Academic literature on the topic 'Richness pattern'
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Journal articles on the topic "Richness pattern"
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Chi, Yao, Jiechen Wang, Changbai Xi, Tianlu Qian, and Caiying Sheng. "Spatial Pattern of Species Richness among Terrestrial Mammals in China." Diversity 12, no. 3 (2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030096.
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We describe large-scale patterns of terrestrial mammal distribution in China by using geographical information system (GIS) spatial analysis. Mammal taxa, examined by species, family, and order, were binned into 10 km × 10 km grids to explore the relationship between their spatial distribution and geographical factors potentially affecting the same. The spatial pattern of species richness revealed four agglomerations: high richness in the south, low in north, and two low richness areas in eastern and western China. Species richness patterns in Carnivora was the most similar to overall terrestrial mammals’ richness; however, species richness in different orders exhibited distributions distinct from the overall pattern. We found a negative relationship between richness and latitude gradient. Species richness was most strongly correlated with forested ecosystems, and was found to be higher at an elevation of 2000~2200 m, with greater altitudinal variation indicative of higher species richness.
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Pandey, Bikram, Nirdesh Nepal, Salina Tripathi, et al. "Distribution Pattern of Gymnosperms’ Richness in Nepal: Effect of Environmental Constrains along Elevational Gradients." Plants 9, no. 5 (2020): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050625.
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Understanding the pattern of species distribution and the underlying mechanism is essential for conservation planning. Several climatic variables determine the species diversity, and the dependency of species on climate motivates ecologists and bio-geographers to explain the richness patterns along with elevation and environmental correlates. We used interpolated elevational distribution data to examine the relative importance of climatic variables in determining the species richness pattern of 26 species of gymnosperms in the longest elevation gradients in the world. Thirteen environmental variables were divided into three predictors set representing each hypothesis model (energy-water, physical-tolerance, and climatic-seasonality); to explain the species richness pattern of gymnosperms along the elevational gradient. We performed generalized linear models and variation partitioning to evaluate the relevant role of environmental variables on species richness patterns. Our findings showed that the gymnosperms’ richness formed a hump-shaped distribution pattern. The individual effect of energy-water predictor set was identified as the primary determinant of species richness. While, the joint effects of energy-water and physical-tolerance predictors have explained highest variations in gymnosperm distribution. The multiple environmental indicators are essential drivers of species distribution and have direct implications in understanding the effect of climate change on the species richness pattern.
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Borkowska, Lidia. "Patterns of seedling recruitment in experimental gaps on mosaic vegetation of abandoned meadows." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 73, no. 4 (2011): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2004.045.
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The paper presents results of a study on the response of species growing in experimental gaps in the patches dominated by <em>Carex acutiformis</em>, <em>C. cespitosa</em> and <em>Salix cinerea</em>. The study was performed in a meadow area subjected to the process of succession in the Reski Range in the Białowieski National Park. Four patterns of seedlings recruitment in the experimental gaps were distinguished: pattern I - great number of seedlings with high richness of species, pattern II - great number of seedlings with low richness of species, pattern III - low number of seedlings with great richness of species and pattern IV - low number of seedlings with low richness of species.
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Pan, Yujia, Chenlong Fu, Changfen Tian, Haoyue Zhang, Xianrong Wang, and Meng Li. "Unraveling the Impact of Environmental Factors and Evolutionary History on Species Richness Patterns of the Genus Sorbus at Global Level." Plants 14, no. 3 (2025): 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030338.
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Understanding the drivers of species richness patterns is a major goal of ecology and evolutionary biology, and the drivers vary across regions and taxa. Here, we assessed the influence of environmental factors and evolutionary history on the pattern of species richness in the genus Sorbus (110 species). We mapped the global species richness pattern of Sorbus at a spatial resolution of 200 × 200 km, using 10,652 specimen records. We used stepwise regression to assess the relationship between 23 environmental predictors and species richness and estimated the diversification rate of Sorbus based on chloroplast genome data. The effects of environmental factors were explained by adjusted R2, and evolutionary factors were inferred based on differences in diversification rates. We found that the species richness of Sorbus was highest in the Hengduan Mountains (HDM), which is probably the center of diversity. Among the selected environmental predictors, the integrated model including all environmental predictors had the largest explanatory power for species richness. The determinants of species richness show regional differences. On the global and continental scale, energy and water availability become the main driving factors. In contrast, climate seasonality is the primary factor in the HDM. The diversification rate results showed no significant differences between HDM and non-HDM, suggesting that evolutionary history may have limited impact on the pattern of Sorbus species richness. We conclude that environmental factors play an important role in shaping the global pattern of Sorbus species richness, while diversification rates have a lesser impact.
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Nepali, Babu Ram, John Skartveit, and Chitra Bahadur Baniya. "Interpolated Altitudinal Species Richness in Arghakhachi District of Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (2020): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v25i1.29447.
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The magnitude of climatic variables over space and time determines the altitudinal variation of species richness. The present study has been carried out to determine the vascular plant species richness patterns along with altitude in the Arghakhanchi district (27° 45' to 28º 06' N and 80° 45' to 83° 23' E), West Nepal. The published literature related to the altitudinal distribution of vascular plant species in Arghakhanchi district was collected and enlisted a total of 597 species. The altitudinal range of the Arghakhanchi district was 200-2300 meters above sea level (masl) which was divided equally into 21 bands of 100 m each. The total number of vascular species that occurred at each 100 m contour elevation was considered as the species richness. The objective of this study was to find the vascular plant species richness pattern in Arghakhanchi district concerning altitude and climatic variables. The generalized linear model (GLM) was applied to the total species richness against altitude, annual mean temperature (AMT), and mean annual rainfall (MAR). Total vascular species richness showed a statistically significant unimodal pattern with a maximum richness of 471 species at 1300 masl (r2= 0.91; p < 0.001). Likewise, gymnosperm, dicot, monocot, and pteridophyte species richness showed a highly significant unimodal altitudinal richness pattern. Altitudes of modeled maximum species richness were found varied according to the taxa.
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Subedi, Indra Prasad, and Prem Bahadur Budha. "Diversity and distribution patterns of ants along elevational gradients." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 4, no. 1 (2020): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v4i1.30672.
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Ants are one of the most successful groups of organisms present in almost all terrestrial habitats on the Earth. The published papers on ants with various sampling techniques were reviewed focusing on species richness along the elevational gradients to explain distribution patterns of ants and their potential drivers in the world. Pitfall trapping, hand collection, Winkler extractor and bait traps were found common sampling techniques for ant studies. Based upon literature, five broad distributional patterns were identified viz. mid-elevation peaks, decreasing, increasing, low plateaus, and constant patterns along the elevation ranging from 0 to 4800 m above sea level. The mid-elevation peak was a common pattern. However, ant species richness of Nepal follows a decreasing pattern based on the available records. Temperature was found as the major predictor of species richness patterns of ants.
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Aliabadian, Mansour, Ronald Sluys, Cees S. Roselaar, and Vincent Nijman. "Species diversity and endemism: testing the mid-domain effect on species richness patterns of songbirds in the Palearctic Region." Contributions to Zoology 77, no. 2 (2008): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07702006.
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Explanation of the spatial distribution patterns in species richness, and especially those of small-ranged species (endemics), bears relevance for studies on evolution and speciation, as well as for conservation management. We test a geometric constraint model, the mid-domain effect (MDE), as a possible explanation for spatial patterns of species richness in Palearctic songbirds (Passeriformes), with an emphasis on the patterns of small-ranged species. We calculated species richness based on digitised distribution maps of phylogenetic species of songbirds endemic to the Palearctic region. Data were plotted and analyzed over a one degree equal area map of the Palearctic Region, with a grid cell area of 4062 km². The emergent biogeographic patterns were analysed with WORLDMAP software. Comparison of the observed richness pattern among 2401 phylogenetic taxa of songbirds in the Palearctic Region with the predictions of a fully stochastic bi-dimensional MDE model revealed that this model has limited empirical support for overall species richness of Palearctic songbirds. Major hotspots were located south of the area where MDE predicted the highest species- richness, while some of the observed coldspots were in the centre of the Palearctic Region. Although small-ranged species are often found in areas with the highest species richness, MDE models have a very restricted explanatory power for the observed species-richness pattern in small-ranged species. Regions with a high number of small-ranged species (endemism hotspots) may contain a unique set of environmental conditions, unrelated to the shape or size of the domain, allowing a multitude of species to co-exist.
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Tumur, Anwar, Reyim Mamut, and Mark R. D. Seaward. "Diversity and Elevational Levels of Lichens in Western Tianshan National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, China." Diversity 17, no. 2 (2025): 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020102.
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Western Tianshan National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, China stands out for its uniqueness and high biodiversity, including lichens. This study aims to characterize lichen diversity and compare distribution patterns of different life forms, substratum affinities and photobiont types. Surveys were conducted from June to August 2024 using stratified sampling methods at elevation ranging from 1100 m to 3400 m in the study area. Morphological, anatomical and chemical studies revealed 173 lichen species from 24 families and 58 genera, of which 100 species were identified as crustose, 46 as foliose and 27 as fruticose. Among the different habitat groups, strictly saxicolous lichens were dominant with 89 species, followed by corticolous lichens with 44 species and terricolous lichens with 40 species. The total species richness of lichens has a bimodal pattern: one peak appears at a low altitude (1701–2000 m) and the other at a high altitude (2901–3200 m). Among the three substratum categories studied, the species richness of terricolous lichens showed a unimodal relationship with elevation, and the saxicolous lichen had a bimodal pattern. The species richness of corticolous lichens was highest at lower and medium elevations and decreased at higher elevations. With respect to photobiont type, the species richness of cyanolichens showed a unimodal relationship with elevation. Maximum richness occurred at 2700 m, contrary to the chlorolichens, which had a bimodal pattern. Species richness of all three growth forms of lichens showed a bimodal pattern related to elevation. Among the three morphological types, crustose and foliose species richness had their highest values of 38 and 19, respectively, at 1701–2000 m, and fruticose lichens peaked with a maximum of 13 species at 2301–2600 m. The species richness of crustose lichens is lowest between altitudes 2300 and 2600 m, while the lowest species richness of fruticose and foliose lichens occurs at 2001–2300 m and elevations above 2900 m.
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Ennen, Joshua R., Mickey Agha, Wilfredo A. Matamoros, Sarah C. Hazzard, and Jeffrey E. Lovich. "Using climate, energy, and spatial-based hypotheses to interpret macroecological patterns of North America chelonians." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 7 (2016): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0033.
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Our study investigates how factors, such as latitude, productivity, and several environmental variables, influence contemporary patterns of the species richness in North American turtles. In particular, we test several hypotheses explaining broad-scale species richness patterns on several species richness data sets: (i) total turtles, (ii) freshwater turtles only, (iii) aquatic turtles, (iv) terrestrial turtles only, (v) Emydidae, and (vi) Kinosternidae. In addition to spatial data, we used a combination of 25 abiotic variables in spatial regression models to predict species richness patterns. Our results provide support for multiple hypotheses related to broad-scale patterns of species richness, and in particular, hypotheses related to climate, productivity, water availability, topography, and latitude. In general, species richness patterns were positively associated with temperature, precipitation, diversity of streams, coefficient of variation of elevation, and net primary productivity. We also found that North America turtles follow the general latitudinal diversity gradient pattern (i.e., increasing species richness towards equator) by exhibiting a negative association with latitude. Because of the incongruent results among our six data sets, our study highlights the importance of considering phylogenetic constraints and guilds when interpreting species richness patterns, especially for taxonomic groups that occupy a myriad of habitats.
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White, Ethan P., S. K. Morgan Ernest, Peter B. Adler, Allen H. Hurlbert, and S. Kathleen Lyons. "Integrating spatial and temporal approaches to understanding species richness." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1558 (2010): 3633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0280.
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Understanding species richness patterns represents one of the most fundamental problems in ecology. Most research in this area has focused on spatial gradients of species richness, with a smaller area of emphasis dedicated to understanding the temporal dynamics of richness. However, few attempts have been made to understand the linkages between the spatial and temporal patterns related to richness. Here, we argue that spatial and temporal richness patterns and the processes that drive them are inherently linked, and that our understanding of richness will be substantially improved by considering them simultaneously. The species–time–area relationship provides a case in point: successful description of the empirical spatio-temporal pattern led to a rapid development and testing of new theories. Other areas of research on species richness could also benefit from an explicitly spatio-temporal approach, and we suggest future directions for understanding the processes common to these two traditionally isolated fields of research.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Richness pattern"
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Vorster, Johannes, Heerden Renier Van, and Barry Vivian William Irwin. "The pattern-richness of graphical passwords." IEEE, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68322.
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Publisher version<br>Conventional (text-based) passwords have shown patterns such as variations on the username, or known passwords such as “password”, “admin” or “12345”. Patterns may similarly be detected in the use of Graphical passwords (GPs). The most significant such pattern - reported by many researchers - is hotspot clustering. This paper qualitatively analyses more than 200 graphical passwords for patterns other than the classically reported hotspots. The qualitative analysis finds that a significant percentage of passwords fall into a small set of patterns; patterns that can be used to form attack models against GPs. In counter action, these patterns can also be used to educate users so that future password selection is more secure. It is the hope that the outcome from this research will lead to improved behaviour and an enhancement in graphical password security.
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Sharma, Narpati. "Species richness and productivity pattern along altitudinal gradients in East District of Sikkim, India." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2016. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2574.
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Muhammadi, Usman Haider. "Spatial pattern of occurrence of eleven epiphytic lichen species in a heterogeneous landscape." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-74562.
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Oaks (Quercus robur) are an important substrate for many epiphytic lichens, and with increasing age the bark of oaks becomes suitable for red-listed species. These species may respond to environmental and landscape factors differently, and at different spatial scales. We tested the effect of tree, environmental and land use factors on the occurrence and richness patterns of lichens species at various spatial scales (circles with radius ranging from 28 to 1225 m), in a heterogeneous landscape in South Eastern Sweden. The occurrence patterns of Cliostomum corrugatum and Chaenotheca phaeocephala were best explained by the density of oaks within radii of 400 and 302 m, respectively. In contrast, Ramalina baltica was best explained at smaller scale (263 m) as was species richness (302 m). This study shows that the most important factor for the occurrence and richness patterns of lichens was oak density at almost all the considered scales. Tree circumference also positively affected all four response variables.
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Silveira, André Barcellos. "Composição, estrutura e sazonalidade dos bandos mistos de aves em um remanescente de floresta paludosa no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10906.
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Analisou-se a composição, estrutura e padrão sazonal de formação dos bandos mistos de aves em um remanescente de floresta paludosa na planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Efetuaram-se amostragens mensais de fevereiro de 2005 a janeiro de 2006, com observações ocasionais em 2004 e janeiro de 2005. Pontos de contagem foram utilizados para estimar a abundância relativa das espécies integrantes dos bandos, e transecções foram efetuadas para as observações dos bandos mistos. Quarenta e sete espécies foram registradas como participantes em 92 bandos amostrados. O número de indivíduos foi positivamente correlacionado com o número de espécies dentro dos bandos. O pool dos não-passeriformes foi pobremente representado nos bandos, enquanto passeriformes suboscines e oscines foram igualmente representados na riqueza dos bandos. Onívoros e insetívoros foram bem representados, mas os nectarívoros tiveram apenas uma espécie integrante; frugívoros e granívoros foram ausentes nos bandos mistos.Espécies migratórias foram pouco representadas nos bandos, como havia sido verificado para outras áreas de Floresta Atlântica. A regularidade de uma espécie em integrar bandos mistos foi uma função de sua abundância relativa, e as espécies mais conspícuas tenderam a ser os integrantes mais regulares. Detectaram-se quinze co-ocorrências significativas em 153 combinações possíveis (10%), onze delas positivas e quatro negativas. Nenhum tipo estrutural de bandos foi distinguido por meio de análise de agrupamento. Associações positivas e negativas talvez estejam relacionadas a similaridades e dissimilaridades na distribuição vertical de cada par de espécies. Os atributos de freqüência, tamanho e riqueza dos bandos foram os menores encontrados em qualquer outro estudo na Floresta Atlântica. Os bandos formaram-se o ano inteiro no Faxinal, mas a freqüência, o tamanho e a riqueza dos bandos diferiram significativamente entre os meses e entre as estações. Osvalores máximos destes três atributos foram encontrados na estação não-reprodutiva, lembrando os padrões encontrados em outros locais da Floresta Atlântica. A combinação de um pequeno grupo de espécies abundantes e bem distribuídas, junto com uma baixa riqueza local talvez torne a estrutura dos bandos mistos no Faxinal menos variável do que em outros locais da Floresta Atlântica.<br>The composition, structure and seasonal pattern of formation of mixed-species bird flocks were analyzed in a swamp forest remnant in the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. Field work was carried out monthly from February 2005 to January 2006, plus occasional observations in 2004 and January 2005. Point counts estimated the relative abundance of flocking species, and transects were performed to access data relative to the flocks. Forty seven species were recorded as participants in 92 flocks sampled. The number of individuals was positively correlated with the number of species within the flocks. Non-passerines pool is less represented in the flocks, while suboscines and oscines were equally represented in the flock richness. Omnivores and insectivores were well represented, but nectarivores had only one flocking species while frugivores and granivores were absent in flocks. Migrants had low representation on the composition and structure of flocks, as predicted for lowland Atlantic Forest areas. The regularity of a given species in to integrate flocks was a function of its relative abundance, and the species more conspicuous tended to be the more regular flock joiners. Fifteen significant co-occurrences of 153 possible pairs (10%) were detected, eleven positively and four negatively associated. None structural type of flocks was recognized through cluster analyses. Positive and negative associations were better explained by similarities or dissimilarities on vertical distribution of each species pair. The attributes of frequency, flock size and flock richness were the lowest found in any study on Atlantic Forest. Flocks were formed throughout the year at Faxinal, but frequency, flock size and flock richness differed significantly between months and between seasons. Higher values of these three attributes were found in non-breeding season, reaching the pattern found elsewhere in Atlantic Forest. The combination of a little set of abundant and well distributed speciesand low richness perhaps makes the flock structure at Faxinal less variable than that of Atlantic Forest elsewhere.
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Vázquez, Rivera Héctor. "Changing Climate and Geographical Patterns of Taxonomic Richness." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31721.
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The geographic variation of taxonomic richness may be directly determined by climate through contemporaneous/ecological processes, versus other (e.g., historical/evolutionary processes) that happen to be collinear with contemporaneous climate. In Chapter 1 I evaluated hypotheses from both groups of explanations in North America. If contemporaneous climate controls patterns of richness, then richness should vary with climate through time in the same way that richness varies with current climate through space. Over the last ca. 11,000 yr, richness-temperature relationships remained reasonably constant. Between 12,000 and 14,000 yr BP, when climate fluctuated rapidly, richness gradients as a function of temperature were significantly shallower. If historical climate over the last 21,000 years determines patterns of richness, then historical climate should be a better predictor of richness than contemporaneous climate. I rejected historical-climate as a better predictor of richness. Contemporaneous climate stands as the most plausible explanation for contemporaneous patterns of richness, at least over the last 11,000 yr. In Chapter two, I tested the prediction that richness of most taxa should increase with temperature in all but the warmest and driest areas. Climate warming during Pleistocene-Holocene transition led richness increases in wet areas, but richness declines in dry regions, as expected from current richness-climate relationships. A decline in small mammal species richness in Northern California since the late Pleistocene was expected from the current richness-climate relationship for this group in North America. These results contest the view that future global warming may lead to species extinction rates that would qualify as the sixth mass extinction in the history of the earth. In chapter three, I first tested the hypothesis that richness gradients mainly reflect the sum of individual species climatic tolerances. I tested this hypothesis for birds, mammals and trees native to eastern North America (ENA, where there are no major barriers to dispersal). The number of species present in any given area in ENA is usually much smaller than the number of species in the continental pool that tolerate the climatic conditions in that area. Second, I tested several explanations for patterns of unfilled potential richness. Unfilled potential richness is inconsistent with postglacial dispersal lags, climatic variability since the Last Glacial Maximum, or with biotic interactions. In contrast, unfilled richness is highly consistent with a probabilistic model of species climate occupancy. Individual species climatic tolerances is not the process generating the main current patterns of richness, nor are post-glacial dispersal lags, climatic variability since the LGM or biotic interactions. This thesis is consistent with the hypothesis that contemporaneous climate directly controls spatial patterns of richness. Generally, there seems to be little need to invoke historical processes as determinants of current gradients of richness.
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Orme, Christopher David L'Estrange. "Body-size and macroevolutionary patterns of species richness." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398022.
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Griffiths, Huw James. "Zoogeographic and richness patterns in Southern Ocean benthos." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.524788.
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Boucher-Lalonde, Véronique. "Predicting Broad-scale Patterns in Species Distributions." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34306.
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Species richness of virtually all high-level taxonomic groups is strongly statistically related to climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation, and consistently so across space and time. These observations are consistent with a causal link between the number of species that occur in a given region and its climate. Although dozens of hypotheses have been proposed, the main mechanisms underlying this pattern remain largely unresolved. And, few ecological studies have attempted to identify regularities in the individual species distributions that make up the richness–climate relationship. Despite the complexities of species’ biologies, I found that, to a first approximation, species’ probability of occupancy at continental scales were generally well statistically explained by a Gaussian function of temperature and precipitation. This simple model appeared general among species, taxa and regions. However, although individual species’ ranges are strongly statistically related to climate, spatial variations in richness cannot be explained by systematic variations in species’ climatic niches. And, individual species track changes in climatic variables through time much more weakly than species richness tracks these changes, suggesting that richness is at least partly constrained by mechanisms independent of species identities. Moreover, at macro-scales, species richness was also not strongly predictable from the temperature at which clades have originated, from historical variability in climatic variables nor from local short-term extirpation rates. In sum, I rejected several prominent hypotheses aiming to explain richness–climate relationship and found several lines of evidence inconsistent with the common idea that climatic constraints on individual species, by themselves, can explain richness–climate relationship. I propose a mechanism to explain, as a first approximation, the continental biogeography of species distributions that relies on neutral processes of dispersal and local extinctions within species’ broad deterministic thermal tolerances.
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Jezkova, Tereza, and John J. Wiens. "What Explains Patterns of Diversification and Richness among Animal Phyla?" UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623200.
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Animal phyla vary dramatically in species richness (from one species to >1.2 million), but the causes of this variation remain largely unknown. Animals have also evolved striking variation in morphology and ecology, including sessile marine taxa lacking heads, eyes, limbs, and complex organs (e.g., sponges), parasitic worms (e.g., nematodes, platyhelminths), and taxa with eyes, skeletons, limbs, and complex organs that dominate terrestrial ecosystems (arthropods, chordates). Relating this remarkable variation in traits to the diversification and richness of animal phyla is a fundamental yet unresolved problem in biology. Here, we test the impacts of 18 traits (including morphology, ecology, reproduction, and development) on diversification and richness of extant animal phyla. Using phylogenetic multiple regression, the best-fitting model includes five traits that explain approximate to 74% of the variation in diversification rates (dioecy, parasitism, eyes/photoreceptors, a skeleton, nonmarine habitat). However, a model including just three (skeleton, parasitism, habitat) explains nearly as much variation (approximate to 67%). Diversification rates then largely explain richness patterns. Our results also identify many striking traits that have surprisingly little impact on diversification (e.g., head, limbs, and complex circulatory and digestive systems). Overall, our results reveal the key factors that shape large-scale patterns of diversification and richness across >80% of all extant, described species.
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Tognelli, Marcelo Fabio. "Patterns of species richness and conservation of South American terrestrial mammals /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full textBooks on the topic "Richness pattern"
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Adams, Jonathan. Species Richness: Patterns in the Diversity of Life. Springer, 2010.
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Adams, Jonathan. Species Richness: Patterns in the Diversity of Life (Springer Praxis Books). Springer, 2010.
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Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. Organisms and diversity patterns at high altitudes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 gives a group-by-group treatment from amphibians and fish to algae and microbes of what is known about altitudinal diversity patterns, dominant groups, and prominent species from high altitude waters around the world. This is accompanied by biogeographical considerations on dispersal, immigration, and local speciation processes. The general and well-known decrease in species richness with increasing altitude observed in the terrestrial environment is also the rule in aquatic systems. Yet, while some groups of organisms show very clear altitudinal patterns, others do not. Some groups even increase in richness towards high plateaus. Likewise, the proportion of endemics often increases with altitude. Patterns also vary globally and seem to depend on factors such as regional topography, catchment physiognomy, and palaeo-environmental and climatic history.
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James, Philip. Spatial patterns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0008.
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In this chapter, the discussion focuses on the spatial variation of species within urban environment. Studies on urban–rural gradients are discussed. These are studies along gradients of disturbance and environmental stress. The extreme heterogeneity of urban environments, where contrasting urban forms are juxtaposed, is recognized as an issue in drawing generalities. Despite this, some limited generalities in the patterns of species richness and density can be detected. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is discussed and its limitations identified. Examples are presented from a number of taxa where different spatial distribution patterns are observed. There is also a brief consideration of r- and K-selected species and of urban avoiders and adaptors and how their distributions are affected by urban environments. While it is possible to make general statements regarding the distribution of biodiversity across an urban environment, considerable variations exist in terms of individual species.
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Worm, Boris, and Derek P. Tittensor. A Theory of Global Biodiversity (MPB-60). Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154831.001.0001.
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The number of species found at a given point on the planet varies by orders of magnitude, yet large-scale gradients in biodiversity appear to follow some very general patterns. Little mechanistic theory has been formulated to explain the emergence of observed gradients of biodiversity both on land and in the oceans. Based on a comprehensive empirical synthesis of global patterns of species diversity and their drivers, this book develops and applies a new theory that can predict such patterns from few underlying processes. The book shows that global patterns of biodiversity fall into four consistent categories, according to where species live: on land or in coastal, pelagic, and deep ocean habitats. The fact that most species groups, from bacteria to whales, appear to follow similar biogeographic patterns of richness within these habitats points toward some underlying structuring principles. Based on empirical analyses of environmental correlates across these habitats, the book combines aspects of neutral, metabolic, and niche theory into one unifying framework. Applying it to model terrestrial and marine realms, the book demonstrates that a relatively simple theory that incorporates temperature and community size as driving variables is able to explain divergent patterns of species richness at a global scale. Integrating ecological and evolutionary perspectives, the book yields surprising insights into the fundamental mechanisms that shape the distribution of life on our planet.
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Steane, Andrew. Darwinian Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.003.0008.
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Having asserted what Darwinian evolution is not, we next consider what it is. The aim is to get a reasonable overall judgement of what sort of process and sequence of events is found. The existence and role of randomness or openness is discussed. The text looks briefly at animal aggression. It is argued that the metaphor of ‘eagerness’ is better than the metaphor of ‘selfisheness’ when thinking about genes. The journey undergone by life on Earth has not been a mere sequence of events, but a story of noteable and genuine increase in richness of expression. Nor has it been merely haphazard, because the very richness it came to express was itself shaped by the patterns that apply at the various levels, including, for example, the level of social existence. The judgement that this is a meaningful story is an intellectually substantial judgement.
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Clarke, Andrew. Temperature and diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0015.
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The diversity (species richness) of plants and animals is typically highest in the tropics and the strongest environmental correlate of species richness is often climate. The energy for plant production is sunlight, but the rate is governed jointly by temperature and the availability of water (as captured by actual evapotranspiration, AET). Greater production is then linked to higher diversity because larger population size protects against stochastic extinction (the more individuals mechanism). A greater biomass and diversity of plants allows for a greater diversity of herbivores and so on through the food web, though the correlation with climate (AET) gets progressively weaker at higher trophic levels. This is the basis of the species-energy theory of diversity. The Metabolic Theory of Biodiversity posits a mechanistic explanation for higher diversity in warmer places mediated through an enhanced generation of mutations as a by-product of the faster metabolic rate associated with a higher body temperature. Evidence for this is equivocal, and this mechanism cannot explain the strong association between endotherm species richness and climate. The striking differences between the northern and southern hemispheres point to an important role for history, particularly recent glacial history, in influencing current patterns of diversity. We still lack a comprehensive theory of biological diversity, but evidence points to a complex series of factors being important, with the dominant ones being energy and time (history).
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Alexandra, Xanthaki. Part III Rights to Culture, Ch.10 Culture: Articles 11(1), 12, 13(1), 15, and 34. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673223.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the rights to culture in Articles 11(1), 12, 13(1), and 34. The freedom of indigenous peoples to have their indigenous identities and cultures respected has been the main incentive for their struggle and one of the main reasons for the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). The recognition of indigenous cultural rights is deeply rooted in the principle of respect of the diversity and richness of their identities, the end of historical injustices committed against them, and the principle of self-determination, all of which are incorporated in the preamble of the Declaration. Unfortunately, patterns of expropriation of indigenous religious and cultural objects and neglect, even destruction of indigenous cultural manifestations, still continue. In addition, new waves of tourism beyond ‘the beaten truck’ commodify important indigenous historical and archaeological sites. It is therefore of no surprise that the protection of culture is so important in the whole text of the Declaration.
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Haythornthwaite, Caroline. Social networks and online community. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0009.
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The very notion of community in an online context can begin a hot debate. Those who would keep the term ‘community’ for the imagined ideal of cooperation and joint sharing of land, resources, and goals ask: How can community exist without physical co-location and a geographic touchstone? How can the leanness of computer-mediated communication support the richness inherent in a community? This article revisits the debate about community and online community, and offers a means of conceptualizing and investigating online community using a social network perspective that frees it from its former geographical constraints. It begins with a look at the challenges to community that have fed into arguments against online community, and with a section on the discovery of community online. The article then addresses the case for a network view of community, starting with how the social network approach has been applied to offline communities and how this lays the groundwork for unbundling community from face-to-face interaction and geographic co-location. Following a brief section on the basics of social-network terminology, it returns to the main topic of community, with a focus on the network-level aspects of community, showing how patterns of interpersonal ties can build a network with outcomes greater than the sum of the pairwise connections. The final sections explore variants on the theme of community, first by revisiting the online and offline dichotomy and addressing the advantages, and indeed the inevitability, of considering community from both online and offline sides.
Book chapters on the topic "Richness pattern"
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Zheng, Zejun, Thuy-Diem Nguyen, and Bertil Schmidt. "CRiSPy-CUDA: Computing Species Richness in 16S rRNA Pyrosequencing Datasets with CUDA." In Pattern Recognition in Bioinformatics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24855-9_4.
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Kolfschoten, Gwendolyn L., Robert O. Briggs, and Stephan Lukosch. "Modifiers: Increasing Richness and Nuance of Design Pattern Languages." In Transactions on Pattern Languages of Programming II. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19432-0_4.
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Kaya, Muhammed Fatih. "Advanced Maintenance of Data Richness in Business Communication Data—An Evaluation of Dimensionality Reduction Techniques." In Automated Pattern Recognition of Communication Behaviour in Electronic Business Negotiations. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-40534-2_3.
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Adams, Jonathan. "Local-scale patterns in species richness." In Species Richness. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74278-4_1.
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Kumar, Saurabh, Raj Singh, and Ali Alruzuq. "Deforestation Pattern and Its Impacts on Tree Species Richness in Karbi Anglong District of Assam, India." In Natural Resource Monitoring, Planning and Management Based on Advanced Programming. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2879-4_15.
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Vieira, Washington Luiz Silva, Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de Moura, Francisco Vicente Macedo Júnior, et al. "Species Richness, Distribution Pattern, and Conservation of Amphibians in the Northern Portion of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." In Animal Biodiversity and Conservation in Brazil's Northern Atlantic Forest. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21287-1_10.
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Hausleitner, Birgit, Adrian Hill, Teresa Domenech, and Victor Muñoz Sanz. "Urban Manufacturing for Circularity: Three Pathways to Move from Linear to Circular Cities." In Regenerative Territories. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_5.
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AbstractUrban manufacturing and manufacturers play a vital role in delivering circular economy ambitions through processing materials, providing skills and technology for repair or reconditioning goods and the capacity to deliver innovative technology. The transdisciplinary approach of Cities of Making (CoM) puts forward three ways of addressing manufacturing, and by extension, circularity, within urban areas. Central to triangulate the facilitation of urban manufacturing are the perspectives of (1) material flows and technology, (2) spatial design (3) people and networks. The integration of the three pathways requires convergence while retaining the richness of the three perspectives. The challenge is to find a common language that provides a comparable, operative framework for exploring possible solutions. The CoM framework of integration followed three main principles: (1) reducing the complexity of information, (2) reducing the complexity of combinations of possible solutions, and (3), applying an accessible, applicable instrument for the solutions. The resulting pattern language is co-created in a transdisciplinary setting and is also an instrument for the transdisciplinary application. The low threshold accessible system of solutions allows actors from different disciplines to access patterns developed in the context of another discipline and laypeople who are affected or interested to co-create.
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Rainho, Ana, Christoph F. J. Meyer, Sólveig Thorsteinsdóttir, Javier Juste, and Jorge M. Palmeirim. "Current Knowledge and Conservation of the Wild Mammals of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands." In Biodiversity of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06153-0_22.
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AbstractOceanic islands are usually difficult for mammals to colonize; consequently, the native mammal fauna is typically species-poor, often consisting of just a few species of bats. The oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea are no exception to this pattern. Still, the known mammal richness is relatively high for the small size of the islands. Out of a total of 13 native species, including 11 bats and 2 shrews, at least 7 species and 3 subspecies are single-island endemics. In addition to native species, at least 6 other wild mammals have been introduced to the islands purposely or accidentally by humans. Some of these are among the world’s most notorious invasive species and cause damage to native species, ecosystems, and humans. Predation by exotic species can threaten native island mammals, which are especially sensitive due to their small populations and limited ranges. These impacts are likely worsened by other threats, such as forest degradation and climate change, and a general lack of knowledge about the natural history of most species also hampers the implementation of conservation measures. Therefore, fostering further research on the endemic-rich mammal fauna of these islands is vital to ensure their persistence.
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Signor, Philip W. "Chapter 4. Real and Apparent Trends in Species Richness Through Time." In Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns. Princeton University Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400855056.129.
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Liu, Qing, Xuejun Ge, Wenli Chen, and J. Travis Columbus. "Grass (Poaceae) richness patterns across China’s nature reserves." In Herbaceous Plant Ecology. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2798-6_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Richness pattern"
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Vorster, Johannes S., Renier P. van Heerden, and Barry Irwin. "The pattern-richness of Graphical passwords." In 2016 Information Security for South Africa (ISSA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issa.2016.7802931.
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Tóthmérész, Béla, Tibor Magura, Viktor Ködöböcz, and Gabor Lövei. "Species richness patterns of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in forest fragments." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107385.
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XU, Xiang, Hua-yong ZHANG, and Hai-bao XU. "Patterns of plant species richness for nature reserves in subtropical zone, China." In The 2015 International Conference on Materials Engineering and Environmental Science (MEES2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814759984_0070.
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Tsianou, Mariana, Maria Lazarina, Aristi Andrikou-Charitidou, Danai-Eleni Michailidou, and Athanasios Kallimanis. "The effect of climate and human pressures on functional diversity and species richness patterns of amphibians, reptiles and mammals in Europe<sup>†</sup>." In 1st International Electronic Conference on Biological Diversity, Ecology and Evolution. MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdee2021-09464.
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Grishechko, Elizaveta G. "EMOJIS AS NONVERBAL CUES IN ONLINE COMMUNICATION: PERSPECTIVES ON CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND MISUNDERSTANDING PREVENTION." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/s15.12.
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The study explores the role of emojis as nonverbal cues in conflict resolution and misunderstanding prevention in online communication on Reddit as indicators of speech aggression. Employing a mixed-methods approach and conducting both quantitative and qualitative analyses, the research investigates the frequency and patterns of emoji use in conflict and non-conflict threads, as well as their impact on conversation tone and outcomes. Findings reveal that positive emotion emojis, gesture emojis, and sarcasm/humor/irony emojis are most commonly used to manage challenging interactions and prevent misunderstandings. The study demonstrates that emoji use is more frequent in conflict threads compared to non-conflict threads, indicating the vital role emojis play in managing difficult interactions. Moreover, the results show that the use of emojis is associated with a higher likelihood of de-escalation, clarification of misunderstandings, and better conversation outcomes. In addition to supporting existing theoretical frameworks, such as Social Information Processing Theory and Media Richness Theory, the study provides practical insights into effective communication strategies and the design of digital spaces that facilitate healthier interpersonal communication. The findings have implications for online communication, suggesting that the strategic use of emojis can help humanize interactions, promote empathy, mitigate speech aggression and ultimately lead to mutual understanding and conflict resolution.
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Grishechko, Elizaveta G. "EMOJIS AS NONVERBAL CUES IN ONLINE COMMUNICATION: PERSPECTIVES ON CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND MISUNDERSTANDING PREVENTION." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/s11.12.
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The study explores the role of emojis as nonverbal cues in conflict resolution and misunderstanding prevention in online communication on Reddit as indicators of speech aggression. Employing a mixed-methods approach and conducting both quantitative and qualitative analyses, the research investigates the frequency and patterns of emoji use in conflict and non-conflict threads, as well as their impact on conversation tone and outcomes. Findings reveal that positive emotion emojis, gesture emojis, and sarcasm/humor/irony emojis are most commonly used to manage challenging interactions and prevent misunderstandings. The study demonstrates that emoji use is more frequent in conflict threads compared to non-conflict threads, indicating the vital role emojis play in managing difficult interactions. Moreover, the results show that the use of emojis is associated with a higher likelihood of de-escalation, clarification of misunderstandings, and better conversation outcomes. In addition to supporting existing theoretical frameworks, such as Social Information Processing Theory and Media Richness Theory, the study provides practical insights into effective communication strategies and the design of digital spaces that facilitate healthier interpersonal communication. The findings have implications for online communication, suggesting that the strategic use of emojis can help humanize interactions, promote empathy, mitigate speech aggression and ultimately lead to mutual understanding and conflict resolution.
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Stacey, Jonathan P., Matthew P. O’Donnell, Mark Schenk, and Charles J. Kim. "Visualising Compliance of Composite Shell Mechanisms." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22266.
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Abstract In the design of isotropic compliant shell-based mechanisms a desired response of an end-effector is commonly achieved through careful selection of shell geometry and material. However, for applications such as the design of medical support devices the shell must conform to a highly constrained set of permissible geometries, limiting tailorability. One solution to this design challenge is to exploit anisotropic material behaviour. Advanced composite materials may be elastically tailored by varying the fibre orientation, but at the cost of increased design complexity. Herein we present an approach for capturing the effects of material anisotropy on compliant shell mechanisms by providing the designer with a method for visualising their response in a physically intuitive manner. We extend the mechanism characterisation technique of Lip-kin and Patterson [1] using eigen-decomposition, and visualise the compliance vectors for structures with material anisotropy. We characterise the behaviour of cantilevered “tape-spring” shell geometries with varying enclosed angles using nonlinear finite element analysis. For small enclosed angles we observe significant reorienting of the compliance vectors due to stiffness anisotropy; as the enclosed angle is increased, geometry dominates the response. However, in an intermediate region both geometric and stiffness effects interact, highlighting the potential richness of the design space.
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Barros Atikum, Cesar. "Cidade Cor de Rosa. Cidade inclusiva a partir de códigos urbanísticos ancestrais reconfigurados pelas favelas." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12664.
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The ongoing doctoral research integrates a historical approach to socio-spatial practices, urban form and normative patterns in Brazilian cities, with a focus on Recife, considering ancestral urban codes reconfigured by favelas. Here is presented an excerpt from the investigation referring to the analysis of the urban morphology of the ZEIS (Special Social Interest Zone) Brasília Teimosa, located in the city of Recife, in Brazil. It is a community with significant richness in the forms of construction and occupation of the territory, similar to other self-produced settlements in Recife, with the potential to establish new urban standards. The methodology followed is based on the principles of Caniggia and Panerai for typomorphological analysis, with emphasis on the study of occupation and volumetry. It shows the predominant types that will be articulated with everyday practices and ZEIS codes, under study, as an alternative to structure future legislation, mixing urban patterns of the favela and the bourgeois city. Keywords: Brasília Teimosa, ZEIS, typomorphology, legislation. A pesquisa de doutoramento em curso integra uma abordagem histórica das práticas socioespaciais, da forma urbana e dos padrões normativos nas cidades brasileiras, com foco no Recife, considerando os códigos urbanísticos ancestrais reconfigurados pelas favelas. Apresenta-se aqui um recorte da investigação referente à análise da morfologia urbana da ZEIS (Zona Especial de Interesse Social) Brasília Teimosa, situada na cidade do Recife, no Brasil. Trata-se de uma comunidade com uma riqueza significativa nas formas de construção e ocupação do território, similar a outros assentamentos autoproduzidos do Recife, com potencial para estabelecer novos padrões urbanísticos. A metodologia seguida é fundamentada nos princípios de Caniggia e Panerai para a análise tipomorfológica, com ênfase no estudo da ocupação e volumetria. Mostra os tipos predominantes que serão articulados com as práticas cotidianas e os códigos das ZEIS, em estudo, como alternativa para estruturar futuras legislações, misturando padrões urbanísticos da favela e da cidade burguesa. Palavras-chave: Brasília Teimosa, ZEIS, tipomorfologia, legislação.
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Schrynemeeckers, Rick. "Acquire Ocean Bottom Seismic Data and Time-Lapse Geochemistry Data Simultaneously to Identify Compartmentalization and Map Hydrocarbon Movement." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30975-ms.
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Abstract Current offshore hydrocarbon detection methods employ vessels to collect cores along transects over structures defined by seismic imaging which are then analyzed by standard geochemical methods. Due to the cost of core collection, the sample density over these structures is often insufficient to map hydrocarbon accumulation boundaries. Traditional offshore geochemical methods cannot define reservoir sweet spots (i.e. areas of enhanced porosity, pressure, or net pay thickness) or measure light oil or gas condensate in the C7 – C15 carbon range. Thus, conventional geochemical methods are limited in their ability to help optimize offshore field development production. The capability to attach ultrasensitive geochemical modules to Ocean Bottom Seismic (OBS) nodes provides a new capability to the industry which allows these modules to be deployed in very dense grid patterns that provide extensive coverage both on structure and off structure. Thus, both high resolution seismic data and high-resolution hydrocarbon data can be captured simultaneously. Field trials were performed in offshore Ghana. The trial was not intended to duplicate normal field operations, but rather provide a pilot study to assess the viability of passive hydrocarbon modules to function properly in real world conditions in deep waters at elevated pressures. Water depth for the pilot survey ranged from 1500 – 1700 meters. Positive thermogenic signatures were detected in the Gabon samples. A baseline (i.e. non-thermogenic) signature was also detected. The results indicated the positive signatures were thermogenic and could easily be differentiated from baseline or non-thermogenic signatures. The ability to deploy geochemical modules with OBS nodes for reoccurring surveys in repetitive locations provides the ability to map the movement of hydrocarbons over time as well as discern depletion affects (i.e. time lapse geochemistry). The combined technologies will also be able to: Identify compartmentalization, maximize production and profitability by mapping reservoir sweet spots (i.e. areas of higher porosity, pressure, & hydrocarbon richness), rank prospects, reduce risk by identifying poor prospectivity areas, accurately map hydrocarbon charge in pre-salt sequences, augment seismic data in highly thrusted and faulted areas.
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Nakash, Maayan. "Learning in the Flow of Work: Navigating the Convergence of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management [Abstract]." In InSITE 2024: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/5270.
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Aim/Purpose: The study aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between Organizational Learning (OL) and Knowledge Management (KM), two pivotal organizational capabilities whose interplay remains enigmatic. This study ventures into the depths of this relationship, seeking to demystify the interplay between the structured, strategic management of knowledge and the more fluid, organic process of learning within an organization. Background: Organizational knowledge dynamics pivot on the axis of individual and collective learning processes. KM refers to a multidisciplinary approach to achieving organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge. The collaborative knowledge culture forms the bedrock of effective OL, which, alongside KM, constitutes essential organizational competencies. As such, KM is inherently intertwined with OL, as both aim to harness intellectual capital and foster an environment conducive to continuous improvement and innovation. Yet, the nexus between OL and KM is shrouded in ambiguity, posing a conundrum that this research seeks to unravel, especially as emerging technologies reshape the landscape of knowledge sharing. Methodology: Employing interpretive and inductive qualitative approaches, this study gathered insights through 13 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Human Capital Management (HCM) experts. Content analysis emerged as the principal analytical tool, processing the rich qualitative data to distill meaningful patterns and themes. Contribution: This research contributes to the theoretical and practical understanding of OL and KM affinities. It underscores the necessity of recognizing the complementary nature of these fields within organizational structures. Findings: Since the advent of the concept “learning in the flow of work,” the domain of OL has increasingly integrated key aspects from the KM discipline. The study reveals that while OL and KM are distinct domains, they are also symbiotic, thriving on each other's strengths. This interdependence is underscored by their shared focus on knowledge resource creation and intellectual capital cultivation. Often, a singular corporate entity oversees both OL and KM, indicating a convergence within organizational development paradigms. Notably, the overlapping activities between OL and KM, such as discussion forums and knowledge exchanges, underscore the challenge of demarcating disciplinary boundaries in practice. The integration of sophisticated technologies such as AI-driven analytics, cloud computing, and collaborative software has been instrumental in facilitating this convergence. Recommendations for Practitioners: Practitioners are encouraged to cultivate environments where OL and KM merge effortlessly, leveraging their synergies to bolster organizational effectiveness and the richness of intellectual resources. Recommendations for Researchers: Future research should delve into the nuanced distinctions and commonalities between the roles of learning and knowledge managers across industries, aiming to refine the theoretical frameworks that underpin these roles. Researchers should also explore the transformative potential of technology in defining these roles and in the execution of OL and KM strategies. Impact on Society: By clarifying the OL and KM interrelationship, this study paves the way for more informed organizational practices that can contribute to societal advancement through improved knowledge dissemination and learning methodologies. Future Research: Subsequent inquiries may investigate the modalities of training content accessibility at the point of need, aligning with the imperatives of real-time, on-demand learning models that resonate with contemporary work dynamics.
Reports on the topic "Richness pattern"
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Thomas, Meinzen, Diane M. Debinski, Laura A. Burkle, and Robert J. Ament. Identifying Patterns, Protecting Monarchs, and Informing Management. Idaho Transportation Department, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1691525473.
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Pollinating insects provide vital ecosystem services and are facing global declines and habitat loss . Roadsides are increasingly regarded as important potential areas for enhancing pollinator habitat. Understanding which roadsides best support pollinators — and why — is essential to helping locate and prioritize pollinator conservation efforts across roadside networks. To support this effort, we assessed butterfly, bee, and flowering plant species richness and abundance on a set of 63 stratified randomized roadside transects in State -managed rights -of -way in SE Idaho. Our research evaluated pollinator diversity as a function of highway class (interstate, U.S., and state highways), remotely sensed NDVI values (a measure of vegetation greenness), and floral resources. We found that smaller highways and lower (less green) maximum NDVI values were associated with significantly more bee species and total bees. Roadsides bordering sagebrush habitats typically had low NDVI values and higher bee and butterfly species richness, potentially contributing to this observed pattern. Butterfly richness increased in association with higher floral abundance in roadsides. Additionally, we identified and mapped 1,363 roadside patches of milkweed (Asclepias speciosa), larval host plant for the imperiled monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), in a survey of over 900 miles of southern Idaho highways. Based on these results and a literature review, we recommend management strategies to promote the health of pollinator populations in Idaho’s rights-of-way and provide data to help ITD prioritize areas for pollinator -friendly management practices and habitat restoration within their highway system.
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Swan, Megan, and Christopher Calvo. Vegetation trends in pinyon-juniper woodlands in Southern Colorado Plateau Network parks. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2312771.
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The Southern Colorado Plateau Network has monitored vegetation and soils in pinyon-juniper woodlands at Bandelier National Monument (BAND), Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA), and Mesa Verde National Park (MEVE) since 2007. This report analyzes 15 years of data on site characteristics and changes in selected indicators. Overall, MEVE and GRCA exhibited similar conditions in Pinyon-Juniper woodlands, with sparsely vegetated understories and dense canopies dominated by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) and two-needle pinyon pine (Pinus edulis). In contrast, BAND had a more diverse understory with a greater variety of forb and shrub species, and a less dense overstory primarily of one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma). Seedling and sapling presence was noted at all sites but was least common at BAND. Soils differed in texture, development, and depth across parks. Aggregate stability was generally moderate across all sites. While plant species richness was generally low, it was highest at BAND. Nonnative plants were uncommon except for cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), which had up to 40% cover at some BAND plots. Vegetation analysis revealed a pattern of stability and slight positive changes over the 15-year monitoring period. Species richness increased at all sites, and cover of shrubs and cactus/succulents rose at three out of four locations. However, exotic cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) also increased significantly at BAND—averaging about 2% per year—while it slightly decreased at GRCA (< 1% annually). Climate variables influenced plant trends, with increasing water stress negatively impacting vegetation cover, particularly perennial grasses. Although tree mortality was generally low, it was highest for pinyons at GRCA. Limiting disturbance in pinyon-juniper woodlands to prevent the introduction of invasive grasses is recommended; stand thinning in old-growth woodlands designed to potentially increase drought resilience requires further study and is not recommended.
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Leis, Sherry, and Mary Short. George Washington Carver National Monument plant community report: 2004–2020. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288500.
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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network completed its sixth year of plant community monitoring at George Washington Carver National Monument in 2020. Plant community monitoring focused on the restored prairie community. We visited seven monitoring sites in each of the six years and collected data on plant species and ground cover. In this report we also included two environmental factors—precipitation and recent fire history—to better understand the vegetation community status and trends. Since 2000, precipitation has often been below the 30-year normal. Moreover, annual precipitation was below normal for all but one of the monitoring years. We found that the drought in 2012 stood out as possibly influencing plant guild cover. Although prairies are adapted to drought, further analyses might reveal more about the role of climate change in these vegetation communities. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became more frequent and consistent through the period of plant monitoring. Additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, also supported a healthy prairie. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness in 2012 was different than in two of the six years monitored. However, diversity indices (H′ and J′) were very similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) exhibited differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the monument, were statistically similar across years. In 2020, grass-like species increased, but grass species appeared to have declined below prior years. Grass cover in 2004 was statistically different (greater) than in 2008 and 2020. The reasons for this are not clear. Of particular interest to the park is the status of two sumac species (Rhus glabra and R. copallinum). These species were in decline as a result of focused management actions since 2012. However, the blackberry species (Rubus spp.) seemed to be replacing the sumac in some sites. In 2020, nonnative species richness and cover were below peak levels, demonstrating management actions have been successful in maintaining low levels. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2004 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. Although a decline in species richness was anticipated, that pattern was not apparent. However, the abundance of grasses may have been affected by the shift in seasonality of sampling. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded (stem tallies in some cases and cover estimates in other cases). We converted all cover data to stem tallies and density was calculated to be consistent with the protocol. The monument has had success with coordinating fire management and invasive species management. A decrease in sumac across the prairie is evidence of this success. These actions will continue to be important for maintaining the prairie in good condition into the future.
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Williams, Cameron. Channel Islands National Park: Terrestrial vegetation monitoring annual report - 2020. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299696.
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This report presents the data collected in 2020 as part of the long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring program at Channel Islands National Park. The purpose of this monitoring program is to document long-term trends in the park’s vegetation communities. Data are collected from 30-m-long transects using a point-line intercept method. In the past, each transect was sampled annually. However, beginning in 2012 the program began adding randomly located transects to improve the representativeness of the sampling, and transitioned to a rotating panel design. Now only a core subset of the transects are surveyed annually. Non-core transects are assigned to one of four panels, each of which is surveyed once every four years. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused a global pandemic that prevented field data collection from most of the transects scheduled for 2020. As a result, just 29 of the 127 transects scheduled were visited, distributed as follows: Santa Barbara Island (n = 18), Santa Cruz Island (n = 11). The small size of this 2020 dataset offers limited comparisons to previous years. The program also planned to install 19 new transects on Santa Rosa and San Miguel islands to complete the probabilistic component of the study design (Tiszler et al. 2016a), but the safety response to COVID-19 did not permit these installations. Key 2020 results and interpretation: For the transects visited at both islands in 2020, a long-term decline in mean absolute cover, measured as the mean number of taxa intersecting each point along a transect, was apparent. Annual rainfall correlated positively with mean absolute cover of vegetation. Six vegetation communities were visited at Santa Barbara Island compared to nine at Santa Cruz Island, despite the smaller number of transects surveyed at the latter. Mean absolute cover at both islands together averaged 87%, with native plants covering 44% and non-natives covering 39%. Among vegetation communities, mean absolute cover ranged from a high of 137% in a Lyonothamnus grove to a low of 32% in a riparian community where few plants were encountered along one transect. Mean absolute cover was higher at Santa Cruz Island (105%) than Santa Barbara Island (77%), and mean absolute native cover followed the same pattern (57% vs 36%). For both islands combined, mean richness per transect was 11 taxa. Compared to Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island supported higher overall mean species richness (14 vs 9 taxa) and higher species evenness (0.70 vs 0.55). Santa Cruz Island’s higher absolute cover, higher native species cover, higher species richness, and higher species evenness indicate that its vegetation is in better overall condition compared to Santa Barbara Island, and that the rate of recovery after overgrazing is faster at Santa Cruz Island than Santa Barbara Island.
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Wersal, Ryan, Bradley Sartain, Kurt Getsinger, et al. Improving chemical control of nonnative aquatic plants in run-of-the-river reservoirs. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48350.
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Current dam discharge patterns in Noxon Rapids Reservoir reduce concentration and exposure times (CET) of herbicides used for aquatic plant management. Herbicide applications during periods of low dam discharge may increase herbicide CETs and improve efficacy. Applications of rhodamine WT dye were monitored under peak (736 to 765 m³ s⁻¹) and minimum (1.4 to 2.8 m³ s⁻¹) dam discharge patterns to quantify water-exchange processes. Whole-plot dye half-life under minimal discharge was 33 h, a 15-fold increase compared with the dye treatment during peak discharge. Triclopyr concentrations measured during minimum discharge within the treated plot ranged from 214 ± 25 to 1,243 ± 36 μgL⁻¹ from 0 to 48 h after treatment (HAT), respectively. Endothall concentrations measured during minimum discharge in the same plot ranged from 164 ± 78 to 2,195 ± 1,043 μgL⁻¹ from 0 to 48 HAT, respectively. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) occurrence in the treatment plot was 66%, 8%, and 14% during pretreatment, 5 wk after treatment (WAT), and 52 WAT, respectively. Myriophyllum spicatum occurrence in the nontreated plot was 68%, 71%, and 83% during pre-treatment, 5 WAT, and 52 WAT, respectively. Curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus L.) occurrence in the treatment plot was 29%, 0%, and 97% during pretreatment, 5 WAT, and 52 WAT, respectively. Potamogeton crispus increased from 24% to 83% at 0 WAT to 52 WAT, respectively, in the nontreated plot. Native species richness declined from 3.3 species per point to 2.1 in the treatment plot in the year of treatment but returned to pretreatment numbers by 52 WAT. Native species richness did not change during the study in the nontreated reference plot. Herbicide applications during periods of low flow can increase CETs and improve control, whereas applications during times of high-water flow would shorten CETs and could result in reduced treatment efficacy.
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Lawrence, David, Mike Tercek, Amber Runyon, and Jeneva Wright. Historical and projected climate change for Grand Canyon National Park and surrounding areas. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301726.
Full textAbstract:
Globally, anthropogenic climate change is one of the greatest threats to resources in protected areas. This report examines historical and projected climate change across the Greater Grand Canyon Landscape (GGCL), including Grand Canyon National Park. Grand Canyon National Park warmed significantly from 1895-2020 (annual mean increase of 1.89? F/century), with temperatures increasing at a faster rate from 1970-2020 (6.31? F/century). Warming occurred at all elevations and seasons across the GGCL, but rates differed spatially. Average annual total precipitation within Grand Canyon National Park did not change significantly over either period examined (1895-2020; 1970-2020). A variety of changes in the region of Grand Canyon National Park have been detected and attributed, at least in part, to anthropogenic climate change, including reduced soil moisture (and associated drought), reduced Colorado River flow, doubling of the area burned by wildfire across the western United States, reduced regeneration of low-elevation ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir as well as pinyon pine and juniper populations, northward shifts in many bird species distributions and declines of bird species occupancy in the Mojave Desert, and reduced bumble bee species richness and abundance (key pollinators). To help managers understand and plan around a range of plausible future climates, we present two plausible but contrasting climate futures for the Greater Grand Canyon Landscape, characterized at mid-century (2040-2069) and late-century (2070-2099). Examining multiple plausible futures avoids over-optimizing management strategies for a single projected future that may not occur. Overarching patterns that emerged from both climate futures include additional warming (average, as well as extreme temperatures), seasonal increases in extreme precipitation events, fewer freezing days and days with snow, and higher moisture deficit (a correlate with landscape dryness, conditions conducive to fire, and vegetation stress). The selected climate futures differed in terms of 1) the degree of warming, 2) whether winter precipitation increases or decreases, 3) whether annual precipitation increases or stays similar, 4) whether drought conditions increase or decrease, and 5) whether runoff increases or decreases. Runoff is projected to occur earlier under both climate futures and is projected to exhibit a more episodic pattern. Based on a literature review, projected changes to the physical, ecological, and cultural resource domains of the region resulting from anthropogenic climate change include: ? Increasing drought risk and aridification ? Reduced Colorado River flow ? Reduced groundwater infiltration ? Decreasing runoff (from snow or rain) in the spring, summer, and fall, and increasing runoff in the winter ? Increasing occurrence of large fires ? Increasing invasive grasses in the Mojave Desert ecosystems west of the park, providing more fuel for wildfire ? Exacerbated post-fire erosion and sediment in Grand Canyon watersheds ? Increased episodes of drought-induced tree mortality ? Upslope shifts of the elevational zones of pinyon-juniper woodland, ponderosa pine forest, and spruce-fir forest, as well as increases in non-forest areas and aboveground biomass declines ? Reduced abundance of riparian vegetation that tolerates water inundation ? Increasing invasive plant distribution and abundance, favoring their establishment and productivity ? Colonization of the GGCL by some bird species and extirpation of others ? Increasing non-native fish populations relative to native fishes ? Declining butterfly populations ? Increasing temperatures will increase visitation, especially during winter and shoulder seasons ? Exacerbation of existing threats to archeological resources, cultural landscapes, and historic structures, as well as emergent vulnerabilities related to climate change One goal of this work is to support the Resource Stewardship Strategy (RSS) process that Grand Canyon National Park plans to undertake. We anticipate that connecting the climate changes described here to the climate sensitivities of resources within the park will play a critical role in setting goals and strategies during development of the RSS, as well as proactively adapting to anticipated changes.
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Harms, Nathan, Judy Shearer, James Cronin, and John Gaskin. Geographic and genetic variation in susceptibility of Butomus umbellatus to foliar fungal pathogens. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41662.
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Large-scale patterns of plant invasions may reflect regional heterogeneity in biotic and abiotic factors and genetic variation within and between invading populations. Having information on how effects of biotic resistance vary spatially can be especially important when implementing biological control because introduced agents may have different Impacts through interactions with host-plant genotype, local environment, or other novel enemies. We conducted a series of field surveys and laboratory studies to determine whether there was evidence of biotic resistance, as foliar fungal pathogens, in two introduced genotypes (triploid G1, diploid G4) of the Eurasian wetland weed, Butomus umbellatus L. in the USA. We tested whether genotypes differed in disease attack and whether spatial patterns in disease incidence were related to geographic location or climate for either genotype. After accounting for location (latitude, climate), G1 plants had lower disease incidence than G4 plants in the field (38% vs. 70%) but similar pathogen richness. In contrast, bioassays revealed G1 plants consistently received a higher damage score and had larger leaf lesions regardless of pathogen. These results demonstrate that two widespread B. umbellatus genotypes exhibit different susceptibility to pathogens and effectiveness of pathogen biological controls may depend on local conditions.
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring trends in restored tallgrass prairie at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield: 2008–2020. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293117.
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Plant community monitoring at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield (NB) focused on the restored tallgrass prairie community. Six monitoring sites were visited four times and observations of plant species and ground cover were made. In addition to those observations, we included two environmental factors in this report—precipitation and recent fire history—to help understand the vegetation data status and trends. Precipitation data (standardized vegetation index) indicated drought conditions in 2012 and some dry periods in 2016. Although prairies are adapted to drought, we found that species richness at the site and community scales (alpha and gamma diversity) were reduced in dry years. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping the plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became less frequent through the monitoring period. Also, additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, likely shaped the prairie community. Tree regeneration and nonnative plants in particular may have been affected by these techniques. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness varied over time and was correlated with precipitation; diversity indices (H′ and J′) were similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) demonstrated differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the park, were abundant and statistically similar across years. Many guilds were quite variable across the sites, but nonnative forbs declined, and nonnative grasses increased. Overstory trees and canopy cover, measured for the first time in 2020, have likely influenced the composition of one site. The composition of this site points to a shrubland-savanna community. Four of the sites tended towards shrubland rather than tallgrass prairie. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2008 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. An anticipated decline in species richness was observed in 2012 and 2016, but we were unable to isolate sample design as the cause. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded by tallying seedlings and saplings in the field. Our quality assurance procedures indicated that our observer error from pseudoturnover was 20.2%, meeting our expectations. Cover class estimates agreed 73% of the time, with all disagreements within one cover class. Coordinating management actions to achieve plant community goals like structure and composition of tallgrass prairie will be critical to the survival of the prairie species at the park. Fire and nonnative plant treatments along with the reduction of woody cover including trees are needed to arrest the transition to savanna and woodland community types. Frequent prescribed fire is an integral process for this community and there is no equivalent substitute. Continued focus on management for the desired tallgrass prairie community will also provide needed habitat for imperiled pollinators such as the monarch butterfly. Best management practices for pollinators on federal lands specify that treatments (prescribed fire, mowing or haying) should not occur during the blooming season or when pollinator breeding, egg, larval or pupal stages are present.
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Boyle, M., and M. Boyle. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Canaveral National Seashore: 2022 data summary?version 1.1. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2305810.
Full textAbstract:
Parks within the Southeast Coast Network (SECN) host a diverse assemblage of plants and terrestrial vegetation communities. Vegetation communities are dynamic entities whose species composition, abundance, distribution, and structure are influenced by environmental factors and impacted over time by natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Determining trends in vegetation communities over time and identifying plant stressors is vital to understanding the ecological health of terrestrial ecosystems within SECN parks. Canaveral National Seashore lies within the Southern Coastal Plain ecoregion of Florida. The distribution and composition of vegetation communities within the park are largely determined by former land-use patterns, climate influences, as well as by localized edaphic conditions. Stressors and threats to vegetation resources are present within the park, many of which are related to large-scale land-use changes of the 19th and 20th centuries and rapidly changing climate patterns and sea-level rise. Other threats to the vegetation resources of Canaveral National Seashore include fire exclusion, feral hogs, and competition from invasive non-native vegetation. 2022 marked the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Canaveral National Seashore. Fourteen vegetation plots were established throughout the park in April. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass estimates. Plot locations were stratified across two land parcels of the park (Apollo Beach and Oak Hill) and across two dominant broadly defined habitats: Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands and Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands. One hundred seventy-six vascular plant taxa were detected during this monitoring effort, including eight taxa not detected in previous lists.
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Leis, Sherry, and Lloyd Morrison. Plant community trends at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: 1998–2018. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294512.
Full textAbstract:
The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network monitors plant communities at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve and evaluates a variety of environmental variables that affect vegetation patterns, including climate and ecological disturbances such as fire and grazing. Here we report on 2002–2018 trends in management actions (fire and grazing) and key plant community indicators. Temperature has increased over the past 50 years in the region. Precipitation and a standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index included a high degree of interannual variability and did not demonstrate directional change. We documented a decline in disturbance intensity (i.e., less frequent prescribed fire and lower stocking rates) since 2006. A preserve goal is to maintain 30 to 60% of the area as bare ground (soil and rock) for ideal greater prairie-chicken habitat. Bare areas have been in decline and minimally meet the goal preserve wide. Bare areas vary by pasture and year, with bare areas exceeding the threshold in earlier years and Big Pasture and Red House Pasture falling short in some recent years. Although the preserve-scale mean minimally met the objective, there was a great deal of heterogeneity across monitoring sites. Litter cover and depth were greater than ecological recommendations for the greater prairie-chicken, especially in 2018. Litter depth demonstrated a great deal of variability and included deep litter. Woody plants were targeted to remain below 5% cover. Preserve- and pasture-scale cover means were well below this threshold but are increasing. Species richness on a per site basis (alpha diversity) and preserve-wide richness (gamma diversity) showed no apparent directional change when corrected for differences in sample size. Comparison of native species composition between 2002 and 2018 revealed a 36.9% difference in the Sørensen Index, although observer error accounted for almost 2/3 of this apparent change. The preserve continues to have characteristic tallgrass prairie species, and nonnative species continue to be low. Similar to targeted invasive plant monitoring, we found the target species Kentucky bluegrass to be below park thresholds. Continued evaluation of fire frequency and grazing intensity will be critical to achieving ecological goals including conserving the greater prairie-chicken. Development of a grazing plan may assist with prescribing stocking rates that are consistent with the preserve’s ecological and cultural objectives and could include alternative herbivores, such as goats or expansion of bison.