil in all five cropping systems were found acidic (pH<6.5) in nature with pH ranging from 5.180-6.640. The SOC was recorded highest (3.102%) from Cardamom based system and lowest amount of SOC was observed in Ginger based system. The highest amount of P (32.14 mg/kg) was reported in Maize – Vegetables cropping system and lowest P content (5.72 mg/kg) was recorded from Cardamom based system. P content in Ginger based system (31.51 mg/kg) was statistically at par with that of Rice – Wheat system. The highest K content (306.50 mg/kg) was recorded from Maize – Vegetable cropping system and lowest K content (34.80 mg/kg) was observed in Cardamom based system which is statistically similar to Rice –Wheat (35.70 mg/kg) and Maize –Millet systems (77.20 mg/kg). The result indicated that cropping systems have huge impact on plant nutrient dynamics in soil.
Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(3): 341-346
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Olayossimi Adechina, Konan-Kan Hippolyte Kouadio, Kouassi Urbain Konan, Koné Brahima, Amidou Ouattara, and Zagbahi Jules Keli. "Effect of rice/cassava rotation on agronomic parameters of rice and cassava grown on Ferralsol in western Côte d'Ivoire." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 13, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.13.3.0357.
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The rice/cassava rotation is one of the dominant rice-based cropping systems in western Côte d'Ivoire due to the inaccessibility of chemical fertilisers. The low productivity of this cropping system makes it necessary to think about improving agronomic performance. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the rice/cassava rotation on the agronomic parameters of these crops. To achieve this objective, an agronomic trial was set up at the CNRA Research Station in Man on a Ferralsol. Five cropping sequences were compared in a Fischer block design with 5 treatments and 4 replications: 2 intensive monocultures of rice (0.20 m × 0.20 m) and cassava (1 m × 1 m) and 3 alternations of rice and cassava (R/M/R, M/R/M and R/R/M (farmer control)). The parameters measured were height, tillering, and yield of rice and cassava, as well as soil chemical parameters. The results showed that rice in rotation with cassava had a significant effect on cassava production, while cassava had no significant effect on rice grain yield. The rice-cassava rotation harmed soil chemical parameters. Except for the improvement of nitrogen and phosphorus contents due to biochemical reactions in the rhizosphere and the mobility of nutrients along the fertility gradient. Finally, R/M/R was found to be the best cropping sequence in a rice-based cropping system.
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Tesfaye, K., A. Khatri-Chhetri, P. K. Aggarwal, F. Mequanint, P. B. Shirsath, C. M. Stirling, M. L. Jat, D. B. Rahut, and O. Erenstein. "Assessing climate adaptation options for cereal-based systems in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains, South Asia." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 03 (April 2019): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000492.
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AbstractNew farming systems and management options are needed in South Asia as the intensive rice–wheat production system is set to become increasingly unsustainable under climate change. In the current study, six cropping systems options/treatments varying in tillage, crop establishment method, residue management, crop sequence and fertilizer and water management were evaluated using a cropping systems model under current (1980–2009) and future (2030 and 2050) climate scenarios in the state of Bihar, India. The treatments were current farmers' practice (CP), best fertilizer and water management practices, zero tillage (ZT) with no crop residue retention, ZT with partial crop residue retention (ZTPR), future conservation agriculture-based rice–wheat intensive cropping system (FCS-1) and future conservation agriculture-based maize–wheat intensive cropping system (FCS-2). The results indicate that climate change is likely to reduce rice–wheat system productivity under CP by 4% across Bihar. All the crop management options studied increased yield, water productivity and net returns over that of the CP under the current and future climate scenarios. However, the ZTPR treatment gave significantly higher relative yield, lower annual yield variability and a higher benefit-cost-ratio than the other treatments across cropping system components and climate periods. Although all the new cropping system treatments had a positive yield implication under the current climate (compared to CP), they did not contribute to adaptation under the future climate except FCS-2 in wheat. It is concluded that adaptation to future climate must integrate both cropping system innovations, and genetic improvements in stress tolerance.
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Lizcano Toledo, Rodolfo, Cristina Lerda, Barbara Moretti, Eleonora Miniotti, Veronica Santoro, Emilia Fernandez-Ondoño, Maria Martin, Daniel Said-Pullicino, Marco Romani, and Luisella Celi. "Cover Crops Increase N and P Cycling and Rice Productivity in Temperate Cropping Systems." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092193.
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Cover crops can determine positive benefits on soil fertility and rice productivity, although scant attention has been devoted to evaluating the effects of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and the incorporation of rice straw with different N fertilization levels on soil N and P availability and crop yields in temperate cropping systems characterized by poorly developed soils. In this study, the effects of cover crops grown before rice in a temperate mono-cropping system (NW Italy) on: (i) crop yields and yield components; (ii) apparent N fertilizer recovery and optimal level of N fertilization with hairy vetch; and (iii) temporal variation of soil available N and P forms during the hairy vetch growth and rice cropping season, have been investigated. The cultivation and incorporation of hairy vetch in the rice cropping system increased grain productivity by 12%, while reducing N mineral fertilization requirements by 33%. Combined with the incorporation of crop residues, hairy vetch provided a N and P input of 178 and 18 kg ha−1, respectively, representing a readily available source for plant uptake over the whole rice cropping season, particularly under anaerobic conditions. This results in a better temporal synchronization of soil N and P availability with crop nutrient demand, leading to a better rice grain productivity and quality performance.
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Khan, MAH, N. Sultana, N. Akter, S. Akhter, and MR Ali. "On-Farm Evaluation and System Productivity of Garden Pea-Boro-T. Aman Rice Cropping Pattern in Mymensingh." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 23, no. 1 (November 4, 2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v23i1.50115.
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The experiment was conducted at Multi Location Testing site under On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Mymensingh 2016- 17 and 2017-18 to evaluate the agro-economic performance of improved cropping pattern for increasing cropping intensity, system productivity and profitability as compared to farmers’ existing cropping pattern. The experiment was laid out randomized complete block design with six dispersed replications. Two cropping pattern viz., improved cropping pattern Garden pea (var. BARI Motorshuti-3) - Boro (var. BRRI dhan28) - T. Aman rice (var. BRRI dhan32) and farmers’ existing pattern Fallow - Boro (BRRI dhan28) - T. Aman rice (var. BRRI dhan32) as control were tested. Improved cropping pattern produced higher mean rice equivalent yield (30.26 t ha-1 yr.-1), production efficiency (74 kg ha-1 day-1 ), land utilization index (72 %) and labour employment (382 man-days ha-1 yr.-1) than farmers’ pattern which were 200, 37, 35 and 55% higher over existing pattern. Average gross return (Tk.486430 ha-1), gross margin (Tk. 284787 ha-1) and marginal benefit cost ratio (4.60) of improved pattern indicate it’s superiority over farmers’ pattern. The fertility status of soil i.e. pH, organic matter, total N, available P, S, Zn and B content in soil were increased over the initial soil due to addition of garden pea biomass. Thus, inclusion of garden pea in the existing pattern would improve soil health and system productivity as a whole. Experimental findings revealed that there is potential for greater adoption of intensified cropping systems with increased productivity and profitability as compared to rice–rice systems in Mymensingh region.
Bangladesh Agron. J. 2020, 23(1): 37-46
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Tias, Dayu Iluh Setianing, Irwan Efendi, and Rio Tedi Prayitno. "PENGARUH PENERAPAN SISTEM TANAM HAZTON TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS DAN PENDAPATAN DI DESA PAREREJO KECAMATAN GADINGREJO KABUPATEN PRINGSEWU." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 8, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v8i3.4450.
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This study aims to analyze the effects of the application of the hazton planting system on productivity and income, find out the comparison of the income of rice farmers with hazton planting system and conventional planting systems, analyze factors affecting rice farming production of hazton and conventional cropping system, and analyze factors affecting income from hazton rice farmeing and conventional cropping systems. Location was selected purposively in Parerejo Village, Gadingrejo Subdistrict, Pringsewu District. Respondents in this study were 30 rice farmers with hazton planting system and 30 rice farmers with conventional planting system. Data collection was conducted in October - November 2018. Data analysis methods used were qualitative and quantitative analyses. The results of this study indicated that the income of the hazton planting system does not significantly influence the application of the hazton planting system. There is a difference in income from the farming of hazton planting system and conventional planting system with a confidence level of 99 percent difference in income of IDR435,670. Factors that influence rice farming production with hazton planting system and conventional cropping system in Parerejo Village Gadingrejo Subdistrict, Pringsewu District are age, length of farming experience, and rice seeds, whereas, education, and land size do not influence the productivity of rice farming. Based on the analysis, the factors that influence the income of rice farming with the hazton planting system and conventional planting systems in the Parerejo Village Gadingrejo Subdistrict, Pringsewu Regency are education level, selling price, and seeds.Key words: conventional planting system, hazton planting system, income.
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Hina, Tayyaba, Sultan Ali Adil, Muhammad Ashfaq, and Ashfaq Ahmad. "Economic Impact Assessment of Climatic Change Sensitivity in Rice-Wheat Cropping System of Pakistan." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 12, no. 37 (October 10, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i37/147643.
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SAHA, BISWAJIT, ARUN KUMAR BARIK, and NAKUL MANDAL. "Crop diversification for enhancing productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa)-based systems in red and lateritic soils of eastern region." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 8 (April 5, 2022): 974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i8.101772.
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A field experiment was conducted at agricultural farm, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal to identify most productive, remunerative and resource use efficient rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems in red and lateritic soil during 2014–15 and 2015–16. Pooled data of two years field experiments revealed that highest productivity of rice was achieved from legume involved system, viz. rice-potato-green gram (4.81 t/ha) followed by rice-yellow sarson-green gram (4.67 t/ha) and rice-lentil-okra (4.64 t/ha) which were at par with each other. Highest system rice equivalent yield (SREY) was found in rice-baby corn-elephant foot yam (31.89 t/ha/yr) which was at par with rice-french bean-baby corn (30.99 t/ha/yr). Rice-baby corn-elephant foot yam system achieved significantly higher system gross return (`4,22,467/ha) and net return (`2,69,557/ha) over other systems. However, significantly higher system return per rupee investment was obtained from rice-lentil-okra (`3.12). Significantly higher system production efficiency/SPE (129.14 kg/ha/day) and higher employment potential (345 man days/ha/yr) was found in rice-french bean-baby corn. Highest land use efficiency (LUE) was in rice-lentil-elephant foot yam system (94.5%) followed by rice-baby corn-elephant foot yam (86.3%) and rice-potato-sesame (73.9%). Rice-french bean-baby corn also showed highest system energy output (1344.14 GJ/ha), energy output:input ratio (43.47), energy output efficiency (4.99 GJ/ ha/day) and highest energy productivity (6448.35 kg REY/GJ). This was similar with rice-yellow sarson-baby corn sequence. Hence, inclusion of vegetables (french bean, baby corn, elephant foot yam) in rice-based cropping systems enhanced the productivity, profitability, energy use efficiency and employment potential over traditional cropping sequences like rice-potato-green gram and rice-potato-sesame in red and lateritic soil of eastern region.
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BANJARA, TEJ RAM, J. S. BOHRA, DEO NARAYAN SINGH, and TEJBAL SINGH. "Productivity and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping systems in Indo-Gangetic plains." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i1.120824.
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A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh during 2016–17 and 2017–18 to study the productivity and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems under irrigated condition. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The treatment comprised ten rice-based cropping sequences. Results revealed that rice-potato-green gram recorded significantly high system rice equivalent yield over rest of the cropping sequences during both the years of study. Energy input was recorded highest in rice-potato-green gram followed by rice-potato-cowpea fodder, rice-mustard-sudan grass fodder, rice-wheat-cowpea fodder and lowest in rice-berseem-cowpea fodder sequence. Rice-mustard-sudan grass fodder sequence recorded significantly high energy output, net energy, energy outputinput ratio and energy intensity as compared to rest of the cropping sequences during both the years of investigation, whereas energy productivity was high in rice-cabbage-cowpea fodder sequence compared to other sequences during both the years of experimentation. However, specific energy was higher in rice-wheat-green gram sequence than rest of the cropping sequences except rice-wheat sequence during second year of investigation where it remained at par with rice-wheat-green gram sequence.
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Nawaz, Ahmad, Muhammad Farooq, Faisal Nadeem, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, and Rattan Lal. "Rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia: issues, options and opportunities." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 5 (2019): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18383.
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The rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system is the largest agricultural production system worldwide, and is practised on 24 Mha in Asia. Many factors have threatened the long-term sustainability of conventional rice–wheat cropping systems, including degradation of soil health, water scarcity, labour/energy crises, nutrient imbalances, low soil organic matter contents, complex weed and insect flora, the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds, and greenhouse-gas emissions. Options for improving the yield and sustainability of the rice–wheat cropping system include the use of resource-conservation technologies such as no-till wheat, laser-assisted land levelling, and direct-seeded aerobic rice. However, these technologies are site- and situation-specific; for example, direct-seeded aerobic rice is successful on heavy-textured soils but not sandy soils. Other useful strategies include seed priming, carbon trading and payment, the inclusion of legumes, and eco-friendly and biological methods of weed control. Irrigation based on soil matric potential using tensiometers can be useful for saving surplus water in direct-seeded, aerobic rice. These options and strategies will contribute to resolving water scarcity, saving labour and energy resources, reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, increasing soil organic matter contents, and improving the soil-quality index. Seed priming with various substances that supplement osmotic pressure (osmotica) is a viable option for addressing poor stand establishment in conservation rice–wheat cropping systems and for increasing crop yields. To strengthen the campaign for using resource-conservation technologies in rice–wheat cropping systems, carbon-payment schemes could be introduced and machinery should be offered at affordable prices. The persistent issue of burning crop residues could be resolved by incorporating these residues into biogas/ethanol and biochar production. Because rice and wheat are staple foods in South Asia, agronomic biofortification is a useful option for enhancing micronutrient contents in grains to help to reduce malnutrition.
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Khairullah, Izhar, Wahida Annisa, Herman Subagio, and Hendri Sosiawan. "Effects of cropping system and varieties on the rice growth and yield in acid sulphate soils of tidal swampland." Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 6, no. 3 (November 29, 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.62041.
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Swampland plays a critical function in agriculture, specifically in growing rice production. The study aimed to determine the effects of cropping systems and varieties on the rice growth and yield in acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland. The experiment was conducted in a potential acid sulphate soils in Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of three HYV’s of rice, namely Inpara 8, Inpari 32, and Margasari. The subplot consisted of five cropping systems, namely, Jarwo 2:1A, Jarwo 2:1B, Jarwo 2:1C, Hazton, and Tegel. The plot size was 4 m x 5 m. The variables observed included initial soil properties, plant growth, and yield components. The jajar legowo cropping system in this study was not able to increase rice yields in acid sulphate soil. There was an interaction effect of cropping systems and varieties on the plant height and number of tillers at vegetative phase. At generative and pre-harvest phases, there was significant single effect of variety and cropping system in the planting height and number of tillers, respectively. Both cropping system and variety significantly affected the number of panicles per hill, while panicle length, grain per panicle and grain yield were only affected by variety. There was no significant effect of both factors on the number of filled grains per panicle. Inpara 8 variety achieved the highest grain yield, which was 6.78 ton.ha-1 or equivalent to 4.34 ton.ha-1 of 14 % water content.
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Han, Yuling, Dong Guo, Fei Xia, Wei Ma, Akram Salah, Ming Zhan, Cougui Cao, Ming Zhao, Chuanyong Chen, and Baoyuan Zhou. "The Accumulation of Biomass Pre- and Post-Silking Associated with Gains in Yield for Both Seasons under Maize–Rice Double Cropping System." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2022): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061296.
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Due to relatively low yield as well as low resources use efficiency with double rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping systems (RR), exploring new cropping systems to increase yield and resources use efficiency simultaneously has become a large challenge of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MRYR). Our previous study demonstrated that the maize (Zea mays L.)–rice cropping system (MR) exhibited higher superiority of yield and resource use efficiency compared with the conventional double-rice cropping system. However, the reason for the yield increases in both maize and rice and the physiological processes involved in those two crops under MR are poorly understood. A 3-year field experiment was conducted at two sites (Wuxue and Jingmen) from 2016 to 2018 to examine the differences in dry matter (DM) accumulation, soil properties, and resources use efficiency between the MR and RR cropping systems. Compared with RR, the annual yield of MR was 18.2–26.3% and 15.4–31.5% higher across three years at Wuxue and Jingmen, respectively. The average yield of maize in MR was 36.5% and 21.9% higher than that of early rice in RR at Wuxue and Jingmen, respectively. The yield increase for maize was mainly attributed to the 29.7% (Wuxue) and 28.5% (Jingmen) increases in post-silking DM accumulation due to the higher plant growth rate promoted by the higher net assimilation rate and radiation use efficiency. For the late rice in MR, the average yield was 10.9% and 14.5% higher than that of late rice in RR at Wuxue and Jingmen, respectively, which was promoted by the 7.8–23.3% increase in pre-anthesis DM accumulation due to improved soil properties. Compared with RR, the MR cropping system exhibited increased soil pH, total organic carbon, and mineral nitrogen, and decreased the bulk density in the late rice season. As a result of greater yield in both seasons under MR, the annual accumulated temperature and radiation use efficiency, partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen, and water use efficiency of MR were 17.7–26.4%, 22.2–25.5%, 5.5–7.8%, and 33.6–48.7% higher than those of RR, respectively. We conclude that the higher yield in the MR than in the RR cropping system was mainly attributed to the accumulation of post-silking biomass due to maximized use of radiation in the maize season, and the accumulation of pre-anthesis biomass due to improved soil nutrients in the late rice season.
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Sakai, Toru, Keisuke Omori, Aung Naing Oo, Swe Swe Ma, and Yan Naung Zaw. "Decadal changes in the rice-cropping system in the Ayeyarwady Delta using a large archive of satellite imagery from 1981 to 2020." Paddy and Water Environment 19, no. 2 (April 2021): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-021-00857-4.
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AbstractIn the last 40 years, the rice-cropping system has considerably changed in the Ayeyarwady Delta. The large archive of satellite imagery provides a history of how land and water resource managements have changed in the face of growing populations, resource demand, and climate change. This study aimed to assess the decadal changes in the rice-cropping system in the Ayeyarwady Delta by using the large archive of satellite imagery for the last 40 years (1981 − 2020). The long-term NDVI dataset provided various information on rice cultivation. Signal processing techniques were used to detect on the historical changes in the rice-cropping system, and the impact of climate change was assessed by using trend analysis. Until the 1980s, single-cropping of summer rice was dominant in the Delta. To enhance the grain yield of rice, the irrigation facilities were introduced in 1992 under an initiative of the Myanmar government. As a result, the annual cropping intensities increased from 1.087 ± 0.390 in the 1980s to 1.422 ± 0.499 in the 2010s. The information on historical change in the rice-cropping system would be useful to consider the practical and cost-effective utilization of remaining land and water resources. Moreover, the trend analysis of NDVI time-series showed negative trends in coastal areas. This indicates that the rice production in coastal areas has been constrained by the saline intrusion. The salt-affected areas are expected to expand under future climate change scenarios. Government support is highly required for sustainable rice production in the Delta.
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FRANKE, A. C., S. SCHULZ, B. D. OYEWOLE, and S. BAKO. "INCORPORATING SHORT-SEASON LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURE CROPS INTO MAIZE-BASED SYSTEMS IN THE MOIST GUINEA SAVANNA OF WEST AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 4 (October 2004): 463–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970400211x.
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A three-year trial was conducted on a degraded soil in the moist Guinea savanna of northern Nigeria to assess the possibility of improving productivity and economic viability of maize-based systems by incorporating short-season legumes and green manure crops into the cropping pattern. Treatments included double cropping legume-maize systems, full-season sole maize receiving various amounts of nitrogen, green manure crop mucuna (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) followed by sole maize and a legume-maize system receiving additional rice mill waste. In comparison with full-season maize, the use of early-season cowpea followed by maize improved productivity as well as economic returns of the cropping system, while the use of mucuna, grown as an early-season crop or full-season crop, resulted in poor overall productivity of the system. The addition of rice mill waste as a soil amendment in cowpea–maize systems stimulated maize yields and rice mill waste can form a cheap source of organic inputs for farmers living nearby rice mills. Given the limited growing season of the northern Guinea savanna, it is concluded that timing of field operations is crucial for the successful application of double cropping systems. In addition, high labour requirements are a serious constraint for wide-scale adoption of double cropping systems by small-scale farmers, stressing the need to reduce soil cultivation operations, for example by maintaining a uniform ridge distance for all crops in the rotation.
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Hossain, Md Shakhawat, MAR Sarkar, M. Jahiruddin, AK Chaki, and ASM MR Khan. "Productivity and partial budget analysis in wheat-rice sequences as influenced by integrated plant nutrition system and legume crops inclusion." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v41i1.27665.
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The experiments were carried out at the Regional Wheat Research Centre, Rajshahi of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) for two consecutive years, 2009-10 and 2010-11 to evaluate the agro-economic productivity of Wheat-Rice cropping sequence as influenced by integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS) and inclusion of legume crops. The experiment comprised of four cropping sequences viz. Wheat-Mungbean- T. Aman rice, Wheat-Blackgram- T. Aman rice, Wheat-Sesbania- T. Aman rice and Wheat- Fallow- T. Aman rice; and six nutrient treatments viz. 100% recommended nutrient rates, IPNS with 3 t ha-1 poultry manure (PM), IPNS with 6 t ha-1 PM, IPNS with 5 t ha-1 cowdung (CD), IPNS with 10 t ha-1 CD and farmers practice (FP). It was carried out in a split-plot design assigning cropping sequences in the main plots and nutrient treatments in the sub-plots with three replications. For the IPNS, the 100% nutrient rates were adjusted with manure and fertilizers. Inclusion of mungbean in the Wheat-Rice cropping sequence showed higher production cost but it gave higher system productivity, gross return, gross margin, benefitcost ratio and production efficiency. This cropping sequence gave on an average 57% higher wheat equivalent yield (WEY) compared to the existing Wheat-Rice sequence followed by blackgram included cropping sequence. The IPNS based fertilizer and manure application had better yield performance, WEY, gross margin, gross return, benefit-cost ratio, production efficiency and land use efficiency as compared to 100% chemical fertilizers or FP. It is concluded that the Wheat-Mungbean-Rice cropping sequence with IPNS approach is a productive and profitable technology for crop cultivation.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(1): 17-39, March 2016
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Sireesha, P. V. Geetha, G. Padmaja, M. Venkata Ramana, and P. C. Rao. "Soil Enzymatic Activity under Different INM Practices in Rice-Rice Cropping System." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 1073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.133.
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SINGH, S. N., R. L. YADAV, D. V. YADAV, P. R. SINGH, and I. SINGH. "INTRODUCING AUTUMN SUGARCANE AS A RELAY INTERCROP IN SKIPPED ROW PLANTED RICE–POTATO CROPPING SYSTEM FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY IN THE INDIAN SUB-TROPICS." Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 4 (August 25, 2010): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971000058x.
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SUMMARYField experiments were conducted for the three consecutive cropping seasons of 2003–05, 2004–06 and 2005–07 at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, India, to explore the feasibility of planting sugarcane in autumn as a relay intercrop in standing rice. The cropping systems evaluated were: i) rice-potato-spring sugarcane; ii) rice + autumn sugarcane (planted as a relay intercrop in every sixth row devoid (skipped) of transplanted rice + potato after rice; iii) rice-autumn sugarcane (planted without preparatory tillage) + potato; and iv) rice-autumn sugarcane (planted with preparatory tillage) + potato. In each case, sugarcane was planted in rows 90 cm apart. Rice was transplanted in rows at 20-cm row spacing when followed by potato or sugarcane, but at 18-cm row spacing when intended for sugarcane planting as a relay intercrop in late September. The germination (60.4%) of cane buds, tillers (323 000 ha−1) and number (149 000 ha−1), length (225 cm), girth (2.44 cm) and weight (747 g) of millable canes were markedly better when autumn sugarcane was planted with rice as a relay intercrop in comparison to other cropping systems. Similarly, this cropping system produced the maximum cane (111.4 t ha−1) and sugar (13.2 t ha−1) along with sugarcane equivalent yield (216.4 t ha−1). In turn, relay intercropping system with maximum cane production efficiency of 420 kg ha−1day−1 fetched the highest economic returns (Rs. 258 ha−1day−1) and benefit:cost ratio (1.5). Compared with the rice-potato-spring sugarcane cropping system, the relay intercrop of autumn sugarcane in standing rice produced 35.4% more cane and 38.3% more sugar with 24.1% higher returns besides 79.1% energy saving. This practice will not only benefit cane growers and sugar mill owners in tropical and sub-tropical India, but also in other parts of the world where rice and sugarcane are extensively cultivated.
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Subramanian, E., A. Sathishkumar, and P. Rajesh. "Land use efficiency and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa) under various irrigation regimes and intercropping system." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 57, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2020.57.2.6.
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A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai to assess the land use efficiency and productivity of rice under intercropping system. Treatments consisted of six irrigation regimes viz., IW (depth of irrigation water) / CPE (Cumulative pan evaporation) ratio 1 up to harvest, IW/CPE 0.75 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1, IW/CPE 0.75 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1.25, IW/CPE 0.75 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1.50, IW/CPE 1 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1.25 and IW/CPE 1 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1.50 and three cropping system viz., Rice alone, Rice + Blackgram and Rice + Greengram. Results revealed that application of irrigation water at different levels and cropping systems markedly influenced the growth, yield components and yield of rice. The maximum value of growth and yield components were recorded with the application of irrigation IW/CPE ratio of 1 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE ratio of 1.50 and among the cropping systems aerobic rice alone showed significantly higher growth and yield. Water productivity is higher in irrigation with IW/CPE ratio of 1 up to 60 days thereafter 1.50. The land equivalent ratio (LER) also revealed both the intercropping systems were advantageous. The results encourage the options of pulses could be grown as inter crop in rice.
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Rauf, Asda, and Amelia Murtisari. "Penerapan Sistem Tanam Legowo Usahatani Padi Sawah dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Pendapatan dan Kelayakan Usaha di Kecamatan Dungaliyo Kabupaten Gorontalo." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2014): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v2i2.2256.
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Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sistem tanam padi sawah Legowo terhadap pendapatan petani padi dan kelayakan usahatani padi. Lokasi penelitian di Kecamatan Dungaliyo Kabupaten Gorontalo. Penelitian menggunakan metode survei. data primer diperoleh dari sampel petani dengan menggunakan panduan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa penerapan sistem tanam legowo 4:1 menghasilkan pendapatan Rp 21.844.604 / ha, dan sistem tanam legowo 2:1 menghasilkan pendapatan sebesar Rp 21.705.833 / ha. Kelayakan padi tanam pertanian sistem legowo 4: 1 = 2.16 dan 2: 1 = 2.63. Kedua sistem tanam legowo adalah layak diterapkan untuk padi pertanian padi. Kata kunci : Sistem tanam legowa, pendapatan petani, kelayakan usaha tani Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of lowland rice cropping system Legowo on farmers' income and eligibility paddy rice. Location research in Subdistrcit Dungaliyo Subdistrict, District of Gorontalo. Research using survey method. primary data obtained from a sample of farmers using an interview guide. The results found that the application of the system of planting Legowo 4: 1 generates a revenue of Rp 21,844,604 / ha, and cropping systems legowo 2: 1 generate a revenue Rp 21,705,833 / ha. Feasibility of transplanting rice farming system legowo 4:1 = 2.16 and 2:1 = 2.63. Both legowo cropping system is feasible for paddy rice farming. Keywords: Legowo cropping system , farm income, farming feasiliblity
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Lamsal, Suraj, and Rabin Khadka. "Rice wheat cropping system in Nepal: Issues concerning sustainability." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 4, no. 6 (2019): 1913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.46.42.
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