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Journal articles on the topic 'Rich-poor gap'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Ladusingh, Laishram, and Chungkham Holendro Singh. "Rich–Poor Gap in Maternal Care." Asian Population Studies 3, no. 1 (2007): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730701270897.

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2

Mutter, John. "Disasters widen the rich–poor gap." Nature 466, no. 7310 (2010): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/4661042a.

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3

Nagel, Stuart S. "Poor getting richer and the rich--poor gap getting smaller?" Development in Practice 12, no. 1 (2002): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096145202317215499.

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4

Court, C. "Global health gap widens between rich and poor." BMJ 310, no. 6989 (1995): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6989.1221.

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5

Chen, Kerui, Ruiyi Liu, and Yifu Ding. "Social Impact Study of the Rich-poor Gap." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 9, no. 1 (2023): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/9/20230290.

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The gap between the rich and the poor is a widespread and prominent social phenomenon in China, which is closely related to the sustainable and stable progress of the new economic model of our society and the construction of a harmonious society and is one of the critical factors limiting economic development. It is obvious that the differences between the rich and the poor have proposed some methods and ideas, their habits and their ways of thinking to gain a deeper understanding of the gap between the rich and the poor. We hope to make people aware of the social and economic dangers of this

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6

Kmietowicz, Z. "Health gap between rich and poor in London widens." BMJ 323, no. 7317 (2001): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7317.828d.

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7

Marcuse, Edgar K. "POOR CHILDREN IN RICH COUNTRIES." Pediatrics 83, no. 6 (1989): A46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.6.a46.

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The industrial countries in the world have a higher standard of living than at any time in history, but within the wealthy countries, there are still a number of children who live in poverty. The United States, which is the wealthiest country of six studied (Australia, Canada, Sweden, United States, United Kingdom, West Germany), had the highest poverty rate among children and the second highest poverty rate among families with children. From 1970 to 1987, the poverty rate for children in the United States increased from 15 to 20%. . . Child poverty rates vary enormously by the structure of th

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8

Qiu, Runqing, and Zhanhong Liu. "AI Widens the Gap between the Rich and the Poor." SHS Web of Conferences 152 (2023): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315205004.

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Since entering the 21st century, high technology has developed at a rapid pace. The development of high technology has changed the methods of production and lifestyle of human beings. While enjoying the efficiency, comfort, and convenience brought by high technologies, people find that the gap between the rich and the poor has been widening. More and more attentions have been paid to the influences on the gap between the rich and the poor arising from the development of high technologies, especially from the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. This paper focuses on this soc

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9

Nguyen Duc, Ton, and Trung Nguyen Thanh. "Assessment the gap between rich and poor of the community population in the mountain of Binh Dinh province under Geographical Socio-economic perspective." Journal of Science Social Science 66, no. 2 (2021): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2021-0033.

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The gap between rich and poor has a great influence on the exploitation of “human capital”, in order to ensure livelihoods, improve living standards, and moreover towards equity in enjoying needs in everyday life. By analyzing, comparing and using mathematical statistics, the article assessing the gap between rich and poor the community population in the mountainous of Binh Dinh province based on the average income per capita\ month and is detailed into the criteria are the GINI coefficient, the standard “40%” and the gap 20% of the richest household quintile and 20% the poorest income. The as

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10

Li, Fang. "Application of Image Online Processing Technology in Analysis of Urban Commonwealth and Problem of Urban Residents’ Gap between the Rich and the Poor." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (May 2, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8124349.

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Background. Since the liberalization and deregulation, with the development of market economy and industrialization, our country, i.e., China, has stepped into the ranks of middle-income countries in the overall level of economic development. However, there is a gap between the rich and the poor in our country, which is gradually widening, which not only has an impact on the creation of a harmonious socialist society but also attracts more and more people’s attention. At present, it has aroused the high attention of the society. Objective. Under the condition that the gap between the rich and

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11

Wilhelm, Jeffrey D., George Hillocks, and Michael W. Smith. "One Last Thought: Learning Rich or Working Poor." Voices from the Middle 13, no. 1 (2005): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/vm20054751.

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Poverty is the single biggest factor in creating the achievement gap. Wilhelm advises three broad “fixes”: widen notions of text, help students become active learners, and provide contextualized assistance. Teachers, especially those who are getting the meaningful support they need, can make a difference right now.

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12

Ketover, Kelli. "Free Trade and the Widening Gap Between Rich and Poor Countries." Policy Perspectives 8, no. 2 (2001): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v8i2.4225.

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The gap between the world's poorest nations and the world's wealthiest nations continues to grow despite the promises made by the proponents of globalization. Increasingly, however, “new internationalists" argue that free trade policy should be reconstituted as fair trade policy. Current policies have only served to strengthen the influence multinational corporations have over the policy debate. The tradeoff has often been at the expense of qualities not easily measured in economic terms such as human rights, depletion of natural resources, and inequitable distribution of wealth. Future trade

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13

Toš Bublić, Tajana, Nikolina Pavičić, and Zlatko Rešetar. "EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON POVERTY AND GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR." FBIM Transactions 3, no. 1 (2015): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/fbim.03.03.01.13.

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14

Arie, Sophie. "UK pushes EU to tackle health gap between rich and poor." BMJ 331, no. 7522 (2005): 923.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7522.923.

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15

Guimarães, L. B. de M., and M. M. Soares. "A future with less of a gap between rich and poor." Ergonomics 51, no. 1 (2008): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130701802650.

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16

Sheehey, Edmund J. "The growing gap between rich and poor countries: A proposed explanation." World Development 24, no. 8 (1996): 1379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(96)00037-x.

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17

Gardner, Camille, and Peter Blair Henry. "The Global Infrastructure Gap: Potential, Perils, and a Framework for Distinction." Journal of Economic Literature 61, no. 4 (2023): 1318–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20221530.

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In 2015, the World Bank claimed that rich-country private capital could: (i) close the infrastructure services gap in poor countries, (ii) achieve the sustainable development goals, and (iii) make money by moving from “billions to trillions” of investment in poor-country infrastructure. Our framework distinguishes those poor countries in which the Bank’s claim is tenable from those where it is not. For a given poor country, the framework reveals that investing a dollar in infrastructure is efficient if the social rate of return on infrastructure clears two hurdles: (a) the social rate of retur

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18

Tanne, Janice Hopkins. "Gap in contraceptive use between rich and poor is growing in US." BMJ 332, no. 7551 (2006): 1170.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1170-b.

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19

Freeman, Phyllis, and Anthony Robbins. "Editoral: The Publishing Gap Between Rich and Poor: the Focus of AuthorAID." Journal of Public Health Policy 27, no. 2 (2006): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200071.

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20

Asha, Suresh Nair Ann Mary Cherian. "IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN INDIA." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 2, no. 20 (2022): 336–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7050519.

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<strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong>  <em>After independence, India have transformed its status in the world beyond recognition. India was once a poor economic dawdler, has now become the seventh largest economy in the world in terms of GDP. India has transformed into a middle-income country from a low income one. But whether these benefits have been trickled down to the poor and under privileged sections of the society is now a valid question which leads to many controversies.  This study intends to analyze equity issues and to inspect whether government policies after independence (

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21

Qu, Guangjun. "Do Real Depreciations Reduce the Income Gap between the Rich and the Poor?" International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 3 (2017): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n3p266.

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This study concentrates on the effect of real depreciations of a currency on one key aspect of economic development, the distribution of income. Based upon the recent availability of a real depreciation index and two databases on Gini coefficients, we investigate how real depreciations affect levels and changes in the distribution of income. The panel evidence of more than 158 countries indicates that real depreciations are associated with a decline in levels of income gap between the rich and the poor. They, however, have no statistically significant association with changes in the distributi

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22

Azid, Toseef, and Shahnawaz Malik. "Impact of Village-specific, Household-specific, and Technological Variables on Poverty in Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (2000): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.793-806.

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Rural poverty remains a serious problem in Pakistan, with more than 30 percent of rural population living in absolute poverty. In rural Pakistan there is a big gap between rich and the poor. While the stake of competition for position and status concerns the rich, the struggle for survival in the midst of increasing crises embarrasses the poor. The rural poor—the pauperised class—are week and powerless with inadequate command over resources relative to needs. In fact, the polarisation process which is making the rich richer and poor poorer is a consequence of poverty. Neither the poor nor the

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23

Heiserman, Nicholas, and Brent Simpson. "Higher Inequality Increases the Gap in the Perceived Merit of the Rich and Poor." Social Psychology Quarterly 80, no. 3 (2017): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272517711919.

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The rewards people receive are often taken as indirect evidence of their merit. We outline an argument that addresses how the magnitude of macrolevel income inequalities affects perceptions of the distribution of merit in a society. We propose that higher levels of economic inequality will lead to perceptions of greater differences in merit such that societies with higher inequality will be characterized by a larger “merit gap,” namely, larger differences in the perceived merit of the rich and poor. We test these arguments using an online experiment that manipulated the level of inequality (hi

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24

Feng, Yuyang. "Eliminate Absolute Poverty to Narrow the Gap between the Rich and the Poor?—Based An Chinese Provincial Panel Data From 2012 to 2021 of The Empirical Research." International Business & Economics Studies 5, no. 2 (2023): p57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ibes.v5n2p57.

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Began to implement precise poverty alleviation in China, from 2012 to 2020, eliminating absolute poverty across the country, this study based on 2012-2021, the Chinese government poverty monitoring tracking 22 provincial economic data, with the aid of stata17.0 software tools, correlation analysis, the heteroscedasticity test and multiple regression analysis of the 10 years rural residents per capita disposable income, respectively, and residents’ income gap between urban and rural areas, rural residents income gap between the number of dependent relationship, and the Per capita GDP, the total

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25

Birdsall, N. "Rising Inequality in the New Global Economy." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 20, 2006): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2006-4-84-89.

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Reasons of high inequality in the modern world are considered in the article. In developing countries it interacts with underdeveloped markets and inefficient government programs to slow growth, which in turn slows progress in reducing poverty. Increasing reach of global markets makes rising inequality more likely and deepens the gap between rich and poor countries. Because global markets work better for the already rich, we should increase the representation of poor countries in global fora.

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26

Liu, Lin. "The Impact of China’s Tax Policy Reform on the Gap between Rich and Poor." SHS Web of Conferences 188 (2024): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418802002.

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Common prosperity is the goal that the Chinese government is constantly striving for, and the reform of the tax system is the only way to achieve this goal. In the past ten years, China has continuously carried out tax reform and achieved good results. Previous scholars have conducted in-depth research on China’s tax reform from multiple perspectives. Previous research has focused on the impact of tax policy on China’s economic growth, exploring how taxes stimulate or constrain the development of different industries and regions. And early research focused on social equity issues, examining th

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27

GUTHRIE, P., and K. FARRELL. "WORKSHOP MEETING. THE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR NATIONS: DOES THE ENGI -NEER CARE?" Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 86, no. 1 (1989): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1989.1152.

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28

Muhoza and Ruhara. "Closing the Poor–Rich Gap in Contraceptive Use in Rwanda: Understanding the Underlying Mechanisms." International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 45 (2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/45e7519.

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29

MOHANTY, S. K., and P. K. PATHAK. "RICH–POOR GAP IN UTILIZATION OF REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES IN INDIA, 1992–2005." Journal of Biosocial Science 41, no. 3 (2009): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200800309x.

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SummaryThis paper examines the trends in utilization of five indicators of reproductive and child health services, namely, childhood immunization, medical assistance at delivery, antenatal care, contraceptive use and unmet need for contraception, by wealth index of the household in India and two disparate states, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. The data from three rounds of the National Family and Health Survey conducted during 1992–2005 are analysed. The wealth index is computed using principal component derived weights from a set of consumer durables, land size, housing quality and water and

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30

Dea Agetia Noviana and Marudut Bernadtua Simanjuntak. "Representation of The Impact Of Social Gap That Affects Moral Values In The Film "Parasite"." LITERACY : International Scientific Journals of Social, Education, Humanities 1, no. 2 (2022): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56910/literacy.v1i2.216.

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The modern era is an era marked by the development of science and technology as well as socio-cultural developments that take place rapidly through various sources and media. Communication media is often used by the public in a positive learning world, for example as a means of delivering moral messages. There are many types of moral messages conveyed through communication media, one of which is through films. This study aims to determine the impact of social inequality and moral messages contained in the film 'Parasite'. The method used is qualitative and quantitative methods, namely through

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31

Lleras-Muney, Adriana. "Mind the Gap: A Review of The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World by Sir Michael Marmot." Journal of Economic Literature 56, no. 3 (2018): 1080–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20171383.

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The Health Gap documents the large and persistent health gaps that exist across and within relatively rich countries today. Marmot argues that in developed countries, poor health does not cause low incomes; rather, low socioeconomic status leads to poor health, but not because of proximate factors like differential health care access, which can explain only a small portion of these gaps. Therefore, to eliminate health gaps, policy should focus on the deep causes of disease: poverty, education, and occupational mobility, among others. While Marmot’s ethical arguments are quite compelling, his r

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32

Lin, Hengjun. "The Impact of Income Inequality on Economic Growth in the Emerging Economies." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 45 (December 28, 2024): 908–12. https://doi.org/10.54097/5xvtvt02.

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Emerging market economies generally face severe income inequality. Despite the relatively high economic growth in these countries, the distribution of wealth is extremely unequal, with the rich controlling a large amount of wealth, while the incomes of low-income groups are growing slowly, with a marked urban-rural gap. Incomes in urban areas are much higher than in rural areas, making it difficult for rural populations to access development opportunities. While globalization and technological advances have contributed to economic development, their benefits have been concentrated among high-i

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33

Umeokoli, Paul Okechukwu. "Nigerian Socio-Economic System and The Parable of The Rich Man and Lazarus (Luke 16.19-31): A Comparative Analysis for Nigeria Contemporary Society." Hofa: African Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 5, no. 1 (2020): 130–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3978708.

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The socio-economic system in Nigeria could be likened to social framework of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Luke16.19-31). This is seen from widening gulf between the very few wealthy and numerous citizens living far below the poverty level in Nigeria. That is to say that very few of the citizenry are extremely rich while the huge percentage live in abject poverty. This when compared with the Greco-Roman world would have some common views as regards to poverty, inequality and social interaction. The reason for such situation in the two worlds, Nigeria and the world of the Parable, is

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34

Levinson, Arik. "Are Developed Countries Outsourcing Pollution?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 37, no. 3 (2023): 87–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.37.3.87.

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Have rich countries improved their environments by importing polluting goods? No, the mix of goods imported has shifted towards those from cleaner industries, not dirtier. Has pollution worsened in poor countries manufacturing goods for export to rich ones? That depends. Emissions intensities for similar industries are higher in poor countries, which means that even balanced trade causes more pollution there, even for the same goods. And proportional growth in trade has increased that gap. Whether we should consider that to be “outsourcing pollution” is debatable. Have environmental regulation

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35

Davidson, Ogunlade R. "Business opportunities and sustainable development." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (2002): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i2.2791.

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The conventional development paradigm appears to have failed the poor regions of the world. It has led to a widening gap between rich and poor, while the world as a whole is getting richer. Attempts to integrate social and environmental concerns into the conventional development paradigm have led to the concept of sustainable development.

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36

Foladori, Guillermo, and Noela Invernizzi. "Nanotechnology in its Socio-economic Context." Science & Technology Studies 18, no. 2 (2005): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55180.

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Nanotechnologies are commonly touted as instruments to be exploited for the benefit of developed, as well as for developing countries, and especially for alleviating the problems of the poor. Defenders of nanotechnology argue that it is possible to learn from experience, avoiding the errors made with past technologies. Precaution,however, should not slow down innovation, which is the key factor in solving many of the problems of the poor. Clearly the focus is on innovation, and finding a solution to the problems of the poor is just a mechanical consequence. But it is not necessary,and nor is i

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37

Fotso, Jean, Ilene S. Speizer, Carol Mukiira, Paul Kizito, and Vane Lumumba. "Closing the poor-rich gap in contraceptive use in urban Kenya: are family planning programs increasingly reaching the urban poor?" International Journal for Equity in Health 12, no. 1 (2013): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-71.

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38

O'Dowd, Adrian. "Total smoking ban best way to narrow health gap between rich and poor, MPs told." BMJ 331, no. 7523 (2005): 985.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7523.985-a.

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39

Lucas, Richard E., and Ulrich Schimmack. "Income and well-being: How big is the gap between the rich and the poor?" Journal of Research in Personality 43, no. 1 (2009): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.09.004.

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40

Larch, Martin, and Philipp Mohl. "Mitigating the Gap Between the Rich and the Poor: Key Trends and Drivers of Redistribution." Intereconomics 55, no. 4 (2020): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-020-0909-x.

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41

Vasilopoulou, Sofia, and Liisa Talving. "Poor versus rich countries: a gap in public attitudes towards fiscal solidarity in the EU." West European Politics 43, no. 4 (2019): 919–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1641781.

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42

Hanser, Amy. "Made in the P.R.C.: China's Consumer Revolution." Current History 104, no. 683 (2005): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2005.104.683.272.

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Although the market and opportunities for consumption seem to offer a counterbalance to the government's authoritarian powers, many Chinese are ambivalent about the forces of Westernization and marketization and the rapidly growing gap between rich and poor.

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43

Chowdhury, Swagata. "The Presentation and Criticism of Dualist Hierarchy in Frances Trollope’s Michael Armstrong: The Factory Boy and Charles Dickens’ Hard Times." Literary Oracle 8, no. 2 (2024): 214–25. https://doi.org/10.70532/lodec2416.

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The article reads the presentation and criticism of the dualist hierarchy in Frances Trollope’s Michael Armstrong: The Factory Boy and Charles Dickens’ Hard Times. This article has used Val Plumwood’s concept of dualist hierarchy in her book Feminism and the Mastery of Nature as a theoretical tool to explore how they criticized the injustices and inequalities of England’s dualist hierarchy. England in the Victorian era became prosperous with advanced industrialization and imperialism. However, the wealth remained in the hands of the rich people. The gap between the lifestyle of the rich and th

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44

Zhou, Fan, and Dengfeng Wang. "DISSOCIATION BETWEEN IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE RICH IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: THE CASE OF CHINA." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, no. 3 (2007): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.3.295.

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In developing countries in which the gap between the rich and the poor is wide, we hypothesized a dissociation between people's implicit and explicit attitudes towards the rich. We tested this hypothesis in China, the world's largest emerging economy. As predicted, Chinese participants exhibited a negative attitude towards the rich in responding to a questionnaire which measured their explicit attitude. In contrast, when an implicit measure was used, they were found to hold a positive attitude towards the rich. In addition, the correlation between the explicit and implicit measures was not sig

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45

Syarifuddin, M. Syahrul, and Amir Sahidin. "Filantropi Islam Menjawab Problem Kesenjangan Ekonomi Umat." Jurnal Penelitian Medan Agama 12, no. 2 (2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.58836/jpma.v12i2.11506.

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<em>Economic inequality is an imbalance that separates the rich and the poor. It is a socio-economic problem that is currently occurring in the global realm, including in Indonesia itself. Therefore, economic disparity is a serious problem that must be resolved. According to Islam, the economic gap between rich and poor is sunnatullah. Because in essence humans are different circumstances, some are destined to be rich and some are the other way around. However, Allah forbids every behavior that causes poverty and inequality, such as not wanting to help the needy, poor and leaving them in

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46

Cui, Xiran. "How Neo-Developmentalism Can Contribute to the Development of Developing Countries: An Example From the Economic Policies of President Lula's Administration in Brazil." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 23 (December 13, 2023): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v23i.15083.

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Since many developing countries face poverty problems, economic imbalance, and a wide gap between rich and poor in society, implementing neoliberalism cannot meet the needs of their economic and social development. This paper examines the impact of neo-developmentalism on developing countries from the case of Brazil. The report analyzes the Zero Hunger Policy, the most important economic and social policy of neoliberalism during the Lula presidency in Brazil, and through the analysis of the program itself, analyzes its social and economic impacts on Brazil while also pointing out some of its l

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47

Kumar, Digvijay. "The Politics of Poverty." Social Change 49, no. 2 (2019): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719832406.

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The reduction in the official poverty rate seen in relation with increasing morbidity status, a mammoth income gap between the rich and the poor, ambiguous methodology followed to calculate Below Poverty Line Census and government policies on poverty reduction tends to question the whole poverty line debate. The official commitment to higher economic growth may reflect booming economic growth but it also has led to a large gap between the rich and the poor in both regional and social dimensions. To look into the causes and ameliorate poverty levels, various committees and policies have identif

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48

Frank, Colleen, and Thorsten Pachur. "MEDICAL VERSUS FINANCIAL RISKY DECISION MAKING IN OLDER AND YOUNGER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0095.

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Abstract While risky decision making is often tested using monetary outcomes in the laboratory, many decisions in the real-world elicit considerable levels of affect––for example, when deciding about a medical treatment that has bodily consequences, such as side effects to a medication. Previous research suggests that choices systematically diverge between these more “affect-rich” medical decision problems and economically equivalent “affect-poor” monetary problems, leading to what is called an ‘affect gap’ in risky choice. However, it is unknown to what extent this pattern holds in older adul

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49

Mustatho, Mustatho. "Zakat Profesi Persoalan Yuridis Di Indonesia dan Doktinal Dalam Islam." At-Tawazun, Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah 8, no. 02 (2021): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55799/tawazun.v8i02.40.

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The obligation to pay zakat in Islam is a very principle thing. This is because zakat contains two equally significant values, namely theological and social-economic values. The theological value of zakat is shown that zakat is a religious teaching that is obligatory and must be believed to be true. The commandments of zakat can be found in many places in the Qur'an. At least 32 verses of the Koran that call for zakat are found, including those that juxtapose the issue of zakat with the obligation to pray. In relation to socio-economic and social values, zakat can be an alternative solution to

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Tebaldi, Edinaldo, and Ramesh Mohan. "Institutions-augmented solow model and income clubs." A Economia em Revista - AERE 17, no. 2 (2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/aere.v17i2.13063.

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Growth economists still face major challenges and limitations to incorporate institutions into the standard growth framework. This article develops a simple institutions-augmented Solow growth model --that can be used in the classroom and for policy discussions --that accounts for the interactions between institutions and factor-productivity and examine the impacts of the quality of institutions on levels and growth rates of output. The institutions-augmented growth model shows that differences in the quality of institutions preclude income convergence and determine both the level and the grow

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