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Hall, Cougar, Taylor H. Hoj, Clark Julian, Geoff Wright, Robert A. Chaney, Benjamin Crookston, and Joshua West. "Pedal-Assist Mountain Bikes: A Pilot Study Comparison of the Exercise Response, Perceptions, and Beliefs of Experienced Mountain Bikers." JMIR Formative Research 3, no. 3 (August 13, 2019): e13643. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13643.
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Background Mountain biking is an aerobic physical activity that has experienced rapid growth. The emergence of the electric pedal-assist mountain bike (eMTB), while not without its critics, presents the potential for an even larger segment of the population to enjoy the health benefits of mountain biking. Although the research focused on the use of e-bikes generally is growing, there is limited research specifically targeting eMTB use. Research is needed exploring the potential exercise response of riding an eMTB, together with the beliefs and perceptions of mountain bikers who have and have not experienced eMTB riding. Objective This study aimed to compare conventional mountain bike and eMTB use. This was done by investigating 2 questions: (1) What proportion of exercise response is retained for an experienced mountain biker while using an eMTB when compared with a conventional mountain bike? and (2) What are the perceptions and beliefs of experienced mountain bikers toward eMTBs both before and after riding an eMTB? Methods A convergent mixed methods data collection approach was used in the study. Participants completed both a pre- and postride questionnaire, and data regarding heart rate were collected. Heart rates from each ride were compared against each other. Results The average heart rate during eMTB use was 94% (31/33) of the average heart rate during conventional mountain bike use. Therefore, eMTB use in this study achieved a majority of the exercise response and exceeded established biometric thresholds for cardiovascular fitness. Paired t test statistics were calculated to compare beliefs of conventional mountain bikes and eMTBs and to compare mean heart rate and speed between conventional mountain bike and eMTB use on the study loop. Participants overwhelmingly perceived the potential impact of eMTB use to be positive on both pre- and post-eMTB ride questionnaires. Conclusions Despite the measured benefit, participants’ perceived exertion while riding the eMTB was low.
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Gao, Yuyan, David C. Schwebel, Lingling Zhang, Wangxin Xiao, and Guoqing Hu. "Unsafe Bicycling Behavior in Changsha, China: A Video-Based Observational Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093256.
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The recent emergence of shared bikes has inspired renewed use of bicycles in urban China. However, incidence rates of unsafe cycling behaviors have not been reported using objective methods. We designed a video-based observational study in Changsha, China to estimate the incidence of five unsafe bicycling behaviors among both shared and personal bike riders and examine incidence differences across types of riders and cycling areas. A total of 112 h of video recorded 13,407 cyclists riding shared bikes and 2061 riding personal bikes. The incidences of not wearing a helmet, violating traffic lights, riding in the opposite direction of traffic, not holding the handlebar with both hands, and riding in a non-bicycle lane were 99.28%, 19.57%, 13.73%, 2.57%, and 64.06%, respectively. The incidence rate of all five kinds of behaviors differed significantly across four types of riding areas (shopping, university, office, and leisure) and the rates of the first three kinds of behaviors were statistically different between shared and personal bike riders. In situations where bicycle lanes were available, we observed the incidence of riding on the motorway and on the sidewalk to be 44.06% and 19.99%, respectively. We conclude that unsafe cycling behaviors occur with alarming frequency and differ somewhat between riders of shared versus personal bikes. Further research is recommended to interpret the occurrence of risky cycling and the incidence differences across types of riders and cycling areas.
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Ma, Yang, Zhou, Feng, and Yuan. "Risk Riding Behaviors of Urban E-Bikes: A Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132308.
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In order to clearly understand the risky riding behaviors of electric bicycles (e-bikes) and analyze the riding characteristics, we review the research results of the e-bike risky riding behavior from three aspects: the characteristics and causes of e-bike accidents, the characteristics of users’ traffic behavior, and the prevention and intervention of traffic accidents. The analysis results show that the existing research methods on risky riding behavior of e-bikes mainly involve questionnaire survey methods, structural equation models, and binary probability models. The illegal occupation of motor vehicle lanes, over-speed cycling, red-light running, and illegal manned and reverse cycling are the main risky riding behaviors seen with e-bikes. Due to the difference in physiological and psychological characteristics such as gender, age, audiovisual ability, responsiveness, patience when waiting for a red light, congregation, etc., there are differences in risky cycling behaviors of different users. Accident prevention measures, such as uniform registration of licenses, the implementation of quasi-drive systems, improvements of the riding environment, enhancements of safety awareness and training, are considered effective measures for preventing e-bike accidents and protecting the traffic safety of users. Finally, in view of the shortcomings of the current research, the authors point out three research directions that can be further explored in the future. The strong association rules between risky riding behavior and traffic accidents should be explored using big data analysis. The relationships between risk awareness, risky cycling, and traffic accidents should be studied using the scales of risk perception, risk attitude, and risk tolerance. In a variety of complex mixed scenes, the risk degree, coupling characteristics, interventions, and the coupling effects of various combination intervention measures of e-bike riding behaviors should be researched using coupling theory in the future.
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Sun, Yiyun. "Sharing and Riding: How the Dockless Bike Sharing Scheme in China Shapes the City." Urban Science 2, no. 3 (August 9, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030068.
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Over the last three years, the dockless bike sharing scheme has become prevalent in the context of the boom in the sharing economy, the wide use of mobile online payment, the increasing environmental awareness and the inherent market demand. This research takes Beijing as a case study, investigates the users’ characteristics, their behaviour change, and perceptions of dockless bike sharing scheme by the quantitative survey, and then analyzes the reasons behind it and how it has changed the residents’ life in Beijing. This new kind of dockless shared bikes, with great advantages of accessibility, flexibility, efficiency and affordability, helps to solve the ‘last mile’ problem, reduce the travel time, and seems to be very environmentally-friendly and sustainable. However, with the help of interview and document analysis, this research finds that the shared bikes are not the effective alternative for the frequent car-users. Nevertheless, it also has numerous negative consequences such as ‘zombie’ bikes blocking the sidewalks and vandalism to the bikes. The public is also worried about their quality and safety, especially the issues of ‘right of way’. How to coordinate and solve these problems is not only related to the future direction of the dockless bike sharing scheme but also to the vital interests of the general public. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that governments, enterprises, and the public participate in multi-party cooperation and build synergic governance networks to carry forward the advantages and avoid the negative effects of the new bike sharing system.
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Boo-Chai, Khoo, and C. M. Illingworth. "Injuries to children riding BMX bikes." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 76, no. 6 (December 1985): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198512000-00112.
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Kim, Deok Ha, Dongun Lee, Yeongjin Kim, Sungjun Kim, and Dongjun Shin. "A Power Assistant Algorithm Based on Human–Robot Interaction Analysis for Improving System Efficiency and Riding Experience of E-Bikes." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020768.
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As robots are becoming more accessible in our daily lives, the interest in physical human–robot interaction (HRI) is rapidly increasing. An electric bicycle (E-bike) is one of the best examples of HRI, because a rider simultaneously actuates the rear wheel of the E-bike in close proximity. Most commercially available E-bikes employ a control methodology known as a power assistant system (PAS). However, this type of system cannot offer fully efficient power assistance for E-bikes since it does not account for the biomechanics of riders. In order to address this issue, we propose a control algorithm to increase the efficiency and enhance the riding experience of E-bikes by implementing the control parameters acquired from analyses of human leg kinematics and muscular dynamics. To validate the proposed algorithm, we have evaluated and compared the performance of E-bikes in three different conditions: (1) without power assistance, (2) assistance with a PAS algorithm, and (3) assistance with the proposed algorithm. Our algorithm required 5.09% less human energy consumption than the PAS algorithm and 11.01% less energy consumption than a bicycle operated without power assistance. Our algorithm also increased velocity stability by 11.89% and acceleration stability by 27.28%, and decreased jerk by 12.36% in comparison to the PAS algorithm.
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Vervisch, Thomas, Yannick Christiaens, and Jan Detand. "The design of a composite folding bike to improve the user experience of commuters." MATEC Web of Conferences 167 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816701001.
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Over the last years, the popularity of folding bikes has been increasing as a result of the rise of multi-modal transport. They are used by commuters as a complement to public transport. Despite the increasing popularity, the current market offer of folding bikes still represents quite some restrictions and downsides which decrease their usability. This paper shows a user-centred process of designing and prototyping a composite folding bike with the aim of improving the user experience of folding bike using commuters. By improving the usability and ease of use of folding bikes, their full potential can be unlocked. The design process led to a disruptive folding bike design with front and rear single-sided offset wheel mounting. The concept excels in its intuitive and quick folding mechanism, superior riding performance and comfort, adjustability and overall ease of use. In addition to the design process and prototyping of the folding bike, this extended abstract elaborates on the performed user tests and its results. These tests range from the impact of offset wheels to the intuitiveness of the folding mechanism and were performed in order to prove different aspects of the design. This research shows how rethinking and redesigning a bike concept (product) from scratch, using a user-centred design process and taking into account the three aspects — business, technology and people — can lead to a disruptive design that improves usability and the overall user experience of the stakeholders.
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Sakai, Daiki, Naosuke Uchida, Shinnosuke Enomoto, Souya Iwata, Yasuo Kawakami, and Shigeru Wesugi. "Improving Road Bike Leaning Skills on Downhill Corners (Developing a System for Detecting Curvature Change Points and the Angle of a Road Bike while Riding)." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049153.
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In road bicycle races, advanced skills are needed to traverse downhill corners quickly and safely. A previous study revealed that in specific experimental corners, some beginners tend to lean their bikes more compared to experts. Therefore, in seeking to develop a support method for improving rider skill in controlling bike position, the authors aimed to design a system that indicates to users the positions of their bikes to lean it at the appropriate inclination when making turns. First, we determined the corner starting points using the RTK (Real Time Kinematic) positioning system. Then, we calculated the theoretical inclination and compared this to the inclination practiced by an expert. The experiment with this system showed that the expert started leaning the bike approximately 5 m short of a corner’s starting point with the speed maintained at approximately 25 km/h, with some correlation found between the theoretically ideal degree of inclination and the expert’s actual inclination.
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Freund, Daniel, Shane G. Henderson, Eoin O’Mahony, and David B. Shmoys. "Analytics and Bikes: Riding Tandem with Motivate to Improve Mobility." INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 49, no. 5 (September 2019): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2019.1005.
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Herrick, Jeffrey E., Judith A. Flohr, Davis L. Wenos, and Michael J. Saunders. "Comparison of Physiological Responses and Performance Between Mountain Bicycles With Differing Suspension Systems." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 546–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.4.546.
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Purpose:This study compared the metabolic and performance effects of riding front-only suspension (FS) and front-and-rear suspension (FRS) mountain bicycles on an off-road course that simulated competitive cross-country race conditions (>105 min in duration, with ∼70% of time spent riding uphill).Methods:Seven competitive mountain bikers (73.8 ± 7.6 kg; 61.0 ± 4.3 mL·kg–1·min–1) completed two randomized FS and FRS trials. Bikes were similar, excluding rear wheel suspension on the FRS, which increased bike weight by ∼2 kg. Each trial consisted of four laps of rugged 8 km trail with 154 m of elevation gain per lap. The first three laps were performed at ∼70% of VO2max; VO2, HR, and RPE were collected during the first and third laps. The final lap was performed as a maximal time-trial effort.Results:During the first and third laps, VO2, HR, and RPE were similar between FS and FRS. However, FS was significantly faster than FRS during the ascending segment of the course (17.6 ± 2.9 vs 18.9 ± 3.4 min, P = .035), despite similar VO2 (P = .651). Although not statistically significant, FRS tended to be faster than FS during the descending portion of the course (8.1 ± 2.0 vs 9.1 ± 2.1, P = .067) at similar VO2. Performance during the final time-trial lap was significantly faster for FS than FRS (24.9 ± 3.9 min, 27.5 ± 4.9 min, P = .008).Conclusion:FS was faster than FRS over a course that simulated competitive cross-country race conditions. The faster times were likely the result of improved cycling economy during ascending, which were at least partially influenced by the lighter weight of the FS.
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Li, Dai, Zhu, and Liu. "Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Citizens’ Mobility Based on E-Bike GPS Trajectory Data in Tengzhou City, China." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 5003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185003.
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Environmentally friendly shared transit systems have become ubiquitous at present. As a result, analyzing the ranges and tracts of human activities and gatherings based on bike share data is scientifically useful. This paper investigates the spatial and temporal travel characteristics of citizens based on real-time-extracted electric bikes (e-bikes) Global Positioning System (GPS) data from May to July in 2018 in the central area of Tengzhou City, Shandong Province, China. The research is conducive for the exploration of citizens’ changes in mobility behaviors, for the analysis of relationships between mobility changes and environmental or other possible factors, and for advancing policy proposals. The main conclusions of the study are as follows. First, in general, citizens’ travelling is featured by rides that are less than 10 min, shorter than 5 km, and with a speed between 5 km/h and 20 km/h. Second, in terms of temporal characteristics, monthly e-bike usage and citizens’ mobility are positively correlated with temperature in May and negatively correlated with temperature in July; an overall negative correlation is also manifested between the e-bike usage (mobility) and air quality index; daily usage reaches a trough on Tuesday and a peak on Friday, indicating the extent of mobility on respective days; e-bike usage and human outdoor behaviors are significantly lowered in rainy weather than in sunny weather; hourly rides reach a peak at 18:00 (more human activities) and a trough at 2:00 (less activities), and average hourly riding speed maximizes at 5:00 and minimizes around 8:00 and 17:00. Third, for spatial characteristics, destinations (D points) during morning rush hour and regions where e-bikes are densely employed are concentrated mainly in mid-north and middle parts of the central area (major human gatherings), and the rides have a diffusing pattern; e-bike origin–destination (O–D) trajectories radiate mostly towards the mid-north and the east during evening rush hour. In addition, 9.4% of the total trips to work areas during morning rush hour represent spillover commuting, indicating that separations between jobs and residential are not severe in the central area of Tengzhou City and commuting is relatively convenient.
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Long, Ying, and Jianting Zhao. "What Makes a City Bikeable? A Study of Intercity and Intracity Patterns of Bicycle Ridership using Mobike Big Data Records." Built Environment 46, no. 1 (February 9, 2020): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.46.1.55.
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This paper examines how mass ridership data can help describe cities from the bikers' perspective. We explore the possibility of using the data to reveal general bikeability patterns in 202 major Chinese cities. This process is conducted by constructing a bikeability rating system, the Mobike Riding Index (MRI), to measure bikeability in terms of usage frequency and the built environment. We first investigated mass ridership data and relevant supporting data; we then established the MRI framework and calculated MRI scores accordingly. This study finds that people tend to ride shared bikes at speeds close to 10 km/h for an average distance of 2 km roughly three times a day. The MRI results show that at the street level, the weekday and weekend MRI distributions are analogous, with an average score of 49.8 (range 0–100). At the township level, high-scoring townships are those close to the city centre; at the city level, the MRI is unevenly distributed, with high-MRI cities along the southern coastline or in the middle inland area. These patterns have policy implications for urban planners and policy-makers. This is the first and largest-scale study to incorporate mobile bike-share data into bikeability measurements, thus laying the groundwork for further research.
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Thomason, Erin. "China's New Kingdom of Bikes: Bicycling and the quest for modernity." Journal of Consumer Culture 21, no. 3 (October 22, 2018): 450–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540518806948.
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The purpose of this article is to investigate the shifting semiotic meanings of bicycles within the cultural context of contemporary China. I seek to interrogate the ways in which the symbolic capital of bicycles becomes established, reformulated, and reconstituted through different social structures. By looking at the shifting social meaning of riding bicycles, I illuminate the ways that social forces define and shape commodities. Informed by discourse analysis of online forums and ethnographic research, this article sheds light on the ways in which ordinary people and national initiatives use material objects and physical culture to remake themselves in an increasingly globalized and capitalistic world.
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Fogwe, Zephania N. "Biking Acculturation Incidence on the Cameroon Urban Activity Fluxes: A Traffic Congestion Panacea or Palliative in Bamenda?" International Journal of Global Sustainability 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijgs.v4i1.16517.
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City activity fluxes are reminiscent of stakeholder mobility in the urban sphere service and functions. Such mobility affects income and work assiduity though often creating accidents, material damage and pollution of varied forms of urban transportation that has lately witnessed the adaption to motorbikes as an alternatively favoured means of movement to that car. Salvaging economic depression and affordability has given biking an edge of success of recent which raises the recurrent question of its spatio-temporal and technical sustainability in in the freight sector. This paper evaluates the commercialisation of bike riding despite levied negativism perceptions in providing an alternative to the major urban problem of traffic congestion and its contribution to peter the pitfalls of the congestion. To assess the urban congestion intensity, traffic flow count was conducted during the rainy and dry season of spatio-temporal of vehicles (from the city centre to the suburbs). Findings agree to the fact that vehicular traffic congestion with increasing number of bikes was found to be higher along the N-E than the N-W road axis in direct conformity with sampled urban congestion triggers for Bamenda related to road infrastructural traits and vehicular numbers. Though motor bikes initially were a panacea, the sum effect of congestion reveals the urgent need for urban mass transport systems that should be complemented by a holistic urban transport governance involving the creation of deviation routes and enforcing traffic congestion rules.
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Pariyanto, Pariyanto. "MAKNA DAN IDEOLOGI KOMUNITAS SEPEDA KEBO DI SURABAYA DALAM KAJIAN SUBKULTUR." Lakon : Jurnal Kajian Sastra dan Budaya 4, no. 1 (August 24, 2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/lakon.v4i1.1935.
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The rising popularity of modern bikes has replaced sepeda kebo (Indonesia’s old-fashioned bike) as one of common means of transportation in Indonesia. Sepeda kebo nowadays is considered as antique that implicates on impression of sepeda kebo riding as nonmainstream activities. The riders belong to sepeda kebo cliques that introduce community-scaled companionship of riders. By implementing phenomenological paradigm, this qualitative research is motivated by three research questions: first, to investigate the significance of sepeda kebo clique for the members; second, to explore the importance of sepeda kebo clique membership for the members; and third, to illuminate the characterizing orientations initiated and evolved within sepeda kebo cliques in order to either promote the cliques as subculture or defining them as communal unit of interest. The research strategy consists of purposive sampling technique, participatory observation and in-depth interview as data collection method and Creswell’s procedure as data analysis sequence.Sepeda kebo cliques in Surabaya are subcultures in globalization era and are forms of hybrid identity in coping with and resisting to mainstream cultures.
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Dai, Zhaoxin, Weixiang Peng, and Chengcheng Zhang. "Data Cleansing Method for Sparse Trajectory Data: A Case Study of Shared Electric Bicycles in Tengzhou." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-22-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Location based service (LBS) technologies provides a new perspective for the spatiotemporal dynamics analysis of urban systems. Previous studies have been performed by using data of mobile communications, public transport vehicles (taxis and buses), wireless hotspots and shared bicycles. However, the analysis based on shared electric bicycles (e-bike) has yet to be studied in the literature. Data cleansing and the extraction of origin-destination (O-D) are prerequisites for the study of urban systems spatiotemporal patterns. In this study, based on a dataset that contains a week of shared e-bike GPS data in Tengzhou City (Shandong Province), sparse characteristics of discontinuities and non-uniformities of trajectory GPS and a lack of riding status are captured. Based on the characteristics and combining with the actual road, we proposed a method for the extraction of O-D pairs for every trajectory segments from continuous and stateless trajectory GPS data. This method cleans the incomplete and invalid trajectory records, which is suitable for sparse trajectory data. Finally, a week-long shared e-bike GPS data in Tengzhou City is scrubbed, and by sampling method, the extraction accuracy of 91% is verified. In summary, we provide a preliminary cleansing rules for the sparse trajectory data of shared e-bikes at the first time, which is highly reliable, and is suitable for data mining from other forms of sparse GPS trajectory data.</p>
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Rokosz, Frank, and Howard Taylor. "An Innovative Bike Race for Recreational Sports." Recreational Sports Journal 23, no. 2 (October 1999): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.23.2.14.
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Presented here are the rules, procedures and some other important considerations involved in conducting a team criterium relay bike race, a unique event which incorporates modifications of several “official” bike races as sanctioned by the United States Cycling Federation. The basic concept of the race is to have five bikers on each team, with each biker riding five laps of a one-mile course. Total team distance is 25 miles.
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Cao, Min, and Mengxue Huang. "Analysis on the Riding Characteristics of Mobike Sharing Bicycle in Beijing City, China." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-37-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The development of the sharing economy has provided an important realization path for urban’s green and healthy development, and has also accelerated the speed of urban development. With the constant capital pouring into the public transport field, dock-less shared bicycle is a relatively new form of transport in urban areas, and it provides a bikesharing service to fulfil urban short trips. Dock-less shared bicycle, with a characteristic of riding and stopping anywhere, has successfully solved the last mile travel problem. Recently, studies focus on the on the temporal spatial characteristics of public bicycle based on public bicycle operation data. However, there are few studies on the identification of riding patterns based on the characteristics of temporal and spatial behavior of residents. In addition, researches have been conducted on public bicycles administered by the government, and the dock-less shared bicycle have different characteristics from public bicycles in terms of scale of use and mode of use. This paper aims to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of residents using shared bicycles, and attempts to explore the characteristics of the riding modes of the dock-less shared bicycles.</p><p>Mobike sharing bicycle dataset of Beijing city were obtained for the research and this dataset contains a wealth of attributes with cover of 396600 shared bicycle users and 485500 riding records from May 10 to May 25 in 2017. Additionally, 19 types of POI (Point of Interest) data were also obtained through the API of Baidu Maps. To examine the patterns of shared bicycle trips, these POI data are categorized into five types including residential, commercial, institution, recreation and transport. Spatiotemporal analysis method, correlation analysis methods and kernel density methods were used to analyse the temporal and spatial characteristics of shared bicycle trips, revealing the time curve and spatial hotspot distribution area of shared bikes. Furthermore, a new matrix of riding pattern based on POI was proposed to identify the riding patterns during massive sharing bicycle dataset.</p><p>This paper aims to explore the riding behaviour of shared bicycles, and the research results are as follows:</p><p>(1) Temporal characteristics of riding behaviour</p><p>The use of the Mobike bicycles is significantly different on weekdays and weekends (Figure1). Figure 2 clearly shows a morning peak (7&ndash;9&thinsp;h) and evening peak (17&ndash;19&thinsp;h), corresponding with typical commute time. At noon, some users' dining activities triggered a certain close-distance riding behavior, which formed a noon peak. Different from the riding characteristics of the working days, there are many recreational and leisure riding behaviors on the weekends. The distribution of riding time is more balanced, and there is no obvious morning and evening peak phenomenon.</p><p>(2) Spatial characteristics of riding behavior</p><p> The spatial distribution of riding behaviour varies with different roads (Figure 2) and people prefer to choose trunk roads for cycling trips. Spatial hotpot detecting method based on the kernel density is applied to identify the active degree of bike sharing trip during a whole weekday (Figure 3). The red colour represents a high active degree and the green and blue colour means the low degree. Note that almost no riding occurred in the early hours of the morning and late at night. The characteristics of three riding peaks are obvious in the figure. A large number of travels occurred in Second Ring to Fourth Ring Road, and some travel activities were concentrated near traffic sites.</p><p>(3) Patterns of riding behavior</p><p> Different riding patterns happens in different space and change over the time at two scales of day and hour. During morning peak and evening peak on weekdays, more than 60 percent of riding trips are corresponding with typical commuting activities. The observed commuting pattern of morning peak (Figure 4(a) and (b)) implies that the majority of shared bicycle trips might relate to home, transports, commercial area and some institution. For example, students choose shared bicycles to do some school activities, people prefer to use shared bicycles as a connection tool to bus station and metro stops and people handle daily affairs in some government agencies. However, a large part of the shared bicycle trips on weekends shows the characteristics of non-commuting riding pattern, which means more leisure activities take place at weekends (Figure 4(c) and (d)). Non-commuting pattern of riding behavior mainly occurs among residential areas, metro stops, bus stations and recreational facilities, such as parks, playgrounds, etc.</p>
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Borstlap, Hanneri, and Alicia Fourie. "Who is Riding to the South African Bike Festival?" Event Management 24, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599518x15403853721303.
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Events play an integrated part in tourism industry. South Africa events have grown over the past years, especially when it comes to promotion and hosting of events. One such event is South African Bike Festival. The event's organizers host these events for special causes, such as riding for a purpose, social implications, and social responsibility. Motorcycles have been around since the early 1900s for the dual purpose of transportation and recreational or pleasure riding, but little is known about motorcyclists' sociodemographic profile and behavior. From an international perfective, the sociodemographic and behavior aspects of motorcyclists are well documented; what is lacking is literature within the South African perceptive. The purpose of this research is to characterize those who attended the first South African Bike Festival. The research attempts to segment the motorcycle market and identify bikers' motivations, needs, and behavior. A structured self-completion questionnaire was developed and handed out to willing participants. Trained fieldworkers distributed the questionnaire over a 3-day period and received a total of 484 usable questionnaires. A multiple regression based on sociodemographic variables and spending habits was done to determine any significant differences. Respondents were segmented based on their motives for attending the event. In this way three markets were identified, namely hardcore biker, feisty biker, and fortuitous biker. The results showed that there are indeed significant differences between the three markets identified. This research not only contributes to the motorcycling literature, but also to motorcycling behavior of bikers in South Africa.
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Cheng, Xiaoqian, Chengming Li, Weibing Du, Jianming Shen, and Zhaoxin Dai. "Trip Extraction of Shared Electric Bikes Based on Multi-Rule-Constrained Homomorphic Linear Clustering Algorithm." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120526.
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Trajectory data include rich interactive information of humans. The correct identification of trips is the key to trajectory data mining and its application. A new method, multi-rule-constrained homomorphic linear clustering (MCHLC), is proposed to extract trips from raw trajectory data. From the perspective of the workflow, the MCHLC algorithm consists of three parts. The first part is to form the original sub-trajectory moving/stopping clusters, which are obtained by sequentially clustering trajectory elements of the same motion status. The second part is to determine and revise the motion status of the original sub-trajectory clusters by the speed, time duration, directional constraint, and contextual constraint to construct the stop/move model. The third part is to extract users’ trips by filtering the stop/move model using the following rules: distance rule, average speed rule, shortest path rule, and completeness rule, which are related to daily riding experiences. Verification of the new method is carried out with the shared electric bike trajectory data of one week in Tengzhou city, evaluated by three indexes (precision, recall, and F1-score). The experiment shows that the index values of the new algorithm are higher (above 93%) than those of the baseline methods, indicating that the new algorithm is better. Compared to the baseline velocity sequence linear clustering (VSLC) algorithm, the performance of the new algorithm is improved by approximately 10%, mainly owing to two factors, directional constraint and contextual constraint. The better experimental results indicate that the new algorithm is suitable to extract trips from the sparse trajectories of shared e-bikes and other transportation forms, which can provide technical support for urban hotspot detection and hot route identification.
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Karpiński, Jacek. "The language of Dutch indoor cycling instructors." Scandinavian Philology 19, no. 1 (2021): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2021.102.
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Sports, physical fitness and good health are important to most people across the world. For this reason, fitness centres are constantly growing and offering their customers a wide range of different activities (e. g., strength training, personal training or group classes). One of the most popular forms of fitness for years has been indoor cycling — a group class on stationary bikes to the rhythm of stimulating music. A charismatic trainer is of course a part of it. This article focuses on the specific language of Dutch indoor cycling instructors used in contact with their clients. The research is based on the participant observation of Spinning® classes in Dutch fitness centres between June 2019 and March 2020 and is supported with my own experience as an indoor cycling instructor. Already at first sight, some characteristics are noticeable that make this language special, such as specific pronunciations and intonations, vocabulary, certain morphosyntactic features or the use of affirmation and visualization. Language seems to be an important tool to ensure the balance between body and mind. Moreover, language is seen as part of the whole philosophy of Spinning®, which confirms the words of Johnny G., the creator of this programme: “Spinning® has always shone a bright light in the health and fitness community. Not because riding a stationary bike is such a trick, but because of its language”.
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Pimentel, David, Michael Lowry, Timothy Koglin, and Ronald Pimentel. "Innovation in a Legal Vacuum: The Uncertain Legal Landscape for Shared Micro-Mobility." Journal of Law and Mobility, no. 2020 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36635/jlm.2020.innovation.
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The last few years have seen an explosion in the number and size shared micro-mobility systems (“SMMS”) across the United States. Some of these systems have seen extraordinary success and the potential benefit of these systems to communities is considerable. However, SMMS have repeatedly ran into legal barriers that either prevent their implementation entirely, confuse and dissuade potential users, or otherwise limit SMMS’s potential positive impact. This paper reflects a detailed study of state laws relating to SMMS and the platforms commonly used in these systems. The study uncovered many inconsistencies with micro-mobility laws across the country. Currently, many states lack clear definitions for these emerging forms of transportation, which do not otherwise fit neatly in the categories contemplated by existing law. Several states lack clear, state-level policies, which has led to discrepancies between state and local regulations. Further, there are several areas of micro-mobility law that are sharply inconsistent between states. All of these differences leave users confused as to what the law is and may discourage them from riding. A number of states are attempting to remedy inconsistencies and legislative silence by passing and proposing laws that regulate the use of electric bikes (“e-bikes”) and electric scooters (“e-scooters”), but even these efforts are unlikely to bring the consistency that is needed. Federal authorities should act to create uniform laws and work with states to adopt them, otherwise, the lack of a legal infrastructure may threaten to stifle the innovation and undermine SMMS’s promised returns.
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Jensen, K., and L. Johansen. "Reproducibility and validity of physiological parameters measured in cyclists riding on racing bikes placed on a stationary magnetic brake." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00221.x.
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Dhakal, Krishna Prasad. "Road Traffic Accidents in Kathmandu Valley." Journal of Health Promotion 6 (November 25, 2018): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v6i0.21802.
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This article presents the information received from documents available in the Police Head- Quarters, Operation Department, Traffic Directorate, Naxal, Kathmandu and Metropolitan Traffic Police Division, Kathmandu along with some journals and websites covering five years from 2069 to 2074. The main aim of carrying out this research was to shed light on the road traffic accidents of Kathmandu valley. The data have been presented through document analysis and analyzed here using both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The major findings include that Road Traffic Accidents are the outcomes of many factors ranging from the negligence of the driver to the weather condition and the condition of road. Despite the dense presence of government and its bodies, the study showed that maximum number of road traffic accidents occur in Kathmandu valley. Youngsters riding bikes and driving cars involved in accident are found maximum in number. Because of the immediate rescue and hospitalization, the number of deaths in Kathmandu valley was found to be decreasing in comparison to the other parts of Nepal.Journal of Health Promotion Vol.6 2008, p.37-44
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Dodd, Helen F., and Kathryn J. Lester. "Adventurous Play as a Mechanism for Reducing Risk for Childhood Anxiety: A Conceptual Model." Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 24, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00338-w.
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AbstractIn this conceptual article, we draw upon the literature regarding cognitive and behavioural factors that underpin childhood anxiety to outline how a range of these risk markers might be targeted through adventurous play. When children play in an adventurous way, climbing trees, riding their bikes fast downhill and jumping from rocks, they experience feelings of fear and excitement, thrill and adrenaline. We propose that the positive, thrilling and playful emotions associated with this type of child-led play facilitate exposure to fear-provoking situations and, in doing so, provide opportunities for children to learn about physiological arousal, uncertainty and coping. We hypothesise that these learning opportunities will, over time, reduce children’s risk for elevated anxiety by increasing children’s expectations and ability to cope with anxiety, decreasing intolerance of uncertainty and preventing catastrophic misinterpretations of physiological arousal. If our conceptual model is correct, then ensuring that children have the physical and psychological space required to play in an adventurous way may help to decrease their risk for elevated or clinical anxiety.
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Xiong, Xiaoxia, Shuichao Zhang, and Lin Guo. "Non-motorized Vehicle Traffic Accidents in China: Analysing Road Users’ Precrash Behaviors and Implications for Road Safety." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.110112.
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The paper aims to explore underlying patterns of non-motorized vehicle (NM, including both regular bicycles and e-bikes) traffic accident occurrences based on precrash behaviors. A quarter-year data of NM accidents was collected by Yinzhou Traffic Police Department of Ningbo, China. Descriptive statistics and Rough Set theory were used to examine rules within different types of NM accidents from temporal, spatial, and behavioral aspects. Some main findings include: behavior patterns of different parties involved vary across different accident types, levels of roads, and intersections; motorized vehicle’s illegal turning as well as NM’s reverse riding are the two key behaviors that deserve concern across all levels of roads and intersection; in addition, for higher level urban roads more attention should be focused on lane violations of motorized vehicles, and for branch roads and intersections prevention efforts could be directed to motorized vehicles’ illegal turning around and NM’s red-light running respectively. Results from this paper could facilitate related staff formulating more targeted policies to make roadways safer.
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Amey, Janet, and Grant Christey. "Farm injury resulting in hospital admission: a review of farm work and non-farm work-related injury." Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 4 (2019): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19049.
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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONOccupational health on farms is important because farms are not only workplaces where agriculture workers are vulnerable to high injury and fatality rates, they are also homes where families and visitors undertake a variety of activities that can result in injury. AIMTo profile and describe injuries requiring hospital admission that occurred on farms, both for injuries related to farming activities and injuries unrelated to farm work in the Midland region of New Zealand. METHODSA review of anonymised prospectively collected Midland trauma registry data from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2018 was undertaken. Cases include unintentional injuries occurring on a farm. Non-major injuries are included to better quantify the trauma burden. RESULTSIn total, 2303 hospital admissions met the study criteria. Non-major injury accounted for 93.1% of events and 45.0% of injuries occurred during farming activities. Five people died in hospital; all injured while undertaking farm work. Males made up 84.8% of farm work and 70.9% of non-farm work injuries. Horse riding had the highest number of injuries, with off-road motorcycles, livestock, falls and quad bike injuries comprising the most common injury activities and mechanisms. Farming-related major injuries commonly involved quad bikes, non-traffic vehicles and motorcycles. Farmers in the Districts of Waitomo, Rotorua, Waipa and Taupō had the highest standardised hospitalisation rates. DISCUSSIONThe nature of farms and farming exposes people to different risks from the risks people in urban areas are exposed to. Injury prevention efforts should remain on work-related farming injuries, but also encompass the high number of injuries that are not related to farm work but happening on farms.
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Wang, Zhuo, Richard L. Neitzel, Xiaodan Xue, Wenlong Zheng, and Guohong Jiang. "Awareness, riding behaviors, and legislative attitudes toward electric bikes among two types of road users: An investigation in Tianjin, a municipality in China." Traffic Injury Prevention 20, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2018.1511898.
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Chang, Hsin-Wen, and Hsin-Li Chang. "Students’ Perceptions of Difficulties in Cycling to School in Urban and Suburban Taiwan." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2060, no. 1 (January 2008): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2060-14.
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Previous research has identified the importance of cycling training programs and examined the relationship between cycling attitudes and the behavior of cyclists; another important factor that needs further research is obstacles to cycling in cities. This study investigates cycling difficulties confronted by Taiwanese students in the Hsin-Chu technopolis while riding their bikes to and from school. For an empirical perspective, a questionnaire was designed to collect data related to perceptions of cycling difficulties and to provide a descriptive analysis of students and their parents. Data were collected from samples in urban and suburban environments. The Rasch model was applied to analyze the cycling abilities of the students as well as their perceptions of cycling difficulty. Findings indicate that boys have better cycling abilities than girls, urban students have better abilities than suburban students, ability parallels age (older students have better cycling ability), and parents’ attitudes toward cycling to school parallel their children's abilities (parents of students with better cycling ability are less concerned). Various impediments to cycling are identified and, based on students’ perceptions, levels of difficulty are assigned. Implications of the results are discussed, and recommendations are offered, so as to facilitate matching bicycle use with Taiwan's status as a worldwide leader in bicycle manufacturing.
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Francis, Diane, Anne McEvoy, Tracey Roney, and L. Michelle Gibson. "Farm Safety - A Family Priority: The Implementation of a Collaborative Approach to Primary Health Care in a Rural Setting." Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, no. 4 (2000): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00054.
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Farm Safety - A Family Priority' was a collaborative, integrated primary health care promotion conducted during Rural Health Week, starting 27th May 1999 in the rural town of Elmore, Victoria. Five primary schools in surrounding districts were invited to participate: Goornong, Colbinabbin, Drummartin, Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, Elmore, and Elmore Primary School. Involving 113 children and five teachers, issues concerning safety on the farm included riding on tractors, horses and agriculture bikes, the safe use and storage of chemicals, safe places to play, the importance of displaying emergency telephone numbers, and a demonstration on Expired Air Resuscitation. By using a demonstration and an interactive teaching method it was envisaged that student participation would be encouraged and learning through practical application reinforced. Further, students were provided with ample time to ask questions of the demonstrators regarding any displays and activities. At the conclusion of the day a questionnaire was distributed to all children while teachers' perceptions were recorded by interview. Children took away some clear messages about farm safety, and the coordination and content of the activities impressed teachers. The activity clearly demonstrated the need for more integrated, collaborative approaches in promoting primary health care in rural settings, that are relevant to the community concerned in order to create a sustainable healthy community.
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Xiao, Guangnian, and Zihao Wang. "Empirical Study on Bikesharing Brand Selection in China in the Post-Sharing Era." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 3125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083125.
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With the rapid popularization of mobile Internet technology and smart terminal equipment in recent years, the volume and usage of dockless bikesharing (hereafter referred to as bikesharing), which is green, environmentally friendly and convenient, have grown rapidly, making it one of the China’s “new four major inventions.” The development of the bikesharing in China consists of a pre-sharing era and a post-sharing era. In the pre-sharing era, capital-driven vicious market competition and lack of precise control have led to the abuse of urban space. Since the post-sharing era, the industry structure has returned to rationality, and many participants have been forced out of the market. The bikesharing has formed an oligopoly market consisting of head players such as Hellobike, Mobike, and Ofo. Therefore, how to improve the level of refined operations, promote sustainable development, improve cyclist satisfaction, and contribute to China’s strength in transportation have become urgent problems for bikesharing companies and traffic management departments. From the perspective of the cyclist experience, the brand choice of the bikesharing is taken as the research object. An online revealed preference survey is used to collect data on cyclists’ socio-economic attributes and subjective evaluations on the bikesharing. The conditional Logit model is used to explore the important factors that influence cyclists on the choice of bikesharing brands. Research results include: (1) age, occupation type, after-tax monthly income of the faculty group, riding comfort, rent, picking up/returning convenience, word of mouth, and volume have a significant impact on cyclists’ bikesharing brand choices; (2) gender, educational background, monthly living expenses of the student group, appearance, deposit, deposit returning speed, rate of broken bikes, ease of use of software, and rent discount have no significant impact on cyclists’ bikesharing brand choices. The research results are of great significance for improving the service quality of bikesharing companies and promoting the healthy development of the shared economy in China. Based on the results of the study, policy recommendations are made on the improvement for riding comfort, human-centered design, and word of mouth, and the construction of shared facilities.
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Jawhar, Khaled, and Evangelos Kranakis. "Robot Evacuation on a Line Assisted by a Bike." Information 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12010028.
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Two robots and a bike are initially placed at the origin of an infinite line. The robots are modelled as autonomous mobile agents whose communication capabilities are either in the wireless or face-to-face model, while the bike neither can move nor communicate on its own. Thus, the bike is not autonomous but rather requires one of the robots to ride it. An exit is placed on the line at distance d from the origin; the distance and direction of the exit from the origin is unknown to the robots. Only one robot may ride the bike at a time and the goal is to evacuate from the exit in the minimum time possible as measured by the time it takes the last robot to exit. The robots can maintain a constant walking speed of 1, but when riding the bike they can maintain a constant speed v>1 (same for both robots). We develop algorithms for the evacuation of the two robots from the unknown exit and analyze the evacuation time defined as the time it takes the second robot to evacuate. In the wireless model we present three algorithms: in the first the robots move in opposite direction with max speed, in the second with a specially selected “optimal” speed, and in the third the robot imitates the biker (i.e., robot riding the bike). We also give three algorithms in the Face-to-Face model: in the first algorithm the robot pursues the biker, in the second the robot and the biker use zig-zag algorithms with specially chosen expansion factors, and the third algorithm establishes a sequence of specially constructed meeting points near the exit. In either case, the optimality of these algorithms depends on v>1. We also discuss lower bounds.
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Boronat, Pablo, Miguel Pérez-Francisco, Carlos T. Calafate, and Juan-Carlos Cano. "Towards a Sustainable City for Cyclists: Promoting Safety through a Mobile Sensing Application." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062116.
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Riding a bicycle is a great manner to contribute to the preservation of our ecosystem. Cycling helps to reduce air pollution and traffic congestion, and so, it is one of the simplest ways to lower the environmental footprint of people. However, the cohabitation of cars and vulnerable road users, such as bikes, scooters, or pedestrians, is prone to cause accidents with serious consequences. In this context, technological solutions are sought that enable the generation of alerts to prevent these accidents, thereby promoting a safer city for these road users, and a cleaner environment. Alert systems based on smartphones can alleviate these situations since nearly all people carry such a device while traveling. In this work, we test the suitability of a smartphone based alert system, determining the most adequate communications architecture. Two protocols have been designed to send position and alert messages to/from a centralized server over 4G cellular networks. One of the protocols is implemented using a REST architecture on top of the HTTP protocol, and the other one is implemented over the UDP protocol. We show that the proposed alarm system is feasible regarding communication response time, and we conclude that the application should be implemented over the UDP protocol, as response times are about three times better than for the REST implementation. We tested the applications in real deployments, finding that drivers are warned of the presence of bicycles when closer than 150 m, having enough time to pay attention to the situation and drive more carefully to avoid a collision.
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Ud-din, Zia, Hamid Hussain, Sofi Kabir, and Farhana Jabeen Shah. "Burden of Accidents Involving Motorcyclists in District Kohat, Pakistan." Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37762/jgmds.6-1.89.
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OBJECTIVES:The main aim was to assess the frequencies of accidents of motorbike in previous one year and also to estimate the factors related with the accidents.METHODOLOGY:The study design was quantitative and the data was collected from motorcyclists. In order to collect the primary data; a structured questionnaire was used. We interviewed 412 motorcyclists. Almost all the motorcyclist responded and thus we achieved 99% response. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used to enter data, clean it and analysis.RESULTS:After the analysis we got hold of some factors, which were associated with accidents. Some of these factors were human, vehicle and environment related factors completing the epidemiological triad of agent, host and environment. CONCLUSION:Based on the results of the study we concluded that bikers must shun the practice of speeding over and above the limits of speed given by the government, one-wheeling, and listening to music while driving. Moreover, the bikers must be taught the basic skills of motorbike riding by authorized personnel and keep latest models of motorbikes, which are in excellent condition. The guardians or parents along with the law enforcement agencies must make ensure that biker must get a license before using the bike. KEYWORDS: District Kohat, Road Traffic Accidents, Burden, Motorbikes
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Freeman, Gregory D., and Lisa B. Lucius. "Sound Off!: Student Engagement and Teacher Guidance in Meaningful Mathematics: Enduring Principles." Mathematics Teacher 102, no. 3 (October 2008): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.102.3.0164.
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I learned to ride a bike at age six. The experiences leading to my first solo bike ride are still vivid memories. First, my father gave a wonderful explanation of bike riding. The mechanics of leg motion required to pedal were explained. Hand placement on the handlebars and the nuances of steering were described with clarity. Braking, maintaining balance, and every other conceivable aspect of bike riding were laid before me. Next, my brother modeled bike riding. Down the block he rode: peddling, steering, maintaining balance. He managed a 180-degree turn, returned, braked, and came to a perfect stop. Having gained a conceptual understanding of bike riding and having observed successful bike riding, I was able to ride the bike by myself at first attempt. I attribute my riding independence to my father's excellent explanation and my brother's superb modeling.
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Freeman, Gregory D., and Lisa B. Lucius. "Sound Off!: Student Engagement and Teacher Guidance in Meaningful Mathematics: Enduring Principles." Mathematics Teacher 102, no. 3 (October 2008): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.102.3.0164.
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I learned to ride a bike at age six. The experiences leading to my first solo bike ride are still vivid memories. First, my father gave a wonderful explanation of bike riding. The mechanics of leg motion required to pedal were explained. Hand placement on the handlebars and the nuances of steering were described with clarity. Braking, maintaining balance, and every other conceivable aspect of bike riding were laid before me. Next, my brother modeled bike riding. Down the block he rode: peddling, steering, maintaining balance. He managed a 180-degree turn, returned, braked, and came to a perfect stop. Having gained a conceptual understanding of bike riding and having observed successful bike riding, I was able to ride the bike by myself at first attempt. I attribute my riding independence to my father's excellent explanation and my brother's superb modeling.
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Wang, Tao, Sihong Xie, Xiaofei Ye, Xingchen Yan, Jun Chen, and Wenyong Li. "Analyzing E-Bikers’ Risky Riding Behaviors, Safety Attitudes, Risk Perception, and Riding Confidence with the Structural Equation Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 4763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134763.
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To identify and quantify the factors that influence the risky riding behaviors of electric bike riders, we designed an e-bike rider behavior questionnaire (ERBQ) and obtained 573 valid samples through tracking surveys and random surveys. An exploratory factor analysis was then conducted to extract four scales: riding confidence, safety attitude, risk perception, and risky riding behavior. Based on the exploratory factor analysis, a structural equation model (SEM) of electric bike riding behaviors was constructed to explore the intrinsic causal relationships among the variables that affect the risky e-bike riding behavior. The results show that the relationship between riding confidence and risky riding behavior is mediated by risk perception and safety attitudes. Safety attitude was found to be significantly associated with risky riding behaviors. Specifically, herd mentality is most closely related to safety attitudes, which means that those engaged in e-bike traffic management and safety education should pay special attention to riders’ psychological management and education. Risk perception has a direct path to risky riding behaviors. Specifically, stochastic evaluation and concern degree are significantly related to e-bike riders’ risk perception. The findings of this study provide an empirical basis for the creation of safety interventions for e-bike riders in China.
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Leger, Samantha J., Jennifer L. Dean, Sara Edge, and Jeffrey M. Casello. "“If I had a regular bicycle, I wouldn’t be out riding anymore”: Perspectives on the potential of e-bikes to support active living and independent mobility among older adults in Waterloo, Canada." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 123 (May 2019): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.10.009.
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WALLIS, MYRNA E. "Easy as riding a bike." Nursing 32, no. 11 (November 2002): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200211000-00062.
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Cassady, Sandra. "Guest Editorial: Like Riding a Bike?" Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal 16, no. 4 (December 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01823246-200516040-00001.
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Zhou, Yang, Hui Ji, Songtian Zhang, Caiyun Qian, and Zixiong Wei. "Empirical Study on the Boundary Space Form of Residential Blocks Oriented Toward Low-Carbon Travel." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102812.
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As one of the three major carbon sources in cities, urban mobility has posed severe challenges to the social environment. Promoting low-carbon travel for residents is an important measure for building a low-carbon city and mitigating climate change. However, to date, previous research on residents’ low-carbon travel has been more oriented toward urban planning, while quantitative research on the influence of the boundary space form of residential blocks on residents’ travel modes, which takes residential blocks as the research objects at the meso- and micro-level, is relatively rare. Residential blocks in China, which were built in the late 1990s, mostly have a large and gated spatial form. Individual residential blocks are often gated by fences, commercial buildings, and other forms of interfaces, forming an independent residential group. Long and closed boundary forms will have a certain impact on residents’ choice of low-carbon travel modes, such as walking, riding bikes, and so on. Taking Nanjing as an example, this paper explores the essential factors that impact residents’ travel behaviors from the perspective of the boundary space of residential blocks, combining the socio-economic attributes of residents, land use, and transit facilities, and there are four dimensions to the study, including the boundary block scale, types of boundary interface, density and distribution of accesses, and the slow-travel environment, proposing recommended values of the relevant indicators in a targeted manner. This paper selects 21 residential blocks in the main districts in Nanjing, conducting a related survey on the residents’ socio-economic attributes and travel characteristics, boundary space form, land use, and transit facilities. The data obtained from the survey are analyzed by correlation analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis, so as to screen out the key variables of the boundary space forms of the blocks that affect residents’ low-carbon travel. Meanwhile, on the basis of the appropriate share of low-carbon travel, the unary linear regression model is used to propose ideal recommended values of the key variables of the boundary space forms of the residential blocks. For instance, the block boundary density is recommended to be above 34.38 km/km², the permeability coefficient of the block interface should be above 0.43, the commercial interface ratio should be above 18.16 km/km², the density of accesses of the blocks is recommended to be above 246.71 km/km², and the cross-sectional ratio of the slow-travel roads should be above 0.5.
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Macdermid, Paul W., Matthew C. Miller, Fiona M. Macdermid, and Philip W. Fink. "Tyre Volume and Pressure Effects on Impact Attenuation during Mountain Bike Riding." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/191075.
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Exposure to impacts and vibrations has been shown to be detrimental to cross country mountain bike performance and health. Therefore, any strategy aimed at attenuating such exposure is useful to participants and/or industry. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of tyre size and tyre inflation pressure on exposure to impacts. Participants completed nine trials of a technical section (controlled for initial speed and route taken) including nine separate conditions involving three tyre sizes and three tyre inflation pressures normalised per tyre. Performance was determined by time to negotiate the technical section while triaxial accelerometers recorded accelerations (128 Hz) to quantify impact exposure and the subsequent effects on soft tissue response. Increases in tyre size within the range used improved performanceP<0.0001while changes to tyre inflation pressure had no effectP=0.6870on performance. Larger tyre sizes and lower tyre inflation pressures significantlyP<0.0001reduced exposure to impacts which could be augmented or negated due to an interaction between tyre size and inflation pressureP<0.0001. It is recommended that mountain bikers use larger tyres, inflated to the moderate pressures used within this study, in order to increase performance and reduce the risk of overuse injuries.
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Connor, E. V., and K. Wohlrab. "Is Laparoscopic Simulation Like Riding a Bike?" Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 21, no. 6 (November 2014): S28—S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2014.08.111.
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Kennedy, James. "Neurologic Injuries in Cycling and Bike Riding." Neurologic Clinics 26, no. 1 (February 2008): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2007.11.001.
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Kennedy, James. "Neurologic Injuries in Cycling and Bike Riding." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 20, no. 1 (February 2009): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2008.10.015.
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Arehart-Treichel, Joan. "Bike Riding And Alcohol: A Lethal Combination." Psychiatric News 36, no. 9 (May 4, 2001): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.36.9.0033a.
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Ma, Changxi, Jibiao Zhou, Dong Yang, and Yuanyuan Fan. "Research on the Relationship between the Individual Characteristics of Electric Bike Riders and Illegal Speeding Behavior: A Questionnaire-Based Study." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030799.
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To examine the relationship between electric bike riders’ individual characteristics and their riding speed, this paper obtained 350 valid survey responses from e-bike riders using an on-site sampling survey method. Using the non-aggregate theory, we take the individual attributes of the rider’s age, driving age, personality, and corrective vision as potential influencing factors. The metric model of the influencing factors of the rider’s personal characteristics on riding speed is established, and we analyze the sensitivity of many influencing factors by using the theory of elasticity. The results show that the absolute value of the elasticity value corresponding to the rider’s gender, age, corrected visual acuity, and other factors is less than 1, which indicates that the above factors have no flexibility regarding the rider’s riding speed selection behavior. However, in four selection intervals, the elasticity values of the rider’s education level are 1.577, 2.484, 1.810, and 1.667; those of their driving age are −1.537, −2.061, −1.547, and −1.606, and those of their riding proficiency are 3.302, 12.038, 10.370, and 11.177, which indicate that the three factors of rider’s education level, driving age, and riding proficiency have a significant impact on the riding speed choice behavior. The finding of the study is helpful for the relevant government departments to formulate more accurate classified intervention measures, and effectively prevent the occurrence of illegal speeding behavior.
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Toovey, Rachel, Adrienne R. Harvey, Jennifer L. McGinley, Katherine J. Lee, Sophy T. F. Shih, and Alicia J. Spittle. "Bike skills training for children with cerebral palsy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e019898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019898.
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IntroductionTwo-wheel bike riding can be a goal for children with cerebral palsy (CP) and a means of participating in physical activity. It is possible for some children with CP to ride a two-wheel bike; however, currently far fewer can ride compared with their typically developing peers. Evidence supports training targeted towards goals of the child with CP and their family; yet there is little evidence to guide best-practice bike skills training. Task-specific training may lead to attainment of two-wheel bike-specific goals. This study aims to determine if a novel task-specific approach to training two-wheel bike skills is more effective than a parent-led home programme for attaining individualised two-wheel bike-specific goals in independently ambulant children with CP aged 6–15 years.Methods and analysisSixty eligible children with CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I–II) aged 6–15 years with goals relating to riding a two-wheel bike will be randomised to either a novel task-specific centre-based group programme (intervention) or a parent-led home-based programme (comparison), both involving a 1-week intervention period. The primary outcome is goal attainment in the week following the intervention period (T1). Secondary outcomes include: goal attainment and participation in physical activity at 3 months postintervention (T2) and bike skills, attendance and involvement in bike riding, self-perception and functional skills at T1 and T2. Economic appraisal will involve cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses. Adherence of clinicians and parents to the intervention and comparison protocols will be assessed. Linear and logistic regression will be used to assess the effect of the intervention, adjusted for site as used in the randomisation process.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Human Research and Ethics Committees at The Royal Children’s Hospital (#36209). Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT03003026; Pre-results.
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Bassford, Marie. "On Your e-Bike: Riding Towards the Light." Gateway Papers 2, no. 1 (August 17, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3943/gp.38.
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Evans. "Little Red Riding Hood Bites Back: A Feminist Reinterpretation." Visual Arts Research 37, no. 2 (2011): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/visuartsrese.37.2.0128.
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