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1
Mulat Getaneh Melesse, Awoke Ali Zeleke, and Birhanu Habtie Zegeye. "The effect of types of bed and inter-row spacing on yield and quality of onion at Fogera district of South Gondar zone, Ethiopia." Global Journal of Research in Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (2022): 030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.58175/gjrms.2022.1.1.0027.
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Farmers in South Gondar zone were using broadcast transplanting in flatbeds with border ridges to produce onion in the dry season. On the other hand, the research recommendation is to transplant onion seedling in furrow and ridge with double row plantings of 40 cm x 20 cm inter row spacing. This study was therefore initiated to demonstrate to farmers different planting techniques and eventually to observe yield and quality advantages of onion production using furrow and ridge in double rows and flatbed planting methods with various inter row spacing. Thirteen treatments including furrow and ridge planting techniques in double rows (standard check) and flatbeds planting with broadcasting (farmers’ traditional practice) were compared in RCBD with three replications. The result revealed that number of leaves, plant neck diameter, bulb length, bulb diameter; marketable bulb yield, unmarketable bulb yield and total bulb yield were significantly affected by planting techniques. Furrow and ridge planting technique in double rows (standard check) with inter row spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm gave the highest bulb yield (25.88 t/ha), followed by 30 cm x 20 cm (24.32 t/ha) as compared to broadcast transplanting in flatbeds with boarder ridges (farmers’ traditional practice) (18.42 t/ha). It is therefore confirmed that high bulb yield and superior quality was produced from furrow and ridge method in double rows with inter row spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm. Further advice to farmers and large scale demonstration of this practice is thus essential to persuade farmers to enhance shifting from traditional to research recommended planting practice.
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Hulugalle, N. R., and M. S. Rodriguez. "Soil Physical Properties of Tied Ridges in the Sudan Savannah of Burkina Faso." Experimental Agriculture 24, no. 3 (1988): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700016239.
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SUMMARYThe soil physical properties of tied ridges were measured in a trial, established in 1983, comparing three treatments: handhoe cultivation and planting on the flat; planting directly without any cultivation on tied ridges constructed the previous year; and handhoe cultivation and remoulding of tied ridges constructed the previous year. Two maize varieties and two management levels were used. The soil properties monitored were particle size distribution, penetro-meter resistance in the surface 20 mm, bulk density, water infiltration, soil water retention and soil temperature.Soil physical properties were affected mainly by the type of seedbed. Clay content in the surface 0.05 m was greater with tied ridging, with that in the furrows being higher than that in the ridge slopes. Daily maximum soil temperature was greatest in the flat planted plots and in the ridge slopes of the tied ridged plots. Penetrometer resistance at a soil water content of 0.05 kg kg−1 was greater in the tied ridged plots. Cumulative infiltration after 2 h was greatest with flat planting. The bulk density of ridge slopes in tied ridged plots was less than that in the furrows and in the flat planted plots. Soil water retention was greatest in the furrows of the tied ridged plots. Clay content was the major factor determining all the soil physical properties measured.
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Sibhatu, Berhane, Hayelom Berhe, Gebremeskel Gebrekorkos, and Kasaye Abera. "Effect of Tied Ridging and Fertilizer on the Productivity of Sorghum [Sorghum Bicolor (L.)Moench] at Raya Valley, Northern Ethiopia." Current Agriculture Research Journal 5, no. 3 (2017): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.5.3.20.
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Water deficit and poor fertility of soil are among the main constraints to sustain production of sorghum in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Thus, one experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate tied-ridging practice and planting method that maximizes sorghum productivity under rainfed conditions. It was carried out in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. Treatments comprised flatbed planting as control; open tied ridge, furrow planting; open tied ridge, planting on ridges; closed tied ridge, furrow planting; and closed tied ridge, planting on ridges were tested separately under fertilized and unfertilized conditions. These treatments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. According to the current result, days to heading, plant height and panicle length were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced while grain and biomass yields were significantly influenced in both fertilized and unfertilized conditions. Accordingly, the maximum grain yield (3226.70 - 4621.00 kg ha-1) under fertilized and (2678.00 - 4318.80 kg ha-1) unfertilized conditions was obtained from closed tied ridge with planting in furrow. Moreover, the highest biomass yield (6844.40 - 11471.00 kg ha-1) was produced from closed tied ridge integrated with fertilizer in furrow planting. On the other hand, the minimum average yields were obtained from flat planting (farmers' practice) with and without fertilizer. It is concluded that closed tied ridge with planting in furrow can be recommended for sorghum growers in Raya Valley areas and other places with similar agro-ecologies to enhance sorghum yield.
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Erdemci, İrfan, Medeni Yaşar, and Murat Koç. "Effects of conventional and ridge planting methods at different plant densities on yield and yield components in chickpea." Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 62, no. 1 (2025): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1491122.
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Objective: This study was carried out to determine the applicability of the ridge sowing method and the appropriate sowing density for chickpeas on existing ridges after cotton under rain-dependent conditions. Material and Methods: The trials were carried out at split randomized block design with three replications. Two planting methods (ridge planting and conventional planting), and five planting density (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 seed per square meter) were discussed as application issues. Results: It was determined that ridge planting method was better than conventional planting method in terms of investigated characters as days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, first pod height, primary branches plant-1 and anthracnose disease value in the study. It was seen that seed yields were affected less from environmental climate changes for ridge planting method, and anthracnose disease value occurred at lower ratio compared to conventional planting. It was determined that the convenient planting density of chickpea was 40 seed per square meter for conventional planting and 45 seed for ridge planting in the economic analysis. Conclusion: The average yield of the conventional planting method after cotton using the appropriate planting density (2081.7 kg ha-1) was found to be 6.2% higher than the yield of the ridge planting method (1960.0 kg ha-1). However, in the economic analysis, it was determined that ridge planting was 9.2% more profitable than the conventional planting method in terms of net income.
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PK Sahoo and AP Srivastava. "Development and performance evaluation of okra planter." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 37, no. 02 (2000): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2000372.0923.
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A three-row ridger planter was developed for planting soaked okra seed on the ridges. The seed metering mechanism in the planter is of inclined plate type. Power is transmitted from ground wheel to metering system through chain and sprokets. The machine has four ridger bottoms with runner type furrow opener for making ridges. The seed is placed in these ridges at desired depth. The ridge size and depth of placement of seed are adjustable. The implement is operated by a 35 hp tractor. During evaluation the field capacity of the machine was found to be 0.2 ha/h with an average operating speed of2.27 kmph. The field efficiency of the planter was found to be 66.5 per cent. There was a saving of 77 man hours per hectare by planting okra seed with planter as compared to making ridges with tractor drawn ridgers followed by manual planting. The cost of operation was found to be Rs. 810/- per hectare and a saving of 76% over manual planting was recorded. The crop parameters and yield were comparable in case of machine planting and manual planting.
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AMIT PAINYULI, M.S. PAL, AMIT BHATNAGAR, and A.S. BISHT. "Effect of planting techniques and irrigation scheduling on productivity and water use efficiency of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata)." Indian Journal of Agronomy 58, no. 3 (2001): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v58i3.4197.
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A field experiment was conducted at Pantnagar in spring of 2009 and 2010 to study the response of planting techniques and irrigation schedules on productivity and profitability of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata). The ex- periment consisted of three planting techniques viz. flat planting, flat planting followed by earthing up at 25 days after sowing and ridge planting, and four irrigation schedules i.e. irrigation at 50, 75 and 100 mm CPE and crop critical growth stages (knee high, tasseling, silking and grain filling ) was laid out at factorial randomized block de- sign with three replications. The pooled results revealed that the increase in green cobs and fodder yields was 5.1 and 15.2% and 5.0 and 12.6% on ridge planted over flat + earthing up and flat planted sweet corn, respectively. Similarly ridge planting was found superior with highest water use efficiency and net profit. Among the irrigation schedules, irrigation at 75 mm CPE gave 5.9, 10.7 and 13.9% higher green cobs than irrigation scheduled at 50 mm CPE and 100 mm CPE and critical growth stages, respectively. Besides, ridge planting with irrigation sched- uled at 75 mm CPE had the highest water use efficiency and net profit. It is therefore concluded that spring sweet corn may be planted on ridges and irrigation be scheduled at 75 mm CPE for higher productivity, profitability and water use efficiency.
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T., Prajwala, P. C. Haldavanekar, Y. R. Parulekar, V. A. Rajemahadik, and N. V. Dalvi. "Effect of Different Planting Material and Methods of Planting on Growth and Yield of Indian Spinach (Basella rubra L.)." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 4 (2024): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2024/v17i4541.
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In recent years, the demand and the awareness for underexploited vegetables and their nutritional importance is increasing. Hence, with a view to stimulate the production of Indian spinach, a field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra in 2023-2024. The eight treatment combinations comprising two different planting materials seedlings (P1) and rooted cuttings (P2) with four various methods of planting viz., flat bed (M1), raised bed (M2), ridges and furrows (M3) and broad ridge (M4) were tested under Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The seedling recorded comparatively maximum stem diameter (12.71mm), number of leaves (68.58) and number of branches per plant (9.08) as compared to rooted cuttings. Similar results were also recorded for yield related attributes. Among the yield attributes maximum herbage yield per plant (247.73g) and total herbage yield per plot (14.86 kg) recorded with seedling. Among methods of planting broad ridge planting recorded significantly highest stem diameter (12.78mm), numbers of leaves (72.83) and number of branches (9.10). Yield parameters viz. total herbage yield per plant (273.03 g) and herbage yield per plot (16.75 kg) was significantly higher with broad ridge planting as compared to flat bed method. Hence, Indian spinach (Basella rubra L.) grown by the seedlings on broad ridges (P1M4) showed better performance with regards to growth and yield attributing parameters especially in areas with high rainfall.
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Ahmad, Iftikhar, Muhammad Behzad Rafiq, Awais Ahmad, Muhammad Qasim, and Bilal Abdullah. "Optimal planting systems for cut gladiolus and stock production." Ornamental Horticulture 23, no. 3 (2017): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i3.1107.
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A study was conducted to elucidate the effect of different planting systems, videlicet (viz.) flat, ridge, and raised bed system on growth, yield and quality of gladiolus and stock. Corms of ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘White Prosperity’ gladiolus and seedlings of ‘Cheerful White’, ‘Lucinda Dark Rose Double’ and ‘Lucinda Dark Rose Single’ stock were planted on different planting systems in individual experiments for each species. Gladiolus had similar good quality production irrespective of planting systems with numerical superiority of ridge planting, which produced longer stems with higher stem fresh weight, but delayed corm sprouting by ca. 1 d compared to raised bed or flat planting system. Among cultivars, ‘Rose Supreme’ produced higher number of florets per spike, taller stems with longer spikes, higher fresh weight of stems and higher number of cormels than ‘White Prosperity’. Stock plants grown on flat beds produced stems with greater stem length, leaf area and fresh weight of stems compared to ridge or raised bed planting systems. Plants grown on ridges produced the highest stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, total leaf chlorophyll contents, and number of flowers per spike. ‘Cheerful White’ and ‘Lucinda Dark Rose Double’ performed best by producing good quality stems in shorter period compared to ‘Lucinda Dark Rose Single’. In summary, gladiolus should be grown on ridges, while stock may be planted on flat beds for higher yields of better quality flowers.
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Hussain, Imtiaz, Akhter Ali, Ansaar Ahmed, et al. "Impact of Ridge-Furrow Planting in Pakistan: Empirical Evidence from the Farmers Field." International Journal of Agronomy 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3798037.
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Wheat is planted through the broadcast method on 7.8 million ha and irrigated through low-efficiency flood basin irrigation methods. With decreased water availability, there is a need to adopt water use efficient planting techniques. The current paper uses two-year trials data set as well as farmer survey data to demonstrate benefits of ridge-furrow planting wheat and farmer perception regarding the technology in Pakistan. During 2014–15 and 2015–16, ridge-furrow planting of wheat was compared with farmer practice of planting on flat surface through broadcasting at 162 sites located in 15 districts of Pakistan. In a survey, 134 farmers shared their experiences about ridge-furrow planting. Data collected from field trials and demonstrations showed that better tillering and crop growth contributed towards 12% higher wheat grain yield with ridge-furrow planting in comparison with the farmer practice of flat planting in all 15 districts during both years. Furrow-irrigated ridge planting of wheat helped farmers in saving of 30–35% water in comparison with farmer practice. Farmers adopting ridge-furrow wheat planting earned USD 100.63 per hectare more profit than nonadopter farmers. Adoption of this technology on one million hectare can help in saving 1 million acre foot of water and produce additional 0.36 million tons of wheat per year.
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Zheng, Ruyue, Junwei Tan, Zailin Huo, and Guanhua Huang. "Effects of Ridge Planting on the Distribution of Soil Water-Salt-Nitrogen, Crop Growth, and Water Use Efficiency of Processing Tomatoes Under Different Irrigation Amounts." Water 17, no. 12 (2025): 1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121738.
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Ridge tillage practice can enhance water storage capacity and crop production, but its integrated effects with different irrigation amounts and mechanisms to regulate crop growth remain little known. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the integrated impacts of irrigation and tillage practices on soil environment, crop growth, and water productivity of processing tomatoes. Three irrigation levels (full irrigation, mild water deficit, and moderate water deficit) and two tillage practices (ridge planting and flat planting) were considered in the treatments. Results indicated that ridge planting increased soil water, nitrogen, and salt content in the 0–30 cm soil layer compared to flat planting. However, the substantial increase in soil water content induced a dilution effect on salinity, which enhanced crop growth and yield production under different irrigation levels. Ridge planting improved the leaf area index (LAI), total yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) by 26.55~68.25%, 49.45~122.50%, and 54.19~124.15%, respectively. The highest total yield was achieved under ridge planting combined with mild water deficit conditions, whereas the lowest was recorded under flat planting with moderate water deficit. These findings suggest that ridge cropping optimizes the redistribution of water, nitrogen, and salt in the soil, which improves crop growth and yield. Overall, ridge planting represents a viable strategy for improving soil fertility and yield production, and promoting efficient resource utilization, particularly in water-limited regions.
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Sako, J., and E. Laurinen. "APPLE TREES IN RIDGE PLANTING." Acta Horticulturae, no. 160 (February 1986): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.160.30.
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Li, Yaofa, Jingjie An, Jianglong Guo, Zhihong Dang, and Zhanlin Gao. "Ridge planting increases the rhizosphere microbiome diversity and improves the yield of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit in North China." PLOS ONE 19, no. 9 (2024): e0304898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304898.
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Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit is an important traditional Chinese medicine. In North China, conventional flat planting of P. ternate is prone to root rot during the rainy season, leading to severe yield loss. Variations in planting patterns (e.g., ridge planting) can effectively alleviate this situation. However, the relationship between planting patterns and the changes induced by rhizosphere microbiome still needs to be determined. In this study, we clarified the effect of ridge planting on the yield of P. ternata and rhizosphere microbial community using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA. Field experiments showed that ridge planting could increase the yield of P. ternata by 72.69% compared with flat planting. The high-throughput sequencing results demonstrated that fungal and bacterial communities in rhizosphere siols of flat and ridge planting showed obvious difference in diversity, structure, relative abundance, and community composition. The fungal phyla Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota, and the bacterial phyla Chlamydiae, Tenericutes, and Hydrogenedentes were present in a higher relative abundance in the rhizosphere of ridge planting. Adonis multivariate analysis of variance results showed that 29 bacterial genera were significantly up/down-regulated, and only 4 fungal genera were changed considerably in ridge planting soil, indicating that the bacterial community composition varied significantly between the two treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that the yield of P. ternata was positively correlated with fungal genera Emericellopsis while negatively correlated with bacterial genera Acetobacter, Iamia, and fungal genera Thielavia. Overall, this study showed that ridge cropping significantly impacts the diversity and composition of the rhizosphere microbiome. It creates an environment favorable for crop growth and can be an effective planting strategy for P. ternata in areas with irrigation and high monsoon rainfall in North China.
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Manjeet Singh, T. S. Dhillon, I. S. Hundal, G. S. Manes, and Karun Sharma. "Mechanized Planting of Carrot Seeds on Beds." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 54, no. 4 (2024): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2017544.1640.
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Tractor operated inclined plate bed planter with total width of 2300 mm was used to plant carrot seed. Field trials on sowing of carrot seed were conducted using broadcasting, ridge and mechanical bed planting methods. Field capacity of mechanical method of planting was higher (0.5 ha.h-1) as compared to 0.25 ha.h-1 and 0.02 ha.h-1 with the broadcasting and ridge methods, respectively. Seed rate requirement using machine was 6.9 kg.ha-1 as compared to 18.75 kg.ha-1 with broadcasting. The plant population of mechanical planting was higher (5.25x105 ha-1) as compared to 4.0x105 ha-1 and 4.38x105 ha-1 by ridge and broadcasting methods, respectively. Root weight/yield of crop planted with machine was significantly higher (69.3 t.ha-1) as compared to 51.75 t.ha-1 and 48.38 t.ha-1 obtained by ridge and broadcasting methods, respectively. Total planting cost of mechanical planting was lesser (4578 `.ha-1) as compared to 11218 `.ha-1 and 38828 `.ha-1 with broadcasting and ridge methods, respectively. Total cost saving with carrot planter was 56 % and 87%, respectively, as compared to broadcasting and ridge planting methods. Break even point of carrot planter was 50 ha.yr-1 with payback period of 50 ha use of the planter.
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Ustroyev, A. A., and E. A. Murzaev. "Influence of crops of the cover crop when forming the ridge surface of landings of potatoes to dynamics of parameters of the soil state." E3S Web of Conferences 262 (2021): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126201038.
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The main factors limiting the yield and quality of potatoes are the geometric parameters of the ridge, as well as the parameters of the soil state (moisture, hardness and temperature). In this regard, the task of maintaining the optimal values of these parameters during the potato growing season is urgent. For this, it is proposed, after planting potatoes, simultaneously with the formation of ridges, to sow a cover crop (yellow mustard) on them, followed by its destruction. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of sowing cover crops during the formation of the ridge surface of potato plantings on the dynamics of soil state parameters and potato yield. As a result of the studies, it was found that the use of a new technological method ensures a decrease in the effect of erosion processes on the ridge and the preservation of its geometric parameters, which makes it possible to exclude two inter-row cultivation of potatoes, as well as stabilize the daily soil temperature in the ridge by 2-5 ° C and retain moisture by 5 - 10%, which allows to increase the yield of potatoes by 11%.
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Kuskuntla, Jyothsna, Subhash Chandra, Rohitashav Singh, V. K. Singh, A. P. Singh, and P. K. Singh. "Impact of Crop Establishment Methods on the Growth and Yield Performance of Maize Varieties in the Kharif Season." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 4 (2024): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2024/v17i4502.
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A field trial was carried out in Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during the Kharif season to evaluate the performance of maize varieties using various planting methods. The study included five distinct planting techniques: Flat, Bed, Ridgetop, Ridge mid-slope and Broad Ridge mid-slope both sides. Two maize varieties were tested: the composite PSM-1 and the hybrid DKC 9144. Results showed that the Broad Ridge mid-slope on both sides method led to the highest growth parameters, including; plant height, stem girth and dry matter accumulation per plant. During both the years, the Broad Ridge mid-slope planting method led to notable increase in plant height (7% and 6.1%), stem girth (5.25 & 4.67 cm) and dry matter accumulation (13.6% & 20.7%) respectively when compared to the flat planting method. Among the varieties, the hybrid DKC 9144 exhibited greater height, stem girth, more dry matter accumulation, grain and stover yields compared to the composite PSM-1. The findings suggest that the broad ridge mid-slope planting method, and hybrid variety DKC 9144, was the most effective and viable strategy for Kharif maize production in tarai region.
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Saqib, M., M. S. I. Zamir, A. Tanveer, and A. U. H. Ahmad. "Agro-Economic Evaluation of Various Maize Hybrids Under Different Planting Patterns." Cercetari agronomice in Moldova 45, no. 3 (2012): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10298-012-0056-z.
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Abstract An experiment was carried out at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to assess the agro-economic performance of two maize hybrids (SIPRA-4444 and TS- 13) under five different sowing patterns viz. ridge sowing 60 cm apart rows, bed sowing 60 cm apart rows, 60 cm apart single row strips, 90 cm apart double row strips and 120 cm apart triple row strips. The results indicated that the hybrids and the sowing patterns had a significant influence on the grain yield of maize. SIPRA-4444 produced maximum grain yield (6.02 tha-1) as compared to TS-13 (5.80 tha-1). Among the planting methods, ridge sowing produced highest grain yield (7.13 t ha-1). The interactive effect of hybrids and sowing methods showed that the hybrid SIPRA - 4444 produced maximum yield when it was sown on 60 cm apart ridges. From economic point of view, maximum net income of Rs. 114172 and benefit to cost ratio of (2.37) was obtained when the hybrid SIPRA-4444 was sown on 60 cm spaced ridges.
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Aslam, M., HM Nasrullah, M. Akhtar, et al. "Role of different planting techniques in improving the water logging tolerance and productivity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 50, no. 3 (2015): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v50i3.25585.
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Sesame is a well known oil seed crop in arid and semiarid region of Pakistan and its productivity is affected due to sensitiveness to water logging in the root zones. The experiment was conducted at research area of Agronomic Research Station, Bahawalpur during the year 2010 and 2011. The crop was sown by three different planting techniques i.e. flat sowing with 45cm apart rows, ridge sowing with 45cm apart, bed sowing with 60/30 cm i.e. 60 cm wide beds with 30 cm furrow between the beds. The data revealed that maximum number of plants wilted in flat planting as compared to other methods of planting were taken in this experiment. It was also recorded that bed planting at 90cm apart beds gave maximum grain yield of 843 kg ha-1 followed by ridge planting (seed spreading by broadcast and with augmented furrows) with a grain yield of 811 kg ha-1. The lowest yield was obtained from conventional method of sowing which gave 349 kg ha-1 grain yield. Water logging stress in the root zone can successfully be avoided by planting sesame on beds or ridges under climatic conditions of Bahawalpur.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(3), 193-198, 2015
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Esechie, H. A., S. Elias, V. Rodriguez, and H. S. Al-Asmi. "Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) to planting pattern and population density in a desert climate." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 4 (1996): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075547.
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SUMMARYThe effects of three planting patterns (ridge, furrow and flat) and three population densities (31800, 47600 and 71400 plants/ha) on the growth and yield of three sunflower hybrids, Flamme, Upsolveraflor and Isostar, were investigated at the Sultan Qaboos University Experiment Station, 1990–93. Seed and oil yields were higher in the ridge-planted sunflower than those planted in furrow or flat patterns, the order being ridge > flat > furrow. However, the magnitude of yield differences between ridge-planted and flat-planted sunflower was not sufficiently high to compensate for the additional labour and materials required for making ridges. Based on this, planting in the flat was recommended. Although increased population density resulted in taller plants, lodging was generally low and did not constitute a serious problem. Biomass/plant, head weight, receptacle weight, head diameter, number of seeds/head and 1000-seed weight decreased with increase in plant population density. Flamme had its highest seed and oil yield at 71400 plants/ha, while Isostar attained its highest yield at 47600 plants/ha. Isostar outyielded the other two hybrids and appeared to have a potential for commercial production in a desert climate.
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Dai, Fei, Haifu Pan, Wenqi Zhou, et al. "Analysis of Maize Planting Mode and Simulation and Optimization of Ridging and Fertilization Components in Arid Area of Northwest China." Agriculture 14, no. 8 (2024): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081360.
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The arid area of Northwest China belongs to the rain-fed agricultural area of the Loess Plateau, and water resources have become one of the important factors limiting agricultural development in this area. This study employed the AquaCrop model to predict the yield advantages and environmental adaptability of maize in Dingxi City from 2016 to 2020 under two cultivation practices: ridge tillage (100% film coverage with double ridge-furrow planting) and flat planting (81.8% film coverage with wide-film planting). The numerical simulation of the tillage and fertilization process of the double-ridge seedbed was carried out by EDEM, and the key components were tested by the Box–Behnken center combination test design principle to obtain the optimal parameter combination. The results showed that ridge planting was more suitable for agricultural planting in rain-fed arid areas in Northwest China. The simulation analysis of ridging and fertilization showed that the forward speed of the combined machine was 0.50 m/s, the rotation speed of the trough wheel of the fertilizer discharger was 39 rmp, and the rotary tillage depth was 150 mm. The qualified rate of seedbed tillage was 93.6%, and the qualified rate of fertilization was 92.1%. The research shows that the whole-film double ridge-furrow sowing technology of maize is more suitable for the rain-fed agricultural area in the arid area of Northwest China. The simulation results of the ridging fertilization device are consistent with the field experiment results. The research results provide a certain technical reference for the optimization of the whole-film double ridge-furrow sowing technology.
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Smrke, Tina, Robert Veberic, Metka Hudina, and Jerneja Jakopic. "Pot and Ridge Production of Three Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Cultivars under High Tunnels." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (2022): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040438.
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In recent years, new approaches to intensive blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) production have become necessary, in terms of protected environments and planting systems. These are designed to avoid numerous production difficulties, such as market saturation, damage from hailstorms, bird attacks, and spring frosts, and specific soil property requirements. Use of high tunnels and planting in a custom substrate (e.g., pots, along ridges) have gained interest among growers in recent years. As in our previous study, we determined the performance of three blueberry cultivars, ‘Duke’, ‘Aurora’, and ‘Brigitta’, when planted in pots and along a ridge under a high tunnel. Substrate water content was maintained at the same level for the pots and the ridge, although the substrate temperature fluctuations were greater for pots. Plant growth in pots was significantly lower for ‘Duke’ and ‘Aurora’ compared to the ridge. Additionally, for ‘Aurora’, the fruit yield was significantly lower for pots (103.4 g/plant), compared to the ridge (315.2 g/plant), although the opposite was seen for ‘Brigitta’ (122.4 vs. 93.5 g/plant, respectively). Individual sugar and organic acid contents mostly coincided with total contents, with lower total sugars for ‘Duke’ and higher total organic acids for ‘Aurora’ and ‘Brigitta’ for pots. For ‘Duke’ and ‘Brigitta’ fruit, the contents of some individual phenolics showed significant differences between treatments for phenolic acids and flavonols. These data show that growth in pots can be a useful planting method for the blueberry cultivars ‘Duke’ and ‘Brigitta’, and high yields and good fruit quality can be attained by following correct technological measures.
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Gerald, L. Seridon. "Response of Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) to Cultivation Methods and Boron and Calcium Application." International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 25, no. 1 (2024): 75–92. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/25.1.75-92.
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A field study was conducted at the experimental area at CSU Piat, Cagayan from December 2023 to April 2024 to determine the effect cultivation methods and the application of calcium and boron in combination with inorganic fertilizers on the agronomic traits, yield components, and nutrient composition of peanut. The study was laid out using the Factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design which was replicated thrice to assess the main factor which is the cultivation methods while the calcium and boron combined with inorganic fertilizer as the second factor. Results indicates that hilling up led to taller plant growth compared to ridge planting and applied with full rate of NPK supplemented with 3 tons per hectare of boron and calcium. However, neither planting method nor nutrient levels does not increase the number of developed and undeveloped peanut pods. Hilling up resulted in heavier pods compared to ridge planting but no significant difference observed across nutrient management. Seed yield remained consistent between hilling up and ridge planting and was unaffected by nutrient management. Additionally, seed sizes, total dry matter, crude fat, and crude fiber showed no variation across planting methods and nutrient levels. Notably, ridge planting exhibited higher crude protein content compared to hilling up. The findings of this study are significant as they provide insights into optimizing peanut cultivation practices. Specifically, the study reveals that hilling up enhances plant growth and pod weight, although it does not impact pod number, seed yield, or nutrient composition. Interestingly, ridge planting leads to higher crude protein content. These results can inform agricultural practices, helping farmers make evidence-based decisions on cultivation methods and nutrient management to maximize peanut production and quality. published by the <strong>International Journal of Biosciences (IJB)</strong>
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Ren, Baizhao, Juan Hu, Peng Liu, Bin Zhao, and Jiwang Zhang. "Responses of nitrogen efficiency and antioxidant system of summer maize to waterlogging stress under different tillage." PeerJ 9 (July 26, 2021): e11834. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11834.
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Waterlogging was one of the main abiotic stresses affecting maize yield and growth in the North China Plain, while ridge tillage effectually improved soil environment, enhanced crop stress resistance to waterlogging, and increased grain yield of waterlogged maize. In order to explore the responses of nitrogen (N) efficiency and antioxidant system of summer maize to waterlogging stress under different tillage, a field experiment was conducted to explore N use efficiency, leaf activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of waterlogged maize Denghai 605 (DH605) and Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) under different tillage system (ridge planting and flat planting). Our results showed that ridge tillage was beneficial to ameliorate waterlogging damages on antioxidant system by increasing SOD, POD, and CAT activities, and decreasing MDA content. Moreover, ridge tillage significantly increased N efficiency of waterlogged maize. N translocation amount (NTA), N translocation efficiency (NTE), N contribution proportion (NCP), N harvest index (NHI), and N use efficiency (NUE) of waterlogging treatment under ridge planting system (W-V3+R) for DH605 was increased by 108%, 69%, 60%, 8% and 16%, while ZD958 increased by 248%, 132%, 146%, 13% and 16%, respectively, compared to those of waterlogging treatment under flat planting system (W-V3). Ultimately, ridge tillage led to a significant yield improvement by 39% and 50% for DH605 and ZD958, respectively, compared to that of W-V3. In conclusion, ridge tillage was conducive to retard leaf aging, and enhance nitrogen efficiency, thereby resulting in a yield improvement of waterlogged summer maize.
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Fan, Yanling, Weina Zhang, Yichen Kang, Zhangping Zhao, Kai Yao, and Shuhao Qin. "Effects of ridge and furrow film mulching on soil environment and yield under potato continuous cropping system." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 11 (2019): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/481/2019-pse.
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The effect of ridge and furrow film mulching (RFFM) on soil microbial communities, physicochemical property, enzymatic activity, and tuber yield were studied under the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) continuous cropping fields managed for one (CY-1), two (CY-2) and four years (CY-4). Experimental treatments included a conventional flat plot without film mulching (FP) and five RFFM treatments: (i) a flat plot with film mulching (T1); (ii) on-ridge planting with full film mulching (T2); (iii) on-furrow planting with full film mulching (T3); (iv) on-ridge planting with half film mulching (T4); and (v) on-furrow planting with half film mulching (T5). Compared with FP, RFFM increased microbial communities, soil electrical conductivity, and enzymatic activities, and decreased pH values to improve the soil environment. Microbial communities of T2 and T5 were relatively higher, while soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of T2 and T4 were higher in all the continuous cropping years. In addition, the tuber yields of T2 were also increased by 75.0, 46.4 and 97.3% than FP, respectively. Thus, on-ridge planting with full film mulching (T2) is recommended as an adaptive management strategy for potato cultivation in the semi-arid areas where continuous cropping is necessary.
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KUMAR, AASHISH, B. R. KAMBOJ, and S. K. THAKRAL. "Comparative analysis of maize (Zea mays) hybrids under different methods of planting in spring season." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 6 (2018): 907–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i6.80640.
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A field experiment was conducted in Yamunanagar district of Haryana during spring 2015 to study the performance of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under different methods of planting in spring season. The five maize hybrids, i.e. HM-4, HM-9, HM-10, HM-11 and HQPM-5 were tested under three planting methods, viz. ridge, flat and furrow methods with three repeats. The yield attributing characters like cob length, number of grains/cob, grain weight/cob, cob weight/plant and 100 grain weight were found higher under ridge method of planting than flat and furrow methods. The grain yield, stover yield, biological yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio were also recorded higher under ridge method of planting than the other methods, whereas the yield attributing characters, yield, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost were observed higher in hybrid HM-10 over other hybrids grown in the field.
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UMER, Yusuf, Yibekal Alemayehu ABEBE, Nano Alemu DABA, et al. "Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) yield and water use efficiency depending on planting techniques and soil mulching in drought-prone areas, Babile District, Ethiopia." Nova Geodesia 4, no. 4 (2024): 182. https://doi.org/10.55779/ng44182.
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Soil moisture stress is a major problem affecting the growth and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) crops during the main season in arid and semi-arid areas of East Hararghe, Ethiopia. The implementation of planting techniques and the application of mulching are very important and can influence the production of sorghum, as well as the efficiency of water use in the culture of this species. The present study employed an experimental design comprising nine treatments involving various combinations of planting techniques (tied-ridge plus furrow planting, tied-ridge plus ridge planting, and flatbed plus row planting) and mulching methods (plastic, straw, and no mulch). Each treatment was replicated three times Early in the sorghum growth cycle, mulching treatments enhanced soil water retention in the 0-90 cm profile compared to the non-mulched flatbed row planting control (FBN). Analysis of pooled data indicated that both main effects significantly influenced (P ≤ 0.01) key plant characteristics, including height, panicle dimensions, and leaf area. The tied-ridge furrow planting method with black plastic mulch (TFP) proved most effective in water conservation, boosting rainwater capture while minimising soil moisture loss through evaporation. Experimental results showed TFP outperforming FBN across all metrics: grain yield (6211.6 kg ha-1), biomass production (16211.3 kg ha-1), water use efficiency (19.9 kg ha-1 mm-1), and precipitation use efficiency (21.4 kg ha-1 mm-1). These findings suggest that implementing TFP techniques could substantially improve rainwater management and sorghum productivity, potentially increasing grain output in the study region and similar agricultural environments.
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Szarvas, Adrienn, Margit Szél Hódi, and Tamás Monostori. "The effects of different planting methods on sweet potato." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 74 (December 28, 2018): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/74/1685.
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The aim of our research program is to develop the production technology and to examine the possibilities of the utilization of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam.). In 2016 and 2017, production technology experiments were set up with four replications in a randomized block design on an alluvial soil in Deszk, Hungary. In our field experiments, we obtained results of planting material production, planting methods and the optimized fertilization of sweet potato. Experimental plots were set up either with or without ridges. In heavy soils – where usually ridge planting is preferred –, in 2016, the production technology without ridges proved to be more effective. In 2017, however, we got opposite results: based on the result of the harvest, the production technology with ridges proved to be more effective. The transplants originating from cuttings from tubers (primary transplants) or from shoots (secondary transplants) did not show significant differences, however, in both years, yield levels were higher on ridges with secondary transplants.
 Sweet potato yield may vary widely among producers due to improper ridging and planting orientation. The aim of this study was to establish the proper ridging and planting orientation, so as to enhance constant reliable yields among sweet potato producing farmers.
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Kumar, Pardeep, Sandeep Rawal, Todar Mal Poonia, et al. "Effect of Weed Management on Growth and Yield of Maize Grown under Different Tillage Systems." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 47, no. 2 (2025): 296–301. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i23289.
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A field trial was carried out in the kharif of 2022 and 2023 at Hisar, Haryana to evaluate the impact of different tillage practices and weed management strategies on growth and the productivity of kharif maize (Zea mays L.). The study included three tillage treatments: conventional flat planting, ridge planting and sowing by pneumatic planter. It also tested nine weed control methods. The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replications, with tillage methods assigned to the main plots and weed management practices to the subplots. 'NMH 589' was the maize variety used. At 30 DAS, ridge planting showed the maximum plant height and LAI with both pneumatic planter and conventional flat planting methods. Among the weed management practices, the combination of pre-emergence followed by one hand weeding was most effective, resulting in the higher plant height and LAI at 30 DAS. Significantly maximum grain yield was recorded in ridge planting methods with pyraxosulfone 127.5 g ha-1 as PRE fb hand weeding at 30 DAS during both kharif season.
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Qiang, Shengcai, Yan Zhang, Junliang Fan, et al. "Optimization of N Fertilizer Type and Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Improve Resource Use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Rain-Fed Winter Wheat in Loess Plateau, China." Agronomy 14, no. 1 (2024): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010172.
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Ridge and furrow plastic mulch (RFPM) and nitrogen (N) application are effective strategies for improving crop productivity in China’s Loess Plain. However, it is not clear how the ridge–furrow ratio and nitrogen fertilizer type (NT) affect the use of water, nitrogen, heat, and radiation resources for the enhancement of rain-fed wheat production. Two nitrogen fertilizer types (traditional urea (TU) and controlled-release urea (CRU)) and four planting patterns (conventional flat planting (F) and the RFPM system of 20 cm ridges with 40 cm furrows (R2F4), 40 cm ridges with 40 cm furrows (R4F4), and 60 cm ridges with 40 cm furrows (R6F4)) were tested from September 2018 to June 2021 during the winter wheat growing season. It was found that the RFPM system can increase soil thermal time (TTsoil) from 41.0 to 152.1 °C d compared to the F. RFPM system thermal effect, which reduced the vegetative growth period and prolonged the reproductive growth period for 2 to 7 days, which promoted an increase in the leaf area index (LAI) and final dry matter (DM) accumulation. These significantly increased the grain yield (GY) in the RFPM system by 51.6–115.2% and enhanced the thermal time use efficiency (TUE) by 48–99.5%, water productivity (WP) by 37.4–76.3%, radiation use efficiency (RUE) by 16.3–34.4%, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) by 51.6–115.2% compared to F. Although a high ridge and furrow ratio in combination with CRU increased the GY and resource use efficiency, it also exacerbated the soil water depletion, especially in the soil layer between 40 and 140 cm. Overall, CRU combined with the 40 cm ridge and 40 cm furrow RFPM system maximized resource efficiency and increased wheat production on China’s Loess Plateau.
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Mak-Mensah, Erastus, Peter Bilson Obour, and Qi Wang. "Influence of tied-ridge-furrow with inorganic fertilizer on grain yield across semiarid regions of Asia and Africa: A meta-analysis." PeerJ 9 (August 17, 2021): e11904. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11904.
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Background In semiarid areas, low productivity of crops has been attributed to lack of appropriate soil moisture conservation practices since droughts and soil erosion are rampant in most areas of this region. Consequently, ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting is widely used in these regions across the globe. Despite ridge-furrow being widely practiced, tied-ridge-furrow has not been extensively adopted by small-scale farmers in semi-arid regions. Consequently, the effectiveness of tied-ridge-furrow as a viable method of increasing crop yield has received less attention. Methodology For large-scale implementation, a detailed assessment of how ridge furrow, tied–ridge-furrow with fertilizer, tied-ridge-furrow with mulching and tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer influence crop yield in different agro-environments under varying climatic conditions is needed. This study used the PRISMA guidelines to determine the impact of tied-ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting technique with mulching or fertilizer on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grain yields. Results Sorghum grain yield increased by 17% greater in tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer in comparison to flat planting. This may be due to increase in soil organic carbon in the region (9 g kg−1). Grain yield of millet significantly increased by 20–40% in Africa from 18 study observations in tied-ridge-furrow with fertilizer application as compared to tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatments. This might be due to the significant increase in total nitrogen by 13–42% in the soil at <50 mg kg−1 quantity which had an effect size of 469.14 [65.60, 872.67]. In terms of soil texture, grain yield of millet and sorghum significantly increased in heavy textured soils (clay loam, silt clay, and clay soils) with an effect size of 469.14 [65.60, 872.67] compared to light and medium-textured soils of zero effect sizes. Millet and sorghum grain yields in tied-ridge-furrow with mulching, on the other hand, were not significantly different from those in flat planting. This may be due to the mulching materials used in those tests. Conclusion In view of yields of sorghum and millet increased significantly by 32% and 17% in tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatment compared to flat planting and tied-ridge-furrow with fertilizer treatment compared with tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatment, respectively, this study recommend the use of fertilizers in a tied-ridge-furrow system to increase grain yield in semiarid areas compared to flat planting. Again, the study recommends more research on tied-ridge-furrow systems with other organic mulches and fertilizers in semiarid areas.
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Qin, Anzhen, Yanjie Fang, Dongfeng Ning, et al. "Incorporation of Manure into Ridge and Furrow Planting System Boosts Yields of Maize by Optimizing Soil Moisture and Improving Photosynthesis." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (2019): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120865.
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A sustainable management strategy of soil fertility and cropping system is critical to guaranteeing food security. However, little is known about the effects of soil amendment strategies on crop growth via regulating soil moisture and photosynthesis in a ridge and furrow cropping system. Here, field experiments were carried out in 2017 and 2018 in semi-arid areas of Loess Plateau, northwest China to investigate the effects of integrated use of ridge and furrow planting and manure amendment on grain yields of maize. Four treatments were designed: CK (flat planting with 100% chemical fertilizer), RFC (ridge and furrow planting with 100% chemical fertilizer), RFR (ridge and furrow planting with 100% control-released fertilizer), and RFM (ridge and furrow planting with 50% manure fertilizer + 50% N fertilizer). On average, RFM increased photosynthetic rates (Pn) by 74%, followed by RFR by 47%, and RFC by 26%, compared to CK. Also, stomatal conductance (Cd), transpiration rates (Tr), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were highest with RFM, followed by RFR and RFC. Averaged across the two years, RFM conserved 10% more soil water storage (SWS) than CK did at harvest, followed by RFR with an increment by 8%. However, RFC consumed more soil water than CK did, with its ETc 8% higher than CK. Consequently, spring maize treated with RFM suffered less drought stress, especially in 2017 when precipitation was insufficient. On average, grain yields and water use efficiency of RFM were increased by 18% and 27%, compared to CK. Structural equation modeling analysis showed that there existed significant positive correlation between SWS in top layers and grain yields, while SWS in deep layers had negative effects on grain yields. In conclusion, the incorporation of manure into ridge and furrow planting system can be an efficient agronomic practice to improve plant photosynthesis, optimize soil moisture, and boost grain yields in semi-arid areas of Loess Plateau, northwest China.
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Liu, Kun, Zhen Zhang, Yu Shi, Xizhi Wang, and Zhenwen Yu. "Optimizing Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Improve Water Resource Utilization for Wheat in the North China Plain." Agriculture 14, no. 9 (2024): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091579.
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The shortage of water resources seriously limits sustainable production in agriculture, and the ridge–furrow planting pattern is an effective water-saving cultivation pattern. However, the mechanism of the ridge–furrow planting pattern that drives the efficient utilization of field water resources in the North China Plain (NCP) is still unclear. A two-year field experiment was conducted in the NCP from 2021 to 2023. The ridge–furrow planting patterns followed a randomized block design as follows: ridge–furrow ratios of 50 cm:50 cm (M2), 75 cm:50 cm (M3), and 100 cm:50 cm (M4). A traditional planting pattern was used as the control (M1). These were used to investigate the effects of different treatments on water use and roots. The results showed that M3 reduced the amount of irrigation, improved water distribution after irrigation, increased water use efficiency (WUE), and promoted root growth. Compared with other treatments, M3 increased soil water consumption at a 0–100 cm soil depth by 6.76–21.34% (average values over two years), root length density by 8.46–20.77%, and root surface area density by 7.87–22.13%. On average, M3 increased grain yields by 3.96–9.80%, biomass yields by 5.32–10.94%, and WUE by 4.5–9.87%. In conclusion, M3 is an effective planting pattern for improving the yield and WUE of wheat in the NCP.
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Tang, Lingdi, Irfan Ahmed Shaikh, Anees Tunio, et al. "Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions." Agronomy 14, no. 7 (2024): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071404.
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Crop yields remain significantly low in underdeveloped countries, such as Pakistan, primarily due to the prevalent use of traditional farming methods by most farmers. Resource-saving strategies, like ridge and raised flat bed systems, could boost water use efficiency and production per acre. However, further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of these methods, along with different levels of soil moisture depletion (SMD), on wheat development in the climatic conditions of Sindh Province. Thus, field trials were undertaken at Sindh Agriculture University’s Tandojam for two years (2022 and 2023) during the wheat growing seasons. The experiment included six treatments, viz., T1 (raised flat bed method under 40% depletion), T2 (ridge method under 40% depletion), T3 (raised flat bed method under 50% depletion), T4 (ridge method under 50% depletion), T5 (raised flat bed method under 60% depletion), and T6 (ridge method under 60% depletion). The bed planter was employed to make raised flat beds, and the ridges were prepared using a ridge planter. Wheat variety (TJ-83) was sown. Under all treatments, the plant population, plant height, and seed index were statistically significant (p < 0.05), although spike length, grain spikes−1, and grain weight spikes−1 were non-significant at different SMD levels. To compute water saving through the ridge and raised flat methods, the recommended delta value for wheat crops under the traditional method was used as a benchmark. Both irrigation technologies conserve water compared to traditional irrigation methods. The T5 treatment conserved the most water, followed by T6. Under a 60% depletion level, the ridge approach produced the highest yield of 2175 kg ha−1, compared to 601 kg ha−1 with the raised flat bed method. The best crop water productivity (CWP) of 1.34 kg m−3 was achieved under T6, whereas raised flat beds attained the lowest CWP of 0.27 kg m−3 under T1. In terms of wheat grain production and CWP, the ridge furrow method outperformed the raised flat bed furrow method. Based on the results, it is recommended that farmers should use the ridge furrow method and allow a 60% depletion of soil moisture to obtain a high yield of wheat crops.
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Zhang, Rui, Hongjuan Zhang, Yunpeng Xing, and Lian Xue. "Optimizing plastic film mulch to improve the yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize in the Loess Plateau, China." PLOS ONE 19, no. 11 (2024): e0308706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308706.
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Knowledge on the variation of yield and water use efficiency under different mulching methods is important for guiding rained maize production in the Loess Plateau area. In this study, eight different plastic film mulching methods was established to analyze the maize growth, soil water content and soil temperature changes of dryland maize, and increase yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The field experiment was conducted in 2019, and eight treatments were set up, including a traditional flat planting without mulching (CK), ridge-furrow with ridges mulching black plastic film and furrows mulching straw (HJ), ridge-furrow with ridges mulching black plastic film and furrows bare (HL), ridge-furrow with ridges mulching liquid plastic film and furrows mulching straw (YJ), ridge-furrow with ridges mulching liquid plastic film and furrows bare (YL), ridge-furrow with ridges mulching biodegradable plastic film and furrows mulching straw (SJ), ridge-furrow with ridges mulching biodegradable plastic film and furrows bare (SL) and ridge-furrow with ridges bare and furrows mulching straw (NJ). Furthermore, the AHP-TOPSIS was employed to evaluate the optimal mulching method for maize. The results showed that compared with CK and NJ treatment, the soil water content and soil storage were significantly changes with other treatments in the reproductive period of maize. Among the six mulching methods, maize yield in HJ, HL, YJ, YL, SJ, and SL treatments were 46.28%, 61.95%, 70.30%, 51.02%, 52.02% and 53.53% significantly greater than CK treatment. In addition, dryland maize WUE was 66.53% and 84.01% higher in the YJ and YL treatments with ridges mulching liquid plastic film than in the CK treatment, respectively. The optimal treatments of economic benefits were YL and HJ. Through AHP-TOPSIS comprehensive analysis, the optimal mulching methods were YL and HJ treatment. Current field trials indicate that YL treatment could serve as a promising option to improve dryland maize yield, WUE, and reducing environmental risks in the Loess Plateau of China.
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Yin, Minhua, Yuanbo Jiang, Yi Ling, et al. "Optimizing Lucerne Productivity and Resource Efficiency in China’s Yellow River Irrigated Region: Synergistic Effects of Ridge-Film Mulching and Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilization." Agriculture 15, no. 8 (2025): 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15080845.
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To address low productivity and water constraints in lucerne fields of China’s Gansu Yellow River Irrigation Region, this study optimized lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivation through synergistic planting nitrogen regimes. A two-year field trial (2021–2022) evaluated three systems: ridge-furrow with ordinary mulch (PM), ridge-furrow with biodegradable mulch (BM), and conventional flat planting (FP), under four controlled-release N rates (0, 80, 160, 240 kg ha−1). Multidimensional assessments included growth dynamics, dry matter yield, forage quality (crude protein [CP], acid/neutral detergent fiber [ADF/NDF], relative feed value [RFV]), and resource efficiency metrics (water use efficiency [WUE], irrigation WUE [IWUE], partial factor productivity of N [PFPN], agronomic N use efficiency [ANUE]). The results showed the following: (1) Compared with conventional flat planting, ridge planting with film mulching significantly promoted lucerne growth, with ordinary plastic film providing a stronger effect than biodegradable film. Plant height and stem diameter exhibited a quadratic response to elevated nitrogen (N) application rates under identical planting patterns, peaking at intermediate N levels before declining with further increases. (2) Ridge planting with both ordinary plastic film and biodegradable film combined with an appropriate N rate improved lucerne yield and quality. In particular, the PMN2 treatment reached the highest value of yield (14,600 kg ha−1), CP (19.19%) and RFV (124.18), and the lowest value of ADF (29.63%) and NDF (48.86%), and all of them were significantly better than the other treatments (p < 0.05). (3) WUE, IWUE, PFPN, and ANUE followed the pattern PM > BM > FP. With increasing N application rates, WUE, IWUE, and ANUE initially rose and then declined, peaking under N2, whereas PFPN showed a decreasing trend and reached its maximum under N1. Principal component analysis revealed that ridge planting with ordinary plastic film combined with 160 kg·ha−1 N (PMN2) optimized lucerne performance, achieving balanced improvements in yield, forage quality, and water–nitrogen use efficiency. This regimen is recommended as the optimal strategy for lucerne cultivation in the Gansu Yellow River Irrigation Region and analogous ecoregions.
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Ma, Shoutian, Fujian Mei, Tongchao Wang, Zhandong Liu, and Shouchen Ma. "Stereoscopic Planting in Ridge and Furrow Increases Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) by Reducing the Plant’s Competition for Water and Light Resources." Agriculture 12, no. 1 (2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010020.
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Increasing planting density is an important ways to increase maize yield. A hot topic of conversation in the current research is how to improve crop light efficiency and yield potential by optimizing the cultivation mode under high density planting is a hot topic in current research. Thus, in this study, a field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of stereo-planting patterns on water and the utilization light resource and maize yields. Planting patterns included the conventional flat planting pattern (as the control, CK) and the stereo-planting in ridge and furrow (T). Each planting pattern had three planting densities, i.e., 60,000 plants ha−1 (D1), 75,000 plants ha−1 (D2) and 90,000 plants ha−1 (D3). The results showed that stereo-planting affected the physiological characteristics of plants by changing the spatial distribution of soil moisture. At the silking stage (R1), photosynthetic rate (Pn) of plants on the ridge was similar to CK, and transpiration rate (Tr) was significantly lower than that of CK. Pn of maize in the furrow was significantly higher than that of CK, and Tr was similar to CK. Stereoscopic planting had different effects on intraspecific competition intensity in maize population in different growing stages. In the six-leaf stage (V6), stereo-planting increased competition intensity of maize on the ridge, but lowered that of maize in the furrow by affecting the spatial distribution of soil moisture. During the R1 stage, stereo-planting increased the light transmittance rate within the canopy and eased the plant’s competition for light by reducing plant height and leaf area of maize under three density conditions. Stereo-planting had no effect on grain yield and dry matter accumulation of ridge-planted maize in the later growing stage, but it did increased the dry matter accumulation and grain yield of furrow-planted maize due to the improvement of the light environment and photosynthetic characteristics of the population. In two test years, stereo-planting increased 5.0–11.0% average yield of maize compared to CK under three density conditions. These results indicate that stereo-planting can reduce the plant’s competition for light and water resources and improve its physiological traits of plant by optimizing its spatial distribution of soil moisture and canopy structure, thus further increasing grain yield of maize under high-density planting conditions.
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A. K. CHAKRAVARTI, R. MOITRA, ASIS MUKHERJEE, P. DEY, and P. K. CHAKRABORTY. "Effect of planting methods and mulching on the thermal environment and biological productivity of groundnut." Journal of Agrometeorology 12, no. 1 (2010): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v12i1.1275.
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To estimate the altered thermal environmental effect due to adoption of planting methods and different mulches, a field experiment was conducted on groundnut at the CR Farm, BCKV, W. B., India in the summer seasons of 2003, 2004 and 2005. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, where the planting methods (flat and ridge) were the main plot treatments and the mulches (banana leaf with dry grass, water hyacinth, transparent polythene sheet, rice straw, jute stick and non-mulch control) were considered as the sub-plot treatments. The results showed that ridge planting method with use of water hyacinth or banana leaf with dry grass greatly altered the thermal environment by reducing air temperature, canopy temperature and SDDI in groundnut; both the dry matter production and yield of the crop were increased due to adoption of ridge planting and bio mulches due to conducive thermal environment. There existed a significant negative correlation between yield and air temperature, dry matter and air temperature, yield and canopy temperature, dry matter and canopy temperature yield and SDDI, dry matter and SDDI.
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Gainatulina, V. V., R. A. Khasbiullin, and O. I. Khasbiullina. "Development and Formation of Productivity of Potato Varieties of Kamchatka Breeding Depending on the Elements of Cultivation Technology." Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science, no. 6 (December 26, 2024): 36–40. https://doi.org/10.31857/s2500208224060094.
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The influence of different technological methods of planting and care of potatoes is studied, the values of plant development, photosynthesis, formation of productivity and yield at cultivation of new potato varieties of Kamchatka selection is established in order to improve the existing technology. The recommended methods of planting and plant care have a direct impact on the formation of assimilative surface of potato leaves. The greatest assimilative surface of leaves was formed in the flowering phase, at planting with and without soil rolling and ridge formation at care, the increase to the controlled variant was on average for varieties: Fresco – 7,9 thousand m2/ha (17,6%), Geyser – 4,5 thousand m2/ha (10,0%), Vulkan – 3,2 thousand m2/ha (8,6%). The same pattern is observed during the period of mass sprouting, in the variety Fresco assimilative surface of leaves increased to the controlled variant by 4.5 thousand m2/ha (37.5%), Geyser – 2.5 thousand m2/ha (20.8%), Vulkan – 2.5 thousand m2/ha (23.8%). In terms of net photosynthetic productivity, we note an increase of 16.9% on average, depending on the variety, in comparison with the controlled variant in the way with planting with soil rolling and ridge formation during maintenance. On the same variant we note an increase to controlled variant photosynthetic potential of potato plantings on the variety Fresco – 22.2%, Geyser – 15.3%; Vulkan – 13.3% and dry biomass – 7.5 t/ha (40.9%), 7.1 t/ha (32.6%), 6.5 t/ha (36.7%), respectively. The future yield of potatoes depends on the formation of leaf surface, on variants with soil rolling and ridge formation in the care of potato plants noted a stable increase in yield on average for three years 3.4–4.1 t/ha or 11.6–13.7% compared to the current technology.
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VITOS, Ivan Zoltan, Gavrilă MORAR, Luiza MIKE, and Cristina MOLDOVAN. "Research on the Optimum Shape and Size of Potato Ridges." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 1 (2013): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9638.
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The partial results from the research carried out in 2012 at the Potato Research and Development Station Tg. Secuiesc on the size and shape of the ridges and the influence of planting density in the case of two varieties and two types of ridges (ridges in one row and two rows) are presented. The results were heavily influenced by the unfavorable weather conditions in 2012 when there was a smaller amount of precipitation compared to the multiannual average rainfall during the growing season: -115.4 mm. The insufficient moisture resulted in the inhibition of potato tuberization, reabsorption of stolons and young tubers and in this period some of the water content in tubers passed into the leaves. In the study of the optimal shape of potato ridges three different shapes have been studied: triangular shape, trapezoidal shape and double-trapezoidal shape. In the study of the optimal size of potato ridges three different ridge sizes were made: with cross-sectional areas of 800 cm2 , 1200 cm2 and 1600 cm2. The biological material used in these two experiments was the Bella Rosa variety, which is part of the class A biological category. The research on the influence of planting density was conducted on two potato varieties planted in ridges in a single row and in two rows: one that forms many but small tubers, the class A Gared variety and the second one that forms fewer but larger tubers, the class A Bella Rosa variety. Experiments with three different planting densities for each type of variety and each type of ridge (ridges in one row and two rows) were carried out: 40.000 plants/ha, 60.000 plants/ha and 80,000 plants/ha. For all variants four rows were planted and the process was repeated four times. The common technology of ridge ploughing was used and mechanically performed phytosanitary treatments were executed with the usual products. To achieve the objectives the following elements were taken into consideration: yield and production (kg/ha), average weight of a tuber (g), average number of tubers in the nest. An analysis of variance was carried out for completely randomized plots and the data processing was accomplished by using average values, the “t-test†at 5%, 1%, 0.1% significant difference levels and the Duncan Multiple Range Test.
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Narwariya, B. S., K. N. Agrawal, and B. M. Nandede. "A comparison of cabbage crop growth parameters and harvest maturity indices under different planting methods, with an emphasis on mechanical harvesting." Journal of Applied Horticulture 25, no. 01 (2023): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i01.07.
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The predominant method of cabbage harvesting in India is manual labor, which is both time-consuming and physically demanding. However, the introduction of mechanical harvesting could offer a viable solution to this problem. A plant physical properties database is needed before the developing mechanical harvesting system design. In view of this, a study was conducted to examine the effect of planting methods (flat, ridge-furrow and ridge-furrow with plastic mulch) on physical growth and harvesting age of crop and thereby find out the most suitable planting method for mechanical harvesting. For two cabbage cultivars (Syngenta BC-79 and S-996), the effect of planting methods on physical growth parameters (plant height, plant diameter, length of leaf stem, length of stem, stem diameter, head diameter, and head weight) and harvest maturity indices (compactness, specific gravity, total soluble solids, pH, and pattern of wrapper leaves) was studied. The planting methods had shown a significant effect on growth parameters such as plant height (270.56 mm), plant diameter (549.39 mm), stem length (58.61 mm), stem diameter (34.58 mm), head diameter (144.89 mm) and head weight (1.12 kg) at harvest. The maximum number of matured heads (83.66%) was recorded in ridge-furrow with mulch planting. The interaction effect of planting methods and cultivars was found to be non-significant for all physical growth indicators. The findings of this study provide a valuable planting method for cabbage growers from the perspective of mechanical harvesting.
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Kaur, Amandeep, and Ramandeep Kaur. "Effect of planting methods on growth, yield, quality and economics of maize (Zea mays L.)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 2 (2022): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.2/881-887.
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The optimum time for sowing of Kharif maize in northern India is from last week of May to end of June. This period is characterized by a high evaporative demand due to high temperature and low relative humidity. The planting of maize during Kharif season experiences high rainfall in monsoon season which often causes temporary flooding in flat method of sowing. Planting methods in maize play a prominent role for reducing its water requirement when sown during Kharif season and also to save it from temporary flooding damage due to excessive rainfall during monsoon period. Excess water during the heavy rains especially on poorly drained soils also creates a great problem for maize cultivation as the crop is quite sensitive towards water stagnation. Best method of sowing is necessary to obtain maximum yield and higher net returns from maize cultivation. The findings of the various research scientists and eminent investigators will help in understanding effect of planting methods on growth, yield parameters, yield, quality and economics of maize. Among different planting methods, bed planting is found significant better in improving the growth, yield attributes, yield (grain and stover yield), quality and net returns in Kharif maize as compared to flat sowing method and it is followed by ridge sowing method. Bed and ridge planting methods give higher grain yield than the flat sowing method due to better crop growth and nutrient absorption. Water use efficiency and nutrient uptake was higher in bed planting as compared to flat and ridge planting methods.
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Gainatulina, V. V., R. A. Khasbiullin, and O. I. Khasbiullina. "Influence of planting and maintenance practices on the soil’s agrophysical properties, yield and quality of potato varieties of kamchatka breeding." Вестник российской сельскохозяйственной науки, no. 3 (December 15, 2023): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/2500-2082/2023/3/32-36.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of different technological methods of planting and care, different in the number of treatments and timing of formation of a full ridge profile on the agrophysical properties of soil, the formation of yields in the cultivation of new varieties of potatoes of Kamchatka breeding, to improve the existing technology was studied. Rolling the soil when planting potatoes, contributed to the conservation of moisture in the soil at an average of 1.6%. During the vegetation period soil moisture was the highest at potato planting with soil consolidation and ridging in the period of mass sprouts and made up 36,65 % at 34,04 % in the control. On the average during the vegetation period, the soil volume weight in the layer 0-15 cm varied within the range 0,64-0,66 g/cm3 and was optimal for potatoes. Application of new technological methods in growing potatoes had a positive effect on the structural and aggregate state of the soil. At different system of care during vegetation the maximum size of a ridge was formed at early ridge formation with filling of shoots, the ridge height before harvesting averaged 24.5 cm, and the area of cross-section 930.4 cm2, increase to the control - 16.0 cm and 572.6 cm2 respectively. This method created favorable conditions for the development and accumulation of potato yield, the yield of the variety Geyser was 37.6 t/ha, Vulkan - 33.3 t/ha. Covering of soil at planting and ridge forming during the period of mass potato shoots promoted the increase of the crop capacity of the variety Geyser by 4,7 t/ha (14,3 %), Vulkan - 3,7 t/ha (12,5 %), due to soil rolling the increase of the crop capacity on the variety Geyser was on the average 4,0 %, Vulkan - 2,6 %, due to ridge forming - 10,0 %, 9,6 % respectively.
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WANG, G. Y., X. B. ZHOU, and Y. H. CHEN. "Planting pattern and irrigation effects on water status of winter wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 8 (2016): 1362–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859615001197.
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SUMMARYThe effects of planting pattern and irrigation on the soil water content, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential and leaf water use efficiency of winter wheat were investigated in North China during the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design that consisted of three planting patterns: (i) a uniform row spacing of 25 cm, and alternating wide–narrow row spacing of 40 and 20 cm tested as (ii) flat and (iii) furrow–ridge seedbeds. In addition, irrigation treatments of 90, 135 and 180 mm were used. The planting pattern, irrigation treatments and interactions between them significantly affected soil water content, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential and leaf water use efficiency. The soil water content, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential, grains/spike, thousand grain weight, leaf water use efficiency and yield were highest in the furrow–ridge seedbed planting pattern and increased with increasing irrigation (except for the leaf water use efficiency). The leaf water use efficiency in the 135 mm irrigation treatment was significantly greater than in the other treatments. In addition, soil water content, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential, grains/spike and thousand grain weight were positively correlated with leaf water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat. The interaction between the furrow–ridge seedbed planting pattern and 135 mm irrigation increased soil water content, leaf water indices, grains/spike, thousand grain weight, leaf water use efficiency and yield. These results indicated that a beneficial response occurred for wheat yield. The furrow–ridge seedbed planting pattern combined with 135 mm of irrigation improved the soil and leaf water status and could increase wheat yield while using less water.
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Syed, Fiaz Hussain Shah, and Ahmad Iftikhar. "Effect of planting methods and pinching techniques on the growth, flowering, and seed production of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)." Advances in Agriculture and Biology 3, no. 1 (2020): 18–22. https://doi.org/10.63072/aab.20003.
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This research study aimed to assess the impact of different planting methods (ridge and bed planting) and pinching techniques on the growth, flowering, and seed production of African Marigold (<em>Tagetes erecta</em> L.). The experiments were conducted at the Floricultural Research Substation in Multan, Pakistan. The ridge planting method (T1) and bed planting method (T2) were employed, along with pinching treatments (T1) at a height of 30 cm compared to a control group (T2). Various growth, floral development, flower weight measurements, and seed metrics were systematically recorded and analyzed. The results demonstrated that bed planting significantly influenced Marigold plant growth, leading to taller plants, more leaves, and a higher population compared to ridge planting. Bed planting also accelerated floral development, with earlier spike emergence, quicker floret opening, and a greater number of florets plant<sup>-1</sup>. Pinching resulted in shorter plants and promoted more lateral branches and a higher number of flowers plant<sup>-1</sup> compared to the control group. The pinched plants displayed reduced single fresh and dried flower weights, but the control group consistently produced heavier flowers. Additionally, pinching contributed to a reduction in the number of seeds flower<sup>-1</sup> but increased the average seed yield plant<sup>-1</sup> compared to the control group. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing planting methods and employing pinching techniques to enhance the growth, flowering, and seed production of African Marigold. The study emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate cultivation practices to maximize the economic returns for flower growers and traders in the floriculture industry. © 2020 The Author(s)
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I.A., Yusuf, Aiyelari E.A., and A. Lawal F. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SORGHUM/SOYABEAN INTERCROP SYSTEMS BY PARTIAL BUDGET IN THE GUINEA SAVANNAH OF NIGERIA." Continental J. Agricultural Economics 8, no. 1 (2014): 9–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.810380.
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Five sorghum/soyabean planting schedules intercrop were evaluated in a field experiment at Mokwa (Guinea savannah) in Nigeria, during the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons with a view of determining the planting schedule that will result in the highest net benefits. Experimental design was randomize complete block (RCB) with three replicates. Soyabean variety TGX1019-2EB was drilled on the crest of the ridge, while sorghum seedlings were transplanted on the lower side of the ridge. The following sorghum/soyabean intercrop treatments were evaluated: (1) Sorg + Soy 0DAPS: Sorghum seedlings intercropped with soyabean at 0 day after planting soyabean, (2) Sorg + Soy 14DAPS: Sorghum seedlings intercropped with soyabean at 14 days after planting soyabean, (3) Sorg + Soy 28DAPS: Sorghum seedlings intercropped with soyabean at 28 days after planting soyabean. Sole soyabean and sole sorghum were also planted as treatments 4 and 5 respectively. Results obtained indicated that the treatment Sorg + Soy 0DAPS gave the highest net benefit of N798, 000 and N287, 150 in 2012 and 2013 respectively.
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Lei, Lei, Chunxia Qiu, Zhenhai Li, et al. "Effect of Leaf Occlusion on Leaf Area Index Inversion of Maize Using UAV–LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (2019): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091067.
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The leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter for describing crop canopy structure, and is of great importance for early nutrition diagnosis and breeding research. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is an active remote sensing technology that can detect the vertical distribution of a crop canopy. To quantitatively analyze the influence of the occlusion effect, three flights of multi-route high-density LiDAR dataset were acquired at two time points, using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-mounted RIEGL VUX-1 laser scanner at an altitude of 15 m, to evaluate the validity of LAI estimation, in different layers, under different planting densities. The result revealed that normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) for the upper, middle, and lower layers were 10.8%, 12.4%, 42.8%, for 27,495 plants/ha, respectively. The relationship between the route direction and ridge direction was compared, and found that the direction of flight perpendicular to the maize planting ridge was better than that parallel to the maize planting ridge. The voxel-based method was used to invert the LAI, and we concluded that the optimal voxel size were concentrated on 0.040 m to 0.055 m, which was approximately 1.7 to 2.3 times of the average ground point distance. The detection of the occlusion effect in different layers under different planting densities, the relationship between the route and ridge directions, and the optimal voxel size could provide a guideline for UAV–LiDAR application in the crop canopy structure analysis.
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LYU, Changwen, Daobin TANG, Kai ZHANG, and Jichun WANG. "Influence of ridges for planting sweet potato on symbiotic ecological factors, photosynthetic abilities and population yield in relay intercropping system." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 2 (2020): 849–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48211837.
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Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) relay intercropping with maize exposes sweet potato to weak levels of sunlight due to the shadow maize creates during the symbiotic period. The insufficient light accordingly causes slow growth and development of vines and leaves of sweet potato in its early stage. The planting density and row direction of maize, the width of the intercropping strip, and the lodging type of sweet potato may form various photo conditions that influence sweet potato. The objective of this experiment was to research the effects of different ridging types on sweet potato and to elucidate the mechanisms of ecological conditions, photosynthetic physiology and intercropping benefits. The results indicated that, contrast to the one wide-ridge with planting two rows of sweet potato and two narrow ridges with planting two rows, mound planting was more superior in many aspects. Through mound planting sweet potato showed a larger range of temperature in air and soil, higher net photosynthetic rate, more active enzymes related with photosynthesis, and more benefits of relay intercropping.
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Yunusa, I. A. M. "Effects of planting density and plant arrangement pattern on growth and yields of maize (Zea mays L.) and soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) grown in mixtures." Journal of Agricultural Science 112, no. 1 (1989): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084045.
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SummaryThe growth and development of maize and soya bean when grown in mixtures in different proportions and arrangements were studied at Samaru (11° 11' N, 38° E) and Yandev (07° 23' N, 09° 10' E) in the savannah belts of Nigeria. The crops were sown in both pure and mixed stands. The pure-stand densities were 513 plants/m2 for maize and 20·15 plants/m2 for soya bean. Mixtures were made in three proportions: additive (100:100), containing 100% of the sole crop population of each crop; semi-additive (67:67), containing 67% of each crop's sole population; and replacement (67:33 and 33:67), containing 67% of one crop's population to the other's 33%. The mixtures were formed either on the same ridge (in-ridge) or on different ridges (alternate ridge).Maize grain yield at Samuru was not significantly reduced in mixtures except where its proportion was reduced to 33% of its sole crop density. Seed yields in soya bean were significantly reduced in all mixtures, and when associated with maize density of not greater than 67%, soya bean was capable of 50% of its sole crop yield. At Yandev, late planting coupled with inadequate rainfall in the month following planting depressed seed yields in both crops, the sole crop yields being only 1·53 t/ha in maize and 0·24 t/ha in soya bean. Also maize appeared to be adversely affected in the mixtures at this location, the yields being significantly reduced in the mixtures irrespective of planting ratios.All mixtures, except 100:100 at Yandev, proved beneficial by producing land equivalent ratio (LER) values greater than one, while 67:67 proportions made higher gross returns than any of the sole crops at Samaru. In this experiment moderately high populations of each crop were found to be necessary to obtain beneficial yields from the mixtures. In this regard semi-additive mixtures, with 67% of each crop's pure stand population, appeared most appropriate.Incidence of maize streak was significantly lower in alternate ridge mixtures; otherwise the crop in the mixtures seemed to be little affected by pattern of plant arrangement; while soya bean was quite sensitive, its flowering and podding being significantly delayed in in-ridge mixtures at Yandev. The legume yields in this mixture were also slightly, though not significantly, adversely affected. Thus alternate ridge arrangement was more favourable.
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Ali, A. M. "Effects of Planting on Different Sides of the Ridge on Emergence, Plant Growth, Yield and Quality of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) in the Sudan." Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1989): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014927.
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SUMMARYThe effects of planting potato tubers on four different sides of two ridge orientations was investigated. Soil temperature was coolest on the northern side, followed by the western, eastern and southern sides. Fifty percent emergence took place in 24, 42 and 49 days for tubers planted on the northern, western and eastern sides, respectively. Only 22% of tubers planted on the southern side emerged. The best yield and quality was obtained by planting on the northern side, followed successively by the eastern, western and southern sides of the ridge.
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Regehr, David L., and Keith A. Janssen. "Preplant Weed Control in a Ridge-Till Soybean (Glycine max) and Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Rotation." Weed Technology 3, no. 4 (1989): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032917.
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Research in Kansas from 1983 to 1986 evaluated early preplant (30 to 45 days) and late preplant (10 to 14 days) herbicide treatments for weed control before ridge-till planting in a soybean and sorghum rotation. Control of fall panicum and common lambsquarters at planting time averaged at least 95% for all early preplant and 92% for late preplant treatments. Where no preplant treatment was used, heavy weed growth in spring delayed soil dry-down, which resulted in poor ridge-till planting conditions and reduced plant stands, and ultimately reduced sorghum grain yields by 24% and soybean yields by 12%. Horsenettle population declined significantly, and honeyvine milkweed population increased. Smooth groundcherry populations fluctuated from year to year with no overall change.
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Saleem, M. F., B. L. Ma, M. A. Malik, M. A. Cheema, and M. A. Wahid. "Yield and quality response of autumn-planted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sowing dates and planting patterns." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 1 (2008): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07052.
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Sowing time and sowing methods are often used to overcome environmental constraints on crop production. Information on the effect of these agronomic techniques on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil quality is, however, scarce. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sowing dates and planting patterns, and their interaction, on seed yield and oil quality of hybrid sunflower. Sunflower hybrid Hysun-33 was sown at four dates beginning with the first week of August with fortnightly intervals under three planting patterns, viz., flat sowing (60 cm apart lines), ridge sowing (60 cm apart ridges) and bed sowing (90/30 cm) for 2 yr (2002 and 2003). The performance of the August sowing dates was significantly better with respect to yield and yield components than the September-sown crop. Among the three sowing dates in August, there was variable performance of the crop in the 2-yr study. On average, the sowing of sunflower from mid-August to the last week of August yielded better than early August sowing dates. The evaluation of quality parameters revealed greater content of achene oil in the September-sown crop followed by the crop sown in the last week of August. Delayed sowing lowered oleic acid content, but increased stearic and linoleic acid levels. Planting pattern treatments affected head diameter, achenes per head, 1000-achene weight and achene yield. Conclusively, sunflower sown on ridges during the second fortnight of August encountered favourable environmental conditions and gave significantly higher economic yield. Key words: Helianthus annuus , plantingg eometry, plantingpatterns, quality, sowingdates, sunflower yield