Academic literature on the topic 'Rice Transportation Indonesia'

Straw is a waste produced from the threshing and harvesting of rice. So far, rice straw has only been removed. In fact, it can be used as a potential energy source. This paper aims to examine the potential of rice straw as a renewable energy source in Indonesia. Opportunities and challenges were evaluated based on extensive and in-depth literature review. The paper discussed rice straw potential, its characteristics and benefits of using straw energy. Technology to convert rice straw into energy was also discussed. Results showed that renewable energy potential of rice straw is 28.8 TJ/year. Conversion technologies that can be applied include densification, combustion, gasification, and biogas. The biggest challenge for using rice straw energy is collection and transportation. Densification may overcome density problem by producing high quality pellets or briquettes that reduce transportation and storage costs. Straw characteristics need to be improved to increase its combustion properties.

Almost all Asian countries, including Indonesia, adopt rice reserve stock policy. The purpose of the policy is to reduce food insecurity risk due to natural calamity and man-made disaster, as well as to stabilize rice price. In the last 20 years, Bulog has maintained rice reserve stock to I million tons for those purposes. The last few years, the environments have changed rapidly due to expanding of transportation and telecommunication, rice trade now has became more transparent, and market information more perfectly. Rice policy in Indonesia has also changed rapidly since 1998. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the optimum size of rice reserve for Indonesia by applying 3 approaches, namely, NFA (National Food Authority) of the Philippines, Stock to Utilization Ratio of FAO, and Usual Marketing Requirement. It is found that the size of rice reserve should be 0.75 million tons at the lowest and 3.4 million ton at the highest. The results were compared to rice released for emergency and price stabilization purposes by Bulog, and released for emergency purposes by NGO, and bilateral (G to G. It is concluded that Indonesia only needs 0.750 million tons of rice for reserve stock. This size of reserve includes rice reserve stock for East Asian/ Asean Rice Reserve System.

All countries around the world are dealing the same problem in assuring the sufficiency of food for feeding their people. Indonesia is the biggest agrarian state in South East Asia and the fourth largest state in the world. The challenge faced by Indonesia with a large population is on how food meets the needs of its population, which until now Indonesia has not been able to guarantee the fulfillment of food supply for its population. This study aims to analyze the influence of determinant factors toward Indonesian food security. Binary Logit Model was employed to analyze determinant factors of Indonesian food security. Jonsson and Toole criterion of food security was used to identify Indonesian food security status as dependent variable. This research found that land area, rice production, corn production, soybean production, chicken meat production, beef production, the population density the CPI (Customer Price Index) including the CPI for housing, electricity and gas, the CPI for health, the CPI for transportation and financial services, and FIMI (Food Insecurity Multidimensional Index) have significant influences towards the level of food security in Indonesia. It means that food security could be achieved by not only improving the quantity and quality of consumption, but also improving food supply, the ability to access economically and the stability.

Good distribution network management is a very important competitive advantage for a company. The distribution that is not right with the wrong time will also have a big impact on all aspects, especially company profits. The exact number and timing are crucial points in the distribution. The distribution and transportation system must be designed optimally so that the minimum cost is obtained. Perum Bulog, West Java Regional Division, is the government's representative in distributing rice evenly and distributing rice, which is a staple food commodity for Indonesian people in general. Of course, it must pay attention to optimal distribution patterns. In carrying out the operational process, the West Java Regional Division of Perum Bulog will be assisted by 7 Regional Sub-Divisions scattered throughout the West Java region who will handle rice in their respective working areas. This study aims to determine the planning path and the optimum amount of rice distribution from the West Java Regional Division to districts and cities that can minimize distribution costs so that the costs incurred will reach their lowest point using the Linear Programming method. The analysis of this research was assisted by the LINDO software version 7.0 for Windows 10.0. From the results of this research, the optimization of rice distribution at Perum Bulog Divre West Java, with the optimum total distribution cost is IDR 6,374,025 360.

Rice is a strategic commodity that a very important role as the main staple food for the majority of people in Indonesia. Rice has its own distribution development pattern that provides added value to business actors. "CV. Hidup Baru Jaya" is a company in Kupang City that is engaged in distributing packaged rice from storage warehouses to several storage warehouses in other areas. In distributing the rice, the company tries to reduce or minimize the distribution costs incurred in order to obtain optimal profit. Mathematically, the transportation model is one solution that can be used to solve this rice distribution problem. By using POM-QM V4 as the optimal solution tool, it was found that the company could distribute 125 sacks of Raja Kupang rice to the Malaka Warehouse; 150 sacks of rice to Rote Warehouse, 75 sacks to Malaka Warehouse and 200 sacks to Atambua Warehouse for Stroberry rice; Nona Timor rice was 200 sacks to Semau Warehouse, 50 sacks to Rote Warehouse and 200 sacks to Sulamu Warehouse. Thus, the company profits Rp. 20,000,000, -.

The industrial sector plays an important role in the development of the Indonesian economy. The problem of mapping types need anything from 175 industry sectors that have a relationship with each other linkages that need to diprioritas to increase in domestic industrial sector. This study aims to map and analyze the inter-industry linkages and key sectors in Indonesia. To view the analysis of linkage and multiplier analysis in this study using input-output model with the 10-year 2005 data tables 175 sector classification. Linkages among sectors using methods known forward and backward linkage index linkages. Determine the index number of key sectors is a priority sector.From the analysis results can be seen that there are 20 key sectors in Indonesia, the sector: (1) pulp, (2) oil industry of animal and vegetable oils, (3] skin equalize, and preparations, (4) rice industry (5) industrial sugar, (6) basic metal industries rather than iron, (7) animal feed industry, [8] service restaurant, (9) entertainment services, recreation and cultural services, private [10] of meat offal and the like, (11] textile industry, (12] electricity and gas, (13] residential buildings and non residence, (14] and mounted industrial sawn timber, (15] highway transportation services, (16] roads, bridges and ports, (17] poultry and results -result, (18] fertilizer industry, (19] Manufacture of paper and paperboard and (20] marine transportation services. With the 20 key sectors, we can know these sectors have forward and backward linkages are high. For that government policy should be more focused on the 20 key sectors.

Urbanization has become a global phenomenon that affects the food system. Some studies revealed that urbanization increases income/capita, thus transforming food consumption from cereals to animal products, vegetables, and fruits. Urbanization, particularly in developing countries, not only produces economic benefits but also various issues that might lessen peoples’ capacity to afford food. This study aims to analyze the impact of urbanization on food consumption, food composition, as well as farming performance. Series of consumption data since 1976 and statistical descriptive approaches were employed. The results showed a trend of declining the share of food expenditures, especially in urban areas, which is commonly regarded as a sign of increasing prosperity. Surprisingly, food composition remained stable, dominated by rice, due to lower-income and higher non-food expenditures of urban inhabitants mainly for housing, transportation, water and energy. The stagnancy of food composition provides less incentive for farmers; thus, farming is dominated by low-revenue paddy fields, uneducated laborers, and older farmers. Based on these findings, some recommendations can be suggested: (1) incorporating food composition and farming performance into food security policies, instead of merely focusing on the compliance of food supply and demand, (2) linking food issues with non-food issues, especially with urban planning, housing development, and transportation management to increase the income capacity of the society to purchase a greater variety of food, and (3) developing food diversification served by urban food vendors to support the benefits of the farming business.

The Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the availability and distribution of food, but its impact on food consumption at the household level was not much known. The aim of the research was to analyze changes in food expense during the Covid-19 pandemic of cases in Indonesia and Armenia. Indonesian case used primary data in April-May 2020, at the beginning of the pandemic. Data were analyzed descriptively and paired t statistic test. The results showed that there was a change in consumption during the pandemic. The significant changes were an increase in the amount of rice consumption, an increase in food expense, and a decrease in the purchase of cooked meal. Snack purchases during the pandemic increased but not significantly. The Armenia case used secondary data from FAO. Regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the post-war crisis in the Republic of Armenia, it has had a negative impact on transportation, storage, sales, financial situation, access, and availability of agricultural products and labor markets. Thus, digital solutions for agricultural marketing, that is Digital Agriculture Marketplace Platform have been adopted. The conclusion was that the impact of the pandemic actually increased consumption needs. The recommendation that given was the support for food logistics transportation which very much needed in the pandemic era and more specifically supported by food distribution security.

Food is a basic requirement for living things. This study aims to analyze the effects of economic infrastructure, social infrastructure and household characteristics on food security in Indonesia using the Johnsson and Toole (1991) methods. There were 285,908 households studied originating from the 2015 SUSENAS data. The model used in this study was the general ordered logistics model. Based on the results of the study there were 29.51% of food security, 25.12% of vulnerable food, 23.14% of food shortages and 22.33% of households at food insecurity. The results of this study also revealed that ownership of transportation modes, electricity use, fuel use, education of household heads and household health insurance significantly affected food security. The government program in the form of giving poor rice (RASKIN) provides poor results reducing the chance offood security by 11% and increasing the chances of food insecurity by 6%.

Almost every country throughout the globe has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The virus's propagation has a disastrous effect on both human health and the economy as a whole. The COVID-19 global recession is the worst since World War II ended. According to the IMF's April 2021 World Economic Outlook Report, the global economy declined by 3.5 percent in 2020, 7 percent drop from the 3.4 percent growth predicted in October 2019. While almost every IMF-covered nation saw negative growth in 2020, the decline was more extreme in the world's poorest regions. The global supply system and international trade of all countries, including India, were affected by the nationwide lockdown in India and around the world to stop the pandemic from spreading. Since the beginning of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the global business climate. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant public health and economic problems in South Asian countries and the worst impacted being India, Bangladesh and Pakistan in recent years. The nationwide lockdown adopted by the countries was effective in slowing down the spread of the coronavirus in South Asia, but it came at a substantial financial and social cost to society. Manufacturing activities in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines have shrunk sharply. Tourism, trade and remittances, and all major sources of foreign money for South Asian countries, have been substantially impacted. The COVID-19 spread has had a significant influence on global financial markets. The international financial and energy markets substantially dropped as the number of cases began to rise globally, primarily in the United States, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Iran, and South Korea along with South Asian countries. Reduced travel has had a substantial impact on service businesses such as tourism, hospitality, and transportation. According to IMF, (space required after,) 2020 South Asian economies are likely to shrink for the first time in 4 decades. The pandemic has pushed millions into poverty and widened income and wealth disparities because of premature deaths, workplace absenteeism and productivity losses. A negative supply shock has occurred with manufacturing and productive activity decreasing due to global supply chain disruptions and factory closures. This resulted in a severe short-term challenge for policymakers, especially when food and commodity prices rise, exacerbating economic insecurity. Failure to achieve equitable recovery might result in social and political unrest, as well as harsh responses from governments that have been less tolerant of dissident voices in recent years. Almost every area of the Indian economy is being ravaged by the pandemic. But the scope and degree of the damage vary from sector to sector within each area. One of the worst-affected areas in India is the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector. Apart from MSMEs, Agriculture and Agro-based industries, Banking companies and NBFCs and Social Sectors are also in jeopardy. The pandemic creates turmoil in the Capital Market and Mutual Funds industry. India's auto manufacturing and its ancillary sectors were badly hit during the initial stages of the pandemic when lockdown measures were adopted and the situation continued to remain subdued for many quarters. It is still uncertain whether this recession will have long-term structural ramifications for the global economy or will have only short-term financial and economic consequences. Additionally, the speed and the strength of the healing may be crucially dependent on the capability of the governments to accumulate and roll out the COVID-19 vaccines. In the context of the pandemic and its devastating impact on the Indian economy, an edited volume is proposed which intends to identify and analyse the footfalls of the pandemic on various sectors and industries in India. The proposed edited volume endeavours to understand the status, impact, problems, policies and prospects of the agricultural and agro-based industries, Banking and NBFCs, MSMEs, Social Sector, Capital Market and Mutual Funds during the pandemic and beyond. The proposed volume will contain research papers/articles covering the overall impact of the pandemic on various sectors, measures to be adopted to combat the situation and suggestions for overcoming the hurdles. For this, research papers and articles will be called from academicians, research scholars and industrialists having common research interests to share their insights relating to this area. It is anticipated that the volume will include twenty to twenty-five chapters. An editorial committee will be constituted with three chief editors and another external editor to review the articles following a double-blind review process to assure the quality of the papers according to the global standards and publisher's guidelines. The expected time to complete the entire review process is one month, and the publication process will start thereafter. The proposed volume is believed to be having significant socio-economic implications and is intended to cater to a large audience which includes academicians, researchers, students, corporates, policymakers, investors and general readers at large.

Transportation development has revolutionized ride-hailing to e-hailing. This alteration impacts many aspects, mostly in economics and employment opportunity. However, this triggers competition with the traditional; moreover, the absence of significant regulation and standards for operation raises conflicts and an uneven market. This research concerns how e-hailing taxi must be regulated under Indonesian law for its certainty and expediency. This considers that the operation of e-hailing taxi in Indonesia is not sufficiently regulated, neither from security risks, tariff limits rates, nor in terms of skilled quality for the labor and so on. The researcher found, if there is no certainty for tis app-based transportation laws, the effects will create an unhealthy and imbalanced market, high-risks, and double standard operation.

This chapter begins by detailing the rise of multiple new initiatives in the realm of political action during the early twentieth century in the Netherlands East Indies. It explores how the deepening incorporation of the Indonesian archipelago within the world economy over the course of the nineteenth century entailed advanced forms of exploitation in commercial agriculture, commodity processing, natural resource exploitation, and the elaboration of a modern transportation network. The chapter then discusses the internationalization of the Indonesian archipelago's economy in the increasing prominence and problematic position of diverse diasporic immigrant communities, most notably the so-called Chinese. It further analyses how the commercialization of agriculture and extension of market relations in the hinterlands of Java and other islands of the Indies during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries unfolded through the intermediation of local compradors — immigrant Hokkien-speaking merchants, moneylenders, and rice millers — who were discouraged from assimilation into native society and designated as “foreign orientals.” Ultimately, the chapter highlights the broadening of transregional and transoceanic networks of diasporic and religious circulation, the deepening incorporation of the Indonesian archipelago within the world economy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and its impact on the intensifying immersion of the Netherlands East Indies within diverse currents of cosmopolitanism.

The impacts of climate change are changes in rainfall patterns, sea level rise and extreme weather or extreme meteorological events. This impact will further provide dangers that threaten the sustainability of human life. The main causes of climate change are deforestation and forest degradation and the growth rate of industry and transportation modes that are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, Indonesia is participating in the Paris Agreement and implementing the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation program, role of conservation, sustainable management of forest and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+). In an effort to increase the prosperity of the State, many forests have been transferred to other uses such as the development of oil palm plantations, agricultural land and urban expansion etc. In fact, many agricultural lands have changed their function into settlements. If this happens, the forest area will continue to decrease again because after the agricultural land has turned into residential land, the forest land is converted again for agricultural expansion, this happens continuously. When viewed from the CO2 flux, there will also be changes in the basic CO2 flux from forest land, plantation land, agriculture and urban areas. The problem of deforestation and forest degradation is inseparable from the large number of forest conversion functions into oil palm plantations, expansion of agricultural areas and other uses such as urban development and infrastructure. Opportunities for climate change mitigation and adaptation include the implementation of the REDD+ program, financing of climate change mitigation and availability of climate information. The challenges faced include the lack of synergy in the policy framework and implementation of climate change control, recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights and uncertainty in the implementation of the REDD+ program.

The urban process or commonly called urbanization is a phenomenon that is occurring in several regions in Indonesia. In 2045, the projection results show 61.7% of Indonesia's population will live in urban areas. In the process, cities in Indonesia are facing several challenges related to Urban Infrastructure, decent and affordable housing, clean environment, local economic, slum, and urban poor (Social welfare). These indicators can have a positive impact on increasing the city index with healthy city categories, but also can have a negative impact with the increasing gap between the poor and the rich. The purposes of this study are to find out which cities in Indonesia fall into the category of healthy cities and to find out what factors and actors play a role in building healthy cities in Indonesia. The analytical method in this study is log frame analysis. The result is building healthy cities is closely related to the availability of aspects of life in urban areas: health services, environmental, and socioeconomic aspects. There are 3 cities in Indonesia: Palembang, Solo and Denpasar City. Building a healthy city is also an effort in improving health status, health facilities, cleanliness, garbage services, food availability, clean water, security, safety, park facilities, public transportation, art and culture facilities, housing, urban economics, religious facilities, and urban planning quality. Healthy cities in Indonesia will be achieved if efforts to improve not only physical health but also mental, social, economic and spiritual health are achieved. Finally, building a healthy city in Indonesia is an effort to contribute to sustainable urban development.

Rapid urban population and territorial growth is becoming a general trend across the world, driving planning policies to promote a more compact city. As an alternative to sprawling patterns of urban development, the compact city emerges as a spatial form characterized by three key elements: densification, connectivity and accessibility. All three are articulated by transit-oriented development (TOD) strategies in today’s urban context. TOD aims to encourage densification, mixed land uses, walkability and public transportation, as well as vertical housing typologies. There are now many examples around the world in which TOD has influenced the verticalization of the city, and we can expect further translations into other contexts. Auckland and Jakarta have too chosen the TOD strategy, incorporating vertical housing, to slow down the sprawl. But citizens are concerned about the quality of life in high-rise, higher density housing, as well as its price. We make a comparative assessment of TOD’s ability to achieve liveability, sustainability and affordability in two cities – Jakarta and Auckland – while using Singapore as a benchmark for both. Two case studies have shown that some of the residents’ complaints are justified. In the conclusion of the study we suggest improvements in planning and design strategies and produce further recommendations for an effective city transformation.

Palm oil is the edible oil that is most produced worldwide, being led by Indonesia and followed by Malaysia.Crude palm oil is rich in minority components that give it unique nutritional properties, the most important are tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids; it typically has a low content of phospholipids and metals, but a high content of free fatty acids, in a range between 3 and 6%, having values close to 8% in rainy seasons, when the fruits overripe, increasing this value. Although palm oil typically has low metal content, it is important to pay attention to the Fe and Cu content.The deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) is a good indicator to assess the quality of crude palm oil and will give us an idea of how easy or difficult it will be to refine it.Other important aspects regarding the quality of crude palm oil that also must be considered and affect the refining process are mistreatment while handling the fruit, storage, transportation, etc.Palm oil is generally refined by the physical process, which is preferred over the chemical process.Physical refining is a process in which phospholipids and metals (Fe and Cu) are attacked in two ways: the first, the most popular, is dry pretreatment with acid followed by bleaching step using neutral or acid bleaching earths; the second way is the wet pretreatment adding the acid and separating the chelates by centrifugation with wash water.The subsequent process is deodorization or physical refining in which the fatty acids and color compounds are separated from the oil, under controlled temperature and vacuum conditions.This presentation wants to show you how these processes are carried out with industrial data and how this oil goes from crude grade to food grade, complying with the necessary quality standards.

When people talk about the Metropolitan Area (MA), they mean differently in different parts of the world with different contexts. Based on its spatial extent, internal structure, socio-economic function, and network characteristics, an MA can refer to various entities from a metropolis to a Megacity-region. In an effort to clarify the MA concept, we review the origin of the MA concept and its development in various parts of the world, especially the United States, Japan and China, so as to propose a spectrum of MAs, and their relationship with specific human and natural geographical contexts. Particularly, we find MAs in China typically have a unique three-circle structure, which is composed of a core circle, a commuting circle, and a functional metropolitan circle. By international comparable standards which include factors such as population density, facility density, and economic activity intensity, and adjusted with reasonable context-dependent considerations in China, the three circles are designated as follows: the spatial extent with the highest development intensity and assuming a central regional role is identified as the core circle; the districts and counties around the core circle with a commuting rate greater than 10% are identified as the commuting circle; and the districts and counties within an one-hour accessible zone are identified as the functional metropolitan circle. To test the model, we utilize eight sources of big data covering ecological background, population, economy, transportation, real estate, land use, infrastructure, and culture characteristics, and with a fusion analysis of the data we show how the factors combined give rise to the three-circle structure in typical Chinese MAs, and why the combination of the same factors in the US and Japanese contexts works otherwise to fill different niches in the spectrum of MAs mentioned above. For a further inquiry, within the framework of the same model and using the same dataset, we identify 32 cities from all 338 prefecture-level cities in China that would qualify as an MA or potential MA, which we call “the Metropolitan Areas with Chinese Characteristics”, and designate the spatial extent of the three circles within each of the MAs. Additional analyses are also conducted to locate the main development corridors, key growth poles, and currently underdeveloped regions in each of the MAs. We conclude the paper with discussions of potential challenges of MA development in China vis-a-vis current policies, such as cross-administration collaboration between jurisdictions within the same MA, and cross-scale collaboration between MAs, cities, and city groups. Placing the research in the global context, and considering the vast similarities between China and other developing countries in terms of population density, land resources, urbanization level, and socio-economic development status in general, we argue that China’s model of MAs may be also applicable to other developing countries. Therefore, this research may shed lights to planning researchers and practitioners around the world, especially in developing countries in understanding the development conditions of MAs in their own contexts, and also in methods for identifying and planning potential MAs to achieve their specific policy objectives.