Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rice milk

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Rice milk'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Rice milk"

1

Eisenberg, S., and J. Benbenishty. "Milk and rice." International Nursing Review 60, no. 4 (October 29, 2013): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/inr.12067.

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Shannon, Ron, and Jose M. Rodriguez. "Total arsenic in rice milk." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 7, no. 1 (October 28, 2013): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2013.842941.

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3

Grenov, Benedikte, Anni Larnkjær, Reginald Lee, Anja Serena, Christian Mølgaard, Kim F. Michaelsen, and Mark J. Manary. "Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Is Positively Associated with Growth and Cognition in 6- to 9-Year-Old Schoolchildren from Ghana." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 6 (March 25, 2020): 1405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa075.

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ABSTRACT Background Milk intake stimulates linear growth and improves cognition in children from low-income countries. These effects may be mediated through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Objective The objective was to assess the effect of milk supplement on circulating IGF-1 and to assess IGF-1 as a correlate of growth and cognition in children. Methods Secondary data on blood spot IGF-1 from a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 6–9-y-old children from rural Ghana were analyzed. Intervention groups received porridge with non–energy-balanced supplements: 8.8 g milk protein/d, 100 kcal/d (Milk8); 4.4 g milk and 4.4 g rice protein/d, 100 kcal/d (Milk/rice); 4.4 g milk protein/d, 48 kcal/d (Milk4); or a control (no protein, 10 kcal/d). IGF-1, length, body composition, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were measured at 3.5 or 8.5 mo. Linear regressions were used to assess the effect of milk interventions on IGF-1 and IGF-1 as a correlate of growth and cognition. Results The increase in IGF-1 was 15.3 (95% CI: 3.3, 27.3) ng/mL higher in children receiving Milk8 compared with the control. The IGF-1 increases in the isonitrogenous, isoenergetic Milk/rice or the Milk4 groups were not different from the control (P ≥ 0.49). The increase in IGF-1 was associated with improvements in 4 out of 5 CANTAB domains. The strongest associations included reductions in “mean correct latency” from Pattern Recognition Memory and “pre-extradimensional (pre-ED) shift errors” from Intra/Extradimensional Set Shift (P ≤ 0.005). In addition, change in IGF-1 was positively associated with changes in height, weight, and fat-free mass (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Intake of skimmed milk powder corresponding to one, but not half a glass of milk on school days stimulates IGF-1 in 6–9-y-old Ghanian children. IGF-1 seems to mediate the effect of milk intake on growth and cognition. The association between IGF-1 and cognition in relation to milk intake is novel and opens possibilities for dietary interventions to improve cognition.
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Wijaya, Cokro, and Andreas Romulo. "Proximate Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Red Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Milk." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2049, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2049/1/012012.

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Abstract Plant-based milk has become a consumer interest in recent years due to the health-beneficial effect of the product. Red rice milk is one of the cereal-based milk that uses red rice (Oryza sativa L.) as the main ingredient that contains antioxidant activity. The utilization of red rice in Indonesia is very limited, only for replacing white rice. The potency of red rice to be developed as rice milk has been poorly studied about the antioxidant activity and proximate content in the red rice milk. In this research, red rice was used as the main ingredient. Proximate analysis and antioxidant analysis (DPPH and total phenolic content) were conducted on the red rice milk. This research aims to analyze the nutrients content in red rice milk and its antioxidant activity. Red rice milk contained 98.01% of water, 0.07% of ash, 0.13% of protein, 0.71% of fat, and 1.07% of carbohydrate. Red rice milk inhibited 53.37% of DPPH radical and contained total phenolic about 274.5 ppm. The result revealed the potential of red rice milk as a functional drink with antioxidants.
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Aresta, Antonella, Stefania De Santis, Alessia Carocci, Alexia Barbarossa, Andrea Ragusa, Nicoletta De Vietro, Maria Lisa Clodoveo, Filomena Corbo, and Carlo Zambonin. "Determination of Commercial Animal and Vegetable Milks’ Lipid Profile and Its Correlation with Cell Viability and Antioxidant Activity on Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 5645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185645.

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Lipids from milk are important nutritional components, although their health effects, especially for animal milks, are still questioned. Four types of commercial milks, two semi-skimmed animal milks (bovine and goat) and two vegetable ones (soy and rice), along with their total and free lipid fractions recovered by sequential centrifugation or by ethyl acetate extraction, respectively, have been analyzed. A higher antioxidant ability, reported as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, was found for all raw milks compared to that of rice. This trend was confirmed, except for soy milk, as ROS reduction in Caco-2 cells. The free lipid fraction was shown to have the highest antioxidant potential in both chemical and biological tests. Moreover, goat and soy raw milks positively regulated Caco-2 cell viability after an inflammatory stimulus. This effect was lost when their total lipid fraction was tested. Finally, only the free lipid fraction from rice milk preserved the Caco-2 viability after LPS stimulation. Our data demonstrated that the lipid profile of each milk, characterized by GC-MS analysis, could contribute to dictate its biological effects, and, although additional in vitro and in vivo studies are needed, they could support the literature re-evaluating the health effects of animal-based versus plant-based milks in the intestinal cellular model.
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Romulo, A., and N. F. Sadek. "Fatty acids and amino acids profile of organic black rice (Oryza sativa L.) milk." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 980, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/980/1/012032.

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Abstract The popularity of plant-based milk has been increasing over the last few years to substitute animal milk. Cereal such as black rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a plant material that can be used to produce rice milk. Black rice has been reported to have high vitamin and mineral content and high fiber. Previous research also has shown the functionality of black rice, such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic. For this reason, black rice has the potency to be further processed into functional food such as rice milk. However, there is still a lack of basic information about the nutritional profile of black rice milk. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the fatty acids and amino acids profile of black rice milk. Fatty acid analysis was carried out using GC-FID. Amino acid content was analyzed using UPLC. The fatty acid profile analysis revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acid was the most abundant (0.1062%) in black rice milk, followed by saturated fatty acid (0.062%). The highest amino acid found in black rice milk was glutamic acid (0.0045 g/100 mL), aspartic acid (0.00269 g/100 mL), and arginine (0.0228 g/100 mL)
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Ngamsuk, Samuchaya, Jue-Liang Hsu, Tzou-Chi Huang, and Prisana Suwannaporn. "Ultrasonication of Milky Stage Rice Milk with Bioactive Peptides from Rice Bran: Its Bioactivities and Absorption." Food and Bioprocess Technology 13, no. 3 (January 17, 2020): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-019-02371-2.

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Amini, Rasool, Md Islam, Yutaka Kitamura, and Mito Kokawa. "Utilization of Fermented Rice Milk as a Novel Coagulant for Development of Paneer (Soft Cheese)." Foods 8, no. 8 (August 12, 2019): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8080339.

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In this study, fermented rice milk was used as a novel coagulant for a type of soft cheese named as paneer. Rice milk was produced by a wet milling system in a process where brown rice was first soaked in water at a ratio of 1:2 (w/w), then milled by micro wet milling. Rice milk was pasteurized and gelatinized followed by the saccharification and lactic acid fermentation process. Paneer was produced using whole dairy milk mixed with 10%, 20%, and 30% of simultaneous saccharified and fermented (SSF) rice milk as a coagulant, and was analyzed for its physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties. The results indicated that fermented rice milk has constructive effects on the physicochemical properties, texture, and shelf life of paneer, as there were no obvious defects observed for up to 12 days of storage at 4 °C. The sensory evaluation revealed that the acceptability score of the samples containing rice milk reduced slightly compared to the control samples. No significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed among all the paneer samples incorporated with different percentages of rice milk, and the product was rated acceptable.
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BEHERA, U. K., E. KEBREAB, J. DIJKSTRA, A. G. ASSIS, and J. FRANCE. "Simulation of milk production by dairy cows fed sugarcane top-based diets with locally available supplements under Indian conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 2-3 (June 2005): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005289.

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A model of sugarcane digestion was applied to indicate the suitability of various locally available supplements for enhancing milk production of Indian crossbred dairy cattle. Milk production was calculated according to simulated energy, lipogenic, glucogenic and aminogenic substrate availability. The model identified the most limiting substrate for milk production from different sugarcane-based diets. For sugarcane tops/urea fed alone, milk production was most limited by amino acid followed by long chain fatty acid availability. Among the protein-rich oil cake supplements at 100, 200 and 300 g supplement/kg total DM, cottonseed oil cake proved superior with a milk yield of 5·5, 7·3 and 8·3 kg/day, respectively. This was followed by mustard oil cake with 5·1, 6·5 and 7·6 kg/day, respectively. In the case of a protein-rich supplement (fish meal), milk yield was limited to 6·6 kg/day due to a shortage of long chain fatty acids. However, at 300 g of supplementation, energy became limiting, with a milk yield of 6·7 kg/day. Supplementation with rice bran and rice polishings at 100, 200 and 300 g restricted milk yield to 4·3, 4·9 and 5·5 and 4·5, 5·3 and 6·1 kg/day, respectively, and amino acids became the factor limiting milk production. The diet comprising basal sugarcane tops supplemented by leguminous fodder, dry fodder (e.g. rice or wheat straw) and concentrates at levels of 100, 200 and 300 g supplements/kg total diet DM proved to be the most balanced with a milk yield of 5·1, 6·7 and 9·0 kg/day, respectively.
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Evadewi, Fani Dwi, and Citopartusi Margaluna Purnama Tjahjani. "Viskositas, Keasaman, Warna, dan Sifat Organoleptik Yogurt Susu Kambing yang Diperkaya dengan Ekstrak Beras Hitam." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i2.1565.

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Goat milk yogurt with the addition of black rice extract can increase the functionality of goat milk yogurt and is a functional food as a source of antioxidants. As is well known that black rice has a deep black color, due to the presence of anthocyanins. The benefits possessed by black rice is to prevent the onset of degenerative diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the enrichment of goat's milk yogurt with the addition of black rice extract in terms of physical characteristics including viscosity, storage, color and organoleptic. This study is an experimental study with 5 treatments and 5 replications, so that 25 experimental trials were obtained, 5 treatments were administered with black rice extract with control, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%. The results showed that the addition of up to 20% black rice extract to goat's milk yogurt goat's milk yogurt with pH characteristics resulted in pH values ranging from 3.7 to 4.1; the more addition of black rice extract can reduce the viscosity value of yogurt and the highest brightness (L*) is found in (P0) without the addition of black rice extract, which is 75.76, the red color (a*) of milk yogurt is highest in (P4) with the addition of 20% black rice extract was 13.20 and the yellow color (b*) of goat's milk yogurt with the highest addition of black rice extract was at P0 (without the addition of black rice extract) of 4.94. The organoleptic properties of goat's milk yogurt with the addition of black rice extract are favored by consumers because of the potential health benefits and high nutritional value.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rice milk"

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Andersson, Agneta. "Milk With Soda : A Minor Field Study on the Chemical Companies’ and Distributors’ Role in the Usage of Pesticides in the Rice Cultivation, Tarapoto, Peru." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-435.

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There are great problems of pesticide poisonings in the rural parts of the developing countries. Although these countries only use 25 percent of the world’s pesticide production they suffer from 99 percent of the deaths due to pesticide poisoning.

The study took place in Tarapoto, Peru, where immense quantities of pesticides are used in their extensive cultivations of rice. The highly toxic pesticides are applied with backpack sprayers without using any safeguard.

The objective of the study is to find out if the unsafe use of pesticides in Tarapoto is a result of insufficient information from the chemical companies and the distributors. It is also to study what effect the distributors’ relationship marketing has on the usage of pesticides. The purpose of the study is to help the farmers to get a deeper understanding about the problem by explaining the situation to them.

Four theories have been used as analytical tools in the study; corporate social responsibility, relationship marketing, buyer’s value chain and costumer value, and salespeople and their ethical behavior. The guidelines for personal protection and good labeling from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations have also been used as a basis for the empirical study.

A triangulation of data was use during the empirical studies and three types of respondents were interviewed; farmers, vendors and organizations and authorities. Participating observations were also made both in the field and in the stores.

The results of the empirical studies show that the main reason of the unsafe use of pesticides is not lack of information or unawareness. The etiquettes have to be approved by the Agrarian Health Department and all the interviewed farmers were literate and could therefore read the given information. All the interviewed farmers were also aware of how they really should manage the pesticides.

The primary source of information is however the vendors. They have a close relation to the farmers due their selling strategies of relationship marketing. The vendors recommend what pesticides the farmers should use, and how and when to use them. There is though a problem in the information from the vendors. The most recommended products are extremely or highly toxic and they are restricted; they are not allowed to use in rice. They also recommend the farmers to drink milk to avoid intoxication, which the etiquettes warn against. Regular safety instructions were only given by 50 percent of the interviewed vendors.


RESUMEN

Existen muchos problemas de intoxicación debido al uso de pesticidas en las zonas rurales de los países en desarrollo. Aunque únicamente un 25 por ciento de la producción mundial de pesticidas es utilizada en estos países, ellos sufren del 99 por ciento de las muertes causadas por pesticidas.

El estudio fue realizado en Tarapoto, Perú, donde se utilizan cantidades enormes de pesticidas en los cultivos de arroz. Los pesticidas, en frecuentes casos extremadamente tóxicos, se aplican con mochilas y sin ningún tipo de equipo de protección.

El objetivo del estudio es investigar si el uso inseguro de pesticidas, es resultado de la información insuficiente de parte de las compañías químicas y de los distribuidores. El objetivo es también estudiar cuál es la influencia de los vendedores sobre el uso de pesticidas. El propósito es ayudar a los agricultores de Tarapoto a tener una compresión más profunda del problema.

Los resultados muestran que la razón principal por el uso inadecuado de pesticidas, no es ni la escasez de información, ni la inconciencia de los riesgos. El nivel educativo, permite sin problema alguno a los agricultores leer las etiquetas en los envases; etiquetas previamente aprobadas por SENASA antes de salir al mercado. Existe por lo tanto una conciencia colectiva del uso adecuado de los pesticidas que no obstante, no se practica.

La fuente principal de información son sin embargo los vendedores. Ellos tienen una relación cercana con los agricultores, les recomiendan qué productos usar, cuándo y dónde. El problema recae en una recomendación de los productos más tóxicos e incluso restringidos para los cultivos de arroz. También se les recomienda beber leche para evitar intoxicaciones, a pesar de que es contraindicado en la etiquetas tomar leche en caso de intoxicación.

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2

Oh, Hyunah Eustina. "High-pressure-induced starch gelatinisation and its application in a dairy system : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Food Science at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1075.

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This study investigated pressure-induced starch gelatinisation in water and milk suspensions. A rheological method, termed ‘pasting curves’, provided an objective and analytical means to determine the degree of pressure-induced starch gelatinisation. In addition, a polarised light microscope was used to observe birefringence of the starch granules and the degree of starch swelling was measured. The preliminary investigation into pressure-induced gelatinisation of six different starches showed that potato starch was the most pressure resistant and was not gelatinised after a pressure treatment of 600 MPa for 30 min at 20 °C. Waxy rice, waxy corn and tapioca starches showed complete gelatinisation after the same treatment while normal rice and normal corn starches were only partially gelatinised despite the disappearance of birefringence. Based on the preliminary study, two starches (normal and waxy rice starches) were selected for more detailed studies. The effects of treatment conditions (pressure, temperature and duration) on the gelatinisation were investigated with these selected starches. The degree of gelatinisation was dependent on the type of starch and the treatment conditions. The results also indicated that different combinations of the treatment conditions (e.g. high treatment pressure for a short time and low treatment pressure for a longer time) could result in the same degree of gelatinisation. Both starch types exhibited sigmoidal-shaped pressure-induced gelatinisation curves and there was a linear correlation between the degree of swelling and the apparent viscosity of the starch suspension. After treatments at =500 MPa for 30 min at 20 °C, both starches lost all birefringence although the apparent viscosity and the degree of swelling of normal rice starch did not increase to the same extent as observed in waxy rice starch. Pressure-induced gelatinisation of starch was retarded when starch was suspended in skim milk. This was attributed to the effect of soluble milk minerals and lactose present in the milk whereas milk proteins (casein and whey) did not affect the degree of gelatinisation at the levels present in 10% total solids skim milk. The presence of soluble milk and/or lactose may lead to less effective plasticising of starch chains by the suspension medium. Interactions between milk components and starch molecules may also play a role in retarding gelatinisation by reducing the mobility of starch chains. The functionality of starch in a dairy application was tested using acid milk gels as a model system. Skim milk with added starch (waxy rice or potato starch) was either pressure treated (500 MPa, 20°C, 30 min) or heat treated (80°C, 30 min) and subsequently acidified to form acid milk gels. The addition of waxy rice starch resulted in firmer acid milk gels, and increasing the amount of starch caused an increase in the firmness of both pressure-treated and heat-treated samples. However, pressure-treated samples with added potato starch did not show significant changes in the firmness whereas the heat-treated counterparts showed a marked increase in the firmness as the level of potato starch increased. The difference between the effects of the two different starches can be explained by the extent of starch gelatinisation in skim milk. Starch granules absorb water during gelatinisation whether induced by pressure or heat which effectively increases milk protein concentration in the aqueous phase to form a denser protein gel network on acidification. The firmness of acid milk gels can be increased by adjusting the pH at pressure or heat treatment to higher than the natural pH of milk. The effect of pH at pressure or heat treatment and addition of starch on the acid milk gel firmness was additive and independent of each other up to a starch addition level of 1%. This study provided an insight into pressure-induced gelatinisation of starch by showing gelatinisation properties of starches of different botanical origins and the effects of the treatment conditions (treatment pressure, treatment temperature and duration) on the degree of gelatinisation. Furthermore, the results from the pressure treatments of starch in dairy-based suspensions showed that pressure-induced gelatinisation was affected by other components in the system. These results demonstrate the importance of understanding the gelatinisation properties of starch in complicated food systems in which a number of other components are present. In terms of the application of starch in dairy systems, when starch was added to milk and gelatinised by pressure treatment, the acid milk gel produced by subsequent acidification was firmer than the acid milk gel made from skim milk alone.
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Criscioni, Ferreira Patricia Fabiola. "Application of an open circuit indirect calorimetry system for gaseous exchange measurements in small ruminant nutrition." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/64069.

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[EN] The main objective of this Thesis was to study the energy metabolism in small ruminants under different nutrition sceneries. As methodology we utilized indirect calorimetry instead of direct calorimetry or feeding trials. Within indirect calorimetry we worked with a portable open circuit gas exchange system with a head hood. This open circuit respiration system permitted completed the whole energy balance and evaluate the efficiency of utilization of the energy of the diet for different physiological circumstances as milk production in dairy goats or maintenance in sheep. Besides, we could quantify in each trial some of the wastes related to environmental pollution as CH4 emissions and excretion of nitrogen in feces and urine. In this thesis three experiments were designed, two in dairy goats and other in sheep as we described below. In the first experiment, digestibility, energy balance, carbon and nitrogen balance, milk performance, rumen parameters and milk fatty acids and metabolites were obtained. Metabolic cages and open circuit indirect calorimetry system were the methods applied. Treatments consist in two mixed diets with alfalfa as forage. Within the concentrate, oat grain was replaced with rice bran. No significant differences were found for metabolizable energy intake (MEI), 1254kJ/kg of BW0.75 on average, and heat production (HP); 640 kJ/kg of BW0.75 on average. No differences were obtained for milk production (2.2 kg/d on average) and milk fat was greater in the rice bran diet (6.9% vs. 5.3% for rice bran and oat diets, respectively). Energy balance was positive and milk metabolites correlated these found. Regards to CH4 emissions, determined in vivo by gas exchange indirect calorimetry, goats fed the rice bran significantly reduced methane production (23.2 g/d vs 30.1 g/d). In the second experiment, we also used two types of diets, but in this case we substituted the forage and maintained the same concentrate; in one of the diets a grass (Maralfafa [Pennisetum sp.]- M diet) was used as forage and in the other an extensively used leguminous (Alfalfa [Medicago sativa]- A diet). Methods and analysis were the same that in Experiment 1, and here we include metabolites in urine and blood plasma. The dry matter intake was higher for diet A (1.8 vs 1.6 kg/d, respectively) and digestibility coefficients were higher for diet M. However, no significant differences were shown in MEI (1089 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) and HP (639 kJ/kg of BW0.75on average). Higher milk yield was observed in A diet than M diet (1.8 vs. 1.7 kg/d, respectively) and metabolites in urine, plasma and milk indicated better use of diet A than M, while no differences in milk composition were found (5% of fat and 4.3% of protein). Methane production was higher for A diet (28.5 g/d) than M diet (25.9 g/d), although these differences were not statistically significant. In the third experiment, energy partition was compared in two sheep breeds (Manchega vs. Guirra) fed above maintenance. We fed again with mixed diets and metabolic cages, indirect calorimetry, nitrogen balance and integral calculus were the tools used for these energy partitioning approach. An approximation of division of heat production was done. ME for maintenence was estimated at 354 kJ/kg of BW0.75and day, on average for the two breeds. Basal metabolic rate was different between breeds; 270 vs. 247 kJ/kg of BW0.75for Guirra and Manchega, respectively.
[ES] El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue estudiar el metabolismo energético en pequeños rumiantes bajo diferentes escenarios de nutrición. Como metodología se utilizó la calorimetría indirecta en vez de calorimetría directa o pruebas de alimentación. Dentro de la calorimetría indirecta trabajamos con un sistema portátil de circuito abierto de intercambio de gases con una "urna" (Heat hood). Este sistema de circuito abierto de respiración nos permitió completar todo el balance energético y evaluar la eficiencia de la utilización de la energía de la dieta para diferentes estados fisiológicos como producción de leche en cabras u oveja en mantenimiento. Además fue posible cuantificar en cada ensayo algunas perdidas relacionadas con la contaminación ambiental como emisiones de CH4 y la excreción de nitrógeno en heces y orina. En esta tesis se diseñaron tres experimentos, dos en cabras en lactación y otro en ovejas como describimos a continuación. En el primer experimento se han determinado, digestibilidad, balance energético, balance carbono nitrógeno, producción de leche, parámetros ruminales, ácidos grasos y metabolitos en leche. Jaulas metabólicas y un sistema de circuito abierto de calorimetría indirecta fue el método aplicado. Los tratamientos consistieron en dos dietas mixtas con alfalfa como forraje y dentro del concentrado el grano de avena fue reemplazado por cilindro de arroz. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la energía metabolizable ingerida (MEI) de 1254 kJ/kg PV0.75 en promedio y una producción de calor (HP) de 640 kJ/kg PV0.75 en promedio. La producción de leche no presentó diferencias significativas entre las dos dietas, (2,2 kg/den promedio), la grasa de la leche fue mayor en la dieta de cilindro de arroz (6,9% vs. 5,3% para cilindro de arroz y avena respectivamente). El balance energético fue positivo y correlacionado a los metabolitos en leche determinados. En cuanto a las emisiones de CH4, determinadas en vivo mediante el intercambio de gases por calorimetría indirecta, las cabras alimentadas con el subproducto redujeron significativamente la producción de metano (23,2 g / d vs 30,1 g / d.). En el segundo experimento, también utilizamos dos tipos de dietas, pero en este caso sustituimos los forrajes y mantuvimos el mismo pienso; en una de las dietas se utilizó como forraje una gramínea (Maralfafa [Pennisetum sp.] - dieta M) y en el otro una leguminosa de uso extendido (Alfalfa [Medicago sativa] - dieta A). Los métodos de análisis y análisis fueron los mismos que los utilizados en el Experimento 1, y se incluyeron además análisis de metabolitos en orina y plasma. La materia seca ingerida fue mayor para dieta A (1,8 vs 1,6 kg/d, respectivamente), los coeficientes de digestibilidad fueron mayores para la dieta M. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en MEI (1089 kJ/kg PV0.75, en promedio) y HP 639 kJ/kg PV0.75, en promedio). La producción de leche fue mayor en la dieta A que la dieta M, (1,8 vs. 1,7 kg/d, respectively) y los metabolitos en orina, plasma y leche indican un mejor aprovechamiento de la dieta A. No se presentaron diferencias en la composición de la leche (5% de grasa and 4.3% de proteína). La producción de metano fue mayor para la dieta A (28,5 g/d) que para la dieta M (25,9 g/d), aunque estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. En el tercer experimento se compararon la partición energética en dos razas de ovejas (Manchega vs. Guirra) en mantenimiento. Fueron alimentadas con dietas mixtas en jaulas metabólicas, calorimetría indirecta, balance carbono nitrógeno y cálculos integrales fueron las herramientas utilizadas para un aproximación de la partición energética. Se realizó una aproximación de división de producción de calor. El ME para mantenimiento se estimó en 354 kJ/kg PV0.75/ día, en promedio para las dos razas. Las diferencias en la tasa metabólica basal entre las razas fu
[CAT] El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser estudiar el metabolism energètic en xicotets ruminants baix diferents escenaris de nutrició. Com a metodologia es va utilitzar la calorimetria indirecta en compte de calorimetria directa o proves d'alimentació. Dins de la calorimetria indirecta treballarem amb un sistema portatil de circuit obert d'intercanvi de gasos amb "urna" (Heat hood). Aquest sistema de respiració de circuit obert ens va permetre completar tot el balanç energètic i avaluar l'eficiència de la utilització de l'energia de la dieta per a diferents circumstàncies fisiològiques com produccion de llet en cabres o manteniment en ovelles. A més va ser possible quantificar en cada assaig algunes perdues relacionades amb la contaminacion ambiental com a emissions de CH4 i l'excreció de nitrogen en femta i orina. En aquesta tesi es van dissenyar tres experiments, dos en cabres en lactación i un altre en ovelles com vam descriure a continuació. En el primer experiment s'han determinat,digestibilidad, balanç energètic, balanç carboni nitrogen, producció de llet, paràmetres ruminales, àcids grassos i metabòlits en llet. Gàbies metabòliques i un sistema de circuit obert de calorimetria indirecta va ser el mètode aplicat. Els tractaments van consistir en dues dietes mixtes amb alfals com a farratge i dins del concentrat el gra de civada va ser reemplaçat per cilindre d'arròs. No es van trobar diferències significatives en l'energia metabolizable ingerida (MEI) de 1254 kJ/kg PV0.75 en mitjana i una producció de calor (HP) de 640 kJ/kg PV0.75 en mitjana. La producció de llet no va presentar diferències significatives entre les dues dietes, (2.2 kg/donen mitjana), el greix de la llet va ser major en la dieta de cilindre d'arròs (6.9% vs. 5.3% per a cilindre d'arròs i civada respectivament). El balanç energètic va ser positiu i correlacionat als metabòlits en llet determinats. Quant a les emissions de CH4, determinades en viu mitjançant l'intercanvi de gasos per calorimetria indirecta, les cabres alimentades amb el subproducte van reduir significativament la producció de metà (23.2 g / d vs 30.1 g / d.).En el segon experiment, també utilitzem dos tipus de dietes, però en aquest cas substituïm els farratges i vam mantenir el mateix pinso; en una de les dietes es va utilitzar com a farratge una gramínea (Maralfafa [Pennisetum sp.] - dieta M) i en l'altre una **leguminosa d'ús estès (Alfals [Medicago sativa] - dieta A). Els mètodes d'anàlisis i anàlisis van ser els mateixos que els utilitzats en l'Experiment 1, i es van incloure a més anàlisi de metabòlits en orina i plasma. La matèria seca ingerida va ser major per a dieta A (1,8 vs 1,6 kg/d, respectivament), els coeficients de digestibilidad van ser majors per a la dieta M. No obstant açò no es van trobar diferències significatives en MEI (1089 kJ/kg PV0.75, en mitjana) i HP 639 kJ/kg PV0.75, en mitjana). La producció de llet va ser major en la dieta Al fet que la dieta M, (1,8 vs. 1,7 kg/d, respectively) i els metabòlits en orina, plasma i llet indiquen un millor aprofitament de la dieta A. No es van presentar diferències en la composició de la llet (5% de greix i 4.3% de proteïna). La producció de metà va ser major per a la dieta A (28,5 g/d) que per a la dieta M (25,9 g/d), encara que aquestes diferències no van anar estadísticament significatives. En el tercer experiment es van comparar la partició energètica en dues races d'ovelles (Manxega vs. Guirra) en manteniment. Van ser alimentades amb dietes mixtes en gàbies metabòliques, calorimetria indirecta, balanç carboni nitrogen i càlculs integrals van ser les eines utilitzades per a un aproximació de la partició energètica. Es va realitzar una aproximació de divisió de producció de calor. L'EM para manteniment es va estimar en 354 kJ/kg PV0.75 / dia, en mitjana per a les dues races. Les diferències en la taxa metabòlica basal entre les races va ser de 2
Criscioni Ferreira, PF. (2016). Application of an open circuit indirect calorimetry system for gaseous exchange measurements in small ruminant nutrition [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64069
TESIS
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Noisuwan, Angkana. "Effects of milk protein ingredients on physico-chemical properties of rice starch : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Technology at Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/905.

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The overall aim of this thesis is to determine if the interactions between normal and waxy rice starch and milk proteins from four milk protein ingredients, namely skim milk powder (SMP), milk protein concentrate (MPC), sodium caseinate (NaCAS) and whey protein isolate (WPI) do occur, and to identify the mechanisms underlying these interactions. Different milk protein ingredients at various concentrations (0 to 10%, w/w) affected markedly and differently the pasting behaviour of 10% (w/w) rice starches. SMP delayed the pasting of both rice starches by increasing the onset temperature (Tonset) and the peak viscosity temperature (Tpeak) of pasting. This was mainly due to the presence of lactose and ions, which was further supported by the investigation of the effects of UFSMP (a solution of salts and lactose present in SMP at their proper concentration) and lactose. The addition of NaCAS also delayed the pasting of rice starch; Tpeak in the case of both starches was increased. For normal rice starch paste, MPC and WPI decreased the Tpeak. MPC had no affect on Tpeak of waxy rice starch paste. The qualitative viscoelastic behaviour of rice starch/milk protein ingredient gels obtained from the above pastes was dominated by the continuous phase made of the starch molecules. There was evidence, as indicated by confocal microscopy, of phase separation between the milk proteins of SMP and MPC and the two starches. The phase separation was not observed in the addition of either NaCAS or WPI. Studies on the thermal behaviour of rice starch/milk protein ingredient mixtures by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that SMP, similarly to UFSMP, delayed the gelatinization of both starches. NaCAS also delayed the gelatinisation of both starches but had a greater effect on waxy than normal rice starch. The addition of NaCAS did not affect Tonset but increased Tpeak for normal rice starch, whereas the gelatinisation temperature of waxy rice starch was highly affected by the addition of NaCAS with both Tonset and Tpeak shifted to higher temperatures. MPC had no affect on the gelatinization temperature of normal rice starch, whereas the gelatinization temperature of waxy rice starch was increased by the addition of MPC. The addition of WPI to both rice starches showed two thermal transitions. The first of these was due to the gelatinisation of the starches and the second to the denaturation of ß-lactoglobulin (ß-lg). The addition of WPI to normal rice starch showed that the thermal behaviour of normal starch and protein were independent from each other. In contrast, the thermal behaviour of waxy rice starch was modified by the addition of WPI; both Tonset and Tpeak were increased. SMP decreased the Tonset of swelling, swelling ratio and the amount of starch leaching from both starches. These observed changes were due to the presence of lactose and ions in SMP. NaCAS slightly increased Tonset of swelling but the amount of starch leaching was reduced for both rice starches. The rigidity of both starches tended to increase in the presence of NaCAS. MPC and WPI affected the swelling behaviour of normal and waxy rice starch differently. A dramatic increase in the swelling of normal rice starch/MPC or WPI mixtures was observed, whereas this trend was not evident for waxy rice starch/ MPC or WPI mixtures. The difference in the water holding ability and gelatinization peak temperatures of the two starches over the temperature range at which whey proteins denature and form gels are believed to be responsible for the observed differences. The results from confocal microscopy showed that milk proteins, such as a-casein, ß- casein, ß-lg and a-lactalbumin (a-la), were adsorbed onto the granule surface of both normal and waxy rice starch. The mechanism for this adsorption is the hydrophilic interactions; hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl group from terminated glucan molecule that protrude around starch granule surface-hydroxyl; amino, or other electron-donation or electron-accepting groups of the added proteins. Using sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) it was found that for SMP and MPC the adsorbed as- to ß-casein ratio on both starches was similar to the as-casein to ß- casein ratio in the casein micelle at low SMP and MPC concentrations. But at high concentrations of SMP or MPC, this ratio decreased indicating that more ß-casein was adsorbed preferentially to as-casein. In the case of NaCAS, as-casein was adsorbed preferentially to ß-casein. Moreover, there was evidence of multilayer adsorption of ascasein into the surface of rice starch granules. Compared to the other milk protein ingredients, very small amounts of the ß-lg and a-la from WPI were adsorbed onto starch granules. However, the adsorbed amounts of ß-lg and a-la from WPI continuously increased with increasing WPI concentration, suggesting that these two proteins, particularly ß-lg, adsorbed in multilayers too.
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Mantovani, G. "STIMULATION OF THE HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF NURSING AND WEANED PIGLETS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/153538.

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Summary: Worldwide the swine industries are under pressure to reduce the use of antibiotics while maintaining animal health and performance. In 2006 all the AGP (antibiotic growth promoters) and some feed additives with growth promoting activities were banned (Cu, Zn). Since the first restrictive measures were taken, and due to the beginning of the negative consequences of the ban, numerous efforts have been done to find alternatives or replacement strategies to maintain pig growth performance and controlling enteric bacterial diseases. Therefore, the following studies aimed to find ways to control additive efficacy with due consideration to animal welfare and consumers requirements. The main objective of this thesis was to improve our knowledge on the properties of new additives as feeding strategy and oral vaccination to improve general and gut health in young pigs with the aim to substitute antibiotics growth promoters. To achieve these objectives, three different trials were designed to study different strategies to improve the gut health of the post-weaning piglets. I) Evaluation of the immune response against ovalbumin (OVA) in pigs orally vaccinated with OVA in tablets containing carboxymethyl high amylose starch (CM-HAS), flagellin and sow’s milk. This trial was designed with the aim to determine the effects of a new delivery system designed for oral vaccination or delivery of bioactive molecule in the gut. The trial was also designed to evaluate the potential of the sow’s milk to modulate the systemic as well as local immune response against the antigen ovalbumin incorporated in the vaccine. Sixteen piglets of 28 days (d) of age were divided into 4 groups of 4 animals each. The first group was vaccinated with compressed tablets containing only ovalbumin (OVA); the second group was immunized with tablets containing ovalbumin and the B subunit of the flagellin from Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (OVA-FLA); the 3rd and 4th groups were immunized with tablets containing ovalbumin pre-incubated in sow milk with or without flagellin, respectively (OVA-LT or OVA-LT-FLA). The oral vaccination was performed in two periods of three days; the 1st period being from day 28 to day 30 of age (D1-D3 of the trial) and the 2nd from 42 d to 45 d of age ( D14-D16). Blood samples were collected at days 1, 14, 21, 28 and 42 of the trial to determine, by ELISA, serum antibody titre against OVA. Feces samples were also collected before the first immunization and intestinal content from the ileum was collected at slaughtering to evaluate level of IgA anti-OVA by ELISA. All the animals were euthanized 42 days post-immunization to collect blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and ileum content. The immune cells were isolated from the MLN and from blood and cultured with OVA to evaluate the lymphocyte proliferative response by flow cytometry (CFSE cell proliferation kit) and production of the main cytokine produced in adaptative immune response such as Interleukine-2 (IL-2) , IL-4, IL-10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Experimental animal studies have indicated that oral administration of antigens targets the systemic T cell compartment, diminishes cell-mediated immune responses, and induces tolerance. This phenomenon might lead to the induction of cytokines such as Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF–β) and IL-10, and consequently enhance antigen-specific antibodies such as IgA and IgG. While the humoral immune response is critical in the control of some mucosal pathogens, those effects might be inappropriate on other mucosal pathogens where cell mediated immune responses may play a larger role. II) Milk rice in piglet nutrition: benefits or not? Rice milk has been shown to contain a high sugar level and antioxidants such as Ɣ-Oryzanol. For this reason the effects on growth performance and health status of piglets have been studied on 36 litters from (Landrace x LargeWhite) x Penerland sows. At 10 days after birth 18 litters were supplemented with rice milk (T) until weaning while the others 18 received creep feed (C). At 21 days a total of 288 piglets were weaned. Half from each group (72 piglets) were randomly assigned to either control (C) or treated (T), so there were four experimental piglet groups: C-C, C-T, T-C and T-T. All the animals received a pre-starter (0-14 d post weaning) and a starter (14-42 d pw) diets. Piglets from C-T and T-T groups were also supplemented with rice milk from weaning to 14 days pw. Piglets of T-C group had significantly higher weight at 42 d pw (P<0.01), an higher average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter feed intake (DMFI) (P< 0.01). Rice milk supplementation had no influence in glucose, urea, total protein and lysozyme. Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) levels resulted lower in T-T piglets than C-C and C-T groups at 14 d-post w. (P<0.05). Total antioxidant capacity was higher in C-C and C-T than TC piglets at 14 d after weaning (P<0.05). The data from this trial suggest that rice milk was associated with greater post weaning growth and health status when supplementation was given only during the nursing period. III) Effects of plant polyphenols and mannan oligosaccharide on growth performance, antioxidant defense system and gut health in Escherichia coli Challenged piglets Objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of plant polyphenols (PP) and/or, mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth performance, plasma antioxidant capacity and health in E. Coli-challenged weaned piglets. Ninety-six piglets (7.43 + 0.89 kg L.W., 21 d age) were randomly allotted into 4 dietary treatments: control (basal diet), 0.1% PP, 0.1 % MOS or PP+MOS in a 5 weeks study. At 21 and 25 d on trial half piglets of each group were orally inoculated with 4 ml of E.coli (1×109 cfu/ml) and half with the same amount of saline water. No difference was observed in growth. Plasma urea was markedly increased in PP+MOS group compared to PP group (P< 0.05), and lysozyme content was significantly decreased in PP+MOS group compared to groups on d 7 (P< 0.05). PP+MOS dietary supplementation decreased intestinal lipase and trypsin compared to PP on d 21 (P< 0.05). Plasma malondialdehyde content (MAD) increased, while plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and catalase (CAT) activities decreased in piglets 6 days after infection. Challenged piglets fed PP and those fed MOS showed higher TAOC than challenged piglets fed PP in combination with MOS. CAT activity resulted higher in challenged piglets fed diet supplemented with PP or PP+MOS than control or MOS at d 13 after infection (P< 0.05). The results showed that dietary PP or MOS had the potential to improve enhance systemic antioxidant capacity. However no synergic effect was observed when PP and MOS were combined. General conclusions During the weaning period, several factors affecting the welfare and health of piglets with a consequently effect on the productive performance of the animals. One of the key factors for high growth performance is the maintenance of a healthy gut. The presence of a balanced enteric microflora which may protect the piglets from weaning common bacterial infections, has a general beneficial effect on the health of the animal. What we tried to demonstrate with this thesis is that we are running the correct way to find alternatives substances to protect the gut health of our piglets, but more research will be needed to understand different techniques such the oral vaccination of the animals.
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Murrieta-Pazos, Ingrid. "Caractérisation de la forme et de la surface de poudres laitières et céréalières : Relations entre propriétés et réactivité des particules." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0278/document.

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Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de la présente thèse se positionnent dans le contexte de la caractérisation des propriétés de surface des particules. La forme ainsi que les propriétés de surface sont fortement reliées aux propriétés fonctionnelles et à la réactivité des poudres alimentaires. Toutefois, le nombre de techniques disponibles pour l'étude et la caractérisation de la surface d'une particule alimentaire sont très réduites. Ainsi, l'objectif de ce travail a été de développer de nouvelles techniques et protocoles de caractérisation de la forme et de la surface des particules de poudre de lait et de semoule. L'objectif ultime est de mettre en relation les propriétés de surface et la réactivité des particules. Le fil conducteur de ce travail est une approche multi-échelle mettant en jeu différentes techniques d'analyse et de caractérisation. A l'échelle atomique, des techniques pour caractériser la surface et le coeur des particules par EDX ont été développées (permettant de sonder la particule à 1 µm de profondeur). L'adaptation de l'EDX couplé à l'XPS (5 nm de profondeur) permet de remonter à des valeurs de composition de surface (lactose, lipides, protéines) à partir des pourcentages atomiques. A l'échelle moléculaire, les gradients de composition par couplage de l'EDX et l'XPS ainsi que les différentes fractions de matière grasse (matière grasse libre, encapsulée et totale) ont été étudiés. En parallèle, un protocole de caractérisation a permis d'évaluer les propriétés de forme à l'aide d'un granumorpholomètre. L'énergie libre de surface a été déterminée par la CGI et la Monté Capillaire. Ces techniques novatrices dans le domaine des poudres alimentaires ont démontré leur intérêt. Finalement, à l'échelle de la microstructure, la modification de la surface par des contraintes externes a été étudié. Ainsi, les interactions particule/eau et la modification de la surface par enrobage à sec ont été étudiés Pour cela, des composants purs comme enrobant (carbohydrates ou protéines) ont été utilisés
The work carried out on this PhD thesis is positioned in the context of the characterization of the food particle surface properties. The shape and surface characteristics are strongly related to the functional properties and reactivity of food powders. However, the number of techniques available, to perfromethe study and characterization of food particles surface is reduced. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop new techniques and protocols in order to characterize the shape and surface of milk powder and semolina particles. The ultimate goal is to relate the particle surface properties and reactivity. A multi-scale approach raised in this work involves different analytical techniques and characterization. At the atomic scale, techniques to characterize the surface and the heart of particles by EDX were developed (exploration of the particle at 1 micron depth). The adaptation of the EDX coupled to the XPS (5 nm depth) permit figure out the values of surface composition (lactose, fat, protein) from atomic percentages. At the molecular level, the composition gradients studied by coupling the EDX and XPS as well as different fractions of fat (fat free, encapsulated and total) were studied. In parallel, a characterization protocol was used to evaluate the shape properties using a granumorpholometer. The surface free energy was determined by IGC and Capillary rise. These innovative techniques in the field of food powders have demonstrated to be of interest. Finally,a at the microstructural scale, the surface modification by external contraintswas studied. Thus, interactions particle / water and surface modification by dry coating,to do it, pure components as coating (carbohydrates or proteins) were used
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Cruz, Alice Aloísia da. "Indicadores de sustentabilidade: estudo de caso em propriedades produtoras de leite nas regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil utilizando a metodologia RISE." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-29052013-103426/.

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Cada vez mais a sustentabilidade tem ganhado atenção nas discussões da sociedade. Várias conferências e acordos vêm sido realizados para que os países estabeleçam e cumpram metas para melhorar seu desenvolvimento sustentável. Em especial, no setor agropecuário vêm sendo desenvolvidos vários instrumentos para avaliar e mensurar a sustentabilidade das propriedades agropecuárias. Sendo o setor leiteiro muito representativo para o agronegócio brasileiro, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a sustentabilidade em propriedades agropecuárias que têm a atividade leiteira sua principal atividade econômica, buscando verificar a hipótese de que elas são sustentáveis nas dimensões ambiental, econômica e social, pela metodologia RISE. A escala ecológica do RISE está dividida em trinta parâmetros que compõe seis indicadores (Uso do solo; Produção animal; Fluxo de nutrientes; Uso da água; Energia e clima; e Biodiversidade e proteção das plantas). A escala social é formada por dez parâmetros que representam dois indicadores (Condições de trabalho e Qualidade de vida). A escala econômica por sua vez é compota por onze parâmetros que geram dois indicadores (Viabilidade econômica e Gestão da fazenda). Cabe destacar que esse trabalho surgiu de uma parceria da Dairy Partners Americas com o Swiss College of Agriculture que visa à avaliação de propriedades leiteiras em várias partes do mundo, onde há atuação da empresa. Assim, tornou-se possível o acesso ao questionário do RISE para ser aplicado e a coleta dos dados necessários ao cálculo dos parâmetros e indicadores. Para analisar a sustentabilidade nas propriedades leiteiras foram selecionadas dez amostras, localizadas nos estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul, nas quais foram aplicados o questionário. Os resultados obtidos mostram a necessidade de implementação de medidas em caráter de urgência em algumas áreas ambientais, especialmente no que se refere ao fluxo de nutrientes, energia e clima que apresentaram resultados insustentáveis na maioria das amostras. Já os indicadores ambientais de Uso de solo e Produção animal apresentaram valores sustentáveis na maioria das propriedades. Também foram obtidos resultados sustentáveis nos quesitos de qualidade de vida e viabilidade econômica das dimensões social e econômica, respectivamente. Os demais indicadores obtiveram um resultado intermediário, mas necessitam de medidas para melhorar a sustentabilidade.
Increasingly sustainability has gained attention in discussions of society. Several conferences and agreements have been made for countries to set and meet goals to improve their sustainable development. In particular, the agricultural sector has been developed several tools to evaluate and measure the sustainability of livestock farming. As the dairy industry very representative for the Brazilian agribusiness, this study aims to examine sustainability in agricultural properties that have in dairy as its main economic activity, seeking to verify the hypothesis that they are sustainable in environmental, economic and social, by using RISE methodology. The scale of the ecological RISE is divided into thirty parameters that comprise six indicators (Soil use; Animal husbandry; Nutrients flows; Water use; Energy and climate; and Biodiversity and plant protection). The social scale consists of ten parameters that represent two indicators (Working conditions and Quality of life). The economic scale turn is jam eleven parameters that generate two indicators (Economic viability and Farm management). It is worth noting that this work grew out of a partnership between Dairy Partners Americas with the Swiss College of Agriculture aimed at the evaluation of dairy farms in various parts of the world where the company operates. Thus, it became possible access to the RISE questionnaire to be applied and the collection of data necessary to calculate the parameters and indicators. To analyze sustainability in dairy farms were selected ten samples located in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, were studied using the questionnaire. The results show the need to implement measures on an emergency basis in some environmental areas, especially with regard to the flow of nutrients, energy and climate have tested unsustainable in most samples. The indicators of environmental soil use and animal husbandry values presented in the most sustainable properties. Sustainable results were also obtained in the categories of quality of life and economic viability of the social and economic dimensions, respectively. Other indicators showed an intermediate result, but require measures to improve sustainability.
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Yousef, Amani Adnan. "Study of genetic relationships of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and related types from Coasta Rica using molecular markers /." Beuren ; Stuttgart : Grauer, 2000. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009603783&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Bird-Ortiz, Nianti. "Paper recycling mill a sustainable education center in San Juan, Puerto Rico /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3345.

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Thesis (M. Arch.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Architecture. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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White, S. D. M. "Flattening of the Galactic Spheroid." Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona (Tucson, Arizona), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623909.

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Books on the topic "Rice milk"

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Karisuma fūdo: Niku, nyū, kome to Nihonjin = Meat, milk, rice. Tōkyō: Shunjūsha, 2017.

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Ltd, Mintel International Group, ed. Car security: Fruit juices, squashes and flavoured milk drinks ; meat substitutes ; men's ties and accessories ; nappies andbabies wipes ; rice and rice-based meals. London: Mintel International, 1997.

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L, Kumwenda M. S., Malawi. Dept. of Animal Health and Industry., and FAO/UNDP Project MLW/87/005: Improved Utilization of Crop Residues and Agro-Industry By-Products in Animal Feeding., eds. Rice straw as a dry season feed: Use of chemical treatment and by-product supplements on growth and milk production in cattle : a technical report. Lilongwe: Dept. of Animal Health and Industry, Ministry of Agriculture, 1991.

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Extension, Washington State University, ed. Milk: Get your calcium-rich foods. [Pullman, Wash.]: Washington State University Extension, 2005.

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Fernández, José F. Molina. La industria lechera en Puerto Rico. [Puerto Rico?: s.n.], 2001.

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Washington State University. Cooperative Extension., United States. Dept. of Agriculture., and Washington State University Extension, eds. Magic mix: Get your calcium-rich foods in puddings, soups, sauces, and more! 2nd ed. Pullman, [Wash.]: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 2006.

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Guam. Division of Historic Resources, ed. Historic survey of the Malesso Japanese Rice Mill, Merizio, Guam. [Guam: Garcia and Associates], 2010.

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Zacharias, Thomas P. Projected costs and returns, rice, soybeans, and milo, southwest Louisiana, 1986. Baton Rouge, La: Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1986.

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Puerto Rico. Office of Agricultural Statistics., ed. Consumo de leche y productos lácteos en Puerto Rico, 1974/75-1991/92. Santurce, P.R: La Oficina, 1993.

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Shannon, Harry. Memorial Day: A Mick Callahan novel. Waterville, Me: Five Star, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rice milk"

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Lee, Nam-Hyung. "Effect of Alkali-Treated Rice Straw-Manure Silage on Milk Yield, Milk Composition of Holstein Cows." In MILK the vital force, 140–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3733-8_120.

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Gulati, Ashok. "Introduction." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 1–9. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4268-2_1.

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AbstractIndia has come a long way from being a food scarce nation in the 1960s to a food surplus nation thereafter. The remarkable transformation of the agricultural sector was the result of massive improvements in productivity level owing to the Green Revolution in the case of cereals and the breakthrough that followed in few other agricultural commodities, most notably, dairying. Today, India is the largest producer of milk, pulses, banana, mango, pomegranate, papaya, lemon, okra, ginger and non-food crops like cotton and jute; the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables, tea and one of the leading producers of eggs and meat in the world. India produced 281.8 million tonnes of food grains, 307.7 million tonnes of horticulture crops, 176.5 million tonnes of milk, 96 billion eggs and 7.7 million tonnes of meat during TE 2018–19.
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Chandra Rai, Dinesh, and Ashok Kumar Yadav. "Technology of Protein Rich Vegetable Based Formulated Foods." In Processing Technologies for Milk and Milk Products, 119–35. Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Series: Innovations in agricultural and biological engineering: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315207407-4.

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Gulati, Ashok, Raj Paroda, Sanjiv Puri, D. Narain, and Anil Ghanwat. "Food System in India. Challenges, Performance and Promise." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 813–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_43.

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AbstractIndia’s transformation of its food system from a highly deficient one in the mid-1960s to one that is self-reliant and marginally surplus now is a success story that holds lessons for many smallholder economies in Africa and south and south-east Asia. India has emerged as the largest producer of milk, spices, cotton and pulses; the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables; the third largest producer of eggs; and the fifth largest producer of poultry meat. It is also the largest exporter of rice, spices and bovine meat. All of this became possible with an infusion of new technologies, innovative institutional engineering, and the right incentives. However, as India looks towards 2030 and beyond, its food system faces many challenges ranging from increasing pressure on natural resources (soils, water, air, forests) to climate change to fragmenting land holdings, increasing urbanisation, and high rates of malnutrition amongst children. To meet these challenges successfully, India needs a proper mix of policies- from the subsidy-driven to the investment-driven, from price policy to income policy, promoting agricultural diversification towards more nutritious food. It also needs to incentivise its private sector to build efficient and inclusive value chains, giving due importance to environmental sustainability. More innovative technologies, from green-to-gene, increasing digitalisation, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence, would be needed to ‘produce more from less’ with a goal of feeding the most populous nation on this planet by 2030 in a sustainable manner.
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Ye, Jinwen, Giovanni Pantuso, and David Pisinger. "Fleet Size Control in First-Mile Ride-Sharing Problems." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 91–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16579-5_7.

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Sawle, Yashwant. "Scrutiny of PV Biomass Stand-Alone Hybrid System for Rice Mill Electrification." In Deregulated Electricity Market, 135–52. New York: Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003277231-8.

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Thronson, Harley A., W. B. Latter, J. H. Black, J. Bally, and Perry Hacking. "The Distribution of Carbon-Rich Circumstellar Envelopes in the Milky Way." In Late Stages of Stellar Evolution, 131–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3813-7_18.

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Sharma, A. K., N. R. Panjagari, and A. K. Singh. "Intelligent Modelling of Moisture Sorption Isotherms in Milk Protein-Rich Extruded Snacks Prepared from Composite Flour." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 124–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0755-3_10.

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Jagadeesh, A., K. Deepa, and K. Sireesha. "Electric Motor Drive Using Single Input Fuzzy Logic Controller for Husk Extraction in Rice Mill Industry." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 403–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3690-5_35.

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Husemann, Jörg, Simon Kunz, and Karsten Berns. "On Demand Ride Sharing: Scheduling of an Autonoumous Bus Fleet for Last Mile Travel." In Intelligent Autonomous Systems 17, 765–77. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22216-0_51.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rice milk"

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Fakhouri, F. M., Luan Ramos Silva, A. C. A. B. Casari, and J. I. Velasco. "Nutritional potential of dehydrated residues from rice milk production." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7650.

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The aim of this work was to verify the influence of drying on physical and chemical characteristics of residues from rice milk production. Residues were from the production of white, red and black rice. They were dehydrated in an oven with air circulation at 60ºC for 8h. Characterization of them were carried out by physical and chemical analyses. Residues have presented statistical difference for all parameters measured. Its characterization is necessary to justify its use in other process or application on new products.The residues from rice milk production have high content of nutrients and phenolic compounds, even after dehydration. Keywords: Nutrients; Oryza sativa; waste.
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Haskito, A. E. P., A. Setianingrum, F. N. A. E. P. Dameanti, and M. Fatmawati. "Organoleptic Properties Evaluation of Goat Milk Yogurt with White Rice Bran Flour Fortification." In 6th ICAMBBE (International Conference on Advance Molecular Bioscience & Biomedical Engineering) 2019. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009586001170121.

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Sutrisno, Asep. "Study the Characteristics of Rice Supplements Made by Formulating the Composition of Skim Milk, Ferrous Fumarate, and Thiamine." In The Food Ingredient Asia Conference (FiAC). SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010507200003108.

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Obitsu, T., Y. Kurokawa, T. Sugino, and F. Terada. "Effect of feeding rice grain silage with wood kraft pulp on milk production and enteric methane production in dairy cows." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_21.

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Haskito, Ajeng, and Masdiana Padaga. "Study of Total Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and Antioxidant Activity in Goat Milk Yoghurt Fortification with White Rice Bran Flour." In Proceedings of the Conference of the International Society for Economics and Social Sciences of Animal Health - South East Asia 2019 (ISESSAH-SEA 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isessah-19.2019.3.

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Mahdi, Chanif, Ajeng Erika Prihastuti Haskito, Akhmad Fadhil Aushaf, and Aldila Noviatri. "Antioxidants potential of the black rice bran fortified goat milk yoghurt protects experimental diabetic balb/c mice from oxidative stress and other diabetes-related consequences." In THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH EPI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (EICSE) 2020. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099249.

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Vucane, Sanita, Ingmars Cinkmanis, Lauris Leitans, and Martins Sabovics. "The authenticity of vegetable oil using smartphone-based image." In Research for Rural Development 2022 : annual 28th international scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.28.2022.018.

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Chlorophylls, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds are fluorescent substances found in vegetable oils. As a result, fluorescence analysis can be used to authenticate vegetable oils in a simple, effective, and non-destructive manner. The goal of the study was to determine the authenticity of vegetable oil using smartphone-based image analysis in fluorescence light. The image was taken with a Huawei P30 Lite and saved as an 8-bit JPG file. Mactronic PHH0062 390 nm-LED flashlight was employed as a light source. Due to the Hue spectral histograms, the image was analyzed in the HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color model. Eleven vegetable oils were chosen for testing: sea buckthorn, sunflower, rice, macadamia nut, hemp, corn, grape, linseed, rapeseed, olive, and milk thistle. Because vegetable oils have a diverse Hue spectrum, fluorescence examination can be used to verify their authenticity.
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Vucane, Sanita, Martins Sabovics, Lauris Leitans, and Ingmars Cinkmanis. "Smartphone-based colorimetric determination of DPPH free radical scavenging activity in vegetable oils." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.016.

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Free radicals can rapidly and irreversibly oxidize various structures, including unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils, which affect the sensory properties. Spectrophotometry is the most widely used method for the determination of free radical scavenging activity (RSA) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Barrier to the further use of classical analytical methods to analyze biologically active compounds in foodstuffs is that equipment requires high cost and has limited mobility. One of solutions is to replace classical methods, such as spectroscopy, with smartphonebased colorimetry. Huawei P30 Lite smartphone was used for colorimetric detection. The free radical scavenging activity (RSA) in vegetable oil was detected using an application ‘Color Picker’, with image matching algorithm for red, green, and blue (RGB) model. RSA was expressed as percentage and measured by the DPPH method. The aim of the study was to determinate the total free radical scavenging activity with smartphone-based colorimetry. For the data comparison and accuracy spectrophotometer as analytical optical instrument was used. Eleven vegetable oils: sea buckthorn, sunflower, rice, macadamia nut, hemp, corn, grape, linseed, rapeseed, olive and milk thistle oils were selected for analysis. The best results with no significant differences (p>0.05) compared to smartphone-based colorimetry from spectrophotometry were determined using RG values. The poor results were detected by using B value (p<0.05) and were not suitable for determination of RSA. Smartphone-based colorimetry can be used in the determination of the RSA in vegetable oils.
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Lizong, Wang, Yu Nanhui, Fan Jijun, Zhang Yonglin, Pei Houchang, and Zhang Yifan. "Simulation of Separation of Rice Bran and Broken Rice in Top-suction Rice Mill with Annular Duct." In EBIMCS 2020: 2020 3rd International Conference on E-Business, Information Management and Computer Science. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3453187.3453367.

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Kusvitasari, Hairiana. "Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding among Primipara: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.04.

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ABSTRACT Background: The breastfeeding practice of primiparous mothers in developed and developing countries is influenced by various factors. The breastfeeding factor for primiparous mothers is closely related to their initial experience of giving breast milk to success and failure in achieving exclusive breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that influence primiparous mothers in giving exclusive breastfeeding. Subjects and Methods: This scoping review uses an electronic bibliographic database method. Articles were obtained from 5 databases, namely Science Direct, PubMed, EBSCO, Wiley and ProQuest conducted systematically from 2009 to 2019. Articles used in this scoping review were described in the Prefered Reporting System of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flowchart. Results: Based on 8 articles from 421 articles obtained showed that internal factors come from the mother herself and external factors that come from outside the mother were related in giving exclusive breastfeeding. Internal factors include the initial response of primiparous mothers in exclusive breastfeeding, maternal psychology when giving exclusive breastfeeding, coping with primiparous mothers during the process of giving exclusive breastfeeding, commitment of primiparous mothers to exclusive breastfeeding. Maternal external factors include social support for primiparous mothers in providing exclusive breastfeeding and socio-culture to primiparous mothers in providing exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: The most influential internal factor is the primiparous mother’s psychological factor. The most influential external factor is socio-culture. There are still many countries that adhere to socio-culture which can hinder the process of exclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, internal factors, external factors, mother Correspondence: Hairiana Kusvitasari. Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Ringroad Barat No.63, Mlangi Nogotirto, Gamping, Rice Field Area, Nogotirto, Kec. Gamping, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region 55592, Indonesia. Email: hairianasari@gmail.com: Mobile: 082251977627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.04
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Reports on the topic "Rice milk"

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Costa, Dora. From Mill Town to Board Room: The Rise of Women's Paid Labor. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7608.

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Bell, Gary, and Duncan Bryant. Red River Structure physical model study : bulkhead testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40970.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, and its non-federal sponsors are designing and constructing a flood risk management project that will reduce the risk of flooding in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area. There is a 30-mile long diversion channel around the west side of the city of Fargo, as well as a staging area that will be formed upstream of a 20-mile long dam (referred to as the Southern Embankment) that collectively includes an earthen embankment with three gated structures: the Diversion Inlet Structure, the Wild Rice River Structure, and the Red River Structure (RRS). A physical model has been constructed and analyzed to assess the hydraulic conditions near and at the RRS for verification of the structure’s flow capacity as well as optimization of design features for the structure. This report describes the modeling techniques and instrumentation used in the investigation and details the evaluation of the forces exerted on the proposed bulkheads during emergency operations for the RRS.
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Provenza, Frederick, Avi Perevolotsky, and Nissim Silanikove. Consumption of Tannin-Rich Forage by Ruminants: From Mechanism to Improved Performance. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695840.bard.

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Trees and shrubs are potentially important sources of food for livestock in many parts of the world, but their use is limited by tannins. Tannins reduce food intake by decreasing digestibility or by causing illness. Supplementing cattle, sheep, and goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has a high affinity for binding tannins and thus attenuating their aversive effects, increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves weight gains and wool growth. The objectives of this proposal were: Objective 1: To further delineate the conditions under which PEG affects intake of high-tannin foods. Objective 2: To ascertain if animals self-regulate intake of PEG in accord with the tannin content of their diet under pen, paddock, and field conditions. Objective 3: To determine how nutritional status and PEG supplementation affect preference for foods varying in nutrients and tannins. Objective 4: To assess the effects of PEG on food selection, intake, and livestock performance in different production systems. The results from this research show that supplementing livestock with low doses of PEG increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves performance of cattle, sheep, and goats. Neutralizing the effects of tannins with supplemental PEG promotes the use of woody species usually considered useless as forage resources. Supplementing animals with PEG has the potential to improve the profitability - mainly milk production - of high-yielding dairy goats fed high-quality foods and supplemented with browse in Mediterranean areas. However, its contribution to production systems utilizing low-yielding goats is limited. Our findings also support the notion that supplemental PEG enhances the ability of livestock to control shrub encroachment and to maintain firebreaks. However, our work also suggests that the effectiveness of supplemental PEG may be low if alternative forages are equal or superior in nutritional quality and contain fewer metabolites with adverse effects.
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Sturzenegger, Germán, Cecilia Vidal, and Sebastián Martínez. The Last Mile Challenge of Sewage Services in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by Anastasiya Yarygina. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002878.

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Access to piped sewage in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) cities has been on the rise in recent decades. Yet achieving high rates of end-user connection between dwellings and sewage pipelines remains a challenge for water and sanitation utilities. Governments throughout the region are investing millions in increasing access to sewage services but are failing in the last mile. When households do not connect to the sewage system, the full health and social benefits of sanitation investments fail to accrue, and utilities can face lost revenue and higher operating costs. Barriers to connect are diverse, including low willingness to pay for connection costs and/or the associated tariffs, liquidity and credit constrains to cover the cost of upgrades or repairs, information gaps on the benefits of connecting, behavioral obstacles, and collective action failures. In contexts of weak regulation and strong social pressure, utilities typically lack the ability to enforce connection through fines and legal action. This paper explores the scope of the connectivity problem, identifies potential connection barriers, and discusses policy solutions. A research agenda is proposed in support of evidence-based interventions that have the potential to achieve higher effective sanitation coverage more rapidly and cost-effectively in LAC. This research agenda must focus on: i) quantifying the scope of the problem; ii) understanding the barriers that trigger it; and iii) identifying the most cost-effective policy and market-based solutions.
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Dong, Chunke, Yan Sun, Yingna Qi, Hongyu Wei, and Chungen Li. Effect of platelet-rich plasma injections on mild or moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.10.0077.

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Speroni, Samuel, Asha Weinstein Speroni, Michael Manville, and Brian D. Taylor. Charging Drivers by the Gallon vs. the Mile: An Equity Analysis by Geography and Income in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2238.

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This study used data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey California Add-On sample to explore how replacing the current state vehicle fuel tax with a flat-per-mile-rate road-user charge (RUC) would affect costs for different kinds of households. We first estimated how household vehicle fuel efficiency, mileage, and fuel tax expenditures vary by geography (rural vs. urban) and by income. These findings were then used to estimate how much different types of households pay in the current per-gallon state fuel tax, what they would pay if the state were to replace fuel taxes with a flat-rate road-usage charge (RUC) that would generate revenues similar to the current state fuel tax (2.52¢ per mile driven), and the difference in household expenditures between the fuel tax and RUC. We find that rural households tend to drive more miles and own less fuel-efficient vehicles than urban ones, so they pay comparatively more in fuel tax and would pay more with the RUC as well. However, this rural/urban variation is less for the RUC than the fuel tax, so moving to a flat-rate RUC would redistribute some of the overall tax burden from rural households (that drive more miles in fuel-thirsty vehicles) to urban households (that drive fewer miles in more fuel-efficient vehicles). Transitioning from the fuel tax to RUC would also generally shift the fuel tax burden from lower-income to higher-income households, with one exception: expenditures would rise for low-income urban households. However, the variation in the tax incidence between the gas tax and RUC is quite modest, amounting to less than one dollar per week for both urban and rural households at all income levels.
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Hsueh, Gary, David Czerwinski, Cristian Poliziani, Terris Becker, Alexandre Hughes, Peter Chen, and Melissa Benn. Using BEAM Software to Simulate the Introduction of On-Demand, Automated, and Electric Shuttles for Last Mile Connectivity in Santa Clara County. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1822.

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Despite growing interest in low-speed automated shuttles, pilot deployments have only just begun in a few places in the U.S., and there is a lack of studies that estimate the impacts of a widespread deployment of automated shuttles designed to supplement existing transit networks. This project estimated the potential impacts of automated shuttles based on a deployment scenario generated for a sample geographic area: Santa Clara County, California. The project identified sample deployment markets within Santa Clara County using a GIS screening exercise; tested the mode share changes of an automated shuttle deployment scenario using BEAM, an open-source beta software developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to run traffic simulations with MATSim; elaborated the model outputs within the R environment; and then estimated the related impacts. The main findings have been that the BEAM software, despite still being in its beta version, was able to model a scenario with the automated shuttle service: this report illustrates the potential of the software and the lessons learned. Regarding transportation aspects, the model estimated automated shuttle use throughout the county, with a higher rate of use in the downtown San José area. The shuttles would be preferred mainly by people who had been using gasoline-powered ride hail vehicles for A-to-B trips or going to the bus stop, as well as walking trips and a few car trips directed to public transport stops. As a result, the shuttles contributed to a small decrease in emissions of air pollutants, provided a competitive solution for short trips, and increased the overall use of the public transport system. The shuttles also presented a solution for short night trips—mainly between midnight and 2 am—when there are not many options for moving between points A and B. The conclusion is that the automated shuttle service is a good solution in certain contexts and can increase public transit ridership overall.
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8

Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai, and Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.

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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.
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9

Sengupta-Gopalan, Champa, Shmuel Galili, and Rachel Amir. Improving Methionine Content in Transgenic Forage Legumes. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580671.bard.

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Leguminous forage crops are high in proteins but deficient in S- amino acids. It has been shown that both wool quality and milk production can be limited by the post-ruminal supply of sulfur-containing amino acids. Efforts to use conventional plant breeding and cell selection techniques to increase the S-amino acid content of alfalfa have met with little success. With the objective to increase the S-amino acid content of forage legumes, the goal of this project was to co- express the methionine rich zein genes from corn along with a gene for a key enzyme in methionine biosynthesis, aspartate kinase(AK). The zeins are seed storage proteins from corn and are groupec into four distinct classes based on their amino acid sequence homologies. The b-zein (15kd) and the 6zein (10kD and 18kD) have proportionately high levels of methionine (10%, 22% and 28%, respectively). Initial studies from our lab had shown that while the 15kD zein accumulated to high levels in vegetative tissues of transgenic tobacco the l0kD zein did not. However, co-expression of the 10kD zein with the 15kD zein genes in tobacco showed stabilization of the 10kD zein and the co-localization of the 10kD and 15kD zein proteins in unique ER derived protein bodies. AK is the key enzyme for producing carbon skeletons for all amino acids of the aspartate family including methionine. It is, however, regulated by end-product feedback inhibition. The specific objectives of this proposal were: i. to co-express the 15kD zein with the 10/18kD zein genes in alfalfa in order to enhance the level of accumulation of the 10/18kD zein; ii. to increase methionine pools by expressing a feedback insensitive AK gene in transformants co-expressing the 15kD and 10/18kD zein genes. The Israeli partners were successful in expressing the AK gene in alfalfa which resulted in an increase in free and bound threonine but not in methionine (Galili et al., 2000). Since our target was to increase methionine pools, we changed our second objective to replace the AK gene with the gene for cystathionine gamma synthase (CGS) in the co-expression studies. The first methionine specific reaction is catalyzed by CGS. An additional objective was to develop a transformation system for Berseem clover, and to introduce the appropriate gene constructs into it with the goal of improving their methionine content. Genes for the 15kD zein along with the genes for either the 10kD or 18kD zein have been introduced into the same alfalfa plant both by sexual crosses and by re-transformation. Analysis of these zein co-expressors have shown that both the IOkD and 18kD zein levels go up 5 to 10 fold when co-expressed with the 15kD zein (Bagga et al., MS in preparation). Incubation of the leaves of transgenic alfalfa co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes, in the rumen of cows have shown that the zein proteins are stable in the rumen. To increase the level of zein accumulation in transgenic alfalfa different promoters have been used to drive the zein genes in alfalfa and we have concluded that the CaMV 35S promoter is superior to the other strong leaf -specific promoters. By feeding callus tissue of alfalfa plants co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes with methionine and its precursors, we have shown that the zein levels could be significantly enhanced by increasing the methionine pools. We have now introduced the CGS gene (from Arabidopsis; kindly provided to us by Dr. Leustek), into the 15kD zein transformants and experiments are in progress to check if the expression of the CGS gene indeed increases the level of zein accumulation in alfalfa. We were not successful in developing a transformation protocol for Berseem clover.
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