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Journal articles on the topic 'Rifts – Djibouti'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Hassan Aden, Abdek, Jasmin Raymond, and Bernard Giroux. "Numerical Modeling of Hydrothermal System Circulation Beneath Asal Rift, Republic of Djibouti." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 9310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249310.

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Asal rift is an aerial rift segment resulting from the westward propagation of the Aden ridge into the Afar Depression. Geothermal manifestations such as hot springs and fumaroles, fault creep, conductivity anomaly, and high geothermal gradient were observed both at the surface and in the subsurface. Despite many scientific works conducted in Asal to understand the rifting mechanisms, the hydrothermal fluid circulation still needs to be evaluated since it is based on simplified conceptual models. To further contribute and progress toward a quantitative evaluation of fluid circulation, a 2D numerical model perpendicular to the rift axis was developed with the objective of better understanding the role of subsurface anisotropy in fluid flow and heat transfer in the Asal rift. Numerical modeling of multiphase flow and heat transfer was carried out with an equivalent porous medium intersected by fault zones having greater permeability. Horizontal anisotropic permeability and magmatic fluid release were taken into account with different simulation scenarios. The results indicate that fault zones act as recharge/discharge areas depending on their location, permeability, and number. Simulations considering horizontal anisotropic permeability allowed the reproduction of the thermal state observed in geothermal wells with the expected general pattern of fluid circulation in the Asal rift. Comparing our result with a recent study made with a 2D numerical modeling parallel to the rift axis, we suggest the presence of a saddle point where fluid flow is both to the northeast and to the southwest direction of the rift. Moreover, magmatic fluid release assumed in two simulation scenarios showed to have an impact on the hydrological behavior of fault zones and facilitate the development of super-critical flow at the center of the rift.

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2

Osman Awaleh, Mohamed, Abdi-Basid Adan, Omar Assowe Dabar, Mohamed Jalludin, Moussa Mahdi Ahmed, and Ismael Abdillahi Guirreh. "Economic Feasibility of Green Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis Using Wind and Geothermal Energy Resources in Asal-Ghoubbet Rift (Republic of Djibouti): A Comparative Evaluation." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010138.

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The Republic of Djibouti has untapped potential in terms of renewable energy resources, such as geothermal, wind, and solar energy. This study examines the economic feasibility of green hydrogen production by water electrolysis using wind and geothermal energy resources in the Asal–Ghoubbet Rift (AG Rift), Republic of Djibouti. It is the first study in Africa that compares the cost per kg of green hydrogen produced by wind and geothermal energy from a single site. The unit cost of electricity produced by the wind turbine (0.042 $/kWh) is more competitive than that of a dry steam geothermal plant (0.086 $/kWh). The cost of producing hydrogen with a suitable electrolyzer powered by wind energy ranges from $0.672/kg H2 to $1.063/kg H2, while that produced by the high-temperature electrolyzer (HTE) powered by geothermal energy ranges from $3.31/kg H2 to $4.78/kg H2. Thus, the AG Rift area can produce electricity and green hydrogen at low-cost using wind energy compared to geothermal energy. The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduced by using a “Yinhe GX113-2.5MW” wind turbine and a single flash geothermal power plant instead of fuel-oil generators is 2061.6 tons CO2/MW/year and 2184.8 tons CO2/MW/year, respectively.

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3

Hassan Aden, Abdek. "Hydrothermal Reservoir and Electrical Anisotropy Investigated by Magnetotelluric Data, Case Study of Asal Rift, Republic of Djibouti." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021157.

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At the center of the Republic of Djibouti, an eroded rift called Asal is located where tectonic and magmatic activities can be observed at the surface. Multiple studies were carried out with different exploration methods, such as structural, geophysical and hydrogeological, to understand rifting processes and characterize the subsurface of this rift. Among these subsurface exploration methods, the deep geoelectrical structures need to be better defined with the magnetotelluric (MT) method to better delineate the deep resistivity structures. With the objective of improving our understanding of the deep rift structure, magnetotelluric (MT) data acquired in the Asal rift were analyzed and inverted to build a 2D electrical conductivity model of the hydrothermal system. To achieve this, a dimensionality analysis of the MT data along a 2D profile perpendicular to the rift axis was carried out. Results of this analysis justify the approximation of 2D conductivity structure. Then, 2D inversion models were achieved to build models of the conductive structures. Dimensionality analysis results revealed the existence of electrical anisotropy. Consistent correlation between geoelectric strike and electrical anisotropy direction was suggested. Electrical anisotropy direction determined from the ellipticity of the phase tensor for the short periods was interpreted as the consequence of tectonic activity and horizontal deformation of the rift. Moreover, electrical anisotropy direction for the long periods was assumed to be related to the effects of combined magmatic-tectonic activities with predominant magma/dyke intrusion, which implies the vertical deformation and the subsidence of the rift and may imply the alignment of Olivine. Moreover, the variation and rotation of paleo and recent stress fields direction of plate motion in Asal rift located at the junction of three diverging plates—Arabia, Nubia and Somalia—over geological time can generate both magmatic and tectonic activities which in turn can induce a preferred direction of electrical anisotropy which is the direction of the highest conductivity. While the north-south electrical anisotropy direction is parallel to the direction of Red Sea Rift propagation, the north-east electrical anisotropy direction is aligned with the extension direction between Arabia and Somalia plates. Results of the 2D inversion models presented for the Asal rift allowed to identify two superimposed conductive units close to the surface and are interpreted as a shallow aquifer and a wide potential hydrothermal system. These conductive mediums are overlying a relatively resistive medium. The latter is associated with a magmatic system likely containing hot and/or partly molten rocks. The 2D conductivity model developed in this study could be considered as conceptual model of Asal rift prior to modeling multiphase fluid flow and heat transfer and/or could be used to identify the hydrothermal system for future drilling target depth of geothermal exploration.

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4

Boschetti, Tiziano, Mohamed Awaleh, and Maurizio Barbieri. "Waters from the Djiboutian Afar: A Review of Strontium Isotopic Composition and a Comparison with Ethiopian Waters and Red Sea Brines." Water 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111700.

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Drinking water is scarce in Djibouti because of the hot desert climate. Moreover, seawater intrusion or fossil saltwater contamination of the limited number of freshwater aquifers due to groundwater overexploitation affect those who live close to the coastline (~80% of the population). Despite this, the geothermal potential of the country’s plentiful hot springs could resolve the increasing electricity demand. Strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) are routinely used to determine sources and mixing relationships in geochemical studies. They have proven to be useful in determining weathering processes and quantifying endmember mixing processes. In this study, we summarise and reinterpret the 87Sr/86Sr ratio and Sr concentration data of the groundwater collected to date in the different regions of the Djibouti country, trying to discriminate between the different water sources, to evaluate the water/rock ratio and to compare the data with those coming from the groundwater in the neighbouring Main Ethiopian Rift and the Red Sea bottom brine. New preliminary data from the groundwater of the Hanlé-Gaggadé plains are also presented.

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5

Kasser, M., J. C. Ruegg, and J. C. Lepine. "Geodetic measurements on the Asal Rift (Djibouti): Twelve years of observations." Journal of Geodynamics 7, no. 3-4 (July 1987): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(87)90007-x.

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6

Reisberg, L. "Os Isotopic Results from Rift and Flood Basalts of Ethiopia and Djibouti." Mineralogical Magazine 62A, no. 2 (1998): 1251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1998.62a.2.319.

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7

Vellutini, P. "The Manda—Inakir rift, republic of Djibouti: A comparison with the Asal rift and its geodynamic interpretation." Tectonophysics 172, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90065-g.

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8

Ruegg, J. C., and M. Kasser. "Deformation across the Asal-Ghoubbet Rift, Djibouti, Uplift and crustal extension 1979-1986." Geophysical Research Letters 14, no. 7 (July 1987): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl014i007p00745.

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9

De Chabalier, J. B., and J. P. Avouac. "Kinematics of the Asal Rift (Djibouti) Determined from the Deformation of Fieale Volcano." Science 265, no. 5179 (September 16, 1994): 1677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5179.1677.

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10

Le Gall, Bernard, Mohamed Ahmed Daoud, René C. Maury, Joël Rolet, Hervé Guillou, and Christian Sue. "Magma-driven antiform structures in the Afar rift: The Ali Sabieh range, Djibouti." Journal of Structural Geology 32, no. 6 (June 2010): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.06.007.

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11

Pinzuti, Paul, Eric Humler, Isabelle Manighetti, and Yves Gaudemer. "Petrological constraints on melt generation beneath the Asal Rift (Djibouti) using quaternary basalts." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, no. 8 (August 2013): 2932–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20187.

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12

Hassan Aden, Abdek, Jasmin Raymond, Bernard Giroux, and Bernard Sanjuan. "New Insights into Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation Affected by Regional Groundwater Flow in the Asal Rift, Republic of Djibouti." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041166.

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The Asal Rift hosts a lake located in a depression at 150 m below sea level, where recharge is influenced by regional groundwater flow interacting with the Ghoubbet Sea along the coast of Djibouti. This regional groundwater flow is believed to influence hydrothermal fluid circulation, which we aim to better understand in this study, having the objective of developing concepts for geothermal exploration in the area. To this end, magnetotelluric data acquired in the Asal Rift were processed and analyzed. 1D inversion models of electrical conductivity were interpolated for interpretation. These data were then used to build a 2D hydrogeological model, allowing multiphase flow and heat transfer simulations to be performed, considering the regional groundwater flow near the surface and the site topography, in order to confirm the preferred path of fluid flow. Geophysical data analysis indicates the presence of normal faults, notably the H fault, which may act as a conduit for the circulation of hydrothermal fluids and where the hanging wall can be a hydrogeological barrier within the hydrothermal system of the Asal Rift. The results from the 2D numerical flow and heat transfer modelling show the importance of groundwater flow responsible for thermal springs located at the periphery of Asal Lake. Reservoir temperature inferred by means of geothermometry ranging from 200 to 270 °C was shown to correspond to simulated temperature at potential reservoir depth. Moreover, simulated temperature between 600 and 1700 m depth is close to the temperature profile measured in the geothermal well Asal 6 of the area, with less than 20 °C difference. Simulations indicate that hydrothermal fluid circulation is likely influenced by the regional groundwater flow controlled by the topography and the major water bodies, the Ghoubbet Sea and Asal Lake, feeding buoyant fluids interacting with a deep magmatic source and where tectonic activity created normal faults offering a preferred path for fluid circulation.

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13

Moussa, N., Y. Fouquet, B. Le Gall, A. M. Caminiti, J. Rolet, M. Bohn, J. Etoubleau, C. Delacourt, and M. Jalludin. "First evidence of epithermal gold occurrences in the SE Afar Rift, Republic of Djibouti." Mineralium Deposita 47, no. 5 (January 13, 2012): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-011-0397-9.

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14

Sue, Christian, Bernard Le Gall, and Ahmed Mohamed Daoud. "Stress field during early magmatism in the Ali Sabieh Dome, Djibouti, SE Afar rift." Journal of African Earth Sciences 97 (September 2014): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.04.017.

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15

Jabbour, Florian, and Stefan Dressler. "Neotypification of Delphinium dasycaulon (Ranunculaceae)." Phytotaxa 231, no. 2 (October 20, 2015): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.10.

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The afromontane species Delphinium dasycaulon Fresenius (1837: 272) is one of the three species of Delphinium Linnaeus (1753: 530) (Ranunculaceae) distributed in tropical Africa. This perennial plant has a disjunct distribution, with isolated populations in East Africa (from Djibouti and Eritrea in the North to Malawi and Zambia in the South) and West Africa (Cameroon and Nigeria) (Milne-Redhead & Turrill 1952). Interestingly, no specimen has ever been collected in the central part of the East African Rift region (Kenya and Uganda), where the two other afromontane species of the genus occur: D. macrocentrum Oliver (1886: 397) which is endemic on Mt. Elgon and in the Kenyan Highlands, and D. leroyi Franchet ex Huth (1895: 474), which has a broader distribution in tropical East Africa ranging from Ethiopia in the North to Tanzania in the South (Milne-Redhead & Turrill 1952).

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16

Hirn, Alfred, and Sophie-Adélaïde Magnier. "Shear source multiazimuth near- and far-offset vertical seismic profiles, Asal Rift, Republic of Djibouti." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, B13 (1992): 19949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jb00222.

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17

Jacques, E., G. C. P. King, P. Tapponnier, J. C. Ruegg, and I. Manighetti. "Seismic activity triggered by stress changes after the 1978 events in the Asal Rift, Djibouti." Geophysical Research Letters 23, no. 18 (September 1, 1996): 2481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96gl02261.

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18

Pasquet, Gabriel, Rokiya Houssein Hassan, Olivier Sissmann, Jacques Varet, and Isabelle Moretti. "An Attempt to Study Natural H2 Resources across an Oceanic Ridge Penetrating a Continent: The Asal–Ghoubbet Rift (Republic of Djibouti)." Geosciences 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12010016.

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Dihydrogen (H2) is generated by fluid–rock interactions along mid-ocean ridges (MORs) and was not, until recently, considered as a resource. However, in the context of worldwide efforts to decarbonize the energy mix, clean hydrogen is now highly sought after, and the production of natural H2 is considered to be a powerful alternative to electrolysis. The Afar Rift System has many geological features in common with MORs and offers potential in terms of natural H2 resources. Here, we present data acquired during initial exploration in this region. H2 contents in soil and within fumaroles were measured along a 200 km section across the Asal–Ghoubbet rift and the various intervening grabens, extending from Obock to Lake Abhe. These newly acquired data have been synthesized with existing data, including those from the geothermal prospect area of the Asal–Ghoubbet rift zone. Our results demonstrate that basalt alteration with oxidation of iron-rich facies and simultaneous reduction in water is the likely the source of the hydrogen, although H2S reduction cannot be ruled out. However, H2 volumes at the surface within fumaroles were found to be low, reaching only a few percent. These values are considerably lower than those found in MORs. This discrepancy may be attributed to bias introduced by surface sampling; for example, microorganisms may be preferentially consuming H2 near the surface in this environment. However, the low H2 generation rates found in the study area could also be due to a lack of reactants, such as fayalite (i.e., owing to the presence of low-olivine basalts with predominantly magnesian olivines), or to the limited volume and slow circulation of water. In future, access to additional subsurface data acquired through the ongoing geothermal drilling campaign will bring new insight to help answer these questions.

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19

Cattin, Rodolphe, Cécile Doubre, Jean-Bernard de Chabalier, Geoffrey King, Christophe Vigny, Jean-Philippe Avouac, and Jean-Claude Ruegg. "Numerical modelling of quaternary deformation and post-rifting displacement in the Asal–Ghoubbet rift (Djibouti, Africa)." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 239, no. 3-4 (November 2005): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.07.028.

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20

Fouillac, A. M., C. Fouillac, F. Cesbron, F. Pillard, and O. Legendre. "Water-rock interaction between basalt and high-salinity fluids in the Asal Rift, Republic of Djibouti." Chemical Geology 76, no. 3-4 (September 1989): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90096-x.

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21

Doubre, Cécile, and Gilles Peltzer. "Fluid-controlled faulting process in the Asal Rift, Djibouti, from 8 yr of radar interferometry observations." Geology 35, no. 1 (2007): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g23022a.1.

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22

Moussa, N., O. Rouxel, N. V. Grassineau, E. Ponzevera, P. Nonnotte, Y. Fouquet, and B. Le Gall. "Sulfur and strontium isotopic study of epithermal mineralization: A case study from the SE Afar Rift, Djibouti." Ore Geology Reviews 81 (March 2017): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.10.028.

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23

Stein, Ross S., Pierre Briole, Jean-Claude Ruegg, Paul Tapponnier, and Francoise Gasse. "Contemporary, Holocene, and Quaternary deformation of the Asal Rift, Djibouti: Implications for the mechanics of slow spreading ridges." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 96, B13 (December 10, 1991): 21789–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jb02118.

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24

Pinzuti, Paul, Arnaud Mignan, and Geoffrey C. P. King. "Surface morphology of active normal faults in hard rock: Implications for the mechanics of the Asal Rift, Djibouti." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 299, no. 1-2 (October 2010): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.08.032.

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25

Mlynarski, M., and J. Zlotnicki. "Fluid circulation in the active emerged Asal rift (east Africa, Djibouti) inferred from self-potential and Telluric–Telluric prospecting." Tectonophysics 339, no. 3-4 (September 2001): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(01)00127-5.

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26

Moussa, N., M. C. Boiron, N. V. Grassineau, D. Asael, Y. Fouquet, B. Le Gall, Joël Rolet, J. Etoubleau, and C. Delacourt. "Mineralogy, fluid inclusions and stable isotope study of epithermal Au-Ag-Bi-Te mineralization from the SE Afar Rift (Djibouti)." Ore Geology Reviews 111 (August 2019): 102916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.05.002.

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27

Smittarello, D., R. Grandin, J. B. De Chabalier, C. Doubre, A. Deprez, F. Masson, A. Socquet, and I. A. Saad. "Transient deformation in the Asal-Ghoubbet Rift (Djibouti) since the 1978 diking event: Is deformation controlled by magma supply rates?" Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 121, no. 8 (August 2016): 6030–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jb013069.

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28

Iltireh, Awaleh Djama, and Yusuf Kağan Kadioğlu. "Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer Studies and Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Plagioclase in Basaltic Rocks from the Asal–Ghoubbet Area, Republic of Djibouti." Minerals 14, no. 3 (February 21, 2024): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14030216.

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The Asal–Ghoubbet Rift area comprises basaltic rocks with similar compositions that were formed by volcanic eruptions. To gain insight into the magmatic processes of these volcanic formations, we investigated the mineral chemistry of plagioclase macrocrysts and microcrysts found in the basaltic rocks by using an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). These basaltic rocks contain olivine, pyroxene, euhedral plagioclase macrocrysts, and euhedral to subhedral plagioclase microcrysts. These plagioclase macrocrysts reach up to 4 cm in length in the form of giant crystals as plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUBs). They have a mineral composition varying from bytownite to labradorite with anorthite content ranging from An53 to An86. Also, the microcrysts of all these volcanic rocks are characterized by labradorite and andesine compositions with An22–80. According to the calculated plagioclase thermobarometry, the crystallization temperature of the plagioclase macrocrysts and microcrysts is 1082 to 1216 °C and 1072 to 1203 °C, respectively, and the pressure is 3.92 to 14.51 kbar for the macrocrysts and 2.99 to 14.84 kbar for the microcrysts. Based on these thermobarometry results for the plagioclases, we conclude that the volcanic formations located in the Asal–Ghoubbet area would have come from different eruptions from a single magmatic chamber.

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29

Awaleh, Mohamed Osman, Tiziano Boschetti, Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh, Paul Baudron, Ali Dirir Kawalieh, Omar Assowe Dabar, Moussa Mahdi Ahmed, et al. "Geochemical study of the Sakalol-Harralol geothermal field (Republic of Djibouti): Evidences of a low enthalpy aquifer between Manda-Inakir and Asal rift settings." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 331 (February 2017): 26–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.11.008.

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30

Awaleh, Mohamed Osman, Tiziano Boschetti, Abdillahi Elmi Adaneh, Mahamoud Ali Chirdon, Moussa Mahdi Ahmed, Omar Assowe Dabar, Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh, et al. "Origin of nitrate and sulfate sources in volcano-sedimentary aquifers of the East Africa Rift System: An example of the Ali-Sabieh groundwater (Republic of Djibouti)." Science of The Total Environment 804 (January 2022): 150072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150072.

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31

Awaleh, Mohamed Osman, Tiziano Boschetti, Abdillahi Elmi Adaneh, Mohamed Ahmed Daoud, Moussa Mahdi Ahmed, Omar Assowe Dabar, Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh, Ali Dirir Kawalieh, and Ibrahim Houssein Kadieh. "Hydrochemistry and multi-isotope study of the waters from Hanlé-Gaggadé grabens (Republic of Djibouti, East African Rift System): A low-enthalpy geothermal resource from a transboundary aquifer." Geothermics 86 (July 2020): 101805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101805.

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32

Pasquet, Gabriel, Amin Mohamed Idriss, Lou Ronjon-Magand, Magali Ranchou-Peyruse, Marion Guignard, Mathieu Duttine, Anthony Ranchou-Peyruse, and Isabelle Moretti. "Natural hydrogen potential and basaltic alteration in the Asal–Ghoubbet rift, Republic of Djibouti." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin, March 28, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2023004.

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The Asal–Ghoubbet active rift in the Republic of Djibouti is a site of interest for geothermal energy and natural hydrogen, and previous studies have indicated that dihydrogen (H2) emanates from this rift. However, the well-known serpentinization reaction does not appear to be the main mechanism generating H2 at this site. Rather, the H2 is generated as follows: (1) by alteration of basaltic lava at depth via reaction with seawater flowing from Ghoubbet Bay towards Lake Asal; (2) by simple degassing of the volcanic chamber located a few kilometers below the Fiale Caldera in the rift axis; or (3) as a result of pyritization processes via the oxidation of H2S. Analysis of microorganisms did not indicate any production or consumption of H2, CO2, or CH4; therefore, it is unlikely that microorganisms affected H2 gas contents measured at the surface. However, air contamination at fumaroles is typically considerable and may limit interpretation of such processes. Drill cuttings from the Fiale 1 (F1) and Gale le Goma 1 (Glc1) wells (located on the inner and outer rift margins, respectively) were analyzed to determine where H2 is generated. Total rock analyses indicated distinct zones at depths of 464 m and 280 m for F1 and Glc1, respectively, representing the boundary between the Asal and Stratoïd Basalts. 57Fe Mössbauer analyses show a decrease in the percentage of Fe3+ at depth, indicating that Fe2+-rich material, particularly in the Stratoïd Basalts, may be a source of H2. Based on well data from the rift center and the outer rift margin, it is evident that H2 is present at the surface in the rift axis and that this area offers good remnant potential because of the presence of Fe-rich chlorite. Conversely, few H2 emissions were measured at the surface on the outer rift margins, although well data showed some H2 (~0.25%) at depth. The presence of a cap rock in the rift axis has not yet been proven; however, the high loss on ignition and the mineralogy in well Glc1 may indicate that the rocks are sufficiently altered to offer potential as a seal. If so, the rift margins would offer greater exploration potential than the rift center.

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33

Daoud, Mohamed A., Bernard Le Gall, René C. Maury, Joël Rolet, Philippe Huchon, and Hervé Guillou. "Young rift kinematics in the Tadjoura rift, western Gulf of Aden, Republic of Djibouti." Tectonics 30, no. 1 (January 11, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009tc002614.

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34

Moussa, N., G. Bayon, V. Dekov, T. Yamanaka, R. Shinjo, T. Toki, B. Le Gall, et al. "Mixed carbonate-siliceous hydrothermal chimneys ahead of the Asal propagating rift (SE Afar Rift, Republic of Djibouti)." Journal of African Earth Sciences, October 2022, 104765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104765.

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35

Piolat, L., Y. Geraud, and A. Revil. "Induced Polarization Images the Plumbing System of Hydrothermal Vents in an Intracontinental Rift, Lake Abhé, Republic of Djibouti." Geophysical Research Letters 50, no. 24 (December 19, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023gl105145.

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AbstractRecent developments in induced polarization allow for the characterization of alteration halos within hydrothermal systems. We explore the possibility of using electrical conductivity and normalized chargeability tomograms in concert to image hydrothermal conduits thanks to their high cation exchange capacities associated with alteration. The hydrothermal plumbing system of the late‐stage rift area of Lake Abhé (Republic of Djibouti) is used to test the ability of induced polarization to reveal such plumbing system associated with the prominent hydrothermal chimneys serving as vents for the hydrothermal fluids. We show that induced polarization can be used to provide an alteration tomogram, which highlights the flow path toward 2 chimneys in the top 70 m below the surface of the sediments at Lake Abhé.

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Kombe, Emmanuel Yeri, and Joseph Muguthu. "Geothermal Energy Development in East Africa: Barriers and Strategies." Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, December 8, 2018, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2019/v2i129722.

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Abstract:

The East African Rift is among the most crucial regions of the world endowed with a remarkable geothermal potential. Using current technologies, East African countries have a geothermal power potential of more than 15,000 MWe. Nevertheless, the zone is still at an early stage of geothermal development with few plants producing a few hundred MWe. Among East African countries that have carried out research on geothermal resources, Kenya is leading in utilising geothermal energy resources for electricity generation. Eritrea, Uganda, Tanzania and Djibouti are at exploration stage while Malawi and Rwanda have so far not gone past geothermal resource potential record work. This study sought to address the challenges and barriers to the adoption of geothermal energy as well as the strategies to implement geothermal energy plans in East Africa.

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Vigny, Christophe, Jean-Bernard de Chabalier, Jean-Claude Ruegg, Philippe Huchon, Kurt L. Feigl, Rodolphe Cattin, Laike Asfaw, and Khaled Kanbari. "Twenty-five years of geodetic measurements along the Tadjoura-Asal rift system, Djibouti, East Africa." Journal of Geophysical Research 112, B6 (June 19, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003230.

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Butler, Robert W. H. "Training the creation, visualisation and interpretation of fault maps for the subsurface – using tectonic geomorphology." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 541, no. 1 (May 2, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp541-2022-353.

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Abstract:

Abstract Fault mapping is essential for understanding subsurface geological structure. However, effective training of students in developing and understanding fault patterns in 3D seismic imagery is impeded by the time-investment needed to acquire competence using software and then creating depth-structure maps of stratal horizons. Here an exercise is laid out that can achieve the desired experience - using the young fault systems of Afar (Djibouti), where former land-surface-defining basalt flows are offset by arrays of normal faults. The top-basalt surface, displayed on GoogleEarth, is in effect a depth-structure map and the gaps (“fault-loss”) in this surface approximate to exposed fault surfaces. The mapping exercise is described and illustrated here step-wise. The fault system is gradually mapped out to reveal examples of long-continuous faults, branching patterns, relaying faults and isolated fault segments. Alternative criteria for identifying faults can be examined, with analogies in seismic interpretation. This can inform discussion of the approaches and uncertainties inherent in mapping faults in the subsurface. The study may be extended to consider the pattern of early-syn-rift depositional systems. Collectively these tasks can be progressed within an hour or so, providing effective insights into the structure of normal fault systems that cannot be replicated by conventional fieldwork.

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