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Na, Renhua, and 娜仁花. "Property rights analysis of building material pricing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193493.
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The institution of property rights, as an important category of constraints or restrictions on human behaviour, provides rules of competition, and delineates the social and legal relationship between a resource owner and the others throughout the world. Forms of ownership rights to resources affect the efficiency of their use. The consensus is that in a real world with significant transactions costs and scarce resources, private property right systems lead to more efficient resource allocation than the others do.
Previous studies about economic implications of non-exclusive resources have focused on the problems of resource misallocations. A few studies also worked on the effects that alternate property rights structures have on the prices and variations in prices of non-exclusive resources. However, the economic analysis of property rights attribute of natural resources used as building materials, such as natural sand and wood, is still an unexplored research area.
The objective of the whole research is to empirically verify Angello and Donnelley's (1975) property rights thesis, as reinterpreted by Lai (1993a) and Lai and Yu (1995), that the variations in prices of non-exclusive resources are much greater than those under more exclusive ownership; and to identify, alternatively, the factors that might have affected ownership rights, inferred from changes in the variations in prices of the resources.
In this thesis, published historical data of natural sand, Total declared costs of new buildings completed, Gross & Usable floor area, Gross value of construction work, and published government data of prices for selected buildings materials, namely Portland cement, sand, hardwood, and plywood, were used. The prices of captured and cultured shrimps, which are collected from super market and street market by the author, were also checked and used. These resources are subject to different degrees of access restrictions and, hence, are good candidates for testing the hypotheses.
Basically, the hypotheses formulated in this research are strongly supported. The main findings are that the variations in prices of non-exclusive resources are greater than those of exclusive resources; for the same resource, the price ratios of exclusive resource and non-exclusive resource would fall over time.
This is an original contribution to the theory of property rights.
The originality of this dissertation lies in its exploration of the economic relationship between property rights ownership and selected building materials, as well as in the application of variances to the research of building materials. This is a novel contribution to research on Hong Kong’s sustainable development as she heavily relies on the real estate market for economic development.published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Yuen, Jennifer Wing Shan. "Is trade facilitation the right direction to go in building trade capacity? /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2435.
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Vander, Broek Allison. "Rallying the Right-to-Lifers: Grassroots Religion and Politics in the Building of a Broad-based Right-to-Life Movement, 1960-1984." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107943.
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Thesis advisor: James M. O'TooleThis dissertation explores the formative years of the right-to-life movement in the decade prior to Roe v. Wade and explains how early right-to-lifers built a vast and powerful movement in the 1960s and 1970s. Whereas most previous studies have focused on the connection between right-to-life organizing and the conservative ascendancy in religion and politics in the 1970s and 1980s, this dissertation studies the movement’s origins in state and local organizing in the years before Roe v. Wade and its growth into a national political crusade in the 1970s. During these years, grassroots activists fostered a vision for a broad-based right-to-life movement—a movement consisting of Americans from across the political and religious spectrums. This movement was made up of Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, Democrats and Republicans, conservatives and liberals, lay people as well as religious leaders—all of whom opposed legalized abortion for a range of reasons. Right-to-lifers believed their broad-based approach was the most effective way to fight abortion, and they embraced this diverse coalition, attacking abortion on a number of fronts with strategies ranging from legislative lobbying to alternatives to abortion to nonviolent direct action. Though their coalition eventually broke apart in the 1980s, this eclectic group of right-to-lifers built a dynamic and diverse movement and proved the powerful resonance of the abortion issue in American society
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: History
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Timilsina, Anga. "Getting the policies right the prioritization and sequencing of policies in post-conflict countries /." Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 2007. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD222/.
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Bucci, Paul. "Building believable robots : an exploration of how to make simple robots look, move, and feel right." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62866.
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Humans have an amazing ability to see a 'spark of life' in almost anything that moves. There is a natural urge to imbue objects with agency. It's easy to imagine a child pretending that a toy is alive. Adults do it, too, even when presented with evidence to the contrary. Leveraging this instinct is key to building believable robots, i.e. robots that act, look, and feel like they are social agents with personalities, motives, and emotions. Although it is relatively easy to initiate a feeling of agency, it is difficult to control, consistently produce, and maintain an emotional connection with a robot. Designing a believable interaction requires balancing form, function and context: you have to get the story right.
In this thesis, we discuss (1) strategies for designing the bodies and behaviours of simple robot pets; (2) how these robots can communicate emotion; (3) and how people develop narratives that imbue the robots with agency. For (1), we developed a series of four robot design systems to create and rapidly iterate on robot form factors, as well as a tools for improvising and refining expressive robot behaviours. For (2), we ran three studies wherein participants rated robot behaviours in terms of arousal and valence under different display conditions. For (3), we ran a study wherein expert performers improvised emotional 'stories' with the robots;
also one of the studies in (2) included soliciting narratives for the robot and its behaviours.Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate
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Inggårde, Jennifer, and Viktoria Fors. "Transaktioner av bostadsbyggrätter." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168503.
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Detta examensarbete syftar till att beskriva och analysera transaktioner av bostadsbyggrätter. Det innebär en närmare granskning av transaktioner som sker på den privata marknaden, men även av kommunala markanvisningar. Examensarbetet innefattar en bred undersökning av frågor relaterade till bostadsbyggrättstransaktioner för att kunna beskriva och analysera den nuvarande processen. Detta kräver en undersökning av parametrar relaterade till när i tiden transaktioner sker, varför transaktioner sker, hur transaktioner sker samt när och hur prissättning respektive betalning sker. Dessutom utreds relationen mellan privata och kommunala aktörer samt deras inställningar till bostadsbyggrättstransaktioner som företeelse. Examensarbetet syftar dessutom till att undersöka utvecklingsmöjligheter av bostadsbyggrättstransaktioner. Examensarbetet baseras huvudsakligen på en kvalitativ intervjustudie som riktar sig mot kommuner och fastighetsutvecklare på den svenska bostadsfastighetsmarknaden i Stockholmsregionen. Utifrån den studie som gjorts kan konstateras att bostadsbyggrättstransaktioner påverkas av ett flertal olika faktorer. Varje transaktion har mer eller mindre unika förutsättningar, vilket gör det svårt att på ett entydigt sätt beskriva bostadsbyggrättstransaktioner. Vissa allmänna slutsatser har dock kunnat presenteras. Då transaktioner av bostadsbyggrätter på den privata och kommunala marknaden beskrivits har ett antal intressanta problemformuleringar och utvecklingsmöjligheter identifierats. Intervjustudien tyder på att prisbilden på bostadsbyggrätter är hög, men tillräckligt underlag saknas för att fastställa om priserna är för höga. En intressant utvecklingsmöjlighet på den privata marknaden för bostadsbyggrättstransaktioner är detaljplanernas flexibilitet. Det kan dock diskuteras vilka konsekvenser ett ökat användande av flexiblare detaljplaner skulle få och om kommunerna har tillräckliga incitament att öka användandet av dessa. Resultatet i examensarbetet påvisar dessutom ett antal utvecklingsmöjligheter relaterade till samarbetet mellan kommuner och fastighetsutvecklare under detaljplaneprocessen. När bostadsbyggrättstransaktioner analyseras är det även intressant att föra en diskussion kring hanteringen av det kommunala planmonopolet. Fastighetsutvecklare är beroende av att hålla en god relation till kommunerna, men det kan diskuteras om kommuner ska kunna straffa aktörer för oönskade beteenden. Examensarbetet lyfter avslutningsvis fram att det går att ställa krav på en ökad transparens från kommuner och fastighetsutvecklare vid bostadsbyggrättstransaktioner. I syfte att skapa en ökad förutsägbarhet och ett bättre samarbete är det dessutom viktigt att fastighetsutvecklare och kommuner tillsammans utvecklar ett gemensamt förhållningssätt till bostadsbyggrättstransaktioner.This master thesis aims to describe and analyze transactions of residential building rights. For this purpose a closer study of transactions on the private market and municipal land allocations are necessary. The master thesis comprises a broad investigation of issues related to transactions of residential building rights in order to describe and analyze the current process. This requires a consideration of parameters related to when, why and how transactions take place, but also the timing and setup of pricing and payment. In addition, the relationship between private actors and municipalities are investigated as well as their attitudes towards the occurrence of transactions of residential building rights. The aim is also to study potential areas of improvements regarding transactions of residential building rights. The master thesis is mainly based on a qualitative study. Interviews target municipalities and developers in the Stockholm residential property market. The study indicates that transactions of residential building rights can be affected by a variety of factors. Each transaction has more or less unique conditions, making it difficult to unambiguously describe residential building right transactions. However, some general conclusions have been presented. During the process of describing transactions of residential building rights a number of topics for discussion and possible improvements were identified. The interviews indicate that prices of residential building rights are high, but there is not sufficient evidence to determine if prices are too high. An interesting area of improvement regarding transactions of residential building rights in the private market is the flexibility of detailed development plans. It can however be discussed what consequences an increased use of more flexible detailed development plans would have and if municipalities have strong enough incentives to increase flexibility. The result of this master thesis also demonstrates a number of possible improvements related to the collaboration between municipalities and developers during the planning process. When analyzing transactions of residential building rights it is interesting to discuss the handling of the municipal “planning monopoly”. Developers are dependent on having a good relationship with the municipalities, however the rights of municipalities to punish actors for undesirable behavior can be discussed. Finally, the master thesis brings attention to the need of increased demands for transparency within transactions of residential building rights, including both developers and municipalities. In order to increase predictability and enable better collaborations, it is also important for developers and municipalities to establish a common approach to transactions of residential building rights.
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Ramos, Gie Geraldine Samaniego 1974. "Doing it right, improved public housing communities : building on Smokey Mountain : medium rise housing redevelopment, Tondo, Manila, Philippines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69414.
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Naidoo, Tamara. "The right to Landscape Facing climate change and a gendered political economy through 'pastoralist' peace-building in Somalia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53169.
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Temmers, Zsa-Zsa. "Building encroachments and compulsory transfer of ownership." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5326.
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Thesis (LLD (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African courts seem to be adopting a new approach to the problem of building encroachments. For pragmatic and policy reasons courts are now inclined to exercise its discretion in favour of leaving building encroachments in place, against compensation, despite the common law right to demand removal. It has been widely accepted that courts indeed have the discretion to award damages instead of removal of the building encroachment. However, the circumstances involved and the consequences of these orders are uncertain and hence these orders result in confusion. It is unclear how this discretion is exercised. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether this discretion includes the power to order transfer of the encroached-upon land to the encroacher. There are doctrinal and constitutional implications that may be triggered by these court orders that leave building encroachments in place. The doctrinal issues centre on what happens when an encroachment is not removed and nothing is said about the rights of the respective parties after the order is made. Possible solutions are investigated to provide a doctrinally sound outcome in encroachment disputes. It is clear that the encroacher is allowed to continue occupying the portion of property on which the encroachment is erected. It seems as though a use right is indirectly created when the encroachment remains in place. The constitutional difficulty lies in the fact that the court orders may result in infringements that conflict with section 25 of the Constitution. The focus is specifically to determine whether these orders result in the compulsory loss of property or property rights. With reference to Germany, the Netherlands and Australia, a comparative perspective is provided in order to support the doctrinal and policy arguments. The comparative law provides a source of guidelines for what may work effectively and informs the ultimate suggestion of this project, namely the need for legislation to regulate building encroachments in South Africa. The legislation envisaged would have to prescribe with at least some sort of certainty how and in which circumstances the discretion should be exercised. It should also provide clarity with regard to the right that is created when the encroachment is not removed and how the compensation that is awarded in exchange for removal, should be determined. The unnecessary confusion and uncertainty that result from court orders made in the context of building encroachments may be cleared up by legislation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrikaanse howe begin al hoe meer om ‘n nuwe benadering te volg ten opsigte van oorskrydende bouwerke. Dit lyk asof howe meer geneig is om hul diskresie uit te oefen ten gunste daarvan om die oorskryding vir pragmatiese en beleidsredes teen vergoeding in stand te hou, ten spyte van die gemeenregtelike reg om verwydering te eis. Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat howe wel die diskresie het om in die konteks van oorskrydende bouwerke skadevergoeding toe te ken in plaas van verwydering. Die omstandighede betrokke by en die nagevolge van hierdie beslissings is egter onseker en daarom lei dit tot verwarring. Dit is nie altyd duidelik hoe hierdie diskresie uitgeoefen word nie. Daarbenewens is daar ook onsekerheid oor of die diskresie die bevoegdheid insluit om oordrag van die grond waarop die oorsrkryding staan, te gelas. Die beslissings kan ook doktrinêre en grondwetlike implikasies hê. In terme van die doktrinêre probleem is daar vrae oor wat gebeur as die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie en niks word gesê oor die regte van beide partye in die dispuut nie. Oplossings word ondersoek om die beste moontlike doktrinêre verduideliking te probeer vasstel. Die eienaar van die oorskrydende bouwerk mag voortgaan om die grond waarop die oorskryding staan te okkupeer. Dit lyk asof ‘n gebruiksreg indirek geskep word ten gunste van die oorskryder wanneer die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie. ‘n Grondwetlike probleem mag veroorsaak word deur die moontlike oortreding van artikel 25 van die Grondwet. Die beslissings mag lei tot die gedwonge verlies van grond of regte, wat aan die vereistes van artikel 25 moet voldoen. ‘n Vergelykende perspektief met verwysing na Duitsland, Nederland en Australië word verskaf om die doktrinêre en beleidsargumente te ondersteun. Die vergelykende reg bied ‘n bron van riglyne vir wat effektief kan werk en het dus die wetgewing wat in hierdie proefskrif voorgestel word geïnspireer. Die wetgewing wat beoog word sal moet voorskryf hoe en onder watter omstanghede die diskresie uitgeoefen moet word. Dit moet ook sekerheid gee ten opsigte van die reg wat geskep word as die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie en hoe die skadevergoeding bepaal moet word. Die onnodige verwaring en onsekerheid wat veroorsaak word deur hierdie hofbeslissings kan opgeklaar word deur die promulgering van wetgewing om oorskrydende bouwerke te reguleer.
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Whitmire, James. "Tractor-Trailer Simulation and the Assessment of Training Scenarios for City-Driving: Skill Building in the Area of Left and Right Turns." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4490.
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A simulated inner-city training scenario was found to increase skills in the area of turning when compared with a simulated off-track training scenario. To answer this question, two groups of ten participants (5 women and 5 men) were tested using three scripted scenarios focusing on left and right turns. The first training scenario (control group) is an off-track training scenario, which consists of a large asphalt lot and the use of orange cones; the second training scenario (experimental group) is an inner-city training scenario without the presence of vehicular traffic; and the third scenario (test scenario) is an inner-city scenario with the presence of vehicular traffic. A subject matter expert, who is also a former driver and trainer, evaluated and scored all participants on four critical turns (2 left and 2 rights). The apparatus used for this study was the V-sim non-motion simulator from General Electric (GE). A 2 x 4 factorial analysis was utilized to examine conditional differences as well as gender differences. While there were no gender differences, the results for overall turns were significant, F(1, 16) = 7.14, p = .017, n[super2] = 3.09. The mean for the control group was (M = 20.50, SD = 9.59) with the experimental group at, (M = 31.10, SD = 7.26).M.S.
Modeling and Simulation
Arts and Sciences
Modeling and Simulation
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Grazioli, Margherita. "The 'right to the city' in the post-welfare metropolis : community building, autonomous infrastructures and urban commons in Rome's self-organised housing squats." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42482.
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In the city of Rome, the housing crisis has reached emergency proportions as part of an interrelated and ongoing crisis of social reproduction intrinsic to the process of neoliberal restructuring in the prolonged aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis. Part of this crisis are the estimated that 10,000 people are currently living inside more than 100 previously empty buildings, of both private and public ownership, that have been occupied and self-renovated by the squatters as an autonomous response towards their condition of severe housing deprivation. These numbers present a continuum with the connotation of Rome as a self-made city in which Housing Rights Movements have historically represented a catalyser for thriving urban struggles. This thesis contends that nowadays housing squats represent spaces where the 'right to the city' is re-appropriated through the autonomous regeneration of unused urban ecologies, the commoning of social reproduction, and the crafting of urban commons. It aims at contributing to the field of studies of Critical Organisation Studies, Urban Studies and Urban Geography concerned with urban squatting and the organisational forms adopted by grassroots urban movements within the current phase of post-crisis, post-welfare neoliberal restructuring. The analysis is structured around the interviews, fieldnotes and visual materials collected during a one-year long activist-ethnography carried out inside two housing squats affiliated with the Movement Blocchi Precari Metropolitani, Tiburtina 770 and Metropoliz. Chapter 1 contextualises squatting for housing purposes within a broader crisis of social reproduction in relation to the notion of 'right to the city'. Chapter 2 describes the epistemological, methodological and ethical challenges intrinsic to the chosen activist-ethnographic approach for its subjective orientation and scope. Chapter 3 contextualises the historical, geographical and legislative framework pertaining squatting within which the Movements operate. Chapter 4 describes the social composition of the squatters and the initial process of community-building. Chapter 5 recounts the making of the squats into autonomous infrastructures where producing manifold urban commons. Chapter 6 discusses the different strategies of local activism and networking implemented by the squatters. Chapter 7 narrates the role of squatters as part of the Housing Rights Movements for contending 'right to the city', problematising it in relation to the forms of activism and organisation they configure.
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Ільків, Н. В., and Д. І. Полознікова. "Альтернативні шляхи отримання права на забудову земельної ділянки." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60990.
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В умовах стрімкого розвитку будівництва та відповідно розвитку ринку
нерухомості актуальним стало питання правового регулювання набуття прав
на земельні ділянки під забудову. Зростання ринкової вартості нерухомості в
цілому, і земельних ділянок зокрема, обумовило практичну неможливість для
суб’єктів набуття земельних ділянок у власність, а відтак широке поширення
інших шляхів використання земельних ділянок під забудову.
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Alloul, Adam. "Top-down and bottom-up excursions beyond the standard model : the example of left-right symmetries in supersymmetry." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062645.
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The field of high-energy physics has been living a very exciting period of its history with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN collecting data. Indeed, this enormous machine able to collide protons at a center of mass energy of 14 TeV promises to unveil the mystery around the physics at such energy scales. From the physicists side, the expectations are very strong as it isnowadays a certitude that the Standard Model of particle physics is incomplete and should, in fact, be interpreted as the effective theory of a more fundamental one. Unfortunately, the 7 and 8 TeV runs of the LHC did not provide any sign of new physics yet but there has been at least one major discovery in 2010, namely the discovery of a scalar particle with a mass of 125 GeV and whichproperties are very close to those of the Standard Model Higgs boson. Since then, many questions have come up as we now want to understand if it really is the Standard Model Higgs boson or if it exhibits any deviations. It is in this peculiar context that my research work was carried. In a first project, we, my supervisors, our collaborator and I, have wanted to explore thephenomenology associated with the neutralinos and charginos sector of the left-right symmetric supersymmetric model. Such an analysis can be motivated by several reasons such as the fact that the supersymmetric nature of these models provides a natural explanation for the infamous hierarchy problem, implies the unification of the gauge coupling constants at very high energy and provides a natural candidate for dark matter. In addition to these nice features, the left-right symmetry introduces a natural framework for explaining the smallness of neutrino masses but also helps in addressing several other unresolved issues in the Standard Model framework. Only focusing on the lightest charginos and neutralinos decaying into one or more light leptons, we have shown in our study that these models can be easily discovered in multi-leptonic final states as theylead to signatures very different from those induced by the Standard Model or its supersymmetric version.[...]
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Couturier, Bastien. "Monuments historiques radiés : caractérisation de la valeur monumentale par l'étude des annulations de protection." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2031/document.
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Il existe en France plus de 44 236 monuments historiques, dont la diversité des typologies architecturales s’est considérablement accrue ces dernières décennies (édifices industriels, constructions modernes, etc.). Cette diversification constitue cependant une perte de repère des critères discriminant les monuments à conserver. Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse donc aux processus de patrimonialisation et à la sélection des édifices à protéger. Précisément, cette étude porte sur le phénomène inverse, celui des annulations de protection, en France depuis 1990. La présente recherche vise à mettre en évidence les facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques des radiations de protection - en net accroissement, particulièrement dans les cœurs de ville - et permettre ainsi une réflexion sur l’évolution du patrimoine et des politiques de protectionIn France there are more than 44.236 listed buildings, whose diversity of architectural typolo-gies increased significantly these last decades (industrials buildings, modern constructions, etc.). However, this diversification will entail the loss of criteria specifying the monuments which are meant to be preserved. This doctoral thesis is thus focused on the processes of pat-rimonialisation and on selection rules of buildings considered for listing. To be precise, this study relates to the opposite fact: thereviews, the cancellations of protections and therefore the delisting of buildings, in France, since 1990. This research aims to highlight the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of delisting requests – a net increase, mostly in the city centres - and thus to get an overall picture of the situation on inheritance evolution and on process for listing or delisting
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Barnes, Richard A. "Property rights and natural resources /." Oxford : Hart Publ, 2009. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00262927.pdf.
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Chaves, Gianna Vanessa de Assis. "Avaliação do papel da faixa de domínio na redução de vibrações produzidas por trens em áreas urbanas." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2008. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5474.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-27Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Currently, urban centres are more and more subject to vibration induced by traffic, because of its increasing volume. Among the vibration effects are damage to buildings. In this study, the effects of the vibration produced by suburban trains in buildings was investigated, by taking a railway line with mixed passenger and cargo traffic as a (typical) case study. Measurements were taken, aiming to identify the vibration levels in buildings adjacent to the railway line and which presented visible cracks in their surfaces. The results obtained revealed that vibration levels produced by passenger trains were below the limits which could potentially cause damage. However, simulations performed in order to estimate the vibration levels induced by freight trains evidenced the occurrence of levels greater than those acceptable for the type of buildings investigated.
Atualmente, os centros urbanos estão mais sujeitos à vibração induzida por tráfego, em virtude do aumento do volume deste. Dentre os efeitos da vibração, estão os danos em edificações. Neste estudo, foram investigados os efeitos da vibração produzida pelo tráfego de trens suburbanos em edificações, tomandose como caso (típico) de estudo uma linha férrea com tráfego misto de passageiros e de carga. Medições foram realizadas, visando identificar os níveis de vibração em edificações adjacentes à linha férrea e que apresentavam fissuração visível em suas fachadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os níveis de vibração produzidos pelo tráfego de trens de passageiros apresentaram-se abaixo dos limites que potencialmente causariam dano. Todavia, simulações realizadas para estimar os níveis de vibração induzidos por trens de carga evidenciaram a ocorrência de níveis superiores aos aceitáveis para o tipo de edificações investigadas.
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Andonov, Alexandar, and Filip Sköldefors. "Markförvärv : En studie om bostadsutvecklares olika strategier vid förvärv av byggrätter." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211044.
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Idag sker den största delen av bostadsförsörjningen via den privata sektorn. Med politiska visioner om ett ökat bostadsbyggande och ett större antal privata aktörer på marknaden än på länge, har konkurrensen om byggrätter hårdnat och möjligheterna att förvärva attraktiv mark blivit mindre. Detta examensarbete syftar till att beskriva, utreda och analysera de mest förekommande strategierna för privata byggherrar vid förvärv av bostadsbyggrätter. Detta innebär en närmare granskning av olika byggherrars tankegångar vid markförvärv samt en utredning av orsaken bakom valet av strategi och vilka kriterier som generellt ställs vid genomförandet av förvärv. För att åstadkomma detta har representanter från sju fastighetsutvecklingsbolag intervjuats, vilka samtliga har varit ansvariga för arbetet med identifiering, analys och ackvisition av byggrätter för respektive bolags räkning. Den kvalitativa intervjustudiens centrala syfte har varit att undersöka byggherrars syn på olika förvärvsstrategier och att utreda vilka kriterier som måste vara uppfyllda för att implementera antingen den ena eller den andra strategin. Sammantaget har fyra olika förvärvsstrategier identifierats och analyserats: (i) Villkorade förvärv, (ii) förvärv av färdiga byggrätter, (iii) förvärv av råmark, och (iv) förvärv av förvaltningsfastigheter. Studiens resultat visar att risknivå, ekonomisk lönsamhet och möjligheten att påverka ett projekts utformning är de mest prioriterade faktorerna vid valet av förvärvsstrategi. Vidare påvisar resultatet även att närheten till kommunikationer och serviceinrättningar spelar en central roll vid valet av exploateringsområde. Av samtliga strategier har det under examensarbetets gång visat sig att s.k. villkorade förvärv är den mest förekommande. Denna förvärvsstrategi innebär att tillträde och betalning sker vid en lagakraftvunnen detaljplan och att byggherren genom att använda denna strategi minimerar sin planrisk och kapitalbindning. Ytterligare framgår att kommunens visioner tillsammans med markens potential som ett framtida bostadsområde utgör de mest centrala parametrarna vid förvärv av råmark. Den huvudsakliga fördelen med dessa typer av förvärv är byggherrens möjlighet att tillgodogöra sig den förädlingsvinst som uppstår vid ändrad markanvändning och i skapandet av nya bostadsbyggrätter. Angående förvärv av planlagd mark visar studien att konkurrensen avseende detta tillgångsslag är mycket hård och att de mest centrala faktorerna vid ett investeringsbeslut är priset på byggrätterna samt detaljplanens utformning. Fördelen med denna strategi är att byggherren eliminerar planrisken samt möjliggör en kortare projektprocess. Vad gäller förvärv av förvaltningsfastigheter anses denna strategi vara ett effektivt komplement till övriga strategier och har sin främsta fördel i de intäkter som genereras under detaljplaneprocessen och den mer fördelaktiga kapitalstruktur som skapas genom de belåningsmöjligheter som fastighetens kassaflöde ger upphov till.In today’s market, the largest part of the housing supply originates from the private sector. With political visions of an increased production of residential units and a large number of private companies active in the market since a long time, the competition for building rights has hardened and the opportunities for acquiring attractive land parcels have become smaller. This degree project aims at describing, investigating and analyzing the most common strategies for private developers in the acquisition of residential building rights. This involves a closer examination of various developer’s views on the process of land acquisitions, the reason behind the choice of strategy and what criteria that are generally set for the execution of acquisitions. In order to achieve this, representatives from seven property development companies have been interviewed, all of whom have been responsible for the identification, analysis and purchase of building rights on behalf of the respective companies. The main purpose of the qualitative interview study has been to examine developer’s views on different acquisition strategies and to investigate which criteria that must be fulfilled to implement either one or the other strategy. Overall, four different acquisition strategies have been identified and analyzed: (i) conditional acquisitions, (ii) acquisition of completed building rights, (iii) acquisition of raw land, and (iv) acquisition of investment properties. The results from the study show that risk level, economic profitability and the ability to influence the design of a project are the most prioritized factors in the choice of acquisition strategy. Furthermore, the result also shows that proximity to communications and service facilities plays a central role in the selection of development areas. Out of all strategies, it has been found that the so-called conditional acquisitions are the most prevalent. This acquisition strategy means that legal possession and payment of the land are subject to receipt of a satisfactory planning permission and that the developer by operating this strategy minimizes its planning risk and tied up capital. Furthermore, it appears that the municipalities’ visions in combination with the potential of the land as a future residential area constitute the most central parameters for the acquisition of raw land. The main advantage of these type of acquisitions is the developer’s ability to absorb the refinement gain arising from the change in land use and through the creation of new residential building rights. Regarding the acquisition of zoned land, the study shows that competition in this asset class is pronounced and that the most vital factors in an investment decision are the price of the building rights and the design of the zoning plan. The advantage of this strategy is that the developer eliminates the planning risk and enables a shorter development process. Regarding the acquisition of investment properties, this strategy is considered to be an effective complement to the other strategies and has its main advantage in the revenue streams generated during the planning process and the more beneficial capital structure created by the borrowing potential that a property’s existing cash flow allows.
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Aljahdali, Hani. "Building an effective framework for institutional investor activism and minority shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia : lessons from the UK." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/building-an-effective-framework-for-institutional-investor-activism-and-minority-shareholder-protection-in-saudi-arabia-lessons-from-the-uk(23c54771-8219-4c55-8fee-7876c145fbcd).html.
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Corporate governance practice differs regionally and nationally, depending on how each legal environment protects minority investors, capital markets and company ownership structure. Governance can also change spectacularly in regions or countries with comparatively high levels of institutional investment. The notion of institutional investors' activism is increasingly important in developed markets as the ideal corporate governance mechanism to monitor corporate managers and overcome agency problems arising from dispersed corporate ownership in modern companies. These institutions can work together on an improved corporate governance framework more effectively than individual investors, monitoring corporate controllers of listed companies in emerging and developing markets, using their influence more vigorously and in ways more fitting to a concentrated ownership environment such as that in Saudi Arabia. Consequently, the role of institutional investors in emerging and developing markets will depend strongly on institutional investors' activism and the arrangements determined and undertaken by the corporate governance regulatory framework in these markets. In considering the influential role of institutional investors to improve corporate governance practice, a high level of minority shareholder protection thus remains an indicator of good corporate governance and regulatory pressure of rights and incentives, which are necessary to empower non-controlling shareholders in these concentrated ownership markets to exert a strong activist influence in monitoring corporate activities, thus improving the corporate governance practices of investee companies. In this context, this thesis contends that in Saudi Arabia in particular, shareholder involvement in corporate governance is inadequate, as a result of a variety of economic and regulatory obstacles. It goes on to identify what improvements are necessary and where, to ensure a sound framework for effective institutional investor activism and to improve the level of minority shareholder protection. It also cautions Saudi legislators against erecting hurdles to the future engagement of Saudi and foreign institutional investors in monitoring corporate activities which may affect the conditions for access, allocation and monitoring of equity, which is so important for value creation and sustainable economic growth. The main benefit to be derived from this research is that it facilitates a fuller understanding of the Saudi approach to corporate governance, the corporate ownership environment and trends in the capital market. The analysis also deepens knowledge of corporate governance regimes, including the role of institutional investors, and of their characteristics and investment behaviours. In short, it considers whether institutional investors are willing or have been encouraged to use their power to engage in the companies in which they invest and whether they are qualified to solve the agency problem.
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Bouroubat, Khadija. "La construction durable : étude juridique comparative / Maroc-France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV136/document.
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La présente étude a pour objet de savoir si le Maroc en tant que pays en voie de développement dispose de dispositifs juridiques lui permettant de construire durablement.Le rapport Meadows publié en 1972 annonçant « les limites de la croissance » a incité la communauté internationale à prendre conscience de l’urgence écologique et à agir. Ainsi, plusieurs conférences internationales ont été organisées afin de mettre en place une nouvelle vision de l’avenir de l’humanité. C’est dans ce contexte international marqué par l’accroissement du conflit entre les préoccupations environnementales et le développement économique que la notion de développement durable a vu le jour. Le secteur de la construction parait-il le mieux à pouvoir intégrer ces préoccupations.Un bâtiment durable doit être pensé dès sa conception. Tout le cycle de vie de l’ouvrage a un impact sur l’environnement. C’est pourquoi son développement est subordonné à l’adoption d’un cadre juridique imposant le recours à des matériaux de construction écologique, à la gestion des déchets, à la préservation de la qualité de l’eau, du sol et de l’air et à la réalisation de la performance énergétique. Ces dispositions impliquent de nouvelles exigences qui vont changer les méthodes et pratiques des intervenants et contribuer à une coopération renforcée dans le cadre de la construction. Ainsi, il sera primordial de mettre la lumière sur la responsabilité de ces professionnels. La construction durable a un coût. Son développement doit être appuyé par des règles d’urbanisme, par des incitations financières et par la normalisation et la certification des bâtiments selon les référentiels de l’association haute qualité environnementaleThis study aims to explore the possibility for Morocco as developing country and booming economy to succeed in integrating sustainable development in the construction sector in the same way as his French counterpart.The Meadows report published in 1972 announcing « the limits togrowth » was intended to encourage international community to become aware of the ecological emergency and to act.Thus, a number of international conférences were organized in order to establish a new vision for the future of humanity. It is in this international context marked by the increase conflict between environmental concerns and economic development that the concept of sustainable development was born. The construction fiel dit seems able to integrate these concerns.A sustainable building must be thought fromits conception. All the life cycle of the work has an impact on the environment.That’s whyhis development is subordinated to the adoption of a legal frame work imposing the use of environment-freindly construction materials, waste management, conservation of the quality of the water, the ground and the air and to realization of the energy performance. These rules involve new requirements which are going to change the methods and the practices and contribute to an enhanced coopération gram work or construction. It is there forevery important to shed light on liability of professionals. Sustainable construction has a cost.It’s development must be supported by rules of urban construction, by Financial incentives and by normalization and certification of buildings according to the reference tables of the high quality environmental association
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Netto, Anne Magdalaine. "Third party rights for latent defects in buildings." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368707.
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Adámek, Jiří. "ASPEKTY OCEŇOVÁNÍ PRÁVA STAVBY." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234320.
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Dissertation work deals problems Law Of Building in relations to new Civil Code No. 89/2012 Sb. (NOZ - new Civil Code) Legal regulations are for all new and rather are in common level. Supplying present, more than 40 years old Civil Code new recipe, presents revolutionary changes in civil right. NCC starting from the another ideological, political and terminological bases. With new Civil Code loom incomming new questions: What will real property and what will no. What kind of law is possible newly to real property to establish. How will new property owners limited. Important is appreciate, that by the new Civil Code was cancelled current Civil Code, so and current Business Code too. New legal regulations cancelles more than 238 law regulations. All the law, which affected law relations to real property are cancelled. Contribution is solving the problems and summaries the cases, where would had Building Law to do. Result of the dissertation work is:
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Davis, Shannon. "The Ma(r)king of memory and the right to remember: design, interpretation and the movement of meaning. An investigation into the role of design in shaping Euro-Western experience and interpretation of the post genocide memoryscapes of Cambodia and Rwanda." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1392.
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Bearing witness to tragedy, the aftermath of genocide often resides quite evidently within the landscape. A potent container of memories and representation, the landscape provides both a symbolic role in which to honour the victims and give survivors a place to mourn and remember, but is also often infused with the tensions of post-genocide life. The memoryscapes of the Cambodian and Rwandan genocides illustrate these contested concerns explicitly. The case study sites investigated in this study - the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum and the Choeung Ek Genocidal Centre in Cambodia, and the Kigali Memorial Centre in Rwanda - each express today (consciously or unconsciously) design strategies that engage the Euro-Western visitor. Termed Euro-Western ‘cues to connect’, encountered and existential phenomenological data is analysed in relation to design interpretation and the affective cognition of meaning. Finally, considered in relation to Berlin’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, post genocide memorialisation is analysed in its ability to connect through time and culture - through its ability to transpose interpretations and evolve as the needs of society change.
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TEIXEIRA, SERGIO PAULO DE ABREU MARTINS. "THE ESSENCE OF FEDERALISM: THE BUILDING OF DEMOCRACY AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7730@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA proposta desta dissertação consiste em uma releitura do federalismo, buscando a percepção, a partir de uma perspectiva tríplice, de sua essência, ou seja, o núcleo a ser preservado para afirmação da democracia e dos direitos fundamentais. Em uma primeira perspectiva, de viés estático e de abordagem dogmática, a essência do fenômeno é tomada a partir da identificação de seus elementos estruturais e dos traços que o singularizam, chegando ao seu entendimento como um mecanismo de controle do arbítrio, por meio de uma distribuição territorial do poder político entre entidades autônomas, mas unidas, vinculadas por relações de coordenação e cooperação, visando à consecução de objetivos comuns. A segunda perspectiva reflete a essência dinâmica do Estado federal, reconhecendo sua flexibilidade e capacidade de adaptação às diferentes realidades sociais, políticas, econômicas e étnicas, o que é desvelado por seu percurso histórico e pela descrição do paradigmático caso norte-americano, desde sua origem até seus contornos atuais ditados pela Suprema Corte. A terceira perspectiva examina a essência do federalismo sob o prisma axiológico e principiológico, a fim de identificar os princípios inspiradores e de estruturação do Estado federal. Introduzido o federalismo sob essa tripla perspectiva, indica-se, ao fim, a chave para conciliação de sua essência simultaneamente estática e dinâmica, assegurando a permanente afirmação da democracia e dos direitos fundamentais e a concretização da unidade, pela harmonização da autonomia política dos entes federativos com a integração nacional.
The proposal of this dissertation consists in a review of the federalism, by searching, from a triple perspective, its essence, in others words, the nucleus to be preserved for the building of democracy and fundamental rights. In the first perspective - a static view -, the essence of the phenomenon is taken from the identification of its structural elements and characteristics that make it singular. The federalism is understood as a mechanism of control against despotism, allowing territorial distribution of the state political power between selfgovernment entities, that are united by coordinate and cooperative relationships, aiming common objectives. The second perspective reflects the dynamic essence of the federal State, recognizing its flexibility and its capacity to adapt to the different social, political, economic and ethnic realities, which is revealed by its historical route and by the description of the United State case, since its origins until the current outlines determined by the Supreme Court. The third perspective examines the essence of federalism under the prism of values and juridical principles, in order to identify federal state´s inspiring and structural principles. Introduced the federalism under this triple perspective, the study indicates, at its end, the key for conciliating the essence simultaneously static and dynamic of the federalism, through the harmonization of the federated entities´ self-government with the national integration, in a way to assure the permanent statement of democracy and fundamental rights and the integrity of the union.
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Dalibey, Salima. "Multinational corporations and human rights abuses : building a case for legal accountability." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441775.
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Chan, Wai-kin Raymond. "Transfer of development rights saviour of Hong Kong's heritage buildings." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31476867.
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Chan, Wai-kin Raymond, and 陳偉建. "Transfer of development rights saviour of Hong Kong's heritage buildings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31476867.
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Andrade, Marcus Vinícius dos Santos. "Superfície." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8171.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-11The reason for this work arose at institute now renewed in the Brazilian civil order: surface right. The objective was studying it in all the implication. Researching its structure and understanding its meaning. This study had and has justification in social and economical values demanding adequate juridical laws. Considering that everything which goes over the land as plantations and buildings characterize tenancy and building lease its importance has to be recognized to implement social policy, in the city or in the country. Firstly, the methodology used was based on the genesis institute from its history until now turning into a Brazilian law. Secondly, researching the changes of the meanings of property considered since the unitary individualism up to the transformation of autonomous dominium of the earth and tenancy and building lease. To achieve the points the tenancy and building lease was studied as a thing (chapter 1 phenomenology); historic unpredictable changes up to now in Brazil, since Brazil´s colonization (chapters 2 and 3 about the evolution of the judicial thoughts in Portugal and Brazil until 1916) following came the studies of many and different laws (chapter 4 comparing laws and chapter 5 surface laws in Brazil) the research was on top of the Branzilian law putting the tenancy and the building lease among the right in rem analyzing the elements, objects, structure, documents, the content of permission, alienate and extinction ending with law protection (chapter 6 and 13). Finally the way of using the institute in urban and agricultural laws (chapter 14- urban tenancy, 15- rural tenancy and 16 property social function)
A motivação, deste trabalho, se inspirou em instituto, agora, renovado no ordenamento civil brasileiro: o direito de superfície. O objetivo era o de estudá-lo em todas suas implicações, pesquisando sua estrutura, buscando apreender seu significado. Essa reflexão tinha e tem justificativa no valor social e econômico que projeta, a exigir tratamento jurídico adequado. Considerando-se que compreende o que se eleva do solo, como edificações e plantações, de convir sua importância para consecução de políticas sociais, na cidade e no campo. Para tanto, priorizou-se metodologia, por primeiro, baseada na gênese do instituto, informada por sua história, até que cristalizado na legislação brasileira. Em segundo, a investigação dirigiu-se às alternâncias conceituais da propriedade, considerada desde o individualismo unitário até o desdobramento em domínios autônomos: do solo e da superfície. Para a consecução desses objetivos, de início pesquisou-se a superfície como coisa (capítulo 1 Fenomenologia) e, depois, suas vicissitudes históricas até a atualidade e com repercussão no Brasil, da Colônia até os últimos diplomas legislativos (capítulos 2 e 3, respectivamente Histórico e evolução do pensamento jurídico e a superfície em Portugal e no Brasil: na Colônia, no Império e nos primeiros anos da República, até 1916). Em seguida, passou-se ao estudo de vários textos legislativos (capítulo 4: Elementos legislativos de comparação e capítulo 5: Legislação sobre direito de superfície no Brasil). Na seqüência, a perquirição centralizou-se no direito positivo brasileiro, situando a superfície entre os direitos reais, com a análise de seus elementos, objeto, estrutura, modos de constituição, conteúdo da concessão, alienação e extinção, terminando pela tutela judicial (capítulos 6 a 13). Por derradeiro, foi examinada a aplicabilidade técnica do instituto nas legislações sobre direito urbanístico e sobre direito agrário (capítulos 14, 15 e 16, respectivamente, superfície urbana, superfície rural e função social da propriedade e do direito real da superfície)
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Steinert, Anne Delano. "Standing Right Here: The Built Environment as a Tool for Historical Inquiry." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613686270648078.
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Martínez, Shepherd Axel. "Citizenship Beyond the Nation : Building Human Rights Inclusivity in a World of Exclusions." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45012.
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This paper explores possible solutions to the existing gap between human rights and citizenship and asks if society should replace citizenship with a more globalised or international form of “citizenship”? It further asks how society should aim to best eliminate the gap between human rights and citizenship? The paper uses an argumentative analysis to examine the theories of internationalism, global citizenship, and the democracy of demoi while considering cosmopolitan, agonistic, and anarchist viewpoints. In doing so showing the imperialist tendencies within global citizenship due to its need for universalism, and the possible alternative presented by the democracy of demoi as a pluralistic solution that accommodates agonistic views and anarchist notions of non-domination.
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Chan, Judy, and 陳柔麗. "Urban governance and the right to space: urban regeneration of industrial buildings in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46735100.
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Boros, Dan. "On ℓ2-homology of low dimensional buildings." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5fnum=osu1062707630.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 77 p. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Michael Davis, Dept. of Mathematics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77).
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Parsell, John Benjamin. "Coalition building in immigration rights advocacy : a case study of statewide network initiatives in Vermont /." Click here to view full text, 2007.
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Thipa, Joseph Andrew. "Atonement and human rights? : implications of the classic Reformed doctrine of atonement for the building of a human rights culture in contemporary Malawi." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1261.
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Thesis (DTh (Systematic Theology and Ecclesiology))—University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is a critical investigation of a theological basis for believers and the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian in Malawi to support a culture of human dignity and human rights, and specifically in the light of the classic Reformed doctrine of atonement, as reflected in the works of Calvin and Barth and also the Westminster Confession. It is argued in this study that the very essence of public recognition and consistent implementation of human rights is far reaching when understood in the light of the Reformed view of the atonement. In fact, in important and influential studies on human rights in ecumenical Reformed circles, the support for human rights is normally based on other doctrines. This study, however, argues that Jesus’ earthly life, sayings or parables in the Gospel narrative are all integral to the atonement process according to classical Reformed understanding, and are of great importance and relevance as a transformative power for the renewed life of the Reformed Christians in Malawi. It is argued that such a transformative power is capable of leading Reformed Christians in Malawi to a different view concerning their reception and building of a human rights culture in Malawi. Other Reformed Christian responses to human rights do provide an excellent overview of the liberating power of Christ’s cross and resurrection, and how believers may understand and affirm their vocation in light of this. However, the claim of this dissertation is that a fuller and more faithful understanding of the atonement will assist Reformed Christians in Malawi to see more clearly the importance of a culture of human rights specifically for the more faithful practice of their own Reformed faith and piety. For that reason, the research study has two research questions. The main research question investigates the relationship between the classic Reformed doctrine of atonement and human rights. The secondary question inquires about the implications of the classic Reformed doctrine of atonement for the promotion of human rights in Malawi. Hence, the research study comprises of five chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the problem being research, whilst Chapter 2 argues for a more faithful understanding of the Reformed view of the atonement. Chapter 3 provides the necessary background for the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian and its involvement in political change, and its response to the introduction of human rights and freedoms in Malawi. Chapter 4 discusses human rights in Malawi, in light of the Reformed doctrine of the atonement. The last Chapter (Chapter 5) summarizes and makes conclusions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is ‘n kritiese ondesoek van ‘n teologiese basis vir gelowiges en die Church of Central Africa Presbyterian in Malawi om ‘n kultuur van menswaardigheid en mensregte te ondersteun, spesifiek in die lig van die klassieke gereformeerde leerdtelling van versoening soos dit uitgebeeld word in die werke van Calvyn en Barth asook die Westminster Belydenis. Daar word in die studie geredeneer dat die wese van publieke erkenning vir en konsekwente toepassing van menseregte ver-reikend is wanneer dit verstaan word volgens die gereformeerde siening van versoening. Inderwaarheid is die steun vir menseregte in belangrike en invloedryke studies oor menseregte in ekumeniese gereformeerde kringe gewoonlik gebaseer op ander leerstellings. Hierde studie redeneer egter dat Jesus se aardse lewe, gesegdes en gelykenisse in die evangelies ‘n integrale deel van die klassieke gereformeerde verstaan van die versoeningsproses is, en uiters belangrik en relevant is as transformatiewe mag tot die hernude lewe van gereformeerde Christene in Malawi. Daar word geredeneer dat sodanige transformatiewe mag in staat is om gereformeerde Christene in Malawi te lei tot ‘n ander standpunt wat hul ontvanklikheid vir en vestiging van ‘n menseregte-kultuur in Malawi betref. Ander gereformeerde Christelike reaksies op menseregte bied ‘n uitstekende oorsig van die bevrydende mag van Christus se kruisiging en opstanding, en hoe gelowiges in die lig hiervan hul roeping kan verstaan en bevestig. Hierde dissertasie beweer egter dat ‘n voller, meer getroue verstaan van versoening gereformeerde Christene in Malawi sal help om die belang van ‘n menseeregte-kultuur duideliker te sien, juis vir ‘n meer getroue beoefening van hul eie geloof en piëteit. Die navorsingstudie fokus dus op twee navorsingsvrae. Die hoof-navorsingsvraag ondersoek die verhouding tussen die klassieke gereformeerde leerstelling van versoening en menseregte. Die sekondêre vraag kyk na die implikasies van die klassieke gereformeerde leerstelling oor versoening vir die vestiging van menseregte in Malawi. Die navorsingstudie bestaan uit vyf hoofstukke. Hoofstuk 1 stele die navorsingsvraag wat andersoek word, terwyl Hoofstuk 2 argumenteer vir ‘n meer getroue verstaan van die gereformeerde siening van versoening. Hoofstuk 3 gee agtergrond-inligting oor die Church of Central Africa Presbyterian, die kerk se betrokkenheid by politieke verandering en reaksie op die instel van menseregte en –vryhede in Malawi. Hoofstuk 4 bespreek menseregte in Malawi in die lig lig van die gereformeerde leerstelling oor versoening. Die laaste hoofstuk (Hoofstuk 5) som op en bereik ‘n slotsom.
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Nerad, Michael. "Specifické případy vykazování nemovitostí v účetnictví." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202060.
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This diploma thesis is concerned with specific situations regarding accounting for immovable property, including building right, non-monetary investments in fixed capital, immovable property held for sale (as inventory) and finance lease of immovable property. The term immovable property itself is explained from different point of views. Closer look is devoted to acquisition, possession and disposal of immovable property with even more detailed description of investment property valuation and depreciation.
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Dill, Kathleen Elizabeth. "Mediated pasts, negotiated futures : human rights and social reconstruction in a Maya community /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Strydom, Janke. "A hundred years of demolition orders : a constitutional analysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20260.
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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ownership, and especially the ownership of land, consists of rights as well as duties. The social responsibilities of the owner depend on the prevailing needs of the public (as expressed in legislation) and are subject to change. Section 25(1) of the Constitution impliedly recognises the social obligations of the property owner insofar as it confirms that ownership can be regulated by the state in the public interest. Section 25(1) also sets requirements for the interference with property rights and, in so doing, recognises that the social obligations of the property owner are not without boundaries. In its landmark FNB decision the Constitutional Court gave content and structure to a section 25(1) challenge. The Constitutional Court held that deprivations will be arbitrary for purposes of section 25(1) if the law of general application does not provide sufficient reason for the deprivation or is procedurally unfair. The Constitutional Court elaborated that ‘sufficient reason’ had to be determined with reference to eight contextual factors which reflect the complexity of the relationships involved in the dispute. With reference to section 25(1) and FNB this dissertation considers the constitutional implications of two types of statutory interference with the owner’s right to use, enjoy and exploit his property. Firstly, the dissertation considers the owner’s statutory duty in terms of the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act 103 of 1977 to demolish unlawful and illegal building works in certain instances. Secondly, the dissertation considers the limitations imposed by the National Heritage Resources Act of 25 of 1999 and the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998 (PIE) on the owner’s right to demolish historic or unlawfully occupied structures. This dissertation argues that building and development controls, historic preservation laws and anti-eviction legislation are legitimate exercises of the state’s police power. Generally, these statutory interferences with ownership will not amount to unconstitutional deprivation of property. Nevertheless, there are instances where regulatory laws cannot be applied inflexibly if doing so results in excessive interferences with property rights. The FNB substantive arbitrariness test indicates when the law imposes disproportionate burdens on land owners. Furthermore, the non-arbitrariness tests shows when it might be necessary to mitigate disproportionate burdens, imposed in terms of otherwise legitimate regulatory laws, by way of German-style equalisation measures, which are comparable to the constitutional damages granted by South African courts. This dissertation concludes that in the past century the South African legal system has progressed from the apartheid regime, which protected the rights and interests of the white minority, to a constitutional regime which safeguards the rights of all South Africans. There are two legal developments that may lead to positive change in the next century, namely active pursuance of the notion that ownership consists of rights and duties and the development of equalisation-style measures, incorporated into legislation, to alleviate excessive burdens imposed on property owners in the public interest.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Eiendomsreg, veral eiendomsreg op grond, bestaan uit regte sowel as pligte. Die sosiale verantwoordelikhede van die eienaar word bepaal deur die heersende behoeftes van die publiek (soos in wetgewing beliggaam) en is onderhewig aan verandering. Artikel 25(1) van die Grondwet erken implisiet die sosiale verpligtinge van die eienaar in soverre dit bevestig dat eiendomsreg nie ʼn absolute reg is nie en dat dit deur die staat in die openbare belang gereguleer kan word. Artikel 25(1) koppel vereistes aan statutêre beperkings wat op die eienaar se regte geplaas kan word en erken daardeur dat die sosiale pligte van die eienaar nie onbegrens is nie. In die invloedryke FNB-beslissing het die Grondwethof inhoud en struktuur aan grondwetlike analise ingevolge artikel 25(1) gegee. Die Grondwethof het bepaal dat ʼn ontneming arbitrêr sal wees vir die doeleindes van artikel 25(1) as die algemeen geldende reg nie genoegsame rede vir die ontneming verskaf nie of as die ontnemingsproses prosedureel onbillik was. Die Grondwethof het uitgebrei dat ‘genoegsame rede’ bepaal moet word met verwysing na agt kontekstuele faktore wat die kompleksiteit van die verhoudinge wat in die geskil betrokke is, weerspieël. Met verwysing na artikel 25(1) en FNB oorweeg hierdie proefskrif die grondwetlike implikasies van twee tipes statutêre beperkinge wat deur wetgewing op eienaars se regte geplaas word. Eerstens neem die proefskrif die eienaar se statutêre plig ingevolge die Wet op Nasionale Bouregulasies en Boustandaarde 103 van 1977 om onwettige en onregmatige geboue en bouwerke te sloop, in oënskou. Tweedens oorweeg die proefskrif die beperkinge ingevolge die Wet op Nasionale Erfenishulpbronne 25 van 1999 en die Wet op die Voorkoming van Onwettige Uitsettings en Onregmatige Besetting van Grond 19 van 1998 op die eienaar se reg om historiese en onregmatige bewoonde strukture te sloop. Die proefskrif betoog dat bou- en ontwikkelingsbeheermaatreëls, historiese bewaringswette en uitsettingsvoorkomingswetgewing legitieme uitoefening van die staat se polisiëringsmag is. In die algemeen sal hierdie statutêre inmenging nie uitloop op ongrondwetlike ontneming van eiendom nie. Nietemin is daar gevalle waar die regulerende wette nie onbuigsaam toegepas kan word nie indien dit tot uitermatige inmenging met die eienaar se regte lei. Die FNB-toets vir substantiewe arbitrêre ontneming dui aan wanneer ‘n wet ʼn disproporsionele las op grondeienaars plaas. Verder wys die FNB-toets wanneer dit nodig mag wees om oneweredige laste, wat deur andersins regmatige regulerende wette opgelê is, te versag. Dit kan gedoen word deur middel van ʼn statutêre maatreël, geskoei op Duitse voorbeeld, wat vergelykbaar is met grondwetlike skadevergoeding wat deur Suid-Afrikaanse howe toegeken is. Hierdie proefskrif kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel oor die afgelope eeu ontwikkel het van die apartheidsbestel, wat die regte en belange van die wit minderheid beskerm het, tot die huidige grondwetlike bestel wat die regte van alle Suid-Afrikaners beskerm. Twee ontwikkelinge kan tot positiewe verandering in die volgende eeu lei, naamlik aktiewe bevordering van die gedagte dat eiendomsreg uit regte en verpligtinge bestaan en ontwikkeling van statutêre maatreëls wat die uitermatige las wat in die openbare belang op eienaars geplaas word, te verlig.
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Weaver, Yvette Sarah. "A Project Of Discovering The Elements Of Belonging At Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, Columbus, Ohio." Ashland Theological Seminary / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=atssem1618855760437517.
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Vann, Michael Preston. "SIlver Tower - A New Paradigm for Tall Building Design." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75006.
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The events of September 11, 2001, seemed to many to presage the end of the skyscraper as an urban form. Some 15 years later, the skyscraper is more prevalent than ever before, owing to its unique advantages over other building forms in an urban, environmental, and sociological context. Skyscrapers are rising ever higher, pushing the limits of architecture and engineering. In 2001 there were 23 buildings over 1,000 feet in height. As of this writing there are 173 buildings over 1,000 feet completed or under construction, with 300 more in various phases of proposal. Despite their enormous initial cost in both capital and energy, the skyscraper maximizes the use of constricted urban space and provides enormous opportunities for technological and sociological innovation which, despite more that 100 years of skyscraper construction, are only just beginning to be realized. This thesis will explore a number of as-yet unrealized possibilities for skyscraper development to prognosticate and articulate future typologies designed to address increasing problems of energy efficiency, population density and disaster preparedness. As the human population grows, and more people move to the cities, larger and larger buildings will be necessary to house them at densities sufficient to ensure energy efficiency and minimize sprawl. The skyscraper is uniquely suited to meet these demands.Master of Architecture
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Van, Wyk Hesté. "Human security as an influence on Japan's contemporary Africa policy principles, patterns and implications /." Stellenbosch, South Africa : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/727.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed on Sept. 22, 2009). "December 2007." "Master of Arts (International studies)" Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-89).
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Ogbonna, Chidiebere. "Sanctions and human rights: the role of sanction in international security, peace building and the protection of civilian's rights and well-being: case studies of Iran and Zimbabwe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/525866.
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A broad and continuously growing range of situations have been determined by the United Nations Security Council as threatening or breaching international peace and security, thereby favouring the use of sanctions. The Security Council, while occasionally authorizing the use of military force has changed its strategy to employ non-military measures in order to enforce compliance with its decisions. The rationale often cited for imposing sanctions is the hope to resolve a conflict without mass suffering and other negative consequences associated with war. This study puts this assumption into context by using Zimbabwe and Iran as case studies to examine whether the use of sanctions is a plausible way to achieve international peace and security or if it is actually problematic to resolving the issues that lead to sanctions. It concludes that our present world system requires an overhaul, where violent mechanisms will be substituted with selfless diplomacy and the moral imagination of peace.
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Samanani, Farhan. "Gathering Kilburn : the everyday production of community in a diverse London neighbourhood." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270310.
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This thesis presents an ethnographic account of the everyday meanings and processes associated with the idea of ‘community’ within the London neighbourhood of Kilburn. In policy and popular discourse, community is cast both as somehow able to unite people across difference, and as under threat from the proliferation of difference, which is seen as impeding mutual understanding, cooperation and belonging. Within scholarly writing, ‘community’ is often challenged as too archaic, too rigid or too ambiguous a concept to provide sufficient analytical leverage or to work as a normative ideal. Against this background, my PhD takes a look the neighbourhood of Kilburn, where amidst significant diversity, tropes of community are still widely used. I investigate how residents imagine various forms of community in relation to diversity, as well as the connections and discontinuities between these various imaginings. I draw on 16 months of ethnographic fieldwork, following over a dozen community projects and groups, tracing informal local networks and getting to know residents individually. My ethnography ranges from community cafes, to religious youth groups, to urban ‘gangs’, to government-led urban regeneration projects. Despite the variation in how different individuals imagined ‘community’, there was a shared view of community as a space which facilitated the bridging of difference and the construction of shared moral projects. These spaces did not exist sui generis. Rather they were opened up through the balancing of two traits: fixity and fluidity. Fixity involved defining community in terms of a clearly identifiable and familiar set of boundary markers, which serve to give it an ‘objective’ existence. Fluidity involved suspending this attempt to define community in terms of the familiar, once people were involved, in order to allow for new, shared understandings and values to emerge. The first two chapters unpack this balancing of fixity and fluidity. Chapter 1, traces inclusion and exclusion in a range of community projects, and Chapter 2 looks at tropes of race and ethnicity, examining how such ideas might be treated as simultaneously fixed and fluid. . The two chapters unpack the transformational power of community. Chapter 3 looks at a community centre for young Muslims, as well as at a local community radio station, and argues that community spaces have the potential to foster an ethic of continual openness to difference. Chapter 4 looks at a group of ‘street youth’ and their diverse views of success, and argues that community can act as a collective repository of future potential, allowing community members to transform their ethical trajectory within their own lives. The final two chapters look at contestations over community. Chapter 5 looks at clashing uses of public spaces and argues that such spaces are often read in highly fixed ways, and as lacking the potential for community-like negotiations. Chapter 6 looks at local regeneration projects and contrasts the ways in which community is valued locally, to the ways in which it is valued by state and market actors. The thesis concludes by emphasizing the necessarily plural, dynamic, contested and grounded nature of the idea of community described here.
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Lines, Vivien. ""En sus manos" : Children's rights and protection post armed conflict: an opportunity for peacebuilding in Colombia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301145.
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The impact of armed conflict on children’s rights and protection is not disputed in existing research. This thesis looks again at this issue in the context of the longstanding armed conflict in Colombia and the current transition to peace in the country in order to consider whether and how peacebuilding can give children agency and contribute to restoring their rights and protection post conflict, an area neglected in existing research. Using testimonies from children gathered by a questionnaire and events held in communities in two regions of Colombia badly affected by the conflict, this thesis seeks to place children’s voices about the impact of the conflict on them and their views about peace at the centre of the discussion. Key findings are that as a result of their direct experiences of the conflict children have two main priorities for peace. The first is the need to re-establish positive, non-violent behaviours and relationships in their families and communities and the second is the need for protection and security from violence and crime. These findings are discussed using Lederach’s theories of reconciliation based peacebuilding (1997; 2005), an ecological framework for children’s protection and concepts of children’s resilience and rights. It is concluded that states are responsible for providing for children’s rights and protection but there is a need to pay attention to the impact of protracted armed conflict on communities. Reconciliation based peacebuilding which restores the fabric of families and communities and addresses violence post conflict could enable protective mechanisms to be re-established for children and foster the development of children’s own resilience. Further, giving children agency within the peacebuilding process is important to re-establishing children’s future rights in a post conflict society and these factors combined to enhance the conditions for sustainable peace. The thesis considers the implications of these conclusions for humanitarian and development organisations working with children during conflict or in peacebuilding and makes recommendations for all those with responsibilities in this area.
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Durkin, Stuart Anthony. "The Basque education plan for peace and human rights : towards a more sustainable model of peace-building in Euskadi?" Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617801.
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The thesis analyses the development of the Basque government's 'Basque Education Plan for Peace and Human Rights' (2008-2011). which represents the first comprehensive, coherent and coordinated attempt on the part of a Basque government to deploy peace education and human rights interventions systematically throughout Basque society. Though innovative work in the realm of peace education and human rights has been ongoing in this context for many years, much of this has been carried out by poorly resourced third sector organisations. Despite their lack of resource, however, this small but influential group of Basque civil associations has done much to advance peace culture through its long-term commitment to peace and human rights education. Moreover, because organized Basque civil society has been involved in the development of this policy, this thesis argues that the influence of these civil society groups may have moved beyond consciousness raising and into policy formation and implementation. Thus, this thesis contributes towards a critical understanding of the political dynamics which surrounded the development of this policy, which involved both organized Basque civil society and the government of the Basque Autonomous Community. In order to do so, the thesis begins by explaining the evolution of the 'Basque Conflict '. The thesis then sets out a theoretical framework, which situates this policy in the realm of sustainable peace-building before focusing on the context of peace education in Euskadi and the core aims and objectives of the Basque Education Plan for Peace and Human Rights. Next the thesis analyses the realm of the Basque associational world and especially the 'Forum of Civil Associations, ' which has been given a coordinating role in the implementation of this policy. The final chapter revisits the central tenets of the sustainable peace-building approach in light of the thesis 's findings. The thesis concludes that the systematic deployment of sustainable peace education and human rights interventions requires more than the development of sophisticated policies of this kind; it also requires a social and political context which is conducive. Though this was not the case at the time the research was carried out, the postscript analysing the 2009 elections and their aftermath indicates that a more favourable social and political climate might be forthcoming
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Stark, R. D. Andrew. "State transformation and European integration : the expression of rights (1990-2014)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273907.
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This work examines the impact of European integration on modern European states, focusing in particular on the expression of civic, political, and social rights in these states. Without an accurate understanding of how integration has transformed states, those involved in the creation of state institutions--now and in the future--cannot hope to know how their societies will be affected by European integration, what role social voice will play in the governance process, and ultimately, how the European project might play-out. Understanding the effect of European integration on the lives of everyday citizens is the main impetus behind this research. This work aims to provide an objective assessment of the effects of European integration on state transformation and, subsequently, the expression of rights in modern Europe. This is accomplished through the examination of three case studies, each of which focuses on a different policy area. Overall, these case studies cover the time period 1990-2014. Operationalized, the research herein addresses the following question: How has being a member of the European Union or striving to join it changed states and specifically those areas linked to the expression of civic, political, and social rights? Additionally, this study tests a new theoretical construction of statehood--the Member State--so that, in the future, this construct might be used to better inform integration theories. This is all carried-out through statistical analyses that establish causal links for observed changes in the expression of civic, political, and social rights in Europe. The findings of the thesis suggest that the expression of civic and social rights have not been decreasing due to state transformation brought on by European integration, while the expression of political rights have been. Furthermore, this research finds support for the new theoretical construct of Member Statehood.
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Wolpe, Camille L. "State-building, Systemic Shocks and Family Law in the Middle East and North Africa." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/50.
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Family law regulates the formation of marriage, divorce, marital property rights, child custody, inheritance, and spousal duties. This study aims to demonstrate how family law formation in the Middle East and North Africa reflects the struggle among social and political forces to capture the state and assert authority. The balance of power between competing social forces impacts both the timing (short-term versus long-term struggle) and type (progressive or regressive) of family law after independence. The ability of one of two competing forces, broadly categorized as traditionalist versus modernist, to capture the state is necessary for codification and is predictive of family law content. Case studies reveal that systemic shocks (e.g. revolution, social unrest, or foreign intervention) tip the balance of power in favor of traditional or modernizing forces in the post-independence state-building process and facilitate the successful consolidation of power and the codification of family law.
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Wisely, Karen S. "The “Dallas Way” in the Gayborhood: The Creation of a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Community in Dallas, Texas, 1965-1986." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103411/.
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This thesis describes the creation of the gay and lesbian community in Dallas, the fourth largest metropolitan area in the United States. Employing more than seventy-five sources, this work chronicles the important contributions the gay men and lesbians of Dallas have made in the struggle for gay civil rights. This thesis adds to the studies of gay and lesbian history by focusing on a region of the United States that has been underrepresented, the South. In addition, this work addresses the conflicts that arise within the community between men and women.
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DeBono, Daniela. "In search of the building blocks of a human rights culture : lessons from the treatment of irregular immigrants in Malta." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38668/.
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The treatment of irregular migrants in Malta is problematic from a human rights perspective, for it contravenes the principle of universalism that is intrinsic to human rights philosophy. This study investigates this treatment. Crucially, it identifies four elements of political practice in the absence of which it is contended a human rights culture cannot flourish, as well as underlying patterns in Maltese political culture which contravene these four elements. Its ultimate aim is to propose meaningful, effective and long-lasting human-rights-compliant solutions to the treatment of irregular immigrants in Malta. Based on a reading of foundational documents of the modern human rights movement, especially the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the thesis posits that human rights should be ‘located' between the political and the cultural. The four basic principles of human rights identified as framing the optimal political conditions for the nurturing of a human rights culture are related to dignity, a cosmopolitan orientation, democratic practice and a commitment to equality. This concept of a human rights culture is innovatively used as an analytical tool for examining Maltese responses to irregular migration. This is done in a two-way manner, with the examination of practice enriching the identified theoretical framework, and the theoretical framework then guiding the search for possible new human-rights-consistent policy directions which Malta could take. Drawing on a range of ethnographic methods, including in-depth interviews and participant observation, this study brings to light the difficulties of putting into practice human rights principles within an already established local culture grappling with its own ghosts like occupations and colonial experiences. Although resistance to change is often difficult to identify since it is shrouded in ‘modern' language, hidden under security arguments or bureaucratic explanations. Interviews and a range of documents illustrate the multi-layered misconceptions, stereotypes and fear that play out among the Maltese.
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Daly, Marwa El. "Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundations." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16511.
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Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt.This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.
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Noordijk, Peter Andrew. "Building Bridges with Social Capital in the European Union." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1091.
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A culture of accommodation and tolerance is a necessary part of establishing and preserving a functional multi-national and multi-ethnic European Union. Civil society organizations and their associated social capital have been shown to foster civic capacity and achievement of public policy goals. However, social capital that is based on group identity can also contribute to a sense of intolerance towards out-groups, undermining the stated tolerance objectives of the social pillar of the European Union. States with a strong presence alongside civil society are expected to be curb the development of the exclusionary bonding form of social capital in favor of bridging social capital which will improve progress toward policy goals.
This study tests the link between government capacity, social capital and tolerance using data from the 1990-2009 waves of the World Values Survey and European Values Study. Using path analysis and multi-level models of the relationships between political capacity, social capital and intolerance, the model establishes that government capacity enhances bridging social capital and which increases social tolerance. The study fills a gap in understanding how government capacity and policy can result in improved social capital even with greater diversity. A proposed relationship between political capacity and bonding forms of social capital was not supported.
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Kriel, Hennie. "Conflict transformation in South Africa : the impact of the Truth & Reconciliation Commission on social identity transformation /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/660.
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