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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rice farming'
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1
Saelee, Waraporn. "Environmental efficiency analysis of Thai rice farming." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75742/.
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The overarching objective of this research is to provide insight into how Thailand can sustainably intensify its rice production. To achieve this aim, this research develops an innovative approach for measuring agricultural environmental efficiency, which is called “the directional nutrient surplus efficiency measure”, which takes place within the theoretical context of directional distance function. Thus, the study determines optimal rice output and the combinations of inputs used for rice production that will minimise the nutrient surplus. This is done using cross-sectional secondary data from 1,112 rice farms which were divided into 9 categories for observation for the crop year 2008/09. In order to estimate the technical efficiency of the 9 observed groups of Thai rice farmers, the directional distance function was used, with different directions of improvement towards the production possibility frontier. The results indicate that measuring technical efficiency is robust in the context of the model choice for the technically efficient farms, implying that different TE measurements (i.e. different directional vectors) do not change the status of the technically efficient farms in the observation. 70%, 26%, 55%, 55%, 64%, 40%, 46%, 78%, and 34% of the total observations of jasmine rice North, jasmine rice Northeast, jasmine rice Central, non-jasmine rice North, non-jasmine rice Northeast, non-jasmine rice Central, nonjasmine rice South, glutinous rice North, and glutinous rice Northeast, respectively, produce on the PPF. The results also indicate that Thai rice farmers have average TE scores ranging from 84.1% to 99%, depending on which directional vector is chosen. Directional nutrient surplus efficiency measures with the directional vectors towards the nitrogen and phosphorus surplus minimum points were applied to measure the nitrogen and phosphorus surplus efficiency of Thai rice farming systems. The results indicate that the amount of NS discharged into the environment by the observed Thai rice farmers averages from 20.1 to 50.7 kg/ha, and the PS discharged into the environment averages from 11.0 to 28.7 kg/ha. The best practice farms of the 9 observed groups, according to this study, can earn higher profits by using fewer inputs, especially inputs detrimental to the environment like nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers, than the average farms in their respective groups; this also results in lower amounts of NS and PS being discharged into the environment, compared to the average farms in their respective groups. Thus, the environmental problems caused by Thai rice farming systems can be solved by adopting the methods of the best practice farms, and imposing policies for environmental taxation and site-specific soil nutrients testing.
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THATH, Rido. "Factors Affecting Cost Efficiency of Cambodian Rice Farming Households." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20952.
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Antoine, Adrien. "The politics of rice farming in Dagbon, 1972-79." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326636.
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Inthavong, Soulaphone. "Development of rice-based farming systems in Savannakhet Province, Laos." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144268.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第12431号
地博第30号
新制||地||10(附属図書館)
24267
UT51-2006-J422
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻
(主査)助教授 安藤 和雄, 教授 山田 勇, 助教授 岩田 明久
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Erikson, Gustaf. "Contract farming and organic rice production in Laos : a transformation analysis." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-15657.
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As in many least developed countries the farmers in Laos are heavily dependent on subsistence based agriculture production for their livelihood. A key for increased welfare for the rural population inLaosis to increase their profits of small scale farmers and generate a higher income per capita. One possible way to increase the profits and income for smallholder farmers may be to convert in to organic rice production for the export market, since the international market for organic rice is growing, consumers are prepared to pay a premium prise for organic products and conditions for organic rice production are favourable in Laos. Organic rice farming has grown in Laos during the last decade as greater volumes of organic rice are produced and exported. Organic rice is mainly produced by smallholders in donor projects or by contract farmers supplying contract farming companies. In this thesis I try to determine the causes behind this structural transformation by incorporating evolutionary economic theory (Schumpeter, 1911; Dahmén, 1950 and Marmefelt, 1998) which focuses on entrepreneurial innovations and creditors as the basis for changes in the economy. By performing a Dahménian transformation analysis of the transition from conventional- to organic rice production within the development block around rice production in Laos, I try to determine the transformation pressure causing the transformation to take place. Emphasis is in particular given to the role of contract farming in this process. I investigate to what extent the contract farming firm can be regarded as a Schumpeterian banker, a concept introduced by Marmefelt (1998), that can coordinate the development block around rice production by providing credits to the entrepreneurs within the development block. The analysis shows that two types of transformation pressures are likely to have caused the farmers to convert to organic rice production. First of all it is likely that the relatively higher price paid for organic rice (42 percent higher than conventional rice) has convinced farmers to make the transition. This type of transformation pressure can be seen as a market pull type, as it originates from an increased demand in the international market, which in turn increases the relative price for the product. The analysis further shows that a production method innovation had taken place by the introduction of new inputs, made available by the contract farming firm. This has led to an increased productivity which, combined with the premium price, generated higher profits for the organic contract farmers. The production method innovation can be seen as a market push type of transformation pressure originating from the supply side. In this thesis I argue that it is unlikely that the transformation would have occurred without the involvement of the contract farming firm. On their own, farmers did neither have the means to grow the organic rice, nor the proper market channels to process and sell the organic rice on the international market. I argue that the contract farming firm’s ability to facilitate price signal information from the international market to farmers, provide access to the new market thru market links, and provide credits for new inputs as well as technical assistance essentially made the transition to organic rice possible. However the analysis also shows that the contract farming firm had a limited ability to fulfil its role as a coordinator in the evolvement of the organic rice production, in terms of a Schumpeterian banker, because of limited abilities to solve bottlenecks in the value chain. The reason for this is mainly limited financial resources to finance complementary investments in other parts of the development block.
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Pheng, Sophea. "The potential for exploiting allelopathy to enhance weed management in Cambodian rice farming systems /." [St. Lucia, Qld], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18286.pdf.
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Dunn, Lucinda. "Social and ecological constraints affecting insect pest management in Cambodian rice farming systems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28103.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most economically important crop in Cambodia providing smallholder farmers with food and income. Despite rice cultivation being widespread, rice yields in Cambodia are among the lowest in Southeast Asia. Cambodian farmers reported insect pests to be the leading cause of yield loss. To control pests, farmers are dependent on pesticides without any integrated pest management (IPM) options employed. My research aimed to establish ecological and social entry points for successful IPM adoption using a farmer-focused approach. The overarching research question was what are the main social and ecological constraints of rice pest management in NW Cambodia, and how are these constraints hindering IPM adoption. To do this, I undertook an interdisciplinary mixed method approach. Firstly, I examined how spatial position within a rice field and field characteristics (vegetation cover and presence of water) affected pest and natural enemy abundance, richness, and diversity. I then undertook a survey with smallholder rice farmers on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding insect pests, insecticide use, and farm management information. In addition, I explored the different kinds of information sources farmers use and trust the most for reliable pest management advice. By taking a holistic approach to understanding the rice agroecosystem, my thesis identified several points of intervention to improve ecologically and sociologically sustainable pest management for smallholder rice farmers in Northwest Cambodia.
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Roslund, Gustav. "Risky rice : Rice farmers’ perceived risk and risk awareness and how it affects the handling of pesticides in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-109100.
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Agrichemicals have been misused by rice farmers in Vietnam for a long time. This thesis has studied the rice farmers’ knowledge, risk awareness and risk perception to get an understanding of the rice farmers’ agrichemical management. 15 rice farmers in An Giang province in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam were interviewed in 2015 when the winter-spring rice was cultivated. Field method Contextual Inquiry was used to observe and interview the rice farmers. The rice farmers in Mekong Delta, Vietnam think that they are exposed to a medium risk when handling pesticides. They think that pesticides are the most effective pest controlling method. They do not use any protective gear because the weather is to hot which makes the protective gear uncomfortable to wear, even though the majority of the farmers have experienced health effects. The farmers overuse agrichemicals. The rice farmers can increase their gross income if they start using agrichemical more responsible. The majority of the farmers do not follow recommendations established in research. The Vietnamese government have a big responsibility to implement new laws to create a healthier and more environmentally sound agriculture.
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Majiwa, Eucabeth Bosibori Opande. "Productivity and efficiency of the agricultural sector : Africa with a special focus on rice farming and processing in Kenya." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105586/1/Eucabeth%20Bosibori%20Opande_Majiwa_Thesis.pdf.
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Food security remains a serious concern in Africa because of famine, drought and low yields. To address this concern, the thesis quantifies sources of productivity and efficiency; and provides policy recommendations needed to raise African agricultural productivity. The results indicate that there is room for improvement in lifting African agricultural productivity through appropriate policy implementation. These include R&D spending, schooling, and lowering of HIV prevalence rates. The thesis also evaluates the efficiency of Kenyan rice farming and processing as a special focus. The results suggest differences in rice farming efficiency levels across regions largely attributed to age, gender and technology. For rice processing, farmers can improve their efficiency with better knowledge of servicing and maintenance of rice processing machines.
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Gindy, A. N. Z. "Farming of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in rice fields in the Nile delta." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.592488.
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The Egyptian government is committed to the development of rice field fish culture systems as means of protein production. Trials on the growing of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were conducted in Gharbia governorate in the middle of the Nile delta. The trials reported here have shown that fish could successfully be reared in the Egyptian rice fields. Different stocking rates were used varying from less than 1000 up to 5500 fry/ha. The relation between different stocking rates and final fish weight, length, mortality and production of fish was studied. With stocking rates over 20000 a significant reduct (P < 0.001) in fish weight, and length was observed and mortality also increased (P < 0.02). Supplementary feeding at stocking rates of over 2000 fry/ha resulted in a partial restoration of fish weight and length (P < 0.001). Feeding reduced mortality from 46.2 to 33.5%. The data indicates an increase in fish production with the increase in stocking rate up to 100/ha but there were insufficient trials to give a statistically significant results. The highest production achieved in the trials without feeding was 167 kg/ha with a mean value of 88 kg/ha. The highest production of all trials was 264 kg/ha in a fertile area with supplementary feeding and with additional dose of organic manure. A strong relation was found between carp growth and the quantity and quality of natural food in the rice fields. Carp grew rapidly following introducing with a specific growth rate of 24% /day but this fell to 4% per day by the middle of the season, towards the end growth fell to zero or even negative values corresponded with the depletion of the community of invertebrate food organisms. The abundance of phytoplankton in the rice fields could provide a rich environment for raising other species of fish such as silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Sarotherodon niloticus. Significant numbers of accidentally introduced fish of other species, were found (Clarias lazera; catfish), Tilapia spp., Lates niloticus, Nile perch), the rice field could be a reliable source of tilapia fry in addition to consumption carp. With the development of cage culture system an integration between rice fish culture and cage culture could potentially be achieved with the small fish obtained at the end of the growing season could be restocked in cages. The average additional income obtained from the introduction of carp to the rice fields represent an increase of more than 20%. This profit was obtained with as little as 2.31% increase in the total costs of rice and fish. In addition less labour was needed for weeding, with one weeding instead of the normal three.
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Onwuchekwa-Henry, Chinaza Beatrice. "Strategic agronomic options for a sustainable lowland rice farming system in northwest Cambodia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26722.
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The use of remote sensing for rice phenotyping is a current trend in research, providing spatial and temporal information that depict the ecosystem dynamics in a changing environment. A good agronomic option is one of the key factors required to enhance food security, mainly where poor agronomic practices are prevalent. Seed broadcasting, weeds, low fertilizer input and wrong fertilizer timing are the major agronomic problems identified in northwest Cambodia that contribute to low rice yields. Hence, this research will use some spectral reflectance technologies to monitor rice growth, biomass, guide our decisions on fertilizer applications and collect information required for sustainable rice production.
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Ratcliffe, Joel. "The (Post)Development of Rwandan Rice-Growers' Cooperatives." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31022.
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The Rwandan countryside is currently undergoing a process of rapid reform under ambitious government programs to modernize agriculture for participation in national and international markets. While the government asserts that it is pursuing pro-poor growth, many critics present significant evidence to the contrary. This thesis examines the use of farmers cooperatives within the ongoing government campaign of agricultural modernization, and it asks whether the co-ops themselves are sources of personal empowerment and material gain for the small producers. Adopting the “sceptical” post-development position advanced by Aram Ziai, the present research attempts to take a pragmatic look at the ways in which the co-ops meet or fail to meet the material and non-material needs of their members while appreciating that cultural preferences are heterogeneous and dynamic. While the use of farmers cooperatives appears appropriate for the Rwandan marshland, the co-ops examined very much fall short of the post-development social movement model.
13
Amilhat, Elsa. "Fisheries ecology of rice farming landscapes : self-recruiting species in farmer managed aquatic systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435005.
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Howard, Brittni D. "Catching evidence with frogs through focused ethnographic research with a Filipino rice farming community." Thesis, Northern Arizona University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10009783.
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Rice farmers have a wealth of knowledge about local amphibians, impacts of chemical pesticides on amphibians and rice paddies, and changes in amphibian populations over time. I used my training in anthropology to highlight the relevance of examining the impacts of national and international policies and institutions on local rice farmers’ experiences, perceptions, and practices in regards to amphibians and rice pest management. Through a focused ethnographic approach with farmers in Banca-Banca Victoria, I found that policies and institutions have direct influences on farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices including four themes among rice farmers: (1) articulated perceived consequences of non-native invasive anuran species, such as Rhinella marina and Kaloula pulchra (2) articulated perceived indicators of environmental health provided by native and non-native anuran species (3) perceptions that both native and non-native anurans can help in efforts to manage pest insects in rice paddies (4) local knowledge about impact of chemical pesticides on amphibian populations and observed temporal changes in amphibian populations. I contend that the Filipino rice farmers I worked with have insights into rice farming practices, amphibians, and the local environment that should be further explored in an effort to find alternative or modified pest management practices to positively affect farmer and environmental health, sovereignty, and dignity.
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Phung, Dung Tri. "Assessing and Reducing Risk Due to Chlorpyrifos Use among Rice Farmers in Vietnam: From Probabilistic Risk Assessment to Safety Strategy Development." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365804.
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Vietnamese farmers are at high risk of pesticide exposure due to usage of pack-back sprays for application of pesticides with their rice crops. Chlorpyirifos has been the most common organophosphate registered for agricultural use in Vietnam, however the health risk due to the use of this compound by rice farmers has not been evaluated. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the health risk of chlorpyrifos exposure to rice farmers, using a probabilistic approach, with a secondary objective of developing safety strategies for pesticide risk reduction, using qualitative needs assessment methods used for evaluating health promotion programs. Farmer exposure to chlorpyrifos from pesticide application was measured by biological monitoring. Urine samples were collected from farmers (18) over pesticide spraying application time and analysed for 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), the major urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, using an enzymatic pre-treatment before extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Absorbed Daily Doses (ADD) of chlorpyrifos for farmers was then estimated from urinary TCP levels, expressed as μg/g creatinine. The exposure doses, comprising baseline exposure dose (ADDB), post-application exposure dose (ADDA), and lifetime average daily exposure dose (LADDE) were calculated. The baseline exposure dose (ADDB) ranged from 0.03 to 1.98 μg/kg/d with a mean of 0.24 μg/kg/d. The post-application exposure dose (ADDA) ranged from 0.35 to 94 μg/kg/d with a mean of 19.4 μg/kg/d which is approximately 80 times higher than the mean values of ADDB (0.24 μg/kg/d). The lifetime average daily dose (LADDE) ranged from 0.01 to 1.7 μg/kg/d with a mean of 0.3 μg/kg/d. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that personal protective equipment reflected by percentage of body coverage, amount of chlorpyrifos used and length of application made major contributions to ADDA. However, the best regression model for the relationship between ADDA and exposure factors was observed with two independent variables comprising body coverage and amount of chlorpyrifos used.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Corsin, Flavio. "An epidemiological study of white spot disease in the rice-shrimp farming system of Vietnam." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390630.
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Nguyen, Khoa Man Sophie. "A new perspective on the impacts of irrigation on fisheries with emphasis on rice-based farming systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7946.
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Tran, Thanh Be, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, and School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "Sustainability of rice-shrimp farming system in a brackish water area in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam." THESIS_FAH_ARD_Tran_T.xml, 1994. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/421.
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The Mekong Delta, which is considered as the main 'rice bowl and fish basket', is one of seven distinct agro-ecological regions of Vietnam and plays an important role in the economy of the country. Several rice-based farming systems have been developed in various areas of the MD. Rice-shrimp integrated system in brackish areas is a special farming system developed in this delta. It is a profitable system and seems to be environmentally safe on the one hand without the use of pesticides. On the other hand, use of brackish water in this system may result in degradation of land, as some previous studies have found. To understand how this farming system works and to identify the external and internal factors influencing its sustainability, the project 'Sustainability of rice-shrimp farming system in a brackish area in the Mekong delta of Vietnam' was carried out in 1992-1993 by an interdisciplinary team of researchers from the University of Cantho and staff of local district Agricultural Office, representing different fields of sciences. The research methodology was the Farming Systems Research approach with modifications towards soft systems thinking, involving farmers into the research process. One main result of this study is an insight into the rice-shrimp farming system. It includes various physical, biological, technological, economical and sociological aspects of rice production prior to integration and in integrated farm, naturally supplied shrimp growing and giant shrimp rearing, upland crop production as well as off-farm and non-farm work of farm households. Sustainability of the system studied is assessed, in comparison with rice monoculture, through various criteria of the three view points productivity, environmental safety and socio-economic effectiveness. In terms of such points of view, rice-shrimp farming system is rated higher than rice monoculture system. Thus the integrated system so far is considered to be more sustainable than the others.Master of Science (Hons)
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Mund, Jan-Peter. "Kleinbäuerlicher Nassreisanbau in Bas-Fonds der Cote d'Ivoire, Westafrika /." Mainz : Geographisches Institut der Universität Mainz, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0613/2005390273.html.
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Walisinghe, Buddhini Ranjika. "Technology and Technical Efficiency in Rice Production in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366971.
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Technological innovation resulting from Research and Development (R&D) investments plays a key role in productivity growth in agricultural-based developing economies. Innovations and technologies discovered at research units diffuse to users in a systematic manner and the success of this process is confirmed when target beneficiaries adopt the technology for its intended use. To realize the expected productivity growth generated from technological innovations, it is important to understand efficiency gains and adoption patterns of technologies. The main objective of this thesis is to analyse gains in production and efficiency due to technologies and their adoption in a farming context focusing mainly on technology-specific and user-specific aspects using Sri Lankan rice production data.
This thesis involves several empirical techniques and the findings are multi-faceted, centred on the main subject of technology adoption. Firstly, the thesis evaluated how effective rice technologies are in improving technical efficiency using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The factors affecting any form of inefficiency on an agricultural farm were identified employing a simple regression. The results advise production units to carefully select appropriate technologies that can be highly influential in the realisation of technical efficiency in rice production.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Jobling, Andrew. "Agrarian change on Peru's northern coast in the late twentieth century : a case study of rice farming in Ferranafe." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250305.
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Tariq, Azeem. "Development and adaptation of water management systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from intensive rice production." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0021.
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Pour répondre à la demande de la population croissante, la production de riz doit être augmentée de 40% d’ici 2030. Cependant cette production émet des gaz à effet serre (GES), tel que le méthane (CH4), qui contribue au réchauffement climatique. Les stratégies de gestion, telles que le drainage des sols et la gestion durable des résidus, sont essentielles pour diminuer les émissions de GES des rizières, mais cela entrent souvent en conflit avec les pratiques de gestion des riziculteurs. L'objectif de ce projet était d'étudier le potentiel d'atténuation des GES par des pratiques de drainage et de gestion des résidus et par l’identification des opportunités et les contraintes auxquelles sont confrontés les petits exploitants dans la mise en œuvre des pratiques. Le projet a été élaboré en utilisant une approche interdisciplinaire incluant mésocosme en chambre climatique, des campagnes sur le terrain et une enquête après des agriculteurs au Vietnam. La première étude sur le mésocosme a été menée pour identifier l'impact du drainage en début et mi-saison sur les émissions de CH4 et de N2O par des sols amendés avec des résidus frais et compostés à différents niveaux de sol C (article I). La deuxième étude sur le mésocosme incluait des résidus de riz enrichis en 13C pour comprendre l'effet de la pré-plantation, d’un drainage précoce et à mi-saison sur la contribution des résidus C aux émissions de CH4 (article III). Des expériences de terrain ont été menées pendant deux saisons (printemps et été) pour documenter l'effet de la pré-plantation, du drainage en début et à mi-saison sur les émissions de CH4 et de N2O par des sols modifiés par l’apport de résidus dans deux systèmes de gestion d’eau: un système efficace de gestion de l'eau et un système de contrôle d'eau conventionnel (article II). Trente-cinq petits producteurs de riz ont été interviewés pour évaluer la diversité des pratiques de gestion des terres dans la région et comprendre leurs pratiques de culture, leurs défis et leurs contraintes à l'échelle de la rizière. Quatre ateliers ont été menés avec des agriculteurs, des conseillers agricoles locaux et régionaux pour concevoir et évaluer les pratiques de production de riz adaptées au climat, basées sur la gestion de l'eau et des résidus (article IV). Les études de laboratoire et de terrain ont montré que les pratiques de drainage (pré-plantation et drainage précoce) pouvaient atténuer les émissions de GES sans compromettre le rendement du riz. Au laboratoire, le drainage avant plantation a considérablement réduit les émissions de CH4 de 70 à 80%, alors que sur le terrain, le drainage se montre moins efficace dans la réduction des émissions de CH4 en raison des activités opérées par les agriculteurs avant transplantion. Dans l’étude de terrain, le drainage précoce et en mi-saison a diminué les émissions de CH4 de 67% et 43% dans les systèmes comprenant une gestion de l’eau efficaces et inefficaces. Au laboratoire, l’addition d’un drainage en début et mi-saison a réduit les émissions de CH4 de 75 à 90%. Sur le terrain, le système efficace de contrôle de l'eau associé avec une bonne aération des sols a considérablement augmenté le potentiel de diminution du CH4 des sols drainés et modifiés par les résidus. L'étude isotopique a indiqué que l'aération des sols au stade précoce (pré-plantation ou début de saison) réduit les émissions de CH4 dérivés des résidus de 57 à 87%. Cependant, les résultats ont mis en évidence que l’amélioration des pratiques de drainage impactaient très peu les émissions de N2O. Les résultats de l'étude participative ont souligné l'importance d'impliquer les agriculteurs et les acteurs locaux dans la conception des systèmes d'atténuation des GES. Ces résultats ont mis en évidence les contraintes et les opportunités possibles pour la mise en œuvre réussie des stratégies d'atténuation des GES dans les rizières des petits exploitantsRice production needs to increase by 40% to meet the demand of the world’s growing population by 2030, yet rice production contribute to global warming with elevated GHG emissions, particularly of methane (CH4). Management strategies, such as drainage of paddy soils & sustainable residue management are essential in order to mitigate GHG emission from rice systems, but they often conflict with the practical management preferences of rice farmers. The objective of this project was to investigate the GHG mitigation potential of drainage practices and residue management techniques, and to identify the constraints and opportunities faced by smallholders in the implementation of mitigation practices under local conditions. The project was formulated using an interdisciplinary approach that included two mesocosm studies in growth chamber, two field campaigns and a field survey of farmers in Vietnam. First mesocosm study was conducted to verify the impact of early season drainage and midseason drainage on CH4 and N2O emissions from fresh and composted residue-amended soils at different soil C levels (Paper I). Then second mesocosm study was conducted using 13C-enriched rice residue to understand the effect of pre-planting, early-season and midseason drainage on the residue carbon contribution to CH4 emissions (Paper III). Field experiments based on farmers’ field conditions were conducted for two seasons (spring and summer) to document the effect of pre-planting, early-season and midseason drainage on CH4 and N2O emissions from residue-amended soils under two field water management systems: an efficient field water control system and a conventional, inefficient field water control system (Paper II). Thirty-five smallholder rice farmers were interviewed to capture the diversity of different land management practices in the area and understand their cropping practices, challenges and constraints faced at field scale. Four workshops were conducted with farmers, local agricultural advisors and regional stakeholders to design and assess the climate-smart rice production practices, based on water and residue management (Paper IV). The lab and field studies showed that drainage practices (pre-planting and early season drainage) had the potential to mitigate GHG emissions without compromising rice yield. Pre-planting drainage greatly reduced CH4 emissions in the lab experiment by 70-80%, while in field condition pre-planting drainage had less effect on CH4 emission reduction due to constraints with farmers’ field operations before transplanting. Early season drainage reduced CH4 emissions in both lab and field experiments. In field study, early plus midseason drainage lowered the CH4 emissions by 67% and 43% in the efficient and inefficient field water management systems respectively. In lab, early plus midseason drainage lowered CH4 emissions by 75-90 %. The efficient field water control system and good soil aeration significantly increased the CH4 mitigation potential of the drainage regimes from residue-amended soils. The isotopic study in lab indicated that soil aeration in the early stage (pre-planting or early season) reduced the residue-derived CH4 emissions by 57-87%. The results highlighted that the effects of improved drainage practices on N2O emissions were very low when considering the total GHG effects of CH4 and N2O. The results of the participatory study highlighted the importance of involving farmers and local stakeholders in the process of designing the mitigating systems. The active involvement of farmers and local stakeholders in the process of designing, testing and assessing the water management systems highlighted the constraints and feasible options for successful implementation of GHG mitigation strategies in smallholders’ rice fields
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Ernoiz, Antriyandarti. "An Economic Study of the Indonesian Rice Sector: Toward Harmonization of Structural Adjustment and Food Security." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217179.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第20004号
農博第2188号
新制||農||1044(附属図書館)
学位論文||H28||N5013(農学部図書室)
33100
京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻
(主査)教授 福井 清一, 教授 伊藤 順一, 教授 水野 広祐
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Ba, Hélène Aminatou. "Contribution of contract farming to sustainable value chain upgrading in the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC0025.
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Les mutations et la libéralisation des marchés agricoles et alimentaires mondiaux ont accéléré la formation de relations verticales entre producteurs et firmes agro-industrielles et la diffusion de l’agriculture dite contractuelle dans les secteurs de la production et de la commercialisation des produits agricoles. L'agriculture contractuelle est un accord entre un exploitant agricole et un acheteur (ou entreprise), établi avant la saison de production, pour une quantité et une qualité spécifiques du produit, avec sa datede livraison à un prix parfois préétabli. Le contrat garantit au producteur la vente assurée de sa production et une assistance technique et financière (crédit, technologie,intrants agricoles). L'acheteur quant à lui, a la garantie d'une offre régulière du produit et du contrôle de la qualité.Cette thèse vise à évaluer le rôle de l'agriculture contractuelle dans la durabilité des chaînes de valeur du riz au Vietnam.Dans la sphère sociale de la durabilité, nous avons démontré que les modèles d’agriculture contractuelle privilégient davantage les moyennes ou grandes exploitations agricoles du fait des coûts de transaction accompagnant le contrat et le volume de production désiré. Cela engendre l’exclusion des petits agriculteurs qui ont de faibles capacités de production. Toutefois, la participation à un système d'intégration horizontale permet de lever cette contrainte. Sur le plan économique, les producteurs sous contrat gagnent plus que les producteurs sans contrat (environ 121 USD/hectare). Finalement, sur le plan environnemental, les producteurs sous contrat sont disposés à adopter des pratiques respectueuses de l'environnement. Cependant, les coûts élevés des certifications environnementales découragent les firmes à inclure ces normes environnementales dans les attributs de contratIn recent years, the structure of the Vietnamese rice sector has changed. From a highly fragmented value chain producing rice for low value-added markets, the shift toward more vertically integrated and coordinated value chains through contract farming has begun to emerge. Contract farming is used as a tool to govern more effectively rice quality and penetrate new and lucrative markets for higher quality rice.Many empirical studies have assessed the role of contract farming in developing economies. Contract farming is perceived as an engine for rural development and a golden opportunity for farmers to have direct access to modern markets, agricultural inputs, credit, and technical support. Worldwide, contract farming adoption is promoted as an institutional innovation. In the Vietnamese rice sector, there is a specific legislation to encourage its diffusion such as the Small Farm Large Field program.This thesis aims at assessing the contribution of contract farming to internalize sustainable production standards in rice value chains. The central assumption of this thesis is that some contract attributes may contribute to improving sustainability. A set of attributes of performance declined in sustainable indicators was selected to test our research hypothesis. The attributes of performance stem from the Sustainable Rice Platform’s principles of sustainable rice production and the existing contract attributes in the Mekong River Delta.In the economic dimension of sustainability, we found that participation in contract farming improves the welfare of rice farmers as farmers selling their paddy using a contract gain, on average, $121 per hectare of paddy more compared to farmers producing outside of a contract. The increase in price is mainly a result of an increase in the selling price (price premium).In the social principle of sustainability, we found that participation in contract farming could improve the welfare of small rice farmers through rent and risk-sharing. Export firms share some of its profits with farmers through a price premium. However, due to the large heterogeneity of contract farming models in the Vietnamese rice sector, not all contract models facilitate risk-sharing. In a marketing contract, farmers bear all the production risks whereas in resource contracts some of the production risks may shift to the export firms. Therefore, resource contracts are more likely to improve equity through risk-sharing between farmers and export firms. Moreover, participation in resource contracts is found to improve farmers’ financial inclusion. Export firms are willing to prefinance farmers under contract. However, the opportunity cost of prefinancing may include the loss of farmers’ autonomy. Evidence from our discrete choice experiment reveals a conflicting interest between farmers and export firms regarding the decision rights in a contract. Last but not least, smallest farmers were excluded from contract farming as firms did not always want to support the transaction costs of dealing with numerous individual farmers. However, our findings suggest that the scale-bias could be successfully relaxed through the Small Farm Large Field program.Finally, in the environmental dimension of sustainability, we examined both firms’ and farmers’ prospective responses to the internalization of sustainability through contract farming using an experimental approach. Farmers are found willing to internalize the environmental dimension of sustainability through contract farming in exchange for a price premium. Export firms are found less likely to implement the GlobalG.A.P./VietGAP or the Pesticide free production standards. The cost of such standard implementation and the lack of institutional support are more likely to justify this outcome
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Ussivane, A. "Organising partnerships for knowledge transfer in a cross-cultural agricultural context : the case of Sino-Mozambican partnership for rice-farming in southern Mozambique." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3009313/.
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This thesis reports on a study of a partnership that sought to establish high-yield rice production within the Baixo-Limpopo region of Mozambique. This project is part of the wider Sino-Mozambique cooperation to boost agriculture development in Mozambique; particularly to resolve the problem of low productivity of the local rice farmers. The thesis reports an action research study of how stakeholders have sought to improve the management and organisation of the project to avoid the cost of working across-cultures, by accepting difference as a resource for innovation. Drawing on the literature on knowledge transfer, inter-organisational collaboration and cross-cultural relations, I explain the ways in which the management task faced by stakeholders in the project context is complex. Then, I describe a participatory action research (PAR) intervention in which project stakeholders were empowered to own the project improvements and actively participate in their realisation. The PAR approach aimed to construct the problem, plan actions, implement them and evaluate the practical effectiveness of the action plan by means of a workshop at which stakeholders debated and shared evidence of improvements. The research has made a number of practical contributions to improve the organisation of the partnership created to deliver this rice farming project. Firstly, the study showed that energising stakeholders – for instance stimulating, championing the cause for their involvement, and employing collaboration as a vehicle for stakeholders pursuit of group interest – is a key feature of their motivation to join the project. Secondly, the study showed that partnerships could be managed to facilitate knowledge transfer in the project by first developing and operationalising collaborations between stakeholders, and then driving knowledge adaptation. Thirdly, it has shown that adapting established knowledge, as long as it is demonstrated to best suit the local needs, helped reconcile the tensions within the partnership. Fourthly, the study suggested that seeking mutually beneficial outcomes makes it possible to achieve reconciliation of competing strategies and goals between public, private, and community stakeholders. Fifthly, the study provided insights about team behaviour in collaborating stakeholders, wherein each member plays a different role in a complementary way across the value chain. Beyond this specific project’s context I suggest management implications for innovation professionals working on knowledge transfer projects involving stakeholders from different national cultures. On the basis of the research I articulate implications for public policy. At the level of national policy, there are implications for the organisation of “Public Private Partnerships” in Mozambique. More widely, I suggest lessons for the enactment of Africa-China cooperation projects in agriculture. Finally, I suggest possible areas of future academic research.
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Soullier, Guillaume. "Modernization of domestic food chains in developing countries : What effects on small-scale farmers ? : The rice value chain in Senegal." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD018/document.
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Le débat à propos de la contribution des chaînes de valeur domestiques à la sécurité alimentaire nationale dans les pays en développement a été ravivé par les dernières crises alimentaires. En Asie, les entreprises du segment intermédiaire réalisent un changement technique et intègrent de nouvelles fonctions, ce qui provoque une augmentation de la valeur ajoutée et un prix de vente au consommateur plus bas. L’objectif général de cette thèse est de contribuer à la connaissance de l’organisation des chaînes de valeur alimentaires domestiques en Afrique et leurs implications économiques et sociales pour les petits producteurs. Elle traite trois questions. Premièrement, la thèse analyse l’organisation de la chaîne de valeur du riz au Sénégal dans le but d’estimer si elle connaît une modernisation similaire à celle observée en Asie. Deuxièmement, la thèse examine l’inclusion des petits producteurs dans l’agriculture contractuelle, avec un intérêt particulier pour la combinaison de modes de commercialisation. Troisièmement, la thèse évalue l’impact des contrats sur les revenus et la sécurité alimentaire des petits producteurs. Le cadre théorique est celui de la gouvernance des Chaînes Globales de Valeur, qui analyse l’influence du pilote de la qualité sur la répartition des tâches et compétences entre les acteurs de la chaîne. Il est combiné avec les cadres théoriques des formes plurielles et des moyens d’existence pour traiter la seconde question. Le cas étudié est celui de la chaîne du riz dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Les analyses de données sont basées sur 154 entretiens qualitatifs et des données quantitatives concernant 913 acteurs de la chaîne de valeur. La participation des producteurs dans les contrats est analysée par un modèle logit multinomial, et le biais de sélection est corrigé avec les modèles de la variable instrumentale et de l’appariement au score de propension. Le premier résultat est que la modernisation de la chaîne de valeur du riz du Sénégal est similaire à celle ayant lieu en Asie. Néanmoins, au Sénégal, (1) la situation de référence est une transaction spot (et non une transaction dans laquelle les intrants et le produit sont liés), et les transformateurs réalisaient la collecte du paddy avant la modernisation, (2) les politiques de crédit contribuent directement au changement de gouvernance et (3) la chaîne de valeur moderne n’est pas compétitive par rapport aux importations de riz brisé. Le second résultat est que les petits producteurs participent aux contrats afin de sécuriser le financement agricole. La segmentation du marché du crédit est liée à l’endettement des petits producteurs auprès de la banque nationale. L’incertitude est un déterminant de second ordre des formes plurielles. De plus, les producteurs commercialisent aussi le paddy par des transactions spots qui peuvent être adaptées aux besoins du ménage. Le troisième résultat est que les impacts des contrats sur les petits producteurs sont différents. Le contrat de commercialisation est un dispositif financier qui n’a pas d’impact sur les pratiques agricoles, les rendements, la qualité du produit et le revenu. Néanmoins, il améliore légèrement la sécurité alimentaire par l’atténuation de la saisonnalité des prix. Le contrat de production a un impact positif sur le revenu des producteurs exclus du crédit bancaire. Néanmoins, il inclut des coûts implicites d’intérêt et d’assurance qui impliquent que ces producteurs obtiennent un profit moins important que celui des producteurs financés par la banque. Dans le but de soutenir la modernisation, les politiques publiques devraient favoriser l’élaboration d’un système d’assurance approprié au crédit agricole. Elles devraient aussi inclure les petits transformateurs dans la modernisation par la promotion de techniques semi-industrielles et l’ouverture de crédit au fonctionnement et à l’équipementThe debate about the contribution of domestic food chains to national food security in developing countries was revived by the last food price crises. In Asia, midstream enterprises implement technical changes and integrate new functions, resulting in increased added value and lower prices for consumers. The general objective of the thesis is to contribute to knowledge about the organization of domestic food value chains in Africa and their economic and social implications for small-scale farmers. It addresses three issues. First, it analyzes the organization of the rice value chain in Senegal to determine if it follows the same modernization pattern as the Asian one. Second, the thesis examines the inclusion of small-scale producers in contract farming, with a specific focus on the combination of marketing modes. Third, the thesis assesses the impacts of contracts on small-scale farmer incomes and food security. The theoretical framework is the governance of the Global Value Chain, which analyzes the influence of the driver of the quality on the distribution of tasks and skills among the actors of the chain. It is combined with the theoretical frameworks of plural forms and livelihoods to address the second issue. The case studied is the Senegal River Valley rice value chain. Data analyses are based on 154 qualitative interviews and a body of quantitative data involving over 913 actors in the value chain. Producer participation in contracts is analyzed with a multimodal logit model and the selection bias is corrected with instrumental variable and propensity score models. The first result is that modernization of the Senegalese value chain is in step with what is taking place in Asia. Nevertheless, in Senegal, (1) the benchmark situation is a spot transaction (and not a tied output-credit transaction), and processors carried out paddy collection before the modernization, (2) credit policies directly contribute to the change in governance, and (3) the modernization of the rice value chain does not make it competitive relative to imports of broken rice. The second result is that small-scale producers participate in contracts to secure agricultural financing. The segmentation of the credit market is linked to the indebtedness of small-scale producers to the national agriculture bank. Uncertainty is a second order driver towards plural forms. Besides, producers continue marketing through spot transactions which can be adapted to household needs. The third result is that the impacts of contracts on small-scale farmers are different. The marketing contract is a financial device which has no impact on agricultural practices, yields, product quality and income. It nevertheless slightly improves food security by mitigating price seasonality. The production contract has a positive impact on the income of producers who were excluded from bank credit. It nevertheless includes implicit interest and insurance costs, meaning that these producers make less profit than those financed by the bank. In order to support the modernization, policies should enhance the design of an appropriate insurance system for agricultural credit. They should also include small-scale processors in the modernization through the promotion of semi-industrial technics and the opening up of operating and equipment loans. Finally, they should fund studies about the use of small-scale mechanization
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Sirisup, Siriluck. "Government policy and farmers' decision making in Thailand : the agricultural diversification programme in rice farming areas of the Chao Phraya River Basin, 1993-2000." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1595/.
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Ngo, Duc Minh, Van Trinh Mai, Dang Hoa Tran, Trong Nghia Hoang, Manh Khai Nguyen, Le Trang Nguyen, Sander Bjorn Ole, and Reiner Wassmann. "Modelling nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from rice field in impacts of farming practices: A case study in Duy Xuyen district, Quang Nam province (Central Vietnam)." Technische Universität Dresden, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32622.
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emisison from paddy soil via the soil nitrification and denitrification processes makes an important contribution to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The soil N2O emission processes are controlled not only by biological, physical and chemical factors but also by farming practices. In recent years, modeling approach has become popular to predict and estimate greenhouse gas fluxes from field studies. In this study, the DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) model were calibrated and tested by incorporating experimental data with the local climate, soil properties and farming management, for its simulation applicability for the irrigated rice system in Duy Xuyen district, a delta lowland area of Vu Gia-Thu Bon River Basin regions. The revised DNDC was then used to quantitatively estimate N2O emissions from rice fields under a range of three management farming practices (water management, crop residue incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application rate). Results from the simulations indicated that (1) N2O emissions were significantly affected by water management practices; (2) increases in temperature, total fertilizer N input substantially increased N2O emissions. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield and N2O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased nitrogen fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate N2O emissions from the tested rice-based system.Phát thải nitơ ôxít (N2O) từ canh tác lúa nước (thông qua quá trình nitrat hóa và phản nitrat hóa) đóng góp đáng kể vào tổng lượng khí nhà kính có nguồn gốc từ sản xuất nông nghiệp. Quá trình phát thải N2O là không chỉ phụ thuộc vào các yếu tố sinh-lý-hóa học mà còn phụ thuộc các phương pháp canh tác. Trong những năm gần đây, việc ứng dụng mô hình hóa nhằm tính toán và ước lượng sự phát thải khí nhà kính ngày càng trở lên phổ biến. Trong nghiên cứu này, số liệu quan trắc từ thí nghiệm đồng ruộng và dữ liệu về đất đai, khí hậu, biện pháp canh tác được sử dụng để kiểm nghiệm và phân tích độ nhạy của mô hình DNDC (mô hình sinh địa hóa). Sau đó, mô hình được sử dụng để tính toán lượng N2O phát thải trong canh tác lúa nước dưới các phương thức canh tác khác nhau (về chế độ tưới, mức độ vùi phụ phẩm, bón phân hữu cơ, phân đạm) tại huyện Duy Xuyên, thuộc vùng đồng bằng thấp của lưu vực sông Vu Gia-Thu Bồn. Kết quả kiểm định chỉ ra rằng (1) sự phát thải N2O bị ảnh hưởng đáng kể do sự thay đổi chế độ tưới; (2) nhiệt độ tăng và lượng phân bón N tăng sẽ làm tăng phát thải N2O. Kết quả mô phỏng về tác động lâu dài (trong 50 năm) của các yếu tố đến năng suất cây trồng và phát thải N2O cho thấy: Việc sử dụng phân hữu cơ và phụ phẩm nông nghiệp thay thế cho việc bón phân đạm sẽ giúp giảm phát thải N2O đáng kể.
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VAGLIA, VALENTINA ADA ROSA. "NEW RESEARCH ON AGROTECHNICS FOR ORGANIC RICE PRODUCTION AND THEIR SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/924462.
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Questa tesi studia e valuta le tecniche agronomiche legate alla coltivazione del riso biologico nell'area del Nord Italia. Il finanziamento principale di questa tesi deriva dal progetto MIPAAF "Risobiosystems", iniziato nel 2017 e terminato nel 2020.
Gli studi presentati sono collegati alla strategia europea di produzione alimentare sostenibile "Farm to Fork", che è il fulcro del Green Deal europeo per rendere i sistemi alimentari equi, sani e rispettosi dell'ambiente, incoraggiando l'espansione del settore dell'agricoltura biologica (Commissione europea 2020). Come riportato in letteratura, l'agricoltura biologica è in grado di ridurre l'impatto ambientale dell'agricoltura evitando l'uso di composti di sintesi (es. fertilizzanti, pesticidi) e favorendo pratiche (es. rotazione delle colture, leguminose, fertilizzanti organici, sovescio, verde pacciamatura.) in grado di aumentare lo stock di carbonio nel suolo e prevenire gli impatti ambientali indiretti dovuti alla produzione industriale di input (Acuna et al. 2018). Concentrandosi sul settore del riso, è stato osservato che il sistema organico è in grado di aumentare la capacità di stoccaggio del carbonio nel suolo (Komatsuzaki e Syuaib, 2010) e il contenuto di materia organica, facilitando la preparazione del suolo (Mendoza, 2004) e favorendo la successione ecologica e l'eterogeneità temporale delle comunità biologiche nel suolo (Martínez-Eixarch et al. 2017). Il lavoro di tesi una raccolta di articoli pubblicati o in corso di revisione, ogni capitolo riporta il mio contributo, e ogni connessione con altri lavori che sono stati avviati ed ancora in corso.
Il capitolo I (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102739 ) rivela la mancanza di ricerca scientifica e informazioni sulla risicoltura biologica, soprattutto in Europa e in Italia. Lo studio presenta principalmente tre tecniche innovative di gestione delle erbe infestanti in risaia che possono essere considerate modelli adattabili nel loro contesto per la coltivazione del riso biologico. Questi modelli sono alla base di una lotta sostenibile contro i problemi ecologici e ambientali grazie al rigoroso divieto di sostanze chimiche come gli erbicidi. Nel lavoro emergono le metodologie la cui efficacia è stata ampiamente testata. In particolare la tecnica della “pacciamatura verde” utilizza colture di copertura (cover-crops) che controllano efficacemente le erbe infestanti grazie a quattro meccanismi principali. Il primo consiste nella parziale inibizione della germinazione delle erbe infestanti grazie alla competizione per l'acqua, i nutrienti e l'ombreggiamento, fenomeni causati dalla presenza di colture di copertura. La seconda consiste nell'effetto pacciamatura quando le cover-crops vengono sminuzzate o poste a terra con la semina del riso. Il terzo è rappresentato dai fenomeni di allelopatia che insorgono tra cover crops ed erbe infestanti (questo aspetto sarà approfondito nel Capitolo II, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030324 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356 -020-10140-4 ). Allo stesso tempo, il quarto meccanismo è legato all'accumulo di composti fitotossici a seguito della fermentazione provocata dall'acqua di immersione della risaia: l'ambiente anaerobico che si crea porta alla formazione di acidi organici come acido acetico, butirrico e propionico acido. L'allelopatia è un aspetto interessante offerto dalle piante in questa particolare agrotecnica. L'allelopatia generalmente produce e rilascia metaboliti secondari, generando effetti inibitori contro le specie vegetali vicine. La germinazione, la crescita e la riproduzione delle piante bersaglio possono così essere compromesse; questi aspetti sono stati approfonditi nel Capitolo II, partendo dall'esperienza degli agricoltori biologici. Lo studio mirava a definire l'azione inibitoria del Lolium multiflorum Lam., utilizzato come coltura di copertura prima della semina del riso nei confronti dell'Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch è una delle principali infestanti del riso. Il Capitolo III si concentra sulla valutazione dell'impatto ambientale della coltivazione del riso biologico attraverso l'LCA considerando gli scenari produttivi e gli agrotecnici descritti nel Capitolo I. L'approccio LCA è stato adottato perché è largamente utilizzato per valutare l'impatto ambientale del processo agricolo. Tuttavia, da un punto di vista LCA, l'agricoltura biologica non è una risposta ovvia ai problemi ambientali perché LCA definisce la funzione del sistema studiato utilizzando una 'unità funzionale', che dovrebbe essere una misura precisa di ciò che il sistema offre ma non è in grado di considerare ad esempio effetti indiretti. Inoltre, studi LCA esprimono gli impatti per unità di un prodotto per impostazione predefinita. Tuttavia, l'agricoltura biologica generalmente emette meno inquinanti per unità di terra occupata rispetto all'agricoltura convenzionale (un approccio basato sulla superficie); può però avere impatti maggiori per unità di prodotto a causa delle sue rese inferiori per unità di superficie (van der Werf, 2020).This thesis studies and evaluates the agronomical techniques associated with organic rice cultivation in the Northern Italy area. The study funding is from the Italian MIPAAF project "Risobiosystems", which started in 2017 and ended in 2020. The studies presented are connected to the European sustainable food production strategy "Farm to Fork," which is the core of the European Green Deal to make food systems fair, healthy and environmentally friendly, encouraging the expansion of the organic agriculture sector (European Commission 2020). As reported in the literature, organic farming is capable of reducing the environmental impact of agriculture by avoiding the use of synthetic compounds (e.g. fertilisers, pesticides) and by promoting practices (e.g. crop rotation, leguminous cultivation, organic fertilisers, green manure crops, green mulching.) able to increase the soil carbon stock, and prevent the indirect environmental impacts due to the industrial production of inputs (Acuna et al. 2018). Focusing on the rice sector, the organic system was observed able to increase the soil carbon storage capacity (Komatsuzaki and Syuaib, 2010) and organic matter content, facilitating the soil preparation (Mendoza, 2004) and promoting the ecological succession and temporal heterogeneity of the macrophyte communities into the soil (Martínez- Eixarch et al.; 2017). The thesis is a collection of articles published or under review associated with the organic rice production connected with Risobiosystems project results. Each paper explains my work and contribution, and each Chapter gave rise to new and ongoing studies. Chapter I (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102739) reveals the lack of scientific research and information about organic rice farming, especially in Europe and Italy. The studies mainly propose three different weed management techniques in the paddy field that can be considered models that can be standardised on farms specialising in their use. These models are the basis of a sustainable fight against ecological and environmental problems thanks to the strict avoidance of chemicals such as herbicides. Value is given to methodologies whose effectiveness has been widely tested. The green mulching technique uses cover crops that effectively control weeds thanks to four main mechanisms. The first consists of the partial inhibition of weeds' germination thanks to competition for water, nutrients, and shading, which are phenomena caused by the presence of cover crops. The second consists of the mulching effect when the crops are chopped or placed on the ground with rice sowing. The third is represented by the phenomena of allelopathy that arise between cover crops and weeds (this aspect will be further explored in Chapter II, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030324, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10140-4 ). At the same time, the fourth mechanism is linked to the accumulation of phytotoxic compounds following the fermentation caused by the submersion water of the paddy field: the anaerobic environment that is created leads to the formation of organic acids such as acetic acid, butyric and propionic acid. Allelopathy is an interesting aspect offered by plants in this particular agrotechnical. Allelopathy generally produces and releases secondary metabolites, generating inhibitory effects against nearby plant species. The germination, growth and reproduction of target plants can thus be impaired; these aspects were deepened in Chapter II, starting from the organic farmers' experience. The study aimed to define the inhibitory action of Lolium multiflorum Lam., used as a cover crop before rice sowing against Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch is one of the main rice weeds. Chapter III focuses on evaluating the environmental impact of organic rice cultivation through LCA considering the production scenarios and the agrotechnics described in Chapter I. The LCA approach was adopted because it is largely used to assess the environmental impact of the agriculture process. However, from an LCA viewpoint, organic agriculture is not an obvious answer to environmental problems because LCA defines the function of the studied system using a 'functional unit', which should be a precise measure of what the system delivers but is not able to consider for example indirect effects. Furthermore, LCAs express impacts per unit of a product by default. However, organic agriculture generally emits fewer pollutants per unit of land occupied than conventional agriculture (an area-based approach); it may have higher impacts per unit of product due to its lower yields per unit area (van der Werf, 2020).
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Lorensi, Raquel Paula. "RELAÇÕES ENTRE ATRIBUTOS DO SOLO E USO DE ÁGUA EM ARROZ IRRIGADO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3594.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe knowledge of the water volume used in rice farming is of fundamental importance for the solution related to water distribution problems between the multiple uses and the grant concession. In this way, the objective of this work was to quantify the water volume used in rice farming, through simplified methods of flow measurement in different soils classes, as subsidy to the administration of water resources and to relate it to soil attributes. The study was implanted in four municipal districts, producers of irrigated rice, of the State of Rio Grande do Sul: Cacequi, Cachoeira do Sul, Manoel Viana and Santa Maria, totaling seven areas with extensions between 0.66 to 30.1 ha. Were measured the flow and classified the soils of each area. The methodology of flow measurement consisted of the installation of simple hydraulic structures. The structures were installed in the irrigation channels and in some drainage ones. This methodology transforms the flow in volume through empiric equations. Later, the monitored volume was compared to real hydric balance volume to validation of flow measurement method (automonitoring). The characterization of the soil was accomplished through the profile description for obtaining the pedogenetic horizons. Later, physical analyses were accomplished, in laboratory, as the density (soil and particle), the porosity (macro, micro and total), the texture (clay, silte and sand), the hydraulic conductivity and the chemical analyses as soil pH, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, saturation (bases and aluminum). The rate of water infiltration into soil in the field was obtained through the double concentric rings infiltrometer. The soils classification was determined to the fourth categorical level adopted by the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (EMBRAPA, 2006). The results showed similarity comparing the automonitoring technique and the real hydric balance. Only two soil classes occurred: Planossolos end Gleissolos. The relation between the soil sandy layer thickness and water volume used in irrigation was directly proportional. Already the clay fraction and volume relationship was inversely proportional. Most of the areas showed high soil density and low total porosity. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was classified between very slow to slow. The areas that presented larger infiltration rates, in the beginning of the test, were: Cacequi (No Till) and Cachoeira do Sul (Conventional). In the first, due to the high concentration sand, and in the second, due to soil surface was turned over before the infiltration test. In this way, was concluded that the automonitoring technique was validated. The Manoel Viana area showed discrepant conflicting volume from the others. The quantification of water volume used depends almost exclusively of the soil class and only a few of the soil management system. An increase in clay content in the layer under the sand layer decreases the water volume in irrigation. The area that not showed B horizon had the greater volume. Soil density data, total porosity, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate did not have similar behavior in all evaluated areas.
O conhecimento do volume de água utilizado em lavouras orizícolas é de fundamental importância para a solução de problemas relativos à distribuição da água entre os usos múltiplos e à concessão da outorga. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o volume de água usado em lavouras orizícolas, por meio de métodos simplificados de medição de vazão em áreas de diferentes regiões produtoras no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, como subsídio à gestão de recursos hídricos e relacioná-lo com atributos do solo. O estudo foi implantado em quatro municípios, produtores de arroz irrigado, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul: Cacequi, Cachoeira do Sul, Manoel Viana e Santa Maria, totalizando sete áreas com extensões entre 0,66 a 30,1 hectares. Foi calculada a vazão e classificado o solo de cada área de várzea. A metodologia de medição de vazão consistiu na instalação de estruturas hidráulicas simples. As estruturas foram instaladas nos canais de irrigação e em alguns de drenagem. Esta metodologia transforma a vazão em volume por meio de equações empíricas. Posteriormente o volume monitorado foi comparado ao volume do balanço hídrico real para a validação do método de medição de vazão (automonitoramento). Foi realizada a caracterização do solo através da descrição de perfil para a obtenção dos horizontes pedogenéticos. Em seguida, foram realizadas análises físicas, em laboratório, para determinar parâmetros como a densidade (do solo e de partícula), a porosidade (macro, micro e total), a textura (argila, silte e areia), a condutividade hidráulica saturada, e as análises químicas como pH do solo, cálcio, magnésio, alumínio, saturação (bases e alumínio).A taxa de infiltração de água no solo foi realizada à campo e obtida por meio do infiltrômetro de duplo anéis concêntricos. A classificação dos solos foi determinada até o quarto nível categórico adotada pelo SBCS (EMBRAPA, 2006). Os resultados mostraram similaridade na comparação entre a técnica de automonitoramento e o balanço hídrico real. Ocorreram apenas duas classes de solo: Planossolos e Gleissolos. A relação entre a espessura da camada arenosa e o volume de água utilizado na irrigação foi diretamente proporcional. Já a fração argila e o volume foi inversamente proporcional. A maioria das áreas apresentaram alta densidade do solo e baixa porosidade total. A classificação da condutividade hidráulica saturada foi de muito lenta à lenta. As áreas que apresentaram maiores taxas de infiltração, no início do teste foram: Cacequi (Plantio Direto) e Cachoeira do sul (Convencional). Na primeira, devido à elevada concentração de areia, e, na segunda pelo revolvimento da superfície do solo antes do teste de infiltração. Desta forma, conclui-se que a técnica de automonitoramento foi validada. A área de Manoel Viana apresentou volume discrepante das demais. A quantificação do volume de água usado depende quase exclusivamente da classe de solo e muito pouco do sistema de cultivo. Um aumento no teor de argila na camada subjacente à camada arenosa diminui o volume de água na irrigação. A área que não apresentou o horizonte B registrou o maior volume utilizado. Os dados de densidade do solo, porosidade total, condutividade hidráulica saturada e infiltração não tiveram comportamento semelhante em todas as áreas avaliadas.
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Andrade, Isabel Cristina Barreto. "Diagnóstico da rizicultura na foz do rio São Francisco sob a perspectiva de um modelo sustentável de gestão." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4225.
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Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SEVarious fields of knowledge discuss the classical model of economic development and the impact on life on the planet. These settings cause multiple demands on enterprises and invoke a restructuring of the management models adopted by these. The environmental and economic responsibility has become a term discussed in the academic world, this event directed the society towards sustainability. In this thesis, using the approach: economic, social and environmental, we reached the conclusion that sustainable development implies a link between the natural social sciences. In this context, the main purpose of this thesis was to develop a sustainable management model (PSG) which has views to profitability; the proper management of natural resources, and improve the quality of life of the different actors involved in a project, this one is of any kind. taking as a basis for the understanding of this study, we investigated the perimeter of the irrigated lots of rice farmers - the lower San Francisco - the city of Flores Island / SE, 135 km from Aracaju / SE. Using management tools and indicators: environmental; social and economic allies to secondary data. Within this context, it was possible to specifically examine: the use and occupation of the basin; the physical medium - water; identify the perpetrators members from human activities; ascertain the feasibility of the proposed model; contribute to public policy. The method was based on a systemic approach. It was exploratory in nature; descriptive; field, experimental and documentary. Approach quantitative and qualitative. Data collection: semi-structured questionnaire and interviews - were analyzed according to the content of Bardin. Thus, it is expected to collaborate: with the academic community adding an interdisciplinary approach new contributions in environmental sciences; rationale and implementation of public policies. Therefore, it was demonstrated that, by inserting the sustainable PSG management is possible to manage quality and a production process liquid (either agricultural or not), particularly, minimizing environmental impact; generating wealth and, consequently, rising the quality of life of the actors involved in the process in question.
Varias áreas do conhecimento discutem o modelo clássico de desenvolvimento econômico e os impactos sobre a vida no planeta. Estas colocações provocam múltiplas demandas sobre os empreendimentos e invocam uma reestruturação dos modelos de gestão por estes adotados. A responsabilidade socioambiental e econômica se tornou um termo discutido no universo acadêmico, esta circunstância direcionou a sociedade no caminho da sustentabilidade. Nesta tese, utilizando-se da abordagem: econômica, social e ambiental, chegou-se a conclusão de que o desenvolvimento sustentável implica numa articulação entre as ciências sociais naturais. Nesse contexto, a finalidade principal desta Tese foi o de desenvolver um Plano sustentável de gestão (PSG) que tenha vistas para a lucratividade; o manejo adequado dos recursos naturais, e melhore a qualidade de vida dos diferentes atores envolvidos em um empreendimento, este, seja de qualquer natureza. Tomando-se como base para a compreensão deste estudo, foi pesquisado o perímetro dos lotes irrigados dos rizicultores – no baixo São Francisco – no município de Ilha das Flores/ SE, a 135 km de Aracaju/SE. Utilizando-se ferramentas de gestão e indicadores: ambientais; sociais e econômicos aliados a dados secundários. Dentro deste contexto, foi possível especificamente analisar: o uso e ocupação da bacia; o meio físico – água; identificar os elementos agressores oriundos de ações antrópicas; averiguar a viabilidade do modelo proposto; contribuir com as políticas públicas. O método foi baseado em um enfoque sistêmico. Foi de natureza exploratória; descritiva; de campo, experimental e documental. Abordagem quanti-qualitativa. A coleta dos dados: questionário semiestruturado e entrevistas – foram analisados de acordo com o conteúdo de Bardin. Assim, espera-se colaborar: com a comunidade acadêmica acrescentando de modo interdisciplinar novas contribuições nas ciências ambientais; fundamentação e a implementação de políticas públicas. Portanto, demonstrou-se que, através da inserção do PSG- plano sustentável de gestão é possível gerenciar com qualidade e liquidez um processo produtivo (seja agrícola ou não), principalmente, minimizando impactos ambientais; gerando riquezas, e consequentemente, elevando-se a qualidade de vida dos atores envolvidos com o processo em questão
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Chang, Chullee. "Ökologischer Landbau in Südkorea." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15158.
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Ökologischer Landbau hat insbesondere in den vergangenen zwanzig Jahren weltweit an Bedeutung zugenommen. Im Zusammenhang mit Ernährungssicherung, ressourcenschonender Landwirtschaft und Umweltschutz ist die Entwicklung und Förderung dieses Bewirtschaftungssystems in vielen Ländern der Erde auf der Agenda. Landwirte, Verbraucher und Politiker verbinden damit die Hoffnung, Landnutzung nachhaltiger betreiben zu können und durch die Kenntnis der naturwissenschaftlichen Zusammenhänge, den Umgang mit pflanzlichen und tierischen Organismen in der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion wesensgemäßer gestalten zu können. Gleichzeitig entsprechen sie damit der Forderung von Konsumenten nach gesunden, nicht belasteten Lebensmitteln und einer intakten Umwelt. Obwohl wir weltweit die Einführung und Etablierung des Bewirtschaftungssystems ökologischer Landbau beobachten können, ist festzustellen, dass die Gründe, Wurzeln und Erscheinungsformen in den einzelnen Ländern unterschiedlich sind. Deshalb sind länderspezifische Analysen und Bewertungen notwendige Beiträge zur Theoriebildung zum ökologischen Landbau. In diesen Kontext ist die vorliegende Arbeit zu stellen. Gegenstand der Arbeit war die Analyse des gegenwärtigen Entwicklungsstandes des ökologischen Landbaus in Südkorea in den Bereichen, wie Entwicklungsgeschichte, Konzeptionen, Institutionen, Produktion und Vermarktung sowie Zertifizierung und Förderungspolitik. In einer Fallstudie wurden ausgewählte ökologisch (Yuki)-wirtschaftende Betriebe analysiert. Es werden damit Lösungsansätze zur Weiterentwicklung des ökologischen Landbaus in Südkorea dargestellt.Organic farming has increased in meaning world-widely in particular in the past two decades. In relation to securing food supply, resource-preserving farming and environmental protection are the development and promotion of this management system in many countries on the agenda. Organic farming made it possible that farmers, consumers and politicians hope to manage land in a sustainable way, and achieve the handling of vegetable and animal organisms in the agricultural production in a suitable way. At the same time it corresponds to the need of con-sumers for healthy, not polluted food and intact environment. Although we can observe the introduction and establishment of the management system of organic farming in many countries, it needs to specify that that the reasons, roots and manifestations of organic farming in each country are different. Therefore, individual analysis and evaluation for each country necessarily contribute to build their own theory of organic farming. This work has to be viewed in this respect. The purpose of this work is to clarify: - the basic conditions of the organic farming in South Korea, - the practical change of organic farming based on the case study of organic rice cultivation and - the ideas for developing strategy of organic farming in South Korea.
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Parker, Joseph Lynn. "Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012." PDXScholar, 2013. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1514.
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This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site.
During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems.
The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change.
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Mateus, Forero Andrea D. "DESIGN IN ADAPTATION TO DROUGHTS AND HEAT WAVES CAUSED BY CLIMATECHANGE IN RICE FARMS IN LERIDA, TOLIMA, COLOMBIA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami151213167340772.
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Puig, Xavier 1975. "Agricultural practices, biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by bats in Mediterranean crops." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672824.
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We study the effect of organic farming practices on several taxa in olive groves and vineyards. Sessile organisms show a stronger response to treatment, their diversity being higher in organic vineyards. Vagile organism show a less intense response, with the most mobile taxa (birds) showing no farming treatment related differences. Organic olive groves are preferred over conventional groves by some endangered bat species (Rhinolophus spp.), thus stressing their importance for bat conservation. We analize the regulatory ecosystems services bats exert in rice paddies. Bats predate on both agricultural pests (moths and midges) and disease-bearing pests (mosquitoes). The intensity with which they track pests is linked to the cost-benefit trade-off, more evidently shifting their hunting grounds when bigger pests are available. Their economic impact has been assessed in terms of the avoided pesticide cost per hectare of rice crop and year at around 50€Evaluem l’efecte del maneig ecològic de vinyes i oliverars sobre diversos grups taxonòmics. Els organismes sèssils mostren diversitats majors en ecològic. Els organismes vàgils mostren una resposta més moderada, i els organismes més mòbils analitzats (aus) no mostren diferencies entre pràctiques agrícoles. Els oliverars ecològics són seleccionats positivament per part d’especies amenaçades de ratpenats (Rhinolophus spp.), posant-se de manifest la seva importància per a la conservació. Analitzem els serveis ecosistèmics de regulació que els ratpenats exerceixen en els arrossars. Els ratpenats depreden tant sobre plagues agrícoles (arnes i quironòmids) com sobre vectors de malalties humanes (mosquits). La intensitat amb la que segueixen els moviments de les plagues per alimentar-se’n depèn del compromís cost-benefici, canviant les seves zones d’alimentació de forma evident quan hi ha plagues de major mida. L’impacte econòmic en quant als costos evitats de pesticida per hectàrea y any s’ha estimat en uns 50€
Programa de Doctorat en Medi Ambient
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Le, Ngoc Huong [Verfasser], Ludwig [Akademischer Betreuer] Theuvsen, Achim [Gutachter] Spiller, Xiaohua [Gutachter] Yu, and Verena [Gutachter] Otter. "Contract Farming in Vietnam: Empirical Research on Marketing Determinants, Farm Performance and Technical Efficiency of the Export-oriented Rice Sector in the Mekong River Delta / Ngoc Huong Le ; Gutachter: Achim Spiller, Xiaohua Yu, Verena Otter ; Betreuer: Ludwig Theuvsen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1176808923/34.
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Rick, Terry Lynn. "Phosphorus fertility in Northern Great Plains dryland organic cropping systems." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/rick/RickT1208.pdf.
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Maintaining phosphorus (P) fertility in northern Great Plains (NGP) dryland organic cropping systems is a challenge due to high pH, calcareous soils that limit P bioavailability. Organic P fertilizers, including rock phosphate (RP) and bone meal (BM) are sparingly soluble in higher pH soils. Certain crops species have demonstrated an ability to mobilize sparingly soluble P sources. Objectives of this project were to 1) evaluate the effect of green manure (GM) crops and organic P fertilizers on the P nutrition of subsequent crops, and 2) investigate P fertility differences between organic and non-organic cropping systems. A two-year cropping sequence was conducted on an organic farm in north-central Montana (mean pH=6.6; Olsen P=16 mg kgâ»Â¹). Spring pea (Pisum sativum L), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and tilled fallow were fertilized with 0, 3.1 and 7.7 kg P haâ»Â¹ as RP, grown to flat pod stage and terminated with tillage. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown on these plots in year two. Phosphorus uptake of winter wheat was enhanced (P>0.05) by RP following buckwheat only (P=0.02) at 7.7 kg P haâ»Â¹ compared to 0 P. Results indicate buckwheat can enhance P in a subsequent crop. A greenhouse pot experiment in a low P soil (Olsen P=4 mg kgâ»Â¹) consisted of four green manures; buckwheat, spring pea, wheat, and a non-crop control fertilized with 7.0 and 17.5 kg available P haâ»Â¹ as RP, 13.0 and 32.5 kg available P haâ»Â¹ as BM and 10 and 25 kg available P haâ»Â¹ as monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Green manures were harvested, dried, analyzed for nutrient content, and returned to pots. Pots were seeded with wheat. Phosphorus uptake in wheat following all crops was enhanced by MCP (P<0.05). Phosphorus uptake of wheat following buckwheat was enhanced by all P sources over the control. Buckwheat demonstrates the capacity to increase the availability of organic P fertilizers. Soil sampling of organic and non-organic no-tillage (NT) cropping systems was conducted in two separate studies to determine differences in P availability between management systems. Soil analysis determined available P tends to be lower in non-fertilized systems.
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Mohottala, Gedara Kularatne. "Optimal allocation of water in village irrigation systems of Sri Lanka." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48342/1/Kularatne_Gedara_Thesis.pdf.
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This PhD study examines whether water allocation becomes more productive when it is re-allocated from 'low' to 'high' efficient alternative uses in village irrigation systems (VISs) in Sri Lanka. Reservoir-based agriculture is a collective farming economic activity, which inter-sectoral allocation of water is assumed to be inefficient due to market imperfections and weak user rights. Furthermore, the available literature shows that a „head-tail syndrome. is the most common issue for intra-sectoral water management in „irrigation. agriculture. This research analyses the issue of water allocation by using primary data collected from two surveys of 460 rice farmers and 325 fish farming groups in two administrative districts in Sri Lanka. Technical efficiency estimates are undertaken for both rice farming and culture-based fisheries (CBF) production. The equi-marginal principle is applied for inter and intra-sectoral allocation of water. Welfare benefits of water re-allocation are measured through consumer surplus estimation. Based on these analyses, the overall findings of the thesis can be summarised as follows. The estimated mean technical efficiency (MTE) for rice farming is 73%. For CBF production, the estimated MTE is 33%. The technical efficiency distribution is skewed to the left for rice farming, while it skewed to the right for CBF production. The results show that technical efficiency of rice farming can be improved by formalising transferability of land ownership and, therefore, water user rights by enhancing the institutional capacity of Farmer Organisations (FOs). Other effective tools for improving technical efficiency of CBF production are strengthening group stability of CBF farmers, improving the accessibility of official consultation, and attracting independent investments. Inter-sectoral optimal allocation shows that the estimated inefficient volume of water in rice farming, which can be re-allocated for CBF production, is 32%. With the application of successive policy instruments (e.g., a community transferable quota system and promoting CBF activities), there is potential for a threefold increase in marginal value product (MVP) of total reservoir water in VISs. The existing intra-sectoral inefficient volume of water use in tail-end fields and head-end fields can potentially be removed by reducing water use by 10% and 23% respectively and re-allocating this to middle fields. This re-allocation may enable a twofold increase in MVP of water used in rice farming without reducing the existing rice output, but will require developing irrigation practices to facilitate this re-allocation. Finally, the total productivity of reservoir water can be increased by responsible village level institutions and primary level stakeholders (i.e., co-management) sharing responsibility of water management, while allowing market forces to guide the efficient re-allocation decisions. This PhD has demonstrated that instead of farmers allocating water between uses haphazardly, they can now base their decisions on efficient water use with a view to increasing water productivity. Such an approach, no doubt will enhance farmer incomes and community welfare.
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Jose, Monish [Verfasser]. "Dynamics of land use patterns in biodiversity rich farming systems of India / Monish Jose." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118409590/34.
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Chakraborty, Kalyan. "Ecologically considered design of operational systems for high-rise buildings in Kolkata." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4031.
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Snider, Anna. "The role of small farmer cooperatives in the management of voluntary coffee certifications in Costa Rica." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0006/document.
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La certification volontaire offre aux consommateurs des informations détaillées sur le processus de production et/ou de fabrication des produits. Les organisations paysannes jouent un rôle important dans la gestion de certification et de l'accès des petits agriculteurs aux marchés certifiés. Les organisations de producteurs du Costa Rica ont historiquement joué un rôle important dans la participation des petits producteurs aux filières certifiées et leur motivation à accéder aux marchés certifiés. Les organisations paysannes jouent un rôle important dans la gestion de certification et de l'accès des petits agriculteurs aux marchés certifiés. Pour ces raisons, le Costa Rica offre un environnement intéressant pour étudier la façon dont les organisations de producteurs de café arrivent à gérer la certification de leurs membres.Cette recherche se concentre uniquement sur les coopératives et les consortiums de coopératives puisqu’elles sont importantes dans le processus de certification. Considérant le manque de connaissances sur le rôle des coopératives et de la certification volontaire du café, cette thèse traite les questions suivantes: Quel est le rôle des coopératives dans la gestion des certifications volontaires ? Quels sont les changements induits par la certification, au niveau des coopératives et des exploitations ?, Quels aspects sociaux uniques propres au Costa Rica influencent la gestion et l'efficacité de la certification?Les administrateurs de vingt des vingt-deux coopératives de café au Costa Rica ont été enquêtés. Quatre coopératives ont ensuite été sélectionnées pour les études de cas approfondies.Bien que les certifications soient souvent critiqués de ne pas provoquer d‘amélioration au niveau de l'exploitation en raison de la sélection des exploitations conformées uniquement, le facteur qui encourage les coopératives à choisir la certification individuelle est la structure des certifications, y compris la faible demande de café certifié, les incitations faible et variables des prix, les coûts élevés de l'audit et des exigences élevées en gestion et en formation. Au Costa Rica, la certification de café volontaire fournissent des avantages réels, bien que minimes aux coopératives ainsi qu’à leurs membres. Les coopératives prennent des décisions sur la gestion des certifications en fonction de leurs stratégies commerciales, du type de café qu'elles produisent et de leur dotation en capital social, cette qui se manifeste comme une solidarité de groupe ou une approche commerciale. La certification incite à une approche plus holistique de la production de café en nécessitant plus de formations et de services liés à la production durable. Elle encourage les coopératives à collaborer avec d'autres parties prenantes, en augmentant leur connectivité et leur capital social. Cela donne aux membres un accès à de nouvelles connaissances et services, ce qui peut potentiellement créer un cercle vertueux de production de capital social.La certification peut cependant encourager les coopératives à offrir des services supplémentaires ou des incitations financières à une partie de leurs membres seulement. Un niveau élevé de capital social est nécessaire au niveau administratif pour assurer une répartition équitable des avantages de la certification tout en offrant des incitations aux membres à poursuivre la certificationVoluntary certifications offer consumers information on the process in which products are produced. Farmers’ organizations play an important role in the management of certifications and in small-farmer access to certified markets. Costa Rican farmers’ organizations have a long history of participation in the certified value chain and in fomenting small farmers’ access to certified markets. Farmers’ organizations also make strategic decisions related to the organization’s participation in the certified value chain and how farmers are supported and incentivized to join.For these reasons Costa Rica provides an interesting milieu to study how farmers’ organizations manage certifications. Because of their importance in the certification process in Costa Rica, this research focuses on cooperatives and consortia of cooperatives. Considering the gap in knowledge regarding the role of cooperatives and voluntary coffee certifications, this thesis presents the following questions: What is the role of cooperatives in the management of voluntary coffee certifications?, What are the advantages and disadvantages of participation in voluntary certifications for cooperatives?, What changes do certifications induce at the cooperative and farm levels?, What social aspects in Costa Rica influence the management and effectiveness of certifications? Administrators from twenty of the twenty-two coffee cooperatives in Costa Rica were interviewed to obtain basic data on harvest size, membership and management and participation in certifications. Four cooperatives were selected for in-depth case studies.Certifications are often criticized for not eliciting widespread change at the farm level due to the selection of compliant farms, but it is the structure of the certifications, including low demand, weak and variable price incentives, high costs of auditing and high requirements for management and training, which incentivize cooperatives to choose individual certifications.In Costa Rica, voluntary coffee certifications promote small but real benefits to cooperatives and their members. Cooperatives make decisions about the management of certifications based on their business strategies, the type of coffee they produce and the social capital inherent in the cooperative, which is manifested as a group solidarity approach or a commercial approach.Certifications incite a more holistic approach to coffee production by requiring training and services related to sustainable production. Certifications encourage cooperatives to collaborate with other stakeholders, increasing their connectedness and organizational social capital. This gives members access to new knowledge and services and has the potential to create a virtuous cycle of the production of social capital.Certifications, however, may induce cooperatives to offer additional services or financial incentives to some members and not to others. A high level of social capital is needed at the administrative level to ensure an equitable distribution of the benefits of certifications while still offering members incentives to pursue certifications
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Carlsson, Mikael, and John Mageed. "Assessing the Implementation of Sustainable Agriculture at Rosenhill farm in Ekerö, Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284199.
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This project is a Bachelor’s thesis conducted by two students at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The report aims to assess the implementation of sustainable agriculture at the farm Rosenhill, in the Stockholm region in Sweden, and provide potential agroecological solutions. The assessment of the farm functioned as a case study to explore possible ways to improve sustainable practices in agriculture. The method used for assessing agricultural practices in this thesis was drawn from the existing methods IDEA and complemented with the intent to find agroecological approaches. The data gathering was conducted through interviews and observations at the farm, as well as receiving complementing documents from the farm. The data from the interviews and observation was then compiled into a document and divided up into categories, corresponding to the indicators chosen for the analysis. Each individual indicator was first examined individually and, on this ground, concluding comments on the overall implementation of sustainable agriculture were drawn. Results show that the farm is implementing sustainable agriculture the ectively, however, areas of improvement were also identied. The following agroecological practices were further discussed as potential solutions to problems identied at the farm: Intercropping and/or Companion Planting, Cover-cropping and Reduced Tillage, and Agroforestry.De a projekt är en kandidatexamensarbete skriven av två studenter på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH). Rapporten har som syfte att bedöma implementeringen av hållbart jorbruk på odlingen Rosenhill, i Stockholmsregionen, och ge potentiella agroekologiska lösningar. Bedömningen av odlingen fungerade som en fallstudie för att utforska möjliga sätt att förbättra hållbara tillämpningar inom jordbruk. Metoden som användes i detta arbete för att bedöma tillämpningen av jordbruk hämtades från de existerande metoderna IDEA och RISE och komplementerad med avsikten a hitta agroekologiska angreppssätt. Insamlingen av data gjordes genom intervjuer och observationer, samt dokument från odlingen. Data från intervjuer och observationer sattes samman i ett dokument och delades in i kategorier, motsvarande indikatorer valda för analys. Varje individuell indikator analyserades enskilt först och baserat på detta drogs det avslutande kommentarer på den övergripande implementeringen av hållbart jordbruk. Resultaten visar att odlingen implementerar hållbart jordbruk väl, dock kunde förbättringsområden identifieras. Följande tillämpningar av agroekologi diskuterades som potentiella lösningar till problem som identifierades på odlingen: Samodling av lämpliga grödor, Täckningsgrödor och reducerad jordbearbetning och Skogsjordbruk.
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(9733271), Sarah D. Huang. ""If we can't grow rice, then what?": Farming Livelihoods in the Production of Vietnam's Rice Farming Landscapes." Thesis, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
This dissertation challenges dominant food security discourses and practices that seek to address food insecurity through technoscientific approaches to agricultural production. Situated in Vietnam’s An Giang province in the Mekong River Delta, this work ethnographically explores and historically grounds global, national, and household scalar implications of these same discourses and practices on rice farmers’ livelihoods. The central research question that guided this project asks: if farmers are producing security for the nation, then why do they remain food insecure? Through a 16-month ethnographic study utilizing a mixed-methods approach I combined participant observation, household surveys, semi-structured interviews, and participatory mapping with rice farmers, farm laborers, and local and national government officials in order to address this question from a historically and ethnographically ground perspective. I show how Vietnam’s history of hunger and famine, experienced most recently in the late 1970’s, colors the nation’s current and future agricultural development. Focused on a future of rural development, economic growth, and values of modernity, new models of agricultural production are implemented across the Mekong River Delta to ensure the nation’s self-sufficiency in producing “enough” rice and food. Amongst these strategies, intensive triple cropping rice practices, food safety certifications and practices, and an increased reliance on agro-chemicals has resulted in differing farming practices and mixed impacts on farming livelihoods. I leverage a feminist political ecology and science and technology studies framework to foreground the rice farmers’ perspectives and differed experiences, while tracking the rooted inequalities within government policies, market logics, and social relationships. In three articles, I (1) examine differential experiences of state-based agricultural models and their impact on farmers’ livelihood security (2) trace how dominant discourses raise questions about individual and state responsibility; and (3) explore emergent farming livelihood opportunities and challenges within late socialist agricultural development. Drawing on ethnographic accounts and experiences, particularly from farmers, results showed that these dominant discourses that narrows food security to only be governable through techno-scientific approaches and agricultural practices are insufficient to address farmers’ insecurity.
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Chang, Shu-Wei, and 張書維. "Changes in rice farming area: Hsinchu Cyonglin." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75866562658492960107.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
地理學系
100
This article aims to explore the rice commodity chain in Cyonglin. We compare few rice transition processes commodity chain in history to find out the relation between economy and society in a transition society. Recalling the rice production in the early age, large family and the labor exchange system fulfill the shortage of labor. Take a look of 1970s, rice commodity chain, mostly, were built by the farm machinery instead of a great amount of labor input. For this reason, more and more labors were released from the agriculture field to the industrial field. That is why it’s easy to see a lot of people who is a farmer and a worker of factory at the same time in that period of time. Even now, we could still easily find a lot of awful situations in this area which are influenced by this historical matter. Today, the fact of aging population and the using of large agricultural equipments cause a brand-new economic system which is named “sub-contracting system”. Commodity chain can be cut into breeding, tilling the soil, planting, cutting the number of items. According to individual needs, the rice producers have their own choice to outsold parts of produced project so as to reach the largest benefit. Based on this measures, the farmers of the whole project are not necessarily the inhabitant of Cyonglin. Therefore, this new-formed production process build a closer relations between two places which are non-adjacent before and make some differences of boarding lines from the original one.
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Kang, Fa-Chiang, and 康發强. "The Analysis of the Taiwan Rice Contract Farming." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/by495m.
Full textAbstract:
碩士真理大學
經濟學系財經碩士班
102
The main features of The Taiwan agriculture are small-scale, high production cost and the aging labor force. Facing the competition from the world, our farmers are relative weak and difficult to react effectively. Contract farming can be a solution to improve farmers’ welfare by reducing the uncertainty of spot markets. In this research, it is of interest to consider how spot price level and volatility change with the hedge ratio, or say contract percentage.At first, the theoretical model analyzed the optimizing behavior of farmers who produce products in the presence of forward contracting, and derived a set of individual supply and demand functions under price uncertainty and risk aversion. Stochastic simulation is further used to generate spot price series concerning price levels and volatility. Sensitivity of results to specification are explored as well.In conclusion, forward contracting is used as an insurance/risk-smoothing instrument to facilitate market transactions that deal with quantity uncertainty and risk-averse agents. The existence of forward contracting enhances transaction performance by reduction of spot transaction risks. Given contracting offers an important means of private market coordination, it is essential that its implications be fully understood as a basis for determination of need for and appropriate.
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"Examining Agency in the Discourse of Rice Farming." Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.29774.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: This dissertation is a detailed rhetorical analysis of interviews with rice farmers in central Java, Indonesia and documents published by the global NGOs United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and CGIAR. Using theories of materiality, literacies, and environmental rhetorics, I examine how seemingly distinct and disparate humans, organizations, and inanimates are actually entangled agents in a dynamic conversation. I have termed that conversation the discourse of rice farming. Studying local and global together challenges conventional dichotomous thinking about farming and food. Looking at this conversation as an entanglement reveals what Karen Barad has defined in Meeting the Universe Halfway as the intra-relatedness of all agents. I focus on rice farming because rice is a food staple around the world and a major component of global agriculture initiatives by FAO and CGIAR. I argue that farmers construct their jobs in terms of production, food sovereignty, and community. The NGOs construct agriculture in terms of consumption, food security, and poverty alleviation. In my project I emphasize the need for global agents to better account for how farmers construct agriculture. Accounting for how all agents impact the discourse of rice farming is the only way to come to an objective understanding rice farming's impact on local and global scales. My argument adds to the field of environmental rhetorics because most published case studies are about the United States and thus are limited in their applicability. And it enriches global conversations about food security and food justice because it shares accounts from actual farmers who are often conspicuously absent from literature on those topics.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation English 2015
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Lin, Chiao-Wen, and 林巧雯. "Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Integrated Rice–Duck Farming of Rice in Taiwan." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22107NCHU5411007%22.&searchmode=basic.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
農業經濟與行銷碩士學位學程
107
Rice is Taiwanese staple food. With the development of economics, the domestic living standard have been improved, which place importance on healthy and safety food that cultivated without chemical additives such as pesticides, and further awakened to reduce environmental damage. Integrated rice-duck farming system is an eco-friendly and food safety agricultural product, which Aigamo and paddy rice grow together in the farmland, because it doesn’t spray pesticides or chemical fertilizers during production process. In order to explore Taiwanese consumers’ purchase intention and acceptance of integrated rice–duck farming of rice production, this study used conjoin valuation method (CVM) and obtained data from questionnaires to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) by Taiwanese consumers for integrated rice–duck farming of rice production. The personal WTP of Taiwanese people ranges from NT$17.9097 to NT$18.9492 per bowl of rice. The results of the study show that the participants in the survey are almost positive about integrated rice-duck farming system. On the other hand, the participant in the survey who is Buddhist and has children under the age of 18 in the family is positive significant affect WTP. In terms of ethical consumption, when the public place importance on environmental protection, they are willing to support by purchasing and believe the environment will definitely improve. Considering that consumers are concerned about the production process of integrated farming system, in terms of marketing, it can be targeted at the eco-friendly and safety food, and the benefits of natural fertilizers to increase the fertility of the soil as an entry point to provide consumers.
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Wang, Yi-Shin, and 王怡心. "Life Cycle Assessment of Rice Production in Taiwan as Organic Farming and Intermediate Farming." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62496857635970433586.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
98
Food is essential for human bodies. In recent years, the idea that methods and techniques must be designed on the concept of sustainability has gained acceptance. This perspective considers a comprehensive evaluation of all upstream and downstream effects of human activity or product manufacture to evaluate the cumulative and synergistic effects on the environment over space and time. In this study, the main grain crop in Taiwan-rice, as the study subject and discusses and analyzes its production process. The study mainly uses Life Cycle Assessment as the method to analyze the production process of rice crop. The material flow analysis is a good way to analysis the input and output resource on production process. Thus, these two methodologies were used to analysis the environmental impact on organic farming and conventional farming. The data resource of organic farming is from to visit 7 organic farms, and conventional farming is government collection from 2007 to 2008. The environmental impact result is organic farming better than conventional farming.
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Hsu, Chia-Jung, and 許家榕. "Comparison between Traditional Farming System and Friendly Farming System on Soil-Water-Rice in Neicheng, Ilan." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32550045516561135260.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
103
This study presents the comparison the effects between friendly farming and traditional farming system on soil, water and rice growth with statistical methods. We selected 3 paddy-field: 1) field under cultivation for more than ten years with traditional farming system. 2) fallow land for nearly ten years and using friendly farming system at the first year. 3) field under cultivation for four years with friendly farming system. In these 3 fields, soil was sampled before planting, water quality was monitored during rice growth stages, and the growing investigations were made in the tillering period. Soil tests include particle size analysis, bulk density, conductivity, pH value, and organic matter. The results showed that there is a significant difference in particle size, bulk density, conductivity, pH value between the traditional farming field and the field using friendly farming practices for 4 years. The friendly farming practice helps to improve the soil quality. Water test contains water conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH value, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total phosphate. In nutrient reduce, only nitrate nitrogen has the significant difference in these 3 fields. Using the traditional farming practice causes a lot of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus flowing into the channels . The measurements of rice growth consist of the tiller number and height. The 30 days after transplanting, it was greatly influenced by growing degree day. During the 30~45 days after transplanting, the rice grew faster in traditional farming field because of fertilization. The 45 days after transplanting, the tiller number was 22.3 in the traditional rice farming field, and 16.7 and 17.6 in the friendly farming field.
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陳瑞意. "Studies on Factors Affecting the High Quality Rice Procreative Behavior of Large-scale Rice Farming Families." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65899136872560910382.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
農業推廣教育研究所
91
Abstract With Taiwan’s accession to WTO, foreign rice in low cost has been imported into this country that might bring grave impact to the most important aquatic rice- growing industry in Taiwan. Therefore, a promotion of large scale growing high quality of rice by farmers to offer the domestic needs, reduce the share of the market by the foreign rice, sustain the rice-growing industry and development in Taiwan area has been one of the important policies for government. This study takes paddy for the good quality of rice cropped by large-scale of farming families in Taiwan area as research object, with a total of 210 copies of effective questionnaires collected. This study aims at (1) understanding the present situation of growing high quality rice for good quality of rice cropped by large-scale rice harvesting families (2) factors affecting the behaviors for good quality of rice cropped by large-scale rice harvesting families. The main discoveries are given as follows: 1. The cropping ratio of good quality of rice at a large-scale rice cropping has achieved a 61% of cropping ratio that is even though to be about to reach the same goal set up by authority concerned, however, concentrates mostly on rare species. Besides, about one half of species centers on high-yield and high anti-disease Tai Keng No. 8 which is rated as class B on taste and flavor among the domestic rice species. Tai Keng No. 9 and kosihikari which are superior to class B rice in taste and flavor, however, has a lower cropping rate due to its little difference on market or rare contract cropping system. 2. The multi-regression analysis explores that the important factors of influencing large-scale of rice harvesting farmers’ farming management ability are the level of education, the times of attending the extension training for rice farming and the active degree to act it in every agricultural extension unit of the certain area which are the three variances to show the positive effect. The factors to influence the ratio of growing high quality rice are the space of farm scale by self-managing, the level of education, the times of attending the extension training for rice farming, the organic rice of growing, the production to make a contract with rice business, the coordination degree of supporting seedling by the rice growing seedling center, farming management ability which are the seven variances of producing behavior to show the positive effect. 3. The path-analysis explores that the growing behavior of high quality rice has been influenced by the farming management ability on the level of education, the times of attending the extension training of rice farming and the active degree to act it in every agricultural extension unit of the area. Besides, there are some variances to influence directly the producing ratio of high quality rice that includes the space of farm scale by self-managing, the age of under 49 of those groups, the organic rice of growing, the cooperative growing high quality rice with rice business or farmer''s association, the low coordination degree of supporting seedling by the growing seedling center. 4. Except for local species planted in Hualien and Taitung areas, the other areas center on the rare high quality of species. In the opinion of promoting the quality and flavor of foods, principles of adequate cropping on adequate areas have to be enhanced. 5. The coordination of the seeding offered by Rice Seedling Center affects the production of good quality of rice, while there is about one half of farmers recognizing that they can make accommodation with the required species of paddy and it would enhance the cropping ratio for quality rice if a further higher accommodation of seeding offered by Rice Seedling Center.