Journal articles on the topic 'Ridge Ending'

Knuckle prints are unique patterns, it contains ridges and furrows on the dorsal surface of the hand. Knuckle prints are used biometric identifier. These prints contain biological features like minutiae.The objective of this research is to investigate, the comparative analysis of knuckle prints in both hands of male and female individual. The study emphasizes the variations in ridge endings and bifurcations between right and left hand. Data collection involves gathering knuckle patterns from individuals aged 20 and above, with a target of 100 samples from each gender. The analysis focuses on the knuckle prints of the right and left hand of both genders, comparing the counts of ridge ending and bifurcation.   The study aims to determine which hand exhibits a greater number of bifurcations and ridge endings, thereby facilitating personal and gender identification through knuckle prints. Samples are obtained via photography using a mobile camera, ensuring that the lens is used without flash during daylight against a black background. The captured knuckle print images are then converted to black and white to enhance their sharpness and clarity, utilizing the B and W 07 profiles in the Adobe Lightroom application.  In here I count bifurcation and ridge ending in each figure and total count of right and left hand separately. The comparisons were made between the right and left hands, as well as between male and female subjects. The results indicate notable differences in the distribution of these minutiae between genders and hands.

In Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), pre-processing of the image is a crucial process in deciding the quality and performance of the system. Pre-processing is consists many stages as Segmentation, Enhancement, Binarisation, and Thinning. In this segmentation is one of the steps of pre-processing which differentiate foreground and background region of fingerprint images. Segmentation is the separation of the fingerprint region or extraction of the presence of ridges from the background of the initial image. Segmentation is necessary because it constructs the region of interest from the input image, reduces the processing time, increases the recognition or matching process performance, and reduces the probability of false feature extraction. A 100% accurate segmentation is always very difficult, especially in the very poor quality image or partial image filled with noise such as the presence of latent. Fingerprints are made of Ridge and Valley structure and their features are classified in three levels as Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Level 1 Features are singular macro details like ridge pattern and ridge flows. Level 2 is ridge local features like ridge bifurcation and ridge ending or simply minutiae points or ridge orientation. Level 3 is micro details like sweat pores, incipient ridges. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art techniques of fingerprint image segmentation and contribution of other researchers on segmentation. This paper also discusses a different class of segmentation algorithms with its measuring parameters, computational complexity, advantages, limitations, and applications.

In recent days , many digital finger print image based identification applications are used widely for human identity . Finger print features like minutiae (ridge lines, bifurcation, ridge ending) delta point, core point, texture patterns of ridges and valleys etc., are used for finger print identification. Reliable finger print identification system uses the finger print features to provide higher accuracy . Many finger print identification systems have been proposed based on minutiae , ridge lines. But these systems performance are not effective as compared to texture based methods. In this article , significance of feature extraction techniques , various texture based finger print identification methods are investigated and analysed . Limitations of minutiae, , and based identification systems are discussed. Also how effective the texture based identification systems are discussed. A comparative analysis of experimental results of various methods of finger print identification is done. This paper is concluded with the finding of appropriate method of texture based feature extraction for effective identity authentication. Keywords : Finger print feature, Texture feature, feature extraction, ridges, finger print recognition.

In Fingerprint recognition, after the initial preprocessing, the feature is extracted from the Fingerprint thinned image. Extraction of crucial and beneficial capabilities or features of interest from a fingerprint image is an essential venture during recognition. Feature extraction algorithms pick handiest or only applicable features important for enhancing the performance of matching and recognition rate and outcomes with the feature vector. The feature extraction algorithms or techniques require only relevant features like minutiae details and do not require any background details or domain-specific details. They need to be smooth or easy to compute with a purpose to gain a viable or practicable technique for a huge image series. Minutiae details or fingerprint ridge ending or bifurcation details using skeletonized or thinning approach is a very popular method for feature extraction. The preprocessed thinned image is further post-processed to remove some false minutiae from minutiae table and which is generated through crossing number theory. One more purpose of post-processing is to reduce the number of minutiae points by removing false minutiae structures like spurs, ride breaks, short ridge, holes or islands, bridges, and ladders. In this paper w × w window neighborhood is considered for each minutia in Minutiae Table. Minutiae Table contains Ridge ending or bifurcation code as 1 or 3 with its location details means x and y position in two columns and the sum of these details as its fourth column. These Minutiae tables are used for generating Fingerprint Hash code, which can be used as index-or identity key in order to uniquely identify an individual person or as one factor in Multifactor Authentication Model.

DPSA shows applications in establishing the individuality of three subjects using the 1st (pattern of arch, loop or whorl) and 2nd (minutiae details of dots, ridge ending, core and delta) level of information.

Background: Post-extraction alveolar ridge resorption is unavoidable phenomenon ending with insufficient ridge width. Measuring the physical dimensions of the available bone before implant surgery is an important aspect of diagnosis and treatment planning. Bone height can be calculated from radiographs, while bucco-lingual ridge width can be measured by conventional tomography, CT scanning and ridge mapping.
 Radiographic techniques have certain disadvantages. Therefore the ridge mapping technique was used as an option for determining alveolar ridge width.
 The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of alveolar ridge width measurements obtained with ridge mapping technique before surgical flap reflection against direct caliper measurement following surgical exposure of the bone.
 Materials and Methods: This prospective observational clinical study included 21 patients; 9 males (42.9%) and 12 females (57.1%) with mean age of 40.8. A vacuum formed acrylic stent was fabricated for each subject. The stent provided two buccal/lingual pairs of consistent measurement points to provide a reference of measurement for each implant site located 3 and 6 mm from the crest of alveolar soft tissue. Measurements (n=216) were made at 54 implant sites, the measurements obtained from the two techniques were compared and then accuracy of these methods was assessed. The mean, standard deviation, standard error of mean were calculated and subjected to statistical analysis using Student’s unpaired t- test, values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
 Results: There was no statistically significant difference between ridge mapping technique and intra-operative measurement in determining alveolar ridge width.
 Conclusion: The ridge mapping technique is a useful method in determining alveolar ridge width for its exactitude, low cost, the immediate result and no need of radiation.

Biometrics is the one most popular property in human distinguishing proof based on physical or behavioral features. The different physiological characteristics are Fingerprint, DNA, Face, hand, retina, ear features, and odor, where as behavioral characteristics or features are typing rhythm, gait, gesture, and voice with the basic premise that all are unique and all human beings are identified by these intrinsic traits. In the physiological traits, Fingerprint is most commonly utilized the biometric feature in diverse fields for identification and verification purpose. Fingerprint features can be separated into three noteworthy classifications in view of the granularity at which they are removed as level 1, level 2, and level 3 features. Level 1 feature contains macro details, which are easily extractable and include orientation filed, ridge frequency filed and pattern configuration. Only these global features or Level 1 features are not sufficient to uniquely identify or recognize, but if these features are used along with level 2 or level 3 features, that can make the fingerprint recognition system more robust and secure. Level1 features are used for image enhancement and orientation purpose. In this paper, we made a survey of existing literature on Level 1 features and try to analyze other researcher's contribution to this field.

Itilochelys rasstrigin, gen. et sp. nov., a new hard-shelled sea turtle (Cheloniidae sensu lato), is established based on a partial skull, two lower jaws, a humeral bone and cervical vertebrae I–III from the Lower Paleocene of Volgograd Province, Russia. Itilochelys rasstrigin differs from other cheloniids s.l. by the following combination of characters: (1) long skull; (2) short snout; (3) deep cheek emargination; (4) frontal contributing to orbital margin; (5) prefrontal/ postorbital contact absent; (6) long anteroventral process of postorbital; (7) extensive secondary palate; (8) moderate vomer length on triturating surface; (9) deep and narrow midline groove on triturating surface through vomer length; (10) swellings lateral to midline groove present; (11) long lower jaw symphysis; (12) concave lower triturating surface; (13) blunt and shallow symphyseal ridge ending in a triangular elevation; (14) lingual ridges on the lower jaw absent. The new taxon increases diversity of stem-cheloniids and represents the most complete finding of these turtles in Russia.

The study of the structure of scallop skin in men suffering from gastric ulcer, which was diagnosed by endoscopic examination, was carried out in the work. Comparison with the control group made it possible to identify a number of deviations of the signs of dermatoglyphics in the group of patients. There were tendencies towards a more proximal ending of the main palmar line A on the left hand, an increase in the pattern of the hypotenar and IV interdigital space, and an increase in the ridge counts of the II fingers of both hands.

Edmund Hilary and Tenzing Norgay were first in 1953. Since then, over 2,500 people have followed in their footsteps and on 21 May 2006, Andrew Sutherland became the first British surgeon to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Travelling as the team doctor, Mr Sutherland was part of the EVERESTMAX expedition who recently completed the highest climb on earth, commencing at the Dead Sea in Jordan and ending at the summit of Mount Everest. Mr Sutherland joined the expedition at Everest base camp as the team prepared for their ascent of the challenging north-east ridge.

Carrot is a wellknown and favoured, really important vegetable. Carrot’s cultivation is important, although its growing field has been reduced in last few years. The suitable cultivar and landstructure are essential to produce good quality carrot. The ridge cultivation is widely spread on plasted soils. At this type of cultivation relationship between line orientations and carrot quality is less studied. That is the reason we tried to examine in our experiment the relationship between ridge highness and line orientation (N-S and E-W) and carrot’s morphological features at different genotipes. The experimental was settled in the Experimental Garden of the University of Debrecen on limy chernozem soil by plain, raised bed and ridge cultivation in 2013. In the experiment we examined four longgrowing cultivars (Danvers 126, Fertődi vörös, Rekord, Chantenay). The sowing was at 24th April. The harvest was at 15th October, 2013. In the multi factorial (type of cultivation, line orientation, cultivar) experimental we explained the effect of treatments on carrot root shoulder diameter and root weight.
 In our experiment we stated that line orientation had no significant effect on shoulder diameter at different cultivations. The only exception is Fertődi vörös which has reached the biggest shoulder diameter (5 cm <) at N-S direction on raised bed. By examining the carrot rootweight we stated that they were higher in raised bed and ridge cultivation than in plain cultivation with the exception of one cultivar (Chantenay). This carrot had found ideal environment for growing between each cultivation conditions. That is why we can state that if you grow carrot on plasted soil and there is no possibility to make a ridge, use short, tapered and rounded ending root type for successful growing.

The results of U–Pb geochronological studies of quartz syenites of the Kumystin complex of the Bolshoi Karatau ridge in southern Kazakhstan are presented and their late Neoproterozoic (717 ± 4 Ma) age is substantiated. Kumystin syenites complex together with rhyolites and basalts of the Kainar Formation are the youngest formations taking part in the basement of Karatau-Dzhebagly precambrian massif and formed in the second half of Cryogenian. The data set about the ages of the youngest complexes taking part in the basement of precambrian massifs of the Western part of the Central Asian belt indicates that the ending of magmatic activity within various massifs occurred asynchronously during the Neoproterozoic.

This study firstly applied a Bayesian symbolic regression (BSR) to the forecasting of numerous commodities’ prices (spot-based ones). Moreover, some features and an initial specification of the parameters of the BSR were analysed. The conventional approach to symbolic regression, based on genetic programming, was also used as a benchmark tool. Secondly, various other econometric methods dealing with variable uncertainty were estimated including Bayesian Model Averaging, Dynamic Model Averaging, LASSO, ridge, elastic net, and least-angle regressions, etc. Therefore, this study reports a concise and uniform comparison of an application of several popular econometric models to forecasting the prices of numerous commodities. Robustness checks and statistical tests were performed to strengthen the obtained conclusions. Monthly data beginning from January 1988 and ending in August 2021 were analysed.

Kilia medieval fortress, now non-existant, consisted of a stone citadel attributed to the Genoese, an outer belt of fortifications, built under Stephen the Great, and an Ottoman bastion fortress, designed and built in the end of the XVIII century. This article examines two documents referring to the Kilia fortress, discovered by the author in the Russian State Military-Historical Archive of Moscow. The first document is an undated plan for a Turkish bastion fortress developed, most likely, by the French engineer François Kauffer. The figure shows the Ottoman-Turkish names of bastions (Agha Bastion, Pasha Bastion, Unique/Unusual Bastion), gates (Stone Gate, Gate with a portcullis, Water Gate, Agha Gate), stone buildings (Sultan Bayezid’s Mosque), etc. The second document, also undated, shows four images of a stone fortress, built by the Moldovans. The iconographic source offers information on the layout of some towers (rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal and complex), the tower’s shape (prismatic with four, six and eight sides; cylindrical; with a rizalit; with an upper console floor, ending in the form of a turret), the shape of the roofs (hipped with four slopes, six and eight slopes, conical, gable roof or gable one with a ridge), the shape of the merlons (simple rectangular, rectangular with a gable ending located longitudinally or transversely), etc.

The rifting zone of Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, is tectonically and geologically unique. It is a back-arc basin that was opened by extensional forces associated to roll-back subduction after cessation of spreading activity of the Phoenix Ridge, and the transtension of the westward ending of Scotia-Antarctica Plate boundary. The Bransfield Rift/Ridge is still active generating volcanism or magma rise to force hydrothermal activity. During the ANT-XXV/4 cruise onboard R/V “Polarstern”, standard CTD and beam transmission measurements were done to determine temperature anomaly and turbidity. Water sampling was performed to determine δ3He and to find thermophilic microorganisms to examine the Orca seamount hydrothermal activity. A temperature anomaly of ~0.08 °C, a pick of turbidity, and high value of δ3He (>10%) were found inside Orca seamount. Results are consistent with a hydrothermal flux coming from the seamount. The report of the first observation of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms in cold deep Antarctic waters is part of this study. Inside Orca seamount these microorganisms were found at three different depth levels close to the bottom. We suggest that the fluid migration from the volcano resulted from recent magmatic activity and provided the required elemental nutrients for microbial growth. Besides some thermophiles were found outside the seamount in a small quantity close to the seafloor. These would probably be related to subsidiary structures of the Orca seamount, or were transported by currents from other active volcanic sites as Deception Island. The finding of these thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms raise questions about the dispersal and their resistance in these extreme environments.

A new species of Trimma is described from the islands just off the Thailand coast near Phuket. Trimma ukkriti n.sp. lacks scales on the cheek and opercle, but has ctenoid scales in the midline of the nape, has an elongate second spine of the first dorsal fin which reaches posteriorly to between the base of the spine and the base of the 4th ray of the second dorsal fin when adpressed, 19–20 pectoral-fin rays with 6–13 branched rays in the middle of the fin, an unbranched 5th pelvic-fin ray, which is 48–67% the length of the 4th ray, a U-shaped interorbital trench with no fleshy median ridge, a poorly developed postorbital trench ending at the 5th papilla in row p (which has 6 papillae in total), and row c beneath the eye consists of 6 papillae. When live and freshly collected, the species is very similar in appearance to T. okinawae and T. readerae, with orange to red spots on the head and body.

The traditional method of taking attendance using paper sheets is prone to errors like impersonation, loss, or theft. To solve this issue, automatic attendance systems utilizing identification technology such as barcode badges, electronic tags, touch screens, magnetic stripe cards, and biometrics have been implemented. Biometric technology uses physiological or behavioral characteristics for identification purposes, but traditional biometric systems have limitations such as vulnerability to damage or alteration over time, and variations in occlusions, poses, facial expressions, and illumination can affect face recognition accuracy. Fingerprint identification relies on the distinctiveness of fingerprints and involves comparing two impressions of the friction ridges on human fingers or toes to determine if they belong to the same individual. There are five primary categories of fingerprints: arch, tented arch, left loop, right loop, and whorl. Various algorithms have been developed to recognize fingerprints using minutiaebased matching, which involves identifying key features like ridge ending and bifurcation. Deep learning algorithms, particularly convolutional neural networks, have been successful in improving identification accuracy by extracting features automatically from fingerprint images. In recent times, securing personal data has become increasingly important, and the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) identification system is recommended for improving accuracy and performance. This paper proposes a fingerprint identification system that combines three models: CNN, Softmax, and Random Forest (RF) classifiers. The conventional system uses K-means and DBSCAN algorithms to separate the foreground and background regions and extracts features using CNNs and dropout approach. The Softmax acts as a recognizer. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on a public database and shows promising results, providing an accurate and efficient biometric identification system.  

A diagnostic analysis of the dust storm weather occurring in the western part of the Hexi Corridor from 27-30 June 2020 was carried out using Jiuquan city’s live data, as well as ECMWF numerical forecasts, and the NCEP reanalysis information was used to draw a theta dust storm model based on the routing principle. The results show that: 1.In the early stage of sandstorm, there was no precipitation in Suzhou and Jinta counties in March and April, which resulted in dry surface and thickened soil layer. These factors created favorable conditions for the occurrence of dust weather. 2.Development of unstable trough eastward in front of the ridge of Mountain Ural at 500 hPa, The cold high pressure is continuously strengthened in the process of moving, which is the large-scale system leading to the sandstorm. Thermal depression in front of ground cold front is the main cause for the outbreak of the severe sandstorm. 3.The beginning and ending time of the sandstorm can be accurately predicted by the simulation chart of sandstorm forecast, which has a good indication significance for the sandstorm forecast in the Hexi area.

A new species of Trimma is described from the northern Palaun islands. Trimma kalum n. sp. lacks scales on the cheeks, opercle and nape, has an elongate second spine of the first dorsal fin, reaching posteriorly to the base of the 2nd–10th ray of the second dorsal fin when adpressed, 17–18 pectoral-fin rays with 12–13 branched rays in the middle of the fin, a single dichotomous branch point in the 5th pelvic-fin ray, which is 51–75% the length of the 4th ray, a very well developed dermal crest in the midline between the base of the first dorsal spine and the posterior interorbital region, a U-shaped interorbital trench with no fleshy median ridge, a poorly developed postorbital trench ending between the 4th to 5th papillae in row p, which has 6 papillae in total, and there are 5 papillae in row c beneath the eye. When live and freshly collected, the species is very similar in appearance to T. sheppardi, with an overall yellow body, three yellow bars across the cheek, and a double dark spot above the posterior portion of the opercle.

A 3-year-old Arabian mare underwent medical examinations due to the presence of abnormalities of the reproductive apparatus and stallion behavior (nervous temperament, aggressiveness, masculine attitude). During the clinical visit, an anovulvar distance shorter than normal was observed; moreover, vulvar lips were dorsally fused except for the lower neckline, showing a blind ending from which a penis-like structure protruded. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of a cervix and corpus of a uterus, hypoplastic uterine horns, and small gonads with an echogenicity similar to a testis. Blood testosterone levels ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/mL. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal female karyotype (2n = 64,XX), while PCR amplification of SRY and ZFY genes revealed the absence of a Y chromosome. At necroscopic examination, internal genitalia arising from the genital ridge in the form of masculine type structures were found, while those deriving from the Mullerian ducts were of feminine type. In addition, an infundibular portion of the salpinx at the cranial pole of the gonads was found. This is the first case in equine species of DSD 2n = 64,XX SRY-negative, with the simultaneous presence of male (hypoplastic testicles, epididymal portions, and a penis-like structure) and female (cervix, horn and body of a hypoplastic uterus) genital structures.

Abstract A new species of the genus Hydro baenus Fries, 1830, H. simferopolus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), is described based on adult male collected in the Crimean Penisula (Ukraine). Main distinguishing characters are: anal point cup-shaped with a small nose-like apex; virga composed of 3 strong equal spines; inferior volsella consisting of 2 lobes (proximal one broadly planned and covered with curved setae, distal one large nose-like and bare). A new combination of Parorthocladius korneyevi Baranov, 2011 for H. korneyevi (Baranov, 2011) comb. nov. is provided with additional differentiating characters found in male adult including: tergite IX with a median dorsal crest; anal point long, drop-like, covered with setae and ending with thumb-shaped apex; virga composed of 6–8 subequal thin long spines; inferior volsella with 2 unequal lobes (proximal one spherical and much larger); gonostylus massively bulbous and densely covered with long and short setae, crista dorsalis consists of a subapical strong tooth-like, smooth and orally projecting ridge. The male adults of both H. dentistylus Moubayed, 1985 and H. lugubris Fries, 1830 are also illustrated, diagnosed and shortly redescribed with some main distinguishing and supplementary characters. Remarks and comments on the taxonomic position, ecology and geographical distribution of the four Hydrobaenus species are given.

The article addresses two-horned lamellar silver lunula pendants of the late Roman Period, found in burials 13 and 94 of Frontovoye 3 burial ground in the South-West Crimea. The distribution of lunulas of similar types in the Crimea and adjacent territories, their dating and methods of wearing have been studied. In most cases, these pendants are found in burial complexes of the second half of the 3rd century in Crimea, on the territory of Northern Dagestan, in Kalmykia and in the basin of the Lower Don. At the same time, for the Crimea and the Sarmatian steppe, the data of the lunulas serve as chronological indicators for the second half of the 3rd century. One of their variants (no. 3) from Frontovoye-3 burial ground is more typical for the Crimea, rarely found outside its borders and has an earlier dating, within the first half of the 3rd century AD. Methods of wearing lunula pendant with the costume of those buried in Northern Dagestan, Kalmykia and the Lower Don differs from their use in the Crimea. In the area between the Don, the Volga and the Caucasian ridge, lunulas are usually found in necklaces, where they are combined with spiral-shaped bronze beads ending in 14 sided beads, usually carnelian. However, such necklaces are completely absent among the Crimean burials.

Most of the fingerprint matching techniques require extraction of minutiae that are ridge endings or bifurcations of ridge lines in a fingerprint image. Crucial to this step is either detecting ridges from the gray-level image or binarizing the image and then extracting the minutiae. In this work, we firstly exploit the property of almost equal width of ridges and valleys for binarization. Computing the width of arbitrary shapes is a nontrivial task. So, we estimate the width using Euclidean distance transform (EDT) and provide a near-linear time algorithm for binarization. Secondly, instead of using thinned binary images for minutiae extraction, we detect minutiae straightaway from the binarized fingerprint images using EDT. We also use EDT values to get rid of spurs and bridges in the fingerprint image. Unlike many other previous methods, our work depends minimally on arbitrary selection of parameters.

In this paper, I attempted to explore the historical and geographical specificity of the space represented in Kim Si-seup’s novel Playing Jeopo at Manboksa Temple. The spatial setting of this novel is Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do. Kim Si-seup actually traveled to Honam in 1462 when he was 28 years old and reflected his experience of exploring the Namwon area, including Manboksa Temple, in the creation of the novel space. Therefore, the place names mentioned in this novel serve as an important clue to the historical and geographical approach as actual places in Namwon town. The work of specifically defining the novel’s space in this way is expected to help understand the meaning of the novel’s narrative and the author’s creative consciousness.
 Places worth mentioning in connection with the narrative of this novel include Manboksa Temple, Jiri Mountain, Gaeryeong-dong, and Boryeonsa Temple. Manboksa Temple maintains its sense of place through Manboksa Temple Site in Wangjeong-dong, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do. What is noteworthy about Manboksa Temple’s location is that it is located near a densely populated area of private houses near Namwon Eupseong Fortress and has existed as a temple for a long time, granting the wishes of the people of the town. And Jiri Mountain is the last place where the novel’s male protagonist, Yangsaeng, was seen, and is closely connected to the ending of the novel. Yangsaeng goes missing after saying he was going to Mt. Jiri to dig up medicinal herbs. From this ending, we can read his desire to protect his one and only love. Meanwhile, the fact that the ridge of Jiri Mountain can be seen in the distance from the grounds of Manboksa Temple implies that the starting point of this novel also encompasses the space that hints at its lonely ending. Boryeonsa Temple is a temple located at the foot of Boryeon Mountain, and its location is presumed to be Bangchon-ri, Geumji-myeon, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do. This place contains the climactic moment of the novel when Yangsaeng, who was immersed in love with the heroine despite her many suspicious circumstances, was ultimately forced to accept that the heroine did not belong to the human world.
 Gaeryeong-dong is a space where the anonymous heroine mainly belongs, and Yangsaeng came to fully trust and love the woman during the three days he spent there. This is also the temporary burial place of the female protagonist who was sacrificed during the Japanese invasion of Namwon in 1379 or 1380. I was the first to raise the inference that this Gaeryeong-dong is the valley below Gaeryeongamji in Deokdong-ri, Sannae-myeon, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do. Gaeryeongam was a temple near Jeongnyeongchi on Jiri Mountain, located on the road from Namwon, Jeolla Province, to Hamyang, Gyeongsang Province. The temple, built during the Goryeo Dynasty, no longer exists, leaving behind only a few traces. Kim Si-seup passed through this place in 1462 on his way from Namwon to Gyeongju via Hamyang.
 What is noteworthy about the location of Gaeryeong-dong is that it is located within the area of Jiri Mountain. This helps us understand the movements of the ending, where Yangsaeng enters Jiri Mountain and goes missing. For Yangsaeng, Gaeryeong-dong was a place engraved in his heart as it was the place where he spent the longest time with the heroine. When Yangsaeng, who valued one love more than Buddhist liberation, went to Gaeryeong-dong to check for traces of the woman, he had already entered Jiri Mountain. When he disappeared into Jiri Mountain, he had only gone a little deeper from where he originally was. Gaeryeong-dong, located at the starting point of Jiri Mountain, becomes an important coordinate in the movement of Yangsaeng who disappeared without having lost his one and only love.

Lee K-O, Ng S-C, Lee P-S, Bongso AT, Taylor EA, Lin T-K, Ratnam SS. Effect of growth hormone therapy in men with severe idiopathic oligozoospermia. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:159–62. ISSN 0804–4643 Some studies have suggested that growth hormone (GH) may enhance folliculogenesis in women, and similarly may enhance spermatogenesis in men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. In this prospective open-controlled pilot study, we investigated the effect of daily subcutaneous GH for 5 months in 12 endocrinologically normal men with severe idiopathic oligozoospermia (< 10 million/ ml). All the men had normal karyotype and endocrine tests, including a GH response of > 20 000 mU/l to insulin hypoglycaemia. Nine men with similar sperm counts acted as controls. During treatment, each patient was examined monthly, asked for side effects and had glycosylated haemoglobin, glucose and blood counts monitored. Five semen samples were obtained in the 4 months before treatment, two samples per month during treatment and three samples after stopping treatment. The mean insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) was normal before treatment and 1 month after ending treatment, at 206 and 182 μg/l, respectively, but increased significantly during treatment to 444 μg/l (p < 0.0001, ANOVA). The mean (sd) sperm counts were 2.6 (2.5), 2.5 (3.7) and 2.3 (2.1) million/ml before, during and after GH treatment, respectively, and did not show any statistically significant differences (ANOVA). We conclude that GH does not increase or decrease sperm counts in men with severe idiopathic oligozoospermia. K-O Lee, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 0511

Much of the Earth's mantle was melted in the Moon-forming impact. Gases that were not partially soluble in the melt, such as water and CO 2 , formed a thick, deep atmosphere surrounding the post-impact Earth. This atmosphere was opaque to thermal radiation, allowing heat to escape to space only at the runaway greenhouse threshold of approximately 100 W m −2 . The duration of this runaway greenhouse stage was limited to approximately 10 Myr by the internal energy and tidal heating, ending with a partially crystalline uppermost mantle and a solid deep mantle. At this point, the crust was able to cool efficiently and solidified at the surface. After the condensation of the water ocean, approximately 100 bar of CO 2 remained in the atmosphere, creating a solar-heated greenhouse, while the surface cooled to approximately 500 K. Almost all this CO 2 had to be sequestered by subduction into the mantle by 3.8 Ga, when the geological record indicates the presence of life and hence a habitable environment. The deep CO 2 sequestration into the mantle could be explained by a rapid subduction of the old oceanic crust, such that the top of the crust would remain cold and retain its CO 2 . Kinematically, these episodes would be required to have both fast subduction (and hence seafloor spreading) and old crust. Hadean oceanic crust that formed from hot mantle would have been thicker than modern crust, and therefore only old crust underlain by cool mantle lithosphere could subduct. Once subduction started, the basaltic crust would turn into dense eclogite, increasing the rate of subduction. The rapid subduction would stop when the young partially frozen crust from the rapidly spreading ridge entered the subduction zone.

True minutiae extraction in fingerprint image is critical to the performance of an automated identification system. Generally, a set of endings and bifurcations (both called feature points) can be obtained by the thinning image from which the true minutiae of the fingerprint are extracted by using the rules based on the structure of ridges. However, considering some false and true minutiae have similar ridge structures in the thinning image, in a lot of cases, we have to explore their difference in the binary image or the original gray image. In this paper, we first define the different types of feature points and analyze the properties of their ridge structures in both thinning and binary images for the purpose of distinguishing the true and false minutiae. Based on the knowledge of these properties, a fingerprint post-processing approach is developed to eliminate the false minutiae and at the same time improve the thinning image for further application. Many experiments are performed and the results have shown the great effectiveness of the approach.

The topic of the standard of living is one of the most relevant in the modern world, because everyone strives for development, improvement and comfort at different social levels, starting from ordinary workers and ending with the presidents of countries. Every country strives to create the highest quality conditions for a better life for its population. But the question arises as to which factors contribute to a better quality of life. Therefore, in the modern world, leading countries and countries with developed economies are trying to research in more detail and develop effective strategies for the development of people's well-being. This work covers the topic of happiness, well-being and the modern perception of the standard of living of the population. The problems of perception of these parameters and their assessment are considered. Socio-economic models were obtained, which are mathematical models of the dependence of the level of happiness on the set of available factors. Based on the data of the global rating of the happiness level of the countries The World Happiness Report, socio-economic models of the quality of life of the population were built and studied using the method of regression analysis of multifactor models, also such methods of building a multifactor model as the method of stepwise inclusion of factors, the method of stepwise exclusion of factors were additionally used and the ridge regression method. According to the results of the constructed models, the structure of the factors in the model and the level of their influence on the explained variable were investigated. The most important indicators, which have the highest frequency in explaining the dependent variable, are highlighted. The dependent variable in the function of the regression model is the happiness rating of the countries, the independent variables affecting this indicator are the following factors: GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom to make life choices, generosity and perception of corruption. The main stages of the research will be carried out in a special package of Statistica application programs, additional auxiliary calculations will also be performed in Microsoft Excel.

During a survey of freshwater diatoms from streams in the Xianju National Park, Zhejiang Province, China, a new cymbelloid species, Oricymba xianjuensis sp. nov. has been recorded. This species is assigned to the genus Oricymba by virtue of having a ridge separating the valve face and mantle, the presence of apical pore fields, and areolar openings with dentate occlusions. A detailed morphological description of the new species O. xianjuensis is presented, based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Oricymba xianjuensis sp. nov. is characterized by having a ridge along the valve face, as well as a linear-lanceolate outline with a moderately gibbous central portion gradually tapering towards the round, slightly protracted poles, a slightly lateral raphe with widened proximal endings and strongly deflected distal endings, and radiate striae. The taxon is morphologically compared with similar species of the genus Oricymba. The new species looks most similar to O. latirotundata, but is separated from this species by having more narrow, linear valves and a more tumid ventral margin. These findings add to our understanding the morphology and distribution of the genus Oricymba in China.

General characteristic of approaches of Russian and Western European phytosociologists to the typology of territorial units of vegetation is presented in the paper. Two-dimensional classification of vegetation proposed by V. Sochava (1968) is the basis of Russian approaches, in which 2 classification categories are identified: phytocenomers and phytocenochores. Homogeneous territorial vegetation units are represented by phytocenoses of a certain syntaxa (phytocenomer), then 3 main types are distinguished within heterogeneous units: complexes, ecological series, and ecological-genetic series (Rachkovskaya, 1963; Guricheva, 1965; Isachenko, 1967; Gribova, Isachenko, 1972). In Western European phytocoenology, the approach to the analysis of territorial vegetation units was introduced by R. Tüxen, who in the 1970s created the foundations of the research topic called symphytosociology (Tüxen, 1973, 1978). He developed the approach to include different levels of syntaxa in the classification of territorial units of vegetation. In 1973, R. Tüxen proposed a methodology for the study of vegetation complexes and the method for converting syntaxa into sigma-syntaxa. In 1981, J.-M. Géhu and S. Rivas-Martínez suggested sigmetum as the main unit of symphytosociology. In 1982, S. Rivas-Martínez proposed the tesela as an elementary territorial unit of chorology and phytogeography. Tesela corresponds to the environmentally homogeneous area and includes communities of one sigmeta. The next level of plant cover organization is the catena — territorial vegetation unit determined by geomorphological features of the area. A catena includes several teselas spatially arranged in a mosaic or arranged in belts following to one or more environmental gradients. Geosigmetum or geoseries is the main typological unit of vegetation of the catena. We took into account the disadvantages of these approaches in the development of a proprietary typological scheme. The lack of a rigorous methodology for allocation and identifying territorial units of vegetation, absence of generally recognized nomenclature, and only intuitive level of allocation of the units themselves are disadvantages of the Russian school. The symphytosociological approach is formal in the scientific terms since it does not take into account the important structural features of the territorial units of vegetation. This approach simplifies their characterization to a list of syntaxa and their combinations and is limited to only two levels of the hierarchy (sigmetum and geosigmetum). The approaches to the typology of territorial units of vegetation, currently used in symphytosociology, are a copy of phytosociological ones. Despite this, the logic of map legend formation differs from the principles of vegetation classification. We propose the types of structures (ecological-genetic series, ecological series, complexes) of the existing communities’ combinations to take as a basis of the typological scheme. They reflect the quintessence of the “ecological basis” of phytocenochore habitats, namely the distribution features, intensity, direction, and the result of the interaction between environmental factors. The unification of territorial units of vegetation is carried out based on real and regularly repeated combinations of higher rank (from micro- to meso- level and so on). This allows us to reflect levels of a hierarchical organization of vegetation in the typology and nomenclature. The vegetation of the Barents sea coastal marches was chosen as a model object due to the well-studied syntaxonomic composition and pronounced spatial patterning. This patterning appears mainly due to the discrete gradation of the prevailing environmental factors: the degree of salinity and moisture of the substrate. Within the framework of the typological scheme, the most general categories of territorial units are identified. They correspond to the basic levels of the hierarchical organization of vegetation cover — division, class, and type, which are highly likely to be common to any mapped territory, regardless of its zonal disposition. For a more complete display of the structure and complexity of the spatial organization of phytocenochores, 3 auxiliary categories were introduced — subclass, group, and subtype. Division — is the highest unit of a typological scheme that combines the territorial units of vegetation of a particular natural area confined to such geomorphologic structures as following: 1) watersheds covering the area between the edge of the slopes of the bed-rock terraces in river valleys; 2) river valleys exposed to the flooding regime, the boundaries of this geomorphologic structures are drawn on the edge of the slope, which separates the valleys from the watershed areas; 3) low marine terraces variably flooded by tidal waters, this geomorphologic structure is limited by the bed-rock terrace slope edge. Class is the subordinated unit within the division. They combine topographically well differed territorial units of vegetation, in which the composition of syntaxa and syntaxon combinations reflect the ecological specificity of simple relief forms of the same origin (i. e. hill, ridge, runoff hollow, lake depression, floodplain, etc.) or their elements (slopes, terraces). Phytocenochores of the class rank are formed by combinations of communities, different in ecology (palsa-bogs, coastal marshes, etc.). This is due to the specific distribution and influence of environmental factors and their combinations within the class. The syntaxonomic composition of communities and their combinations within the class reflects the position of vegetation territorial units in the landscape and their habitats’ ecological distinctiveness. The territorial units of vegetation of the same class within different subzones and geobotanical districts can differ significantly in composition (diagnostic syntaxa and the main elements of their combinations) due to the zonal and regional originality. It is the basis for their allocation to the rank of subclass. Phytocenochores of subclasses are usually not territorially conjugate and belong to different units of geobotanical zoning (subzones, geobotanical districts). The class of territorial units of Barents Sea coastal marshes is divided into salt and brackish marsh subclasses. They belong to different geobotanic districts and are considered as ecological variants of coastal marsh class with a uniqueness of composition of syntaxa and their combinations. Within the class/subclass of vegetation territorial units, phytocenochores of meso- or macro-level are often clearly distinguished, discretely, or continually replacing each other along the gradient of leading environmental factors. They were allocated to the rank of group, each is physiognomically distinct and represented by a continuum or relatively homogeneous mosaic of syntaxa and their combinations. The composition of diagnostic syntaxa and their combinations, reflecting the ecological peculiarity of the habitats of this typological unit and the class (subclass) as a whole, is preserved within the group. Groups are territorially conjugate and represent elements within a uniform ecological or ecological-dynamic series of communities and their combinations. The definition of groups, as well as subclasses, can be problematic because of the complexity of the geomorphological features. This is the reason why this typological unit has an auxiliary character. Type — the basic elementary unit of the typological scheme, displayed mainly on maps of large and medium scales. To distinguish the type two main criteria are being applied as follows: 1) the type of spatial structure, and 2) syntaxonomic composition of the elements of the vegetation territorial unit. As a type the following phytocenochores can be recognized: 1) phytocenoses; 2) simple combinations of the first supraphytocenotic level (ecological-genetic series, ecological series, complexes); 3) complex combinations that include a combination of phytocenochores of the first 2 types. The types represented by heterogeneous territorial units of vegetation include complete combinations of all possible elements of phytocenochores (series, ecological series, etc.) that can occur in the conditions of type habitats. Usually, within the phytocenochores, combinations of communities are represented by the selective set of syntaxa represented in the complete combinations. For a comprehensive inventory of the regional territorial units, diversity, and its reflection on the maps, auxiliary typological unit of subtype rank is introduced, which manifests the internal variability of a certain type and reflects the completeness of the type representation in a particular territory. For the names of typological units of different ranks, it is proposed to use the names of diagnostic syntaxa of association and lower rank, since they most reflect the local and regional originality of the mapping area. The Brown-Blanquet approach to the classification of vegetation, as the methodically most developed among others nowadays, is the basis for the nomenclature of typological units. For the name of typological units, we propose to use the ending “-chorietum”, derived from phytocenochora (coenochora). It reflects the chorological aspect of the unit and intended to be used in the nomenclature for all of the territorial vegetation units categories — of any rank of complexity and to rankless territorial units. The term -chorietum is added to the name of the diagnostic syntaxon. For homogeneous territorial units, we propose to use syntaxon name, since any phytocoenosis is an elementary territorial unit of vegetation of the rank of association and below. For simple combinations (ecological-genetic series, ecological series, complexes), regardless of the number of their forming syntaxa, the names of two syntaxa are used. The ending -chorietum is added to the genus name of the taxon of diagnostic syntaxon. This reflects the first supraphytocoenotic level of the structural organization of the territorial unit of vegetation. If the diagnostic syntaxon has the rank of subassociation or variant, then name of the typological unit uses name of the association with the ending -chorietum, followed by the full name of the subassociation or variant. If the type of territorial units is represented by an incomplete series of syntaxa and is assigned to a subtype, then after the diagnostic syntaxon the ending -subchorietum is used. If the type is represented by a complex combination of phytocoenoses and their combinations, the name of the diagnostic syntaxon with the ending -synchorietum is used. When forming the names of typological units of class and lower rank, add the ending corresponding to their rank to the basis of the genus name of the taxon of the diagnostic association, that is, instead of the -etum ending, we use the ending corresponding to the rank of the territorial unit. If the basis of the genus name ends in a consonant, then we use the connecting vowel (“i” or “o” following to Appendix I of the ICPN). If the name of the rank of the phytocenochore consists of the names of two syntaxa, then the first diagnostic syntaxon is unchanged, and the ending corresponding to the rank is added to the last syntaxon. Examples: for class —-chorietea (Luzulo confusae–Salicichorietea nummulariae), subclass — -subchorietea(Puccinellisubchorietea phryganodis), group — -chorieteum(Caricichorieteum glareosae), type — -chorietum (Callitricho–Ranunculetum trichophylli—Carici rariflorae–Salicichorietum glaucae) and -synchorietum (Caricetum subspathaceae arctanthemetosum hulteni—Potamogetonosynchorietum filiformis), subtype — -subchorietum (Parnassio palustris–Salicetum reptantis—Scirpo–Hippuridosubchorietum tetraphyllae). To name division, which represents the highest rank, the term choriophyta is proposed. The term has been added to the Latin names of the divisions of the tundra zone, for example, watersheds — Tundra divortium choriophyta, river valleys — Tundra vallis choriophyta, low sea terraces — Tundra maritimes choriophyta. To describe and display the spatial structure of phytocenochore types represented by simple and complex combinations, it is proposed to use the set of symbols reflecting the structural features. Using the example of coastal marshes of the Haypudyrskaya Bay of the Barents Sea (Puccinellichorietea phryganodis), a typological scheme of territorial vegetation units was developed. The subclass of salt marshes (Puccinellisubchorietea phryganodis) was taken for a case study. Within the subclass 4 groups of 27 categories were selected to create the geobotanical map (1 : 25 000). Those categories are of the rank of types and subtypes of different complexity levels and 13 homogeneous and 14 heterogeneous are among them. In addition to them, 5 types of phytocenochores that intrude marshes from adjacent divisions have been identified. The application of the typological scheme allows taking into account not only the syntaxonomic composition and predominant combinations but also their patterning and complexity. This will largely reflect the originality of the vegetation of the given area, as well as habitas specificity, geomorphological and ecological features of the territory.

The formation of ice-cored moraines and push moraines is discussed in the light of glacier thermal regime and glacier dynamics. Data from two Svalbard valley glaciers, Erikbreen and Usherbreen are presented. On Erikbreen, fossil forms were investigated, while on Usherbreen a surge ending in 1985 caused the formation of new push-moraine ridges. The push moraines are considered as a soil-mechanical problem. In a theoretical discussion the stress transmitted by the glaciers to the proglacial sediments is estimated. On Usherbreen, the compressive flow results in deformation both in old front ridges and in undisturbed frozen sediment layers in the front sandur. Thus, folding, thrust faulting and overriding all occur. Deformation of proglacial sediments seems to be highly dependent on the mechanical properties of the sediments. The sediments are strongly influenced by permafrost conditions. The unfrozen water content in the sediments governs the deformability, which in turn is partly determined by pore-water salinity. The distribution of push moraines in Svalbard is therefore restricted to areas below the Holocene marine limit, and they occur most frequently in areas of sedimentary bedrock. This study concludes that push moraines and ice-cored moraines require permafrost conditions. Push-moraine ridges are not formed in direct contact with the glacier, so they are geomorphologically not moraines, but deformed permafrost sediments. A model for glacier debris sedimentation and deformation is outlined for Svalbard glaciers ending on land.

The formation of ice-cored moraines and push moraines is discussed in the light of glacier thermal regime and glacier dynamics. Data from two Svalbard valley glaciers, Erikbreen and Usherbreen are presented. On Erikbreen, fossil forms were investigated, while on Usherbreen a surge ending in 1985 caused the formation of new push-moraine ridges. The push moraines are considered as a soil-mechanical problem. In a theoretical discussion the stress transmitted by the glaciers to the proglacial sediments is estimated. On Usherbreen, the compressive flow results in deformation both in old front ridges and in undisturbed frozen sediment layers in the front sandur. Thus, folding, thrust faulting and overriding all occur. Deformation of proglacial sediments seems to be highly dependent on the mechanical properties of the sediments. The sediments are strongly influenced by permafrost conditions. The unfrozen water content in the sediments governs the deformability, which in turn is partly determined by pore-water salinity. The distribution of push moraines in Svalbard is therefore restricted to areas below the Holocene marine limit, and they occur most frequently in areas of sedimentary bedrock. This study concludes that push moraines and ice-cored moraines require permafrost conditions. Push-moraine ridges are not formed in direct contact with the glacier, so they are geomorphologically not moraines, but deformed permafrost sediments. A model for glacier debris sedimentation and deformation is outlined for Svalbard glaciers ending on land.

This article tells a dialogical story and describes a process of mutual learning and embodiment over the course of a long therapeutic relationship. The article maps the development of relationship, between my inner voices, my supervisors and those of my client, where stories of self and other are articulated, elaborated and externalised using the metaphor of a "bundle of treasures". A self-reflexive process of personal and professional mapping, using the hierarchical model of the Coordinated Management of Meaning, is described. In a recursive and isomorphic process, supervisory and therapeutic conversations further elaborate these stories, and through joint action, enable the creation of a liminal, reflexive space, a Fifth Province position, a cauldron of creativity where practice-based theory can develop. This process will be illustrated as it arises in the story of relationship and the process of therapy, so this narrative invites the reader to become an active participant in a never-ending process where theory becomes a live metaphor in the quest for being human

Most of matching or verification phases of fingerprint systems use minutiae types and orientation angle to find matched minutiae pairs from the input and template fingerprints. Unfortunately, due to some non-linear distortions, like excessive pressure and fingers twisting during enrollment, this process can cause the minutiae features to be distorted from the original. The authors are then interested in a fingerprint matching method using contactless images for fingerprint verification. After features extraction, they compute Euclidean distances between template minutiae (bifurcation and ending points) and input image minutiae. They compute then after bifurcation ridges orientation angles and ending point orientations. In the decision stage, they analyze the similarity between templates. The proposed algorithm has been tested on a set of 420 fingerprint images. The verification accuracy is found to be acceptable and the experimental results are promising.

During a survey of freshwater diatoms from streams in the west region of the Tianmu Mountains, Zhejiang Province, China, a new Oricymba species, Oricymba tianmuensis sp. nov. has been recorded. A detailed morphology description of O. tianmuensis is presented, based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Oricymba tianmuensis sp. nov. is characterized by a ridge along the valve face typical of the genus, as well as a linear-lanceolate, symmetrical or slightly dorsiventral outline with a gibbous central portion gradually tapering or nearly paralleling towards the bluntly cuneate poles, a distinct rhombic-lanceolate asymmetric central area with a distinct stigma on the ventral side of the central nodule, a slightly lateral raphe with widened proximal endings and strongly deflected distal endings, and weakly radiate striae. Morphological features of the taxon are compared with similar species, and the biogeography of the genus is summarized.

A fingerprint is a unique time-invariant attribute of an individual and is the most frequent physical evidence used to identify a suspect in a criminal investigation. An image of the fingerprint left on a surface by the transfer of material between the fingertip and the surface can establish contact between the individual and an object (e.g. weapon) or a fixed location (crime scene). In practice, most marks are so-called latent (non-visible) fingermarks that require chemical treatment to generate a visible image. This presentation describes the contribution of electron transfer reactions (redox processes) to this endeavor and reveals the variety of reaction type, reagent materials, and substrate surfaces. The key to a successful fingermark reagent is the facility to deliver it with high spatial selectivity to either the deposited residue (representing ridges on the finger) or the bare substrate (representing furrows on the finger), such that there is visual contrast between the ridge and furrow areas. The lateral (horizontal) patterning of so-called second level features (such as ridge endings, crossovers and bifurcations) is the basis of the identification. Superficially, the distance scale is macroscopic (ridge width ca. 100 mm), but the aspiration of a suitably sharp image involves so-called third level detail at the mesoscopic level (ridge edge shape resolution ca. 1 mm). However, this lateral image quality requires vertical control of reagent deposition at the nanoscale. Here we explore how latent fingermark visualization can be accomplished by controlled molecular mechanisms involving metallic and polymeric materials. Two established (but previously poorly mechanistically understood) metal deposition processes are physical developer (PD) and multi-metal deposition (MMD). PD involves redox generation of silver nanoparticles that deposit selectively on fingermark residue on paper substrates (e.g., documents, correspondence, paper currency). We show how mechanistic understanding [1] of a recent PD re-formulation [2] has been used to overcome the environmental outlawing of a critical surfactant in the classical process, revealing latent marks up to a century after deposition. MMD is a more sophisticated variant, in which gold nanoparticles are pre-deposited on the residue and act as nucleation sites for silver deposition to reveal marks on thin plastic films (e.g., drugs and explosives wrappings). We show how the kinetics of redox-driven silver deposition on ridge vs furrow regions define image contrast. In a complementary strategy, we use the fingerprint residue as a template (“mask”) to direct electrochemically generated reagent to the bare surface between the deposited ridges, creating a negative image of the fingerprint. When the surface is a reactive metal (Cu or Fe), a more noble metal (Ag) can oxidize exposed substrate atoms. The electron transfer process results in solution oxidant (here, Ag) being reduced to elemental metal that deposits on the surface and dissolution of an equivalent amount of substrate. Complexing agents influence both reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. Optical and SEM imaging and EDAX surface analysis reveal high quality images with clear third level detail. When the surface is an inert metal, exemplified by stainless steel (forensically relevant to knife crime), the above galvanic exchange cannot take place. In this instance, electrochemically driven oxidation of aromatic monomers creates negative images of latent marks via polyaniline [3], PEDOT [4] or poly(pyrrole-co-EDOT) [5] films. We show how these electrochromic systems offer the prospect of optimization of visual contrast via light absorption. More recently, we have explored the prospect of incorporating fluorescent dyes (Methyl Red, Methyl Orange, Indigo Carmine, Basic Yellow 40) in the polymer films, using functionalization, ion-exchange and physical encapsulation strategies [6]. We discuss the practicalities and prospects for technology transfer of these approaches to the practitioner environment; even for the nominally established PD and MMD processes, this is not trivial. Positive outcomes lie at the core of collaborative expertise provided by practitioners, researchers, regulatory authorities and investigators. We discuss how this can be realized through engagement of these parties and researcher use of the image capture and enhancement technologies used by practitioners. References [1] J.L. Coulston, V.G. Sears, S. Bleay, A.R. Hillman, For. Sci. Intnl., 2022, 333, 111195. [2] A. Thomas-Wilson, Z.Y. Guo, R. Luck, L.J. Hussey, M. Harmsworth, J.L. Coulston, A.R. Hillman, V.G. Sears, For. Sci. Intnl., 2021, 323, 110786. [3] A.R. Hillman, and A. Beresford, Anal. Chem., 2010, 82, 483. [4] R.M. Brown and A.R. Hillman, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14, 8653. [5] R.M. Sapstead, N. Corden, A.R. Hillman, Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 162, 119. [6] A.R. Hillman, H. Lane, K. Skidmore, M. Ula, A. Ribeiro, A.M. Lima de Assis, 241st ECS Meeting, 2022, Abstr. MA2022-01 1910.

AbstractThe fungiform papilla (FP) is a gustatory and somatosensory structure incorporating chorda tympani (CT) nerve fibers that innervate taste buds (TB) and also contain somatosensory endings for touch and temperature. Hedgehog (HH) pathway inhibition eliminates TB, but CT innervation remains in the FP. Importantly, after HH inhibition, CT neurophysiological responses to taste stimuli are eliminated, but tactile responses remain. To examine CT fibers that respond to tactile stimuli in the absence of TB, we used Phox2b-Cre; Rosa26LSL−TdTomato reporter mice to selectively label CT fibers with TdTomato. Normally CT fibers project in a compact bundle directly into TB, but after HH pathway inhibition, CT fibers reorganize and expand just under the FP epithelium where TB were. This widened expanse of CT fibers coexpresses Synapsin-1, β-tubulin, S100, and neurofilaments. Further, GAP43 expression in these fibers suggests they are actively remodeling. Interestingly, CT fibers have complex terminals within the apical FP epithelium and in perigemmal locations in the FP apex. These extragemmal fibers remain after HH pathway inhibition. To identify tactile end organs in FP, we used a K20 antibody to label Merkel cells. In control mice, K20 was expressed in TB cells and at the base of epithelial ridges outside of FP. After HH pathway inhibition, K20 + cells remained in epithelial ridges but were eliminated in the apical FP without TB. These data suggest that the complex, extragemmal nerve endings within and disbursed under the apical FP are the mechanosensitive nerve endings of the CT that remain after HH pathway inhibition.

Abstract - This paper explores a non-invasive and intelligent technique for predicting an individual's blood group using fingerprint patterns. Based on dermatoglyphic correlations with the ABO and Rh blood group systems, the method utilizes uploaded fingerprint images, which are processed through image enhancement and machine learning models. The system analyzes fingerprint features such as ridge endings and bifurcations to classify blood groups. This approach aims to enhance healthcare diagnostics, emergency response, and forensic identification through rapid, cost-effective blood group detection. Additionally, this study highlights the increasing demand for biometric-based health solutions, especially in rural or resource-limited settings. The broader implications of this research extend into forensic science, personalized healthcare, and secure identification systems.10.55041/IJSREM46239

Abstract: In the Field of Software Engineering, Gaming is the fastest growing field and even more rapidly growing sector of game development the coming years are difficult to predict. Survival horror video games (SHVGs) are among the fastest-growing genres for independent video game developers. With horrific cinematic elements and fear-inducing characteristics, survival horror video games create a terrifying experience for users within a virtual environment. There are various game engines where we are able to create such amazing games such as in Unity3d, Unreal Engine, Game Maker, Godot, and more provide access to the identical technologies and tools available to large game developers. Unity3D Game Engine is an integrated development tool which is used to create interactive contents like video games, architectural visualization and real-time 3D animations. This paper studies about the Horror Survival game ‘RIDE OUT’ which we attempt to build for people to experience the horror and thrill within the virtual environment and hence the way it’s designed with horrific cinematic elements and fear-inducing characteristics. For the survival horror game, the plan goes: everything from building a scene and lighting, ending with battle mechanics and the design of game menus, create graphical effects, control the physical behavior of objects or even implement a custom AI system for characters in the game and much more. Keywords: survival horror video game, game development, AI, fear, game design, gameplay.

Ride-sharing (RS) plays an important role in saving energy and alleviating traffic pressure. The vehicles in the demand-responsive feeder transit services (DRT) are generally not ride-sharing cars. Therefore, we proposed an optimal DRT model based on the ride-sharing car, which aimed at assigning a set of vehicles, starting at origin locations and ending at destination locations with their service time windows, to transport passengers of all demand points to the transportation hub (i.e., railway, metro, airport, etc.). The proposed model offered an integrated operation of pedestrian guidance (from unvisited demand points to visited ones) and transit routing (from visited ones to the transportation hub). The objective was to simultaneously minimize weighted passenger walking and riding time. A two-stage heuristic algorithm based on a genetic algorithm (GA) was adopted to solve the problem. The methodology was tested with a case study in Chongqing City, China. The results showed that the model could select optimal pick-up locations and also determine the best pedestrian and route plan. Validation and analysis were also carried out to assess the effect of maximum walking distance and the number of share cars on the model performance, and the difference in quality between the heuristic and optimal solution was also compared.

AbstractA new species of the genus Cephalobus is described from natural areas in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. Cephalobus harpagonis sp. n. is characterised by female body length of 0.38-0.47 mm, lips amalgamated in pairs, labial probolae present as low ridges connecting tips of adjacent lips, ovary lacking flexures, spermatheca 11-12 μm long, postuterine sac very short (0.3-0.4 times corresponding body diam.), female tail conical or subcylindrical (22-31 μm, c = 13.2-17.1, c′ = 1.7-2.5) and ending in a tuberculate, often harpoon-like, mucro. Descriptions, measurements and illustrations, including SEM photographs, are also provided for C. persegnis and C. troglophilus from Spain. An identification key to Cephalobus species and a compendium of their measurements are also provided.

Current Ediacaran–Cambrian, paleogeographic reconstructions place Avalonia, Carolinia and Ganderia (Greater Avalonia) at high paleolatitudes off northwestern Gondwana (NW Africa and/or Amazonia), and locate NW Gondwana at either high or low paleolatitudes. All of these reconstructions are incompatible with 550 Ma Avalonian paleomagnetic data, which indicate a paleolatitude of 20–30ºS for Greater Avalonia and oriented with the present-day southeast margin on the northwest side. Ediacaran, Cambrian and Early Ordovician fauna in Avalonia are mainly endemic, which suggests that Greater Avalonia was an island microcontinent. Except for the degree of Ediacaran deformation, the Neoproterozoic geological records of mildly deformed Greater Avalonia and the intensely deformed Bolshezemel block in the Timanian orogen into eastern Baltica raise the possibility that they were originally along strike from one another, passing from an island microcontinent to an arc-continent collisional zone, respectively. Such a location and orientation is consistent with: (i) Ediacaran (580–550 Ma) ridge-trench collision leading to transform motion along the backarc basin; (ii) the reversed, ocean-to-continent polarity of the Ediacaran cratonic island arc recorded in Greater Avalonia; (iii) derivation of 1–2 Ga and 760–590 Ma detrital zircon grains in Greater Avalonia from Baltica and the Bolshezemel block (NE Timanides); and (iv) the similarity of 840–1760 Ma TDM model ages from detrital zircon in pre-Uralian–Timanian and Nd model ages from Greater Avalonia. During the Cambrian, Greater Avalonia rotated 150º counterclockwise ending up off northwestern Gondwana by the beginning of the Ordovician, after which it migrated orthogonally across Iapetus to amalgamate with eastern Laurentia by the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian. SOMMAIRELes reconstitutions paléogéographiques courantes de l’Édiacarien-Cambrien placent l’Avalonie ,la Carolinia et la Ganderia (Grande Avalonie) à de hautes paléolatitudes au nord-ouest du Gondwana (N-O de l'Afrique et/ou de l'Amazonie), et placent le N-O du Gondwana à de hautes ou de basses paléolatitudes. Toutes ces reconstitutions sont incompatibles avec des données avaloniennes de 550 Ma, lesquelles indiquent une paléolatitude de 20-30º S pour la Grande Avalonie et orientée à la marge sud-est d’aujourd'hui sur le côté nord-ouest. Les faunes édicacariennes, cambriennes et de l'Ordovicien précoce dans l’Avalonie sont principalement endémiques, ce qui permet de penser que la Grande Avalonie était une île de microcontinent. Sauf pour le degré de déformation édiacarienne, les registres géologiques néoprotérozoïques d’une Grande Avalonie légèrement déformée et ceux du bloc intensément déformé de Bolshezemel dans l'orogène Timanian dans l’est de la Baltica soulèvent la possibilité qu'ils aient été à l'origine de même direction, passant d'une île de microcontinent à une zone de collision d’arc continental, respectivement. Un tel emplacement et une telle orientation sont compatibles avec: (i) un contexte de collision crête-fosse à l’Édiacarien (580-550 Ma) se changeant en un mouvement de transformation le long du bassin d’arrière-arc; (ii) l’inversion de polarité de marine à continentale, de l’arc insulaire cratonique édicarien observé dans la Grande Avalonie; (iii) la présence de grains de zircons détritiques de 1 à 2 Ga et 760-590 Ma de la Grande Avalonie issus de la Baltica et du bloc Bolshezemel (N-E des Timanides); et (iv) la similarité des âges modèles de 840-1760 Ma TDM de zircons détritiques pré-ourallien-timanien, et des âges modèles Nd de la Grande Avalonie. Durant le Cambrien, la Grande Avalonie a pivoté de 150° dans le sens antihoraire pour se retrouver au nord-ouest du Gondwana au début de l'Ordovicien, après quoi elle a migré orthogonalement à travers l’océan Iapetus pour s’amalgamer à la bordure est de la Laurentie à la fin de l’Ordovicien-début du Silurien.

Based on the material from the Russian commercial written records of the XVI-XVII centuries, this article examines semantic and derivational features of the vocabulary of the yamskoy [coachman’s] and izvoznyi [cabman’s] carrier’s trade. In terms of content, the words of these two professional spheres have much in common since the main occupation of yamshchiki [coachmen] and izvozchiki [cabmen] was transportation of people or goods by horse; here are used the names of characters, vehicles, travel modes, types of transported objects. The history of fixing of the words yamshchik [coachman] and izvozchik [cabman] in the Russian language reflects the universal pattern of changing the names of persons ending in -nik by the nouns ending in -shchik /chik ( yamnik - yamshchik [coachman], izvoznik - izvozchik [cabman]). At the same time, the categorical difference in the original names that were at the beginning of the word-formation chains caused a difference in the semantic development of the names of doers: in one case, this is a spatial nomination of yama [Russian word for a ‘pit’] denoting a "station on the road" (> yamchi, yamskoy > yamshchik [coachman]); in another one it is a designation of a movement in space izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry’] (> izvoz > izvozchik [cabman]). In this regard, the names of persons right from the beginning differed in their conceptual representations of the doers: yamshchik [coachman] is the one who moves along the road, and izvozchik [cabman] is the one who “carries” something both on land and on water (like a carrier). Different communicative spheres of yamskoy [coachman’s] (gonny [riding fast] ) and izvozny [cabman’s] carrier’s trade gave birth to specific names of transportation: gon’ba [fast ride] and izvoz [carriage], which had clear internal forms: the first one was motivated by the verb gonyati [Russian obsolete word for ‘to ride fast", and the second one - by the verb izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry outwards’] (cargo, goods).

The growth of user contribution as a form of interaction within online documentary projects is causing a shift in the way screen-based documentary is conceived. Viewers become participants, taking on greater agency in forming the experience of the work as they engage by contributing personal responses to the exploration of a subject. Rather than being fixed works with definite beginnings and endings, these online collaborative documentaries operate as portals, encouraging communities to gather around themes, events or areas of interest. While the diversity of contributions promises rich conceptual renderings, a significant challenge lies in the question of how to create a coherent media entity out of aggregated content that may be contradictory, complex and constantly changing. The online storytelling platform Cowbird establishes a social media space that engages a range of aesthetic, structural and organisational techniques to facilitate the sequenciation of diverse sources into multi-vocal chronicles of experience. Cowbird initiatives, such as the Pine Ridge Community Storytelling Project, where individual accounts of life on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota were published as a mosaic collection alongside a feature article about the reservation in National Geographic magazine, suggest alternative modes of exchange between old and new media. This article examines the visual, structural and interaction design of Cowbird to explore how this complex and changeful format works to stimulate poetic and affective webs of connection. It is my contention that the system of multilinear engagement employed on Cowbird enables an emergent approach to documentary that can accommodate a nuanced and shifting range of individual responses.

The sensory corpuscles of Testudo horsfieldii in the skin of the upper lip and face were studied with light and electron microscopy. The sensory corpuscles were situated under epidermis; in the corium and also between the upper jaw bone tissues in the rostral part of oral cavity. The skin sensory corpuscles with a ramified inner core were grouped in clusters. Within the corpuscle there were several simple inner cores embedded within a common superficial capsule. The complex corpuscles have a novel structure in comparison to what has been described for sensory nerve endings in turtle. The complex sensory corpuscles probably function as mechanoreceptors important for monitoring the movement of the keratinized ridges and the most rostral part of the upper jaw, the rhamphotheci.

Fingerprint evidence found at crime scenes provides vital impressions left when these skin secretions touch surfaces clues in serial criminal investigations. A fingerprint identification system employing deep machine learning and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) could automate the analysis process. Images obtained from various physical and chemical crime scene investiga2tion techniques are entered into the database. However, partial latent prints lifted from scenes are often difficult to classify. The system operates in three phases: preprocessing fingerprint images, feature extraction, and matching. Preprocessing enhances image quality before feature extraction identifies distinctive minutiae points - ridge endings and bifurcations. False minutiae removal further refines the data. The preprocessed fingerprint data serves as input to train and test the CNN model. As the system persist due to the immutable individuality of fingerprint ridge arrangements [5]. While criminals attempt concealment, fingerprint traces stubbornly remain where other evidence would dissipate [6]. Without these durable biometric markers, crime scenes would often lack the critical traces needed to connect acts to perpetrators [7]. Latent prints lifted from crime scenes first undergo photographic documentation and chemical enhancement techniques in order to visualize trace details [8]. Computer analysis then further improves clarity, isolating minute identifying features known as minutiae [9]. Algorithmic extraction of differentiating traits classifies new latent prints, it continuously incorporates the prints enables training of automated comparison systems using along with confirmed suspect identity matches to improve accuracy. Automated classification and matching facilitate identification. The approach scales as the database grows in size without proportionate growth in human effort. Rapid fingerprint evidence analysis accelerates investigations, potentially solving more crimes by linking serial cases through a central digital repository. I aimed to restate the key technical ideas and flow using alternative vocabulary and phrasing while preserving semantic meaning. Please let me know if you need any clarification or have additional requirements for rephrasing the passage.