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Journal articles on the topic 'Right to Genetic Identity'
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1
Sabatello, Maya. "The Politics of the Child's Right to Identity in a Disability-Free Society." International Journal of Children's Rights 17, no. 2 (2009): 177–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181808x312131.
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AbstractThe essay examines the legal and moral implications of pre-natal genetic selection of disability in the context of children. I build on scholarly literature on the politics of identity and of culture to explore whether scientific developments prompt a child's "right to a sound mind and body." I consider this question in light of international human rights standards, including the recent European Conventions on Human Rights and Biomedicine, and particularly, the child's right to identity. I propose a new dual model to evaluate such biomedical decisions from a child-centred approach. What is the interplay between the parental right to reproductive freedom and the rights of the child? Where are the children themselves configured in these developments? How can such biomedical decisions be translated into the child's voice? And to what extent do such scientific techniques correspond to the recognition of children under the International Convention on the Rights of the Child as social agents in their own right?
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Monducci, Juri. "The protection of genetic information." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 3 (November 2010): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2010-003007-ing.
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The law pertaining to personal data has developed in Italy over a thirty-year span that took us from recognition of such data in the case law, in 1975, to its statutory protection, in 2003. This evolution would subsequently come to the point of specifically regulating the processing of genetic data as data revealing an individual's genetic makeup, thereby also revealing the biological future of individuals and their offspring: this information describes an individual at a core level where the deepest, most unchangeable traits are found and can therefore nurture what is nowadays referred to as genetic determinism, which reduces the person to a complex of genetic data and so ignores the whole layer of characteristics that make each of us unique. There is, then, a discriminatory risk inherent in the processing of genetic data, and equally clear are the psychological implications of such processing, so much so that the need has arisen to have rules in place aimed at regulating the biotechnologies and genetics in particular. These rules have given birth to the so-called fourthgeneration rights, inclusive of the right to ones genetic identity and the right not to know ones genetics (although this is something that had been discussed earlier, too), and it is to a discussion of these rights that this essay is devoted.
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Mulligan, Andrea. "Protecting Identity In Collaborative Assisted Reproduction: The Right To Know One’s Gestational Surrogate." International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 34, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 20–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebz017.
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Abstract Gestational surrogacy presents a unique form of parenthood: that which is biological but not genetic. This new form of parenthood demands a re-examination of the rights and duties that arise from the parent–child relationship. This article is concerned with the surrogate-born person’s right to know his or her gestational surrogate, an aspect of the right to identity. The springboard for this analysis is draft legislation in Ireland that proposes the creation of a legal right to trace one’s gestational surrogate. The purpose of this article is to interrogate the normative underpinnings of the legal right to know one’s gestational surrogate, exploring whether instrumental or deontological/rights-based justifications provide a better theoretical basis for the creation of a legal right. The article begins by exploring the link between the gestational relationship and identity formation, drawing on current scholarship on the metaphysics and physiology of pregnancy. It goes on to consider instrumental justifications for the creation of a legal right to know one’s surrogate, but argues that deontological or rights-based justifications provide the more compelling basis for creation of the legal right. The article concludes that this applies to all legal regimes that would seek to establish a legal right to know one’s surrogate, and is especially apt in the case of the draft Irish legislation, due to the requirement of mandatory disclosure.
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Burmeister, Stefan. "Does the concept of genetic ancestry reinforce racism?" TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 30, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.30.2.41.
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Genetic ancestry is seen as an alternative to the problematic concept of race and is positioned against abusive racist and nationalist perspectives. The concept of genetic ancestry is nevertheless not free of racial categorizations. Increasingly, it is becoming an integral part of identity politics. Genetic ancestry is promoted as a way to give identity and visibility to marginalized groups but is also rejected as a form of biocolonialism. In xenophobic and racist discourses of right-wing groups, the concept has found fertile ground. The field of genetics is partly to blame for this since it opens the door to problematic identity discourses through a careless use of archaeological, ethnic, and genetic categories.
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Montanari Vergallo, Gianluca, Enrico Marinelli, Natale Mario di Luca, and Simona Zaami. "Gamete Donation: Are Children Entitled to Know Their Genetic Origins? A Comparison of Opposing Views. The Italian State of Affairs." European Journal of Health Law 25, no. 3 (March 13, 2018): 322–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12530378.
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Abstract Medically assisted fertilization techniques give rise to a wide array of issues, such as the rights to secrecy, partial anonymity or to the full disclosure of information about the donors’ identities. The authors espouse the right of donor-conceived children to know their biological origins, and delve into opposing views, either in favour of the gamete donors’ right to anonymity or against it. Be that as it may, the right to know one’s biological origins has been gaining a foothold as part of the broader right to personal identity. The latter is in fact codified and upheld in numerous international treaties and conventions as a fundamental human right. The authors expound upon the Italian legislation, which is designed to enforce total donor anonymity. Against that backdrop, the authors weigh the suitability of further regulating access to sensitive, identifying information about the procreation methods involved in each case.
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Ravelingien, An, and Guido Pennings. "The Right to Know Your Genetic Parents: From Open-Identity Gamete Donation to Routine Paternity Testing." American Journal of Bioethics 13, no. 5 (May 2013): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2013.776128.
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Cohen, I. Glenn. "Of Modest Proposals and Non-Identity: A Comment on the Right to Know Your Genetic Parents." American Journal of Bioethics 13, no. 5 (May 2013): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2013.776132.
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Bliss, Catherine. "The Marketization of Identity Politics." Sociology 47, no. 5 (October 2013): 1011–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038513495604.
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Sociology has begun to question how new genetic sciences affect older ways of constructing and contesting social identity, including forms of identity politics that have brought women and minorities significant gains. This article presents US debates on genetics, identity politics, and race in order to theorize emergent transformations in light of the genomic revolution. Examining recent developments in the realms of pharmaceuticals and ancestry estimation, I argue that traditional forms of identity politics are still actively at work, though they are being marketized in novel ways. This article combines theories of racialization and medicalization to detail how genomics ushers in a subtle new version of identity politics: a pharmaceuticalized citizenship wherein health rights and political participation are co-envisioned in individualistic molecular terms.
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Brenciani, Andrea, Erika Tiberi, Eleonora Morici, Erman Oryaşın, Eleonora Giovanetti, and Pietro E. Varaldo. "ICESp1116, the Genetic Element Responsible forerm(B)-Mediated, Inducible Resistance to Erythromycin in Streptococcus pyogenes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 12 (October 1, 2012): 6425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01494-12.
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ABSTRACTICESp1116, responsible forerm(B)-mediated, inducible erythromycin resistance inStreptococcus pyogenes, was comprehensively characterized, and its chromosomal integration site was determined. It displayed a unique mosaic organization consisting of a scaffold, related to TnGallo1 fromStreptococcus gallolyticus, with two inserted fragments separated by IS1216. One fragment, containingerm(B), displayed high-level identity to a portion of theS. pyogenesplasmid pSM19035; the other, containing a truncatedtet(M) gene, displayed high-level identity to the right-hand portion ofClostridium difficileTn5397.
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Montanari Vergallo, Gianluca, and Natale Mario Di Luca. "La spinta verso una legislazione europea comune sul diritto di conoscere le proprie origini genetiche / The push towards common European legislation with respect to the right to know one’s genetic origins." Medicina e Morale 66, no. 6 (January 25, 2018): 747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.518.
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A venti anni dalla sua approvazione, la Convenzione di Oviedo necessita di un aggiornamento. Infatti, non affronta la questione del diritto dei bambini nati da fecondazione eterologa di conoscere l’identità dei donatori di gameti. La Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo ha recentemente stabilito che: a) il diritto di conoscere le proprie origini biologiche è tutelato dall’art. 8 della Convenzione dei diritti dell’uomo; b) tale diritto deve essere bilanciato con quello della madre biologica di rimanere anonima (c.d. parto anonimo). Al fine di trovare tale bilanciamento, una possibile soluzione consiste nel richiedere ai giudici di convocare la madre per chiederle se intende revocare l’anonimato. Se la madre ribadisce la propria originaria intenzione di rimanere sconosciuta, il Tribunale non può consentire al figlio di conoscere la sua identità. Gli autori analizzano anche altre due questioni non prese in considerazione dalla Corte europea: a) l’equilibrio tra il diritto di conoscere le proprie origini e quello dei donator di gamete all’anonimato; b) se tale diritto dei bambini nati da fecondazione eterologa vincoli i genitori legali a rivelargli le modalità del concepimento. Tali problemi e l’importanza degli interessi in gioco inducono gli autori a sostenere che la scelta di usare il citato art. 8 come criterio di giudizio non è affatto ottimale. Appare preferibile affrontare queste questioni attraverso un aggiornamento della Convenzione di Oviedo o comunque con modalità tali da arrivare ad una regolamentazione che sia uniforme all’interno dell’Unione europea. ---------- Twenty years since it was opened for signature, the Oviedo Convention needs updating. It does not deal with the issue of the donor-conceived children’s right to know the identity of the gamete donors. The European Court of Human Rights has recently stated that: a) the right to know one’s biological background is protected by article 8 of the Convention on Human Rights; b) such a right must be balanced with the biological mother’s right to anonymity (anonymous birth). In order to find such balancing, a possible solution might be to require judges to summon mothers to ask them whether they would like to reverse their decision to be anonymous. If the mother reaffirms her intention to remain unknown, the court may not allow the child to learn of her identity and contact her. The authors also analyze two other issues not taken into account by the European Court: a) the balancing between the right to know one’s origins and the gamete donors’ right to anonymity; b) whether the donor-conceived children’s right to know would make it mandatory for legal parents to disclose conception procedures. These problems and the importance of the interests at stake induce the authors to argue that the choice to keep using the above mentioned article 8 as yardstick is far from ideal. It appears to be far preferable to deal with these issues while updating the Oviedo Convention or in such a way as to incentivize the enactment of legislation that would be uniform throughout the European Union.
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Turkmendag, Ilke. "It Is Just a “Battery”." Science, Technology, & Human Values 43, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 56–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243917722843.
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This article addresses the child’s right to know their genetic origins in mitochondrial donation. It focuses on the UK’s public debate on mitochondrial replacement techniques and examines the claims-making activities that shaped the donor information regulations. During the public consultation, downplaying the significance of the mitochondria helped distinguish mitochondria donors from gamete donors and determine their relational status with the resulting child. As a result, according to the Mitochondrial Donation regulations, mitochondria donors, unlike gamete donors, will not be required to be identifiable to the resulting child. I argue that, in the UK, similar to donor conception, public understanding of mitochondrial donation is shaped by a “calculus of genes”: simplified accounts of how genes determine the resulting child’s characteristics and identity. While the donor conception regulations ascribe social meaning to the passage of genes, the mitochondria regulations strip the social meaning away from the donation based on the assumption that the genetic contribution made by the donor is quantitatively insignificant in influencing the identity of the resultant offspring. The nature of the genetic material itself should not be considered as a privileged standpoint from which to decide on social meaning of the donation or the rights attached to it.
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Adhikari, Kamalesh, Edwin Bikundo, Xan Chacko, Susannah Chapman, Fran Humphries, Hope Johnson, Evan Keast, et al. "What Should Farmers’ Rights Look Like? The Possible Substance of a Right." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020367.
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Farmers’ Rights formally appeared in the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) as a means of recognising the past, present, and future contributions of farmers in conserving, improving, and making available the plant genetic materials that are important for food and agriculture. Discussions have been underway under the auspices of the ITPGRFA’s Governing Body with the recent Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Farmers’ Rights (AHTEG-FR) collecting together views, experiences, and best practices to produce an inventory and options for encouraging, guiding, and promoting the realisation of Farmers’ Rights. While this is useful, this article reports on the outcomes of a workshop that applied a different methodology. Our purpose was to identify what could be and should be the substance of Farmers’ Rights so that the policy substance drives the implementation rather than the AHTEG-FR’s retro-fitting Farmers’ Rights to existing views, best practices, and measures. The contribution of this article is to develop and set out a list of possible substantive Farmers’ Rights as a contribution and foundation for further consultations and negotiations.
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Kamm, F. M. "MORAL STATUS AND PERSONAL IDENTITY: CLONES, EMBRYOS, AND FUTURE GENERATIONS." Social Philosophy and Policy 22, no. 2 (June 15, 2005): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052505052118.
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In the first part of this article, I argue that even those entities that in their own right and for their own sake give us reason not to destroy them and to help them are sometimes substitutable for the good of other entities. In so arguing, I consider the idea of being valuable as an end in virtue of intrinsic and extrinsic properties. I also conclude that entities that have claims to things and against others are especially nonsubstitutable. In the second part, I argue that cloning poses no threat to the nonsubstitutability of these entities (and in this sense, to the dignity of persons). I also consider the relation between cloning and (what I called) holistic identity, and between the latter and genetic identity. In the concluding part of the article, I try to distinguish cases where identity over time and so-called person-affecting acts have and do not have greater moral significance than nonidentity over time and nonperson-affecting acts. I try to apply my results to cases involving embryos, future generations, and to the so-called Non-Identity Problem.
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Reflinur, Reflinur, Puji Lestari, and Suk-Ha Lee. "THE POTENTIAL USE OF SSR MARKERS TO SUPPORT THE MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF INDONESIAN MUNGBEAN VARIETIES." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 17, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v17n2.2016.p65-74.
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<p>Mungbean varieties were mainly characterized based on morphological traits. Molecular genetic approach is expected to help the breeder in identification of mungbean varieties in more detail and to protect intellectual property right. This study aimed to identify Indonesian mungbean varieties based on DNA fingerprint profile using a marker set to support morphological characters. A total of 22 Indonesian mungbean accessions were characterized based on 21 morphological traits and 55 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) primers. Of the total 22 mungbean varieties used in the present study, 16 varieties were improved varieties and remaining six varieties were local varieties originated from Java, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi collected in GeneBank of ICABIOGRAD. The results showed that the 21 morphological characters were not sufficient to differentiate 22 mungbean varieties, while SSR analysis revealed that eight multi-alleles markers and high polymorphic information content (PIC) values have been successfully selected for varietal identification. The selected markers enabled to differentiate each mungbean variety according to their genetic marker with the lowest distance of 0.125, demonstrating the robustness of the selected marker set as a tool to identify a specific DNA fingerprint profile as a varietal identity (ID). The genetic identity of a variety was shown by digital barcoding which represented a series of alleles produced by corresponding markers. The DNA fingerprint profile of each variety would be beneficial as reference identities of a mungbean variety. <strong></strong></p>
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Lesch, B. J., A. R. Gehrke, M. L. Bulyk, and C. I. Bargmann. "Transcriptional regulation and stabilization of left-right neuronal identity in C. elegans." Genes & Development 23, no. 3 (February 1, 2009): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1763509.
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Penchaszadeh, Victor B., and Lavinia Schuler-Faccini. "Genetics and human rights: Two histories: restoring genetic identity after forced disappearance and identity suppression in Argentina and after compulsory isolation for leprosy in Brazil." Genetics and Molecular Biology 37, no. 1 suppl 1 (2014): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572014000200016.
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Widaningsih, Nina Agusti, Edi Purwanto, N. Nandariyah, and R. Reflinur. "The Use of DNA Microsatellite Markers for Genetic Diversity Identifi cation of Soybean (Glycine max (L) Meriil.) as a Supplementary Method in Reference Collections Management." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 2 (February 22, 2016): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.9306.
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Large number of new soybean varieties are mostly derived from crosses of elite genotypes resulted ina narrowing of both the genetic diversity and the phylogenetic relationship between soybean varieties. Thus,discrimination among soybean varieties is becoming more diffi cult, especially when morphological traits wereapplied. In Plant Variety Protection (PVP) system, new varieties of soybeans including granted PVP right, localand breeding varieties registered in PVP offi ce were frequently increased, implicate on increasingly the numberof soybean varieties collections. To assist the management of varieties collections, a standard fi ngerprinting datais further needed. In comparison to the management of plant collection in the fi eld, molecular marker systemswhich are rapid, reliable, informative and relatively simple are continually sought for practical applications ingermplasm conservation, management and enhancement. This study aimed to identify the genetic diversity andphylogenetic relationship of soybean varieties that have earned PVP Right as well as local varieties and breedingvarieties registered in the PVP offi ce using microsatellite or simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers.This study was conducted in Molecular Biology laboratory, Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnologyand Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) Bogor, from February to May 2013. The datawere analyzed using the genetic analysis package NTSYSpc 2.02i and PowerMarker V3.25. The result showed arelatively narrow genetic diversity among 45 varieties of soybean analyzed in present study which were indicatedby the small number of genotypes and total number of alleles (NA), and the low value of gene diversity and PICvalues (<0.75). Cluster analysis showed that the grouping varieties are not related to morphological characters butrelated to phylogeny relationship between varieties. Despite the group of varieties were not clustered in accordancewith morphological characteristics, SSR marker can be a powerful tool for discriminating varieties, so that it couldbe useful for initial varieties identity in conjunction with genetic diversity analysis.
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Akhtyrska, Nataliia M., and Olena Yu Kostiuchenko. "LEGAL REGULATION OF BIOETHICAL ISSUES IN THE LIGHT OF MEDICAL SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENTS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 12 (2020): 2804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202012217.
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The aim: To identify issues of legal support for the use of genetics' advances in medicine, reproductive technologies, etc. and to identify criteria for admissibility of safe and ethical implementation of scientific results. Materials and methods: The analysis of international acts, legislation of European countries, scientific reports on the results of achievements in medicine, in particular, the study and modification of DNA. Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and a sample survey were used. The study is based on a combination of philosophical approaches, theoretical (dialectical, logical, historical, analysis and synthesis), specific legal and sociological methods of scientific knowledge. Conclusions: It is necessary to adopt at the UN level the Convention on the Control of Genetic Programming, to clearly define international cooperation in the field of prevention and counteraction to experiments on editing the genome of the “best man”. Governments should adopt regulations based on certain standards of “preservation of human genetic identity”, to establish the order of location of laboratories or other institutions on the territory of the states conducting research with genetic material.
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MURPHY, TIMOTHY F. "Sex before the State: Civic Sex, Reproductive Innovations, and Gendered Parental Identity." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 26, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180116000864.
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Abstract:Certain changes in the way that states classify people by sex as well as certain reproductive innovations undercut the rationale for state identification of people as male or female in signifying gendered parental relationships to children. At present, people known to the state as men may be genetic mothers to their children; people known to the state as women may be genetic fathers to their children. Synthetic gametes would make it possible for transgender men to be genetically related to children as fathers and transgender women to be genetically related to children as mothers, even if they have otherwise relied on naturally-occurring gametes to be genetic mothers and genetic fathers of children respectively. Synthetic gametes would presumably make it possible for any person to be the genetic father or genetic mother of children, even in a mix-and-match way. Other reproductive innovations will also undercut existing expectations of gendered parental identity. Uterus transplants would uncouple the maternal function of gestation from women, allowing men to share in maternity that way. Extracorporeal gestation ((ExCG)—gestation outside anyone’s body—would also undercut the until-now absolute connection between female sex and maternity. In kind, effects such as these—undoing conventionally gendered parenthood—undercut the state’s interest in knowing whether parents are male or female in relation to a given child, as against knowing simply whether someone stands in a parental relationship to that child, as a matter of rights and duties.
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Sánchez Vilanova, María. "A propósito de la inalterabilidad e intangibilidad del patrimonio genético humano como bien digno de protección penal | About the inalterability and the intangibility of the human genetic inheritance as a legally-protected interest." Cuadernos Electrónicos de Filosofía del Derecho, no. 41 (December 27, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/cefd.41.13912.
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RESUMEN. En el presente estudio se efectúa una reflexión sobre el delito de manipulación genética contemplado en el artículo 159 del Código penal, precepto cuya concreta regulación despierta numerosas objeciones, especialmente en atención al bien jurídico de carácter colectivo que protege, como es la identidad genética, cuestionándose si esta conducta en particular encontraría mejor acomodo en la legislación administrativa.
ABSTRACT. This paper makes a reflection on the crime of genetic manipulation contemplated in Article 159 of the Criminal Code, a provision whose specific regulation raises many objections, especially in attention to the collective legal right that protects, such as genetic identity, questioning itself if this particular behavior would find better accommodation in administrative legislation.
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Zozula, Jolanta. "Presumption of the child’s origin from the husband of the mother within 300 days of marriage termination or annulment, and in the event of judicial separation – de lege lata and de lege ferenda remarks." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 584, no. 9 (November 30, 2019): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6019.
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The article is dedicated to the institution of the presumption of the child's origin from the husband of the mother as one of three ways to determine the child's origin from the father. In the opinion of the author, with the current availability of genetic tests (DNA), the regulation “extending” this presumption to children born after the termination or annulment of marriage, after the judicial separation and declaring any of the parents to be deceased, does not implement the principle of protecting the good of the child and in particular his right to grow up in the family and the identity right. The current shape of the regulation of the Family and Guardianship Code regarding this presumption significantly hinders, and certainly delays, the possibility of establishing biological paternity and granting the biological father the status of legal father, which is most desirable and justified. The current legal status is not favorable either for the child, his biological father or his mother's ex-husband. Taking into account the progress of genetics by the legislator and enabling the recognition of paternity on the basis of out-of-court DNA test results at any time of the child's birth after the termination or annulment of his mother's marriage by the genetic father, would significantly improve the paternity determination procedure and relieve the courts. These changes are also of great importance in the context of family evolution and the growing acceptance of informal relationships in which children are born and raise.
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Lin, Michael M. J. "Conferring a Federal Property Right in Genetic Material: Stepping into the Future with the Genetic Privacy Act." American Journal of Law & Medicine 22, no. 1 (1996): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800010315.
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“A wise man can hear profit in the wind.”—Pel, quoting the Ferengi Rules of AcquisitionThe expansive biotechnology field includes many facets of medical research, from drug discovery and design, to gene therapy and the diagnosis of genetic diseases, to the use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence to identify individuals and genetic characteristics. The biotechnology industry requires a readily available supply of biological raw materials; much of current research is founded on cells, tissues, organs, fetal tissues and placentas, and other samples derived from human donors. However, this growing need for raw materials presents many economic, social, and ethical issues to society, researchers, and the existing legal regime. Furthermore, because courts and legislatures fail to provide a clear national rule regarding biological materials, the resulting legal uncertainties chill research and investment. Although very few cases address property rights in a person’s organs, tissues, and genetic material, the issues of autonomy and privacy involved evoke analogies to deep-seated issues such as slavery, the freezing of embryos, and abortion.
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Dominguez, Geraldina, Timothy R. Dambaugh, Felicia R. Stamey, Stephen Dewhurst, Naoki Inoue, and Philip E. Pellett. "Human Herpesvirus 6B Genome Sequence: Coding Content and Comparison with Human Herpesvirus 6A." Journal of Virology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 8040–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.10.8040-8052.1999.
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ABSTRACT Human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are closely related viruses that can be readily distinguished by comparison of restriction endonuclease profiles and nucleotide sequences. The viruses are similar with respect to genomic and genetic organization, and their genomes cross-hybridize extensively, but they differ in biological and epidemiologic features. Differences include infectivity of T-cell lines, patterns of reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, and disease associations. Here we report the complete genome sequence of HHV-6B strain Z29 [HHV-6B(Z29)], describe its genetic content, and present an analysis of the relationships between HHV-6A and HHV-6B. As sequenced, the HHV-6B(Z29) genome is 162,114 bp long and is composed of a 144,528-bp unique segment (U) bracketed by 8,793-bp direct repeats (DR). The genomic sequence allows prediction of a total of 119 unique open reading frames (ORFs), 9 of which are present only in HHV-6B. Splicing is predicted in 11 genes, resulting in the 119 ORFs composing 97 unique genes. The overall nucleotide sequence identity between HHV-6A and HHV-6B is 90%. The most divergent regions are DR and the right end of U, spanning ORFs U86 to U100. These regions have 85 and 72% nucleotide sequence identity, respectively. The amino acid sequences of 13 of the 17 ORFs at the right end of U differ by more than 10%, with the notable exception of U94, the adeno-associated virus type 2 rep homolog, which differs by only 2.4%. This region also includes putative cis-acting sequences that are likely to be involved in transcriptional regulation of the major immediate-early locus. The catalog of variant-specific genetic differences resulting from our comparison of the genome sequences adds support to previous data indicating that HHV-6A and HHV-6B are distinct herpesvirus species.
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Paez, Eze. "A Kantian ethics of paradise engineering." Analysis 80, no. 2 (November 15, 2019): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anz077.
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Abstract Wild animals probably have net negative lives. Christine Korsgaard rejects the view that we might engineer paradise by redesigning nature and animals so that they have the best possible existences. She believes the genetic changes required would not be identity-preserving, thereby causing animals to cease to exist. I argue, first, that paradise engineering is permissible. Many harms are caused by non-sentient natural entities and processes. Moreover, sentient animals can survive modifications compatible with their psychological persistence over time. Second, we are required to re-engineer nature in order to satisfy animals' right to the resources necessary for a reasonable life.
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Ravelingien, An, and Guido Pennings. "On the Right to Know and The Use of Double Standards: Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “The Right to Know Your Genetic Parents: From Open Identity Gamete Donation to Routine Paternity Testing”." American Journal of Bioethics 13, no. 5 (May 2013): W6—W8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2013.781365.
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Nakamura, Yoshiaki, Kohei Shitara, and Jeeyun Lee. "The Right Treatment of the Right Patient: Integrating Genetic Profiling Into Clinical Decision Making in Advanced Gastric Cancer in Asia." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 41 (June 2021): e166-e173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_321247.
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Gastric cancer is a major global health burden, especially when patients are diagnosed with recurrent or metastatic gastric cancer. Despite recent advances in treatment options with palliative chemotherapy, the median overall survival of patients with gastric cancer remains within 1 or 2 years after the diagnosis of metastatic disease. Gastric cancer is significantly more prevalent in eastern Asia (e.g., Japan and Korea). Next-generation sequencing is rapidly being adopted as part of clinical practice in Korea and Japan, especially in patients with gastric cancer. Approximately 10% to 15% of the patients with gastric cancer who undergo next-generation sequencing of their tumor specimen are allocated to target-matched clinical trials in Japan and Korea. In Japan and Korea, a cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing panel is also actively being investigated as an alternative next-generation sequencing test for patients with gastric cancer, which may reflect the tumor heterogeneity of gastric cancer. In Japan and Korea, multiple biomarkers, such as HER2, mismatch repair, Epstein-Barr virus, PD-L1 (combined positive score), EGFR, FGFR2, and CLDN18.2, are routinely assessed through immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization before initiation of the first-line treatment in all patients with gastric cancer. Most tertiary cancer centers in Korea routinely perform HER2, mismatch repair, Epstein-Barr virus, and PD-L1 next-generation sequencing before palliative chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. Biomarker evaluation for all patients with metastatic gastric cancer enables clinicians to identify available biomarker-based clinical trials early during the course of treatment, which expands treatment opportunities while patients are medically fit for clinical trials, if available. Comprehensive genomic profiling using a tissue or circulating tumor DNA next-generation sequencing panel is considered necessary during second-line or subsequent treatment. It is hoped that a comprehensive molecular profiling strategy will facilitate greater use of precision medicine through molecularly targeted therapies for patients with gastric cancer in the near future.
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Babcock, Michael C., R. Steven Stowers, Jennifer Leither, Corey S. Goodman, and Leo J. Pallanck. "A Genetic Screen for Synaptic Transmission Mutants Mapping to the Right Arm of Chromosome 3 in Drosophila." Genetics 165, no. 1 (September 1, 2003): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.1.171.
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Abstract Neuronal function depends upon the proper formation of synaptic connections and rapid communication at these sites, primarily through the regulated exocytosis of chemical neurotransmitters. Recent biochemical and genomic studies have identified a large number of candidate molecules that may function in these processes. To complement these studies, we are pursuing a genetic approach to identify genes affecting synaptic transmission in the Drosophila visual system. Our screening approach involves a recently described genetic method allowing efficient production of mosaic flies whose eyes are entirely homozygous for a mutagenized chromosome arm. From a screen of 42,500 mutagenized flies, 32 mutations on chromosome 3R that confer synaptic transmission defects in the visual system were recovered. These mutations represent 14 complementation groups, of which at least 9 also appear to perform functional roles outside of the eye. Three of these complementation groups disrupt photoreceptor axonal projection, whereas the remaining complementation groups confer presynaptic defects in synaptic transmission without detectably altering photoreceptor structure. Mapping and complementation testing with candidate mutations revealed new alleles of the neuronal fate determinant svp and the synaptic vesicle trafficking component lap among the collection of mutants recovered in this screen. Given the tools available for investigation of synaptic function in Drosophila, these mutants represent a valuable resource for future analysis of synapse development and function.
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Pinto, Yaïr, H. Steven Scholte, and V. A. F. Lamme. "Tracking Moving Identities: After Attending the Right Location, the Identity Does Not Come for Free." PLoS ONE 7, no. 8 (August 22, 2012): e42929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042929.
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Jović-Prlainović, Olga. "Judgments of the European court of human rights v. The Republic of Serbia on the application of genetic testing in paternity litigation." Strani pravni zivot, no. 1 (2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz65-30886.
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The case law of the European Court of Human Rights is of great importance for the formulation of human rights standards as it applies the European Convention on Human Rights by interpreting the prescribed rights and freedoms taking into account social reality and legal regulation in Council of Europe member states. When joining this political organization the Republic of Serbia carried out the procedures of adjusting the legislation to the convention requirements, so that, in normative sense, Serbian family law systematically follows modern standards of human rights protection. The decisions of the Court in cases in which the issues of establishing paternity was applied by DNA analysis are conditioned by the circumstances of each individual case. In this paper reasearch is devoted to the two judgments of the European Court of Human Rights versus Republic of Serbia on determining the origin of the child from the father judgments that have a family law in the narrow sense in which Court took the position that domestic legislation did not take into account the relevant elements of the case, the possibility to establish a balance of relevant interests when determing the identity of the biological father regarding DNA analysis. By definition genetic testing implies the analysis of one genome and its products, its function or DNA or chromosomal analysis aimed at identifying or contradicting certain facts. This method involves comparing the DNA profile of a child with DNA profile of the potential father by comparing locus - specific gene location or DNA region on chromosome - which differ in their structure and length, so that non-blood person have different structure of the molecule in each analyzed locus, while biological relatives have the same structure. This means that their DNA profiles have visible traces of genetic heritage. Although every person has a vital interest in finding out information that complete his/her own knowledge of his/her background it is important to know that third party protection can prevent him/her from being forced into medical testing of any kind, including DNA analysis. Member States have different solutions to deal with in cases where a potential father refuses to undergo tests necessary to establish facts of a biological origin. In some jurisdictions non-compliance with medical testing is sanctioned by monetary or imprisonment penalty, while in others it is for the failure to act on a warrant the court activates the presumption of paternity. When paternity cannot be determined by DNA analysis, Member States must provide the determination of paternity by alternative means of evidence taking into account the existence of a fair balance between the right to know the origin and the right of potential father not to undergo this type of medical expertise.
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Wilhelmsen, Fredrik. "‘The Wife Would Put on a Nice Suit, Hat, and Possibly Gloves’: The Misogynistic Identity Politics of Anders Behring Breivik." Fascism 10, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-10010003.
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Abstract By analysing the anti-feminist and misogynistic narratives in Anders Behring Breivik’s compendium 2083: A European Declaration of Independence, this article argues that Breivik’s counterjihadist worldview can be located both as a permutation of ‘generic fascism’ and as a form of nonegalitarian ‘identity politics’. First, the article reframes and reformulates Nancy Fraser’s concept of identity politics, as it sets Breivik’s ideology in relation to her theory of a ‘politics of recognition’, arguing that her theories – originally developed to analyse left-wing politics – can be used to identify how questions of identity are at the centre of the dynamics of Breivik’s far-right ideology. The article then goes on to demonstrate how Breivik’s misogynist narratives are plotted into a broader fascist conception of history, where the alleged feminised and Islamised present is described as an estrangement from a glorious past dominated by white, European men. As a result, Breivik’s futural palingenetic vision of a ‘European cultural renaissance’ is not only going to resurrect a white, homogenous, ‘Christian’ society, but also restore patriarchy.
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Wang, Lei, Wei Kong, and Shuaiqun Wang. "Detecting genetic associations with brain imaging phenotypes in Alzheimer’s disease via a novel structured KCCA approach." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 19, no. 04 (May 4, 2021): 2150012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720021500128.
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Neuroimaging genetics has become an important research topic since it can reveal complex associations between genetic variants (i.e. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the structures or functions of the human brain. However, existing kernel mapping is difficult to directly use the sparse representation method in the kernel feature space, which makes it difficult for most existing sparse canonical correlation analysis (SCCA) methods to be directly promoted in the kernel feature space. To bridge this gap, we adopt a novel alternating projected gradient approach, gradient KCCA (gradKCCA) model to develop a powerful model for exploring the intrinsic associations among genetic markers, imaging quantitative traits (QTs) of interest. Specifically, this model solves kernel canonical correlation (KCCA) with an additional constraint that projection directions have pre-images in the original data space, a sparsity-inducing variant of the model is achieved through controlling the [Formula: see text]-norm of the preimages of the projection directions. We evaluate this model using Alzheimer’s disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort to discover the relationships among SNPs from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk gene APOE, imaging QTs extracted from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Our results show that the algorithm not only outperforms the traditional KCCA method in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Correlation Coefficient (CC) but also identify the meaningful and relevant biomarkers of SNPs (e.g. rs157594 and rs405697), which are positively related to right Postcentral and right SupraMarginal brain regions in this study. Empirical results indicate its promising capability in revealing biologically meaningful neuroimaging genetics associations and improving the disease-related mechanistic understanding of AD.
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Parrotta, Elvira Immacolata, Anna Procopio, Stefania Scalise, Claudia Esposito, Giovanni Nicoletta, Gianluca Santamaria, Maria Teresa De Angelis, et al. "Deciphering the Role of Wnt and Rho Signaling Pathway in iPSC-Derived ARVC Cardiomyocytes by In Silico Mathematical Modeling." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042004.
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Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited cardiac muscle disease linked to genetic deficiency in components of the desmosomes. The disease is characterized by progressive fibro-fatty replacement of the right ventricle, which acts as a substrate for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The molecular mechanisms underpinning ARVC are largely unknown. Here we propose a mathematical model for investigating the molecular dynamics underlying heart remodeling and the loss of cardiac myocytes identity during ARVC. Our methodology is based on three computational models: firstly, in the context of the Wnt pathway, we examined two different competition mechanisms between β-catenin and Plakoglobin (PG) and their role in the expression of adipogenic program. Secondly, we investigated the role of RhoA-ROCK pathway in ARVC pathogenesis, and thirdly we analyzed the interplay between Wnt and RhoA-ROCK pathways in the context of the ARVC phenotype. We conclude with the following remark: both Wnt/β-catenin and RhoA-ROCK pathways must be inactive for a significant increase of PPARγ expression, suggesting that a crosstalk mechanism might be responsible for mediating ARVC pathogenesis.
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Roberts, Dorothy, and Sujatha Jesudason. "MOVEMENT INTERSECTIONALITY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 10, no. 2 (2013): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x13000210.
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AbstractIntersectional analysis need not focus solely on differences within or between identity-based groups. Using intersectionality for cross movement mobilization reveals that, contrary to criticism for being divisive, attention to intersecting identities has the potential to create solidarity and cohesion. In this article, we elaborate this argument with a case study of the intersection of race, gender, and disability in genetic technologies as well as in organizing to promote a social justice approach to the use of these technologies. We show how organizing based on an intersectional analysis can help forge alliances between reproductive justice, racial justice, women's rights, and disability rights activists to develop strategies to address reproductive genetic technologies. We use the work of Generations Ahead to illuminate how intersectionality applied at the movement-building level can identify genuine common ground, create authentic alliances, and more effectively advocate for shared policy priorities.
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Tuzhilova-Ordanskaya, E. M., and E. V. Akhtyamova. "Issues of Civil Law Regulation Regarding the Protection of Civil Rights When Using Genetic Information." Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки, no. 52 (2021): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2021-52-263-284.
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Introduction: the article deals with some basic legal issues that arise from the use of human genetic information. There exist some issues of defining the legal nature of such information, which we identify in the article. Current legal regulation is not able to take into account the peculiarities of genetic information and provide an effective protection against the misappropriation and improper use of genetic information when carrying out genetic diagnostics, working with biomaterials. At the moment, special public law and civil law regulation of the procedure for obtaining, accumulating, processing, accessing, and protecting genetic information is required. Purpose: to develop a conception of the legal nature of genetic information, to identify the issues in the field of civil rights protection when using genetic information, to propose possible ways of resolving those, which is done in the article based on the analysis of scientific works as well as international and Russian legislation. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Specific scientific methods: legal-dogmatic method and the method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: in order to overcome the issues associated with the use of genetic information, it is necessary to develop an effective system of legal guarantees aimed at ensuring respect for human dignity, protecting rights and interests of an individual, protecting their genetic information in order to prevent possible harm from its improper use. Conclusion: in order to prevent the threat of illegal use of genetic information and violation of human rights, the government must take a number of important measures and introduce amendments and supplements into the statutory regulations: genetic information of an individual must acquire a special legal status, namely, it must be set apart from the group of personal biometric information and form an independent type of personal data with restricted access based on the kinship (blood) relationship between third parties and the carrier of such information; it is important to bring the provisions of civil legislation into line with the Law on Personal Data; it is necessary to legislatively specify the regime of the use and preservation of genetic information obtained as a result of gene diagnostics and to provide the legal framework for the activities of biobanks. Such amendments and supplements would make it possible to form a unified system of ways of genetic information protection as a right in combination with the norms on the protection of private life.
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Hillgruber, Christian. "Der manipulierbare Embryo." Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik / Annual Review of Law and Ethics 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/jre.28.1.39.
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The guarantee of human dignity (article 1 paragraph 1 German Basic Law) requires the protection of the embryo’s identity and – in accordance with further requirements of article 2 paragraph 2 sentence 1 German Basic Law – the protection of its physical integrity. Every human being has, even in his earliest, prenatal stage of development, an unconditional right to be and remain a human being, derived from his dignity. In order to protect his right to species-specific development, the embryo must also be protected from any dehumanization. This categorically excludes any mixing of its genetic material with animal genetic material. The self-purpose of the human being, already embedded in the embryo, makes it impossible to create it artificially for any other reason than to induce a pregnancy. It cannot simply be attributed by a third party to another purpose with a normative effect that negates its self-serving-functionality. If the human development potential of the embryo is reduced or destroyed by manipulation, this constitutes an impairment of its right to life (article 2 paragraph 2 sentence 1 1st alternative of the Basic Law), which can be justified neither by research interests nor by therapeutic long-term goals and which must be prohibited by the state in fulfillment of its duty to protect. In addition, the state must create a normative environment conducive to the developmental potential of the embryo. All human embryos, regardless of how they were created, are human beings who have a right to be given the legally secured chance to be born. To this end, embryo donation and surrogate motherhood, for example, must be legally permitted. All manipulative interventions from the outside into the fertilized human egg cell from the time of the nuclear fusion on, which do not already destroy life or development chances, are to be measured against the basic right of physical integrity (article 2 paragraph 2 sentence 1 2nd alternative of the Basic Law). Only life-supporting interventions or interventions beneficial to the health of the embryo are eligible for consent, and even these only to the extent that risks associated with them can be justified.
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Cabot, E. L., P. Doshi, M. L. Wu, and C. I. Wu. "Population genetics of tandem repeats in centromeric heterochromatin: unequal crossing over and chromosomal divergence at the Responder locus of Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 135, no. 2 (October 1, 1993): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/135.2.477.
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Abstract The Responder (Rsp) locus in Drosophila melanogaster is the target locus of segregation distortion and is known to be comprised of a tandem array of 120-bp repetitive sequences. In this study, we first determined the large scale molecular structure of the Rsp locus, which extends over a region of 600 kb on the standard sensitive (cn bw) chromosome. Within the region, small Rsp repeat arrays are interspersed with non-Rsp sequences and account for 10-20% of the total sequences. We isolated and sequenced 32 Rsp clones from three different chromosomes. The main results are: (1) Rsp repeats isolated from the same chromosome are not more similar than those from different chromosomes. This implies either that there are more homologous exchanges at the Rsp locus than expected or, alternatively, that the second chromosomes of D. melanogaster have diverged from one another more recently at the centromeric heterochromatin than at the nearby euchromatin. (2) The repeats usually have a dimeric structure with an average difference of 16% between the left and right halves. The differences allow us to easily identify the products of unequal exchanges. Despite the large differences between the two halves, exchanges have occurred frequently and the majority of them fall within a 29-bp interval of identity between the two halves. Our data thus support the suggestion that recombination depends on short stretches of complete identity rather than long stretches of general homology. (3) Frequent unequal crossover events obscure the phylogenetic relationships between repeats; therefore, different parts of any single repeat could often have different phylogenetic histories. The high rate of unequal crossing over may also help explain the evolutionary dynamics of the Rsp locus.
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Marchant, G. E., and D. G. Holm. "Genetic analysis of the heterochromatin of chromosome 3 in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Products of compound-autosome detachment." Genetics 120, no. 2 (October 1, 1988): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/120.2.503.
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Abstract The heterochromatin of the third chromosome is the largest uncharacterized region of the Drosophila melanogaster genome, and the last major block of D. melanogaster heterochromatin to be thoroughly analyzed. In the present study, this region was genetically dissected by generating and analyzing a series of attached, detached and reattached third chromosomes. Separate detachment experiments were conducted for all 12 possible combinations of four newly synthesized sister-strand compound-3L and three newly synthesized sister-strand compound-3R chromosomes. A total of 443 recessive lethal detachment products carrying putative heterochromatic deficiencies were tested for complementation in a several-stage complementation analysis. The results revealed the presence of seven separable vital regions in the heterochromatin of chromosome 3. Attempts to reattach deficiency-carrying detachment products established that six of these vital regions are on the left arm, but only one is on the right arm. An analysis of the types and frequencies of detachment-product deficiencies generated in each detachment experiment permitted the genetic characterization of the progenitor compounds. It was also possible to determine the proximal-distal orientation of the genes on each arm, and to identify possible breakpoints for each lethal detachment product produced. The results of this study suggest that vital genes in the heterochromatin of the third chromosome are not randomly distributed between, nor within, the heterochromatic blocks of the left and right arms.
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О. L., Lvovа, and Ivaniv I. R. "The moral and legal foundations of bioethics in the context of human rights: legal theory and international practice." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (August 2020): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-55.
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Modern processes of globalization taking place in the field of law are a great challenge to the idea of human nature, which is recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value, as well as to the concept and essence of law itself. In our opinion, this is a threat on a global scale and necessitates the search for an adequate response to the threat from the scientific and technical process in the field of biomedicine, both for the natural (physical) existence of man and the preservation of his moral identity. In fact, these foundations have become the prerequisites for the development of the science of bioethics. Bioethics studies controversial and ambiguous issues and proposes a humanitarian examination, which aims to assess the arguments in favor of the development of human creativity, health and prevention of premature death, and arguments in favor of preserving human identity in its spiritual and physical integrity. The purpose of the article is to study the essence of controversial bioethical problems, the reasons for their occurrence and prospects for solving these problems. human, manipulation of stem cells and others. Bioethical issues usually include the ethical issues of abortion; contraception and new reproductive technologies (artificial insemination, surrogacy); conducting experiments on humans and animals; obtaining informed consent and ensuring patients' rights; determination of death, suicide and euthanasia; problems in relation to dying patients (hospices); demographic policy and family planning; genetics (including problems of genome research, genetic engineering and gene therapy); transplantology; health equity; human cloning, manipulation of stem cells and others. These issues related to the progress of genetics, genomics, pharmacology, transplantation, biotechnology, cloning are becoming increasingly important as a direction of international law in the context of ensuring and protecting human rights. IN legal literature indicates the formation of "biolaw", "bioethical legislation", "bioethical human rights". Thus there is a combination of possibilities and purposes of medicine and law. In our article, we have explored only some of these issues, which are currently the most relevant, debatable, and therefore require detailed analysis. These include, in our view, the legal status of the embryo, therapeutic and reproductive cloning, abortion, the use of assisted reproductive technologies and organ transplantation. In order to adequately cover these issues, we compare the rules of law governing these debatable issues with the views of church representatives and scholars on these issues. We also proposed changes that need to be made to the legislation of Ukraine so that the rules of law governing these issues meet the moral and ethical principles. As a conclusion is marked, that as bioethics as science dealing with survival combines in itself biological knowledge and general human values, then it is possible to consider natural human rights, her honour and dignity morally-legal principles of bioethics, a self right and law must become on defence of that, in particular, with the aim of providing of natural (physical) existence of man, and maintenance of her moral identity. Keywords: human rights, moral, bioethics, abortion, reproductive technologies, cloning.
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Singh, Gurjeet, and Amar J. S. Klar. "The 2.1-kb Inverted Repeat DNA Sequences Flank themat2,3Silent Region in Two Species of Schizosaccharomyces and Are Involved in Epigenetic Silencing inSchizosaccharomyces pombe." Genetics 162, no. 2 (October 1, 2002): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.2.591.
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AbstractThe mat2,3 region of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe exhibits a phenomenon of transcriptional silencing. This region is flanked by two identical DNA sequence elements, 2.1 kb in length, present in inverted orientation: IRL on the left and IRR on the right of the silent region. The repeats do not encode any ORF. The inverted repeat DNA region is also present in a newly identified related species, which we named S. kambucha. Interestingly, the left and right repeats share perfect identity within a species, but show ∼2% bases interspecies variation. Deletion of IRL results in variegated expression of markers inserted in the silent region, while deletion of the IRR causes their derepression. When deletions of these repeats were genetically combined with mutations in different trans-acting genes previously shown to cause a partial defect in silencing, only mutations in clr1 and clr3 showed additive defects in silencing with the deletion of IRL. The rate of mat1 switching is also affected by deletion of repeats. The IRL or IRR deletion did not cause significant derepression of the mat2 or mat3 loci. These results implicate repeats for maintaining full repression of the mat2,3 region, for efficient mat1 switching, and further support the notion that multiple pathways cooperate to silence the mat2,3 domain.
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English, Milton A., Lin Lei, Margot Giannetti, Susan E. Lyons, and Paul P. Liu. "A Genetic Screen for Zebrafish Mutants Affecting Early Hematopoiesis." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1702.1702.
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Abstract Hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, starts from hematopoietic stem cells and goes through many rounds of cell proliferation and a number of commitment steps that progressively restrict cells to a particular lineage. The generation and maintenance of stem cell pool and the regulation of lineage commitment are poorly understood. Right now there is only one reported zebrafish mutant, cloche, that has defects in early hematopoiesis. We have undertaken a chemical mutagenesis screen using ENU in the zebrafish to uncover mutants in early hematopoiesis. Haploid embryos from F1 females were screened by RNA in situ hybridization using a stem cell marker, core binding factor ? (cbfb), and a myeloid-specific marker, leukocyte-specific plastin (l-plastin). We have screened 510 F1 females and 47 putative mutants have been identified. Of these, 22 showed decreased expression of l-plastin, 3 for cbfb, 2 for both l-plastin and cbfb and the remainder were mutated for l-plastin and other non-hematopoietic markers. Right now, we have focused our efforts on two mutants. The first mutant line, L32, displayed a blood-less phenotype and showed a significant decrease in the expression of the hemangioblast marker scl. In addition to the marked reduction in the expression of the myeloid specific markers l-plastin, c/ebp1 and mpo, these embryos also showed decreased expression of the erythroid specific marker gata-1. Linkage analysis has placed this mutant to the proximal region of linkage group 12. Currently, we are in the process of testing candidate genes to identify the mutated gene. The second mutant line, L63 also has a blood less phenotype and showed decreased expression of both l-plastin and mpo. Like L32, L63 homozygous embryos have significant developmental defects and die 3 dpf. Low resolution mapping has placed this mutant to LG 8. Through this approach, we hope to identify novel genes that play critical roles in the developmental process regulating early hematopoiesis.
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Dupré, John. "Are There Genes?" Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 56 (March 2005): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100008845.
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Contrary to one possible interpretation of my title, this paper will not advocate any scepticism or ontological deflation. My concern will rather be with how we should best think about a realm of phenomena the existence of which is in no doubt, what has traditionally been referred to as the genetic. I have no intention of questioning a very well established scientific consensus on this domain. It involves the chemical DNA, which resides in almost all our cells, which is capable of producing copies of itself that accurately reproduce a very long sequence of components, and which plays a role in the physiology of the cell which in certain basic respects is quite well understood. This substance has also achieved a remarkable iconic status in contemporary culture. It is seen as fundamental to personal identity both in the practical sense of providing a criterion of identity through DNA testing, and in the much deeper sense of being seen as, somehow, defining who we are. The latter role is illustrated, for example, by the recent debate about the right of children conceived by sperm donation to know who are their fathers.
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Dupré, John. "Are There Genes?" Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 56 (December 2005): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246105056092.
Full textAbstract:
Contrary to one possible interpretation of my title, this paper will not advocate any scepticism or ontological deflation. My concern will rather be with how we should best think about a realm of phenomena the existence of which is in no doubt, what has traditionally been referred to as the genetic. I have no intention of questioning a very well established scientific consensus on this domain. It involves the chemical DNA, which resides in almost all our cells, which is capable of producing copies of itself that accurately reproduce a very long sequence of components, and which plays a role in the physiology of the cell which in certain basic respects is quite well understood. This substance has also achieved a remarkable iconic status in contemporary culture. It is seen as fundamental to personal identity both in the practical sense of providing a criterion of identity through DNA testing, and in the much deeper sense of being seen as, somehow, defining who we are. The latter role is illustrated, for example, by the recent debate about the right of children conceived by sperm donation to know who are their fathers. Such people, it is passionately argued, must be able to find out where they came from, who they really are. On a daily basis we are confronted with claims about the discovery of the genetic basis of—or in fact very often the ‘gene for’—all manner of psychological and physical characteristics, and all kinds of disorders. This holds out apparent possibilities
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Mohr, Stephanie E., and Robert E. Boswell. "Genetic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Polytene Chromosome Region 44D–45F: Loci Required for Viability and Fertility." Genetics 160, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 1503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.4.1503.
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Abstract A genetic screen to identify mutations in genes in the 45A region on the right arm of chromosome 2 that are involved in oogenesis in Drosophila was undertaken. Several lethal but no female sterile mutations in the region had previously been identified in screens for P-element insertion or utilizing X rays or EMS as a mutagen. Here we report the identification of EMS-induced mutations in 21 essential loci in the 45D–45F region, including 13 previously unidentified loci. In addition, we isolated three mutant alleles of a newly identified locus required for fertility, sine prole. Mutations in sine prole disrupt spermatogenesis at or before individualization of spermatozoa and cause multiple defects in oogenesis, including inappropriate division of the germline cyst and arrest of oogenesis at stage 4.
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Khairunas, Muhammad Zarlis, and Sawaluddin. "Data Security Analysis Against Chosen Ciphertext Secure Public Key Attack Using Threshold Encryption Scheme." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 2, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v2i3.275.
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A public key encryption cryptography system can be utilized to generate ciphertext of a message using a public key. However, this public key encryption cryptography system cannot be utilized if you want to generate ciphertext using several different keys. Solving the problems above can use the Chosen Ciphertext Secure Public Key Threshold Encryption scheme but are the securities from Threshold Encryption really strong in securing messages, therefore the above problems can be analyzed for Data Security Against Chosen Ciphertext Secure Public Key Attacks Using Threshold Encryption Schemes. The work process starts from Setup which functions to generate the server's private key and public key. Then, the process is continued with ShareKeyGen which functions to generate private keys based on the user's identity. After that, the process continues with ShareVerify which serves to verify the key generated from the ShareKeyGen process. The process will be continued again with Combine which serves to generate a private key that will be used in the decryption process. After that, the process will continue with the encryption process of the secret message. The ciphertext obtained will be sent to the recipient. The receiver verifies the ciphertext by running ValidateCT. Finally, the ciphertext is decrypted by running Decrypt. The software created can be used to display the workflow process of the Threshold schema. In addition, it makes it easier to test intercepts of ciphertext messages to other users so that generic securities analysis is carried out in testing the resulting ciphertext. The results of the implementation of Threshold Encryption algorithm scheme can protect important personal data, because it involves human rights, namely the right to access, the right to delete, the right to correct, the right to be corrected and the right to transfer personal data safely from attacks.
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Gilroy, Paul. "“Rhythm in the Force of Forces”." Critical Times 2, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 370–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-7862525.
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Abstract This essay is addressed to discrepancies between musical and political time. It uses the death of Hugh Masekela to consider the changing pattern of intergenerational relationships and the place of music within local and transnational freedom movements. The impact of technological change on the mediation of political solidarity is then examined through two principal examples: the elaboration of generic racial identity and the weaponization of culture and information by the alt-right and its fellow travelers.
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Biddle, Fred G., and Brenda A. Eales. "Lateral asymmetry of paw usage: phenotypic survey of constitutive and experience-conditioned paw-usage behaviours among common strains of the mouse." Genome 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-045.
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Left-right direction of paw usage in the mouse is defined by the right-paw entry (RPE) score, which is the number of reaches with the right paw to retrieve food from a small food tube in a total of 50 right- and left-paw reaches. Two qualitatively different paw-usage behaviours can be identified by the difference in the RPE scores from naive mice in left- or right-biased test chambers and their retest, 1 week later, in the opposite-biased test chamber. In mice with constitutive paw usage, the RPE score may respond to the direction of a biased test chamber, but it returns to the value that is expected for naive mice in the opposite-biased test chamber. In mice with experience-conditioned paw usage, the RPE score responds to the direction of a biased test chamber and does not return to its expected value in the opposite-biased test chamber. In this report, we document the alternate paw usage behaviours in an extended phenotypic survey of different strains that will be useful for its genetic analysis. We also validate an alternate biometrical method to identify constitutive and experience-conditioned paw usage that is based on the mean average RPE score from the biased test and opposite-biased retest of individual mice. This alternate biometrical method demonstrated that, in some strains with experience-conditioned paw usage, there may be asymmetry or an interaction between genotype and the direction of the test sequence. In addition, the strain survey demonstrated that the qualitative difference between constitutive and experience-conditioned paw usage is independent of the well-known quantitative difference in the degree of lateralization of preferred-paw usage.Key words: mouse, lateral asymmetry of paw usage, left and right handedness, behavioural genetics, constitutive behaviour, experience-conditioned behaviour.
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Williams, David V. "Ko Aotearoa Tenei: Law and Policy Affecting Maori Culture and Identity." International Journal of Cultural Property 20, no. 3 (August 2013): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739113000143.
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AbstractIn July 2011 what is commonly known as the Wai 262 Report was released. After a protracted series of hearings, dating back to 1997, the New Zealand Waitangi Tribunal has at last reported on the some of the wide range of issues canvassed in those hearings. Three beautifully illustrated volumes contain a large number of recommendations in what is described as a whole-of-government report. This article notes earlier comments on Wai 262 in this journal and reframes what is often known as the ‘Maori renaissance’ from which this claim emerged in 1991. The Tribunal decided not to discuss historical aspects of the evidence presented, except for the Tohunga Suppression Act 1907, as this was not ‘an orthodox territorial claim’ allowing the Crown to negotiate with iwi for a Treaty Settlement. Of great significance for this readership, the Tribunal staunchly refused to entertain any discussion of ‘ownership’ claims to Maori cultural property. Rather, the Tribunal focussed on ‘perfecting the Treaty partnership’ between the two founding peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand. Its report is concerned with the future and with the Treaty of Waitangi when the nation has moved beyond the grievance mode that has dominated the last quarter century. The partnership principles are pragmatic and flexible. Very seldom indeed can Maori expect to regain full authority over their treasured properties and resources. The eight major topics of the chapters on intellectual property, genetic and biological resources, the environment, the conservation estate, the Maori language, Maori knowledge systems, Maori medicines and international instruments are briefly summarised. The author is critical of this Tribunal panel's timidity in refusing to make strong findings of Treaty breach as the basis for practical recommendations—the approach usually adopted in previous Tribunal reports on contemporary issues. The article then notes that the Wai 262 report featured significantly in 2012 hearings on Maori claims to proprietary rights in freshwater resources. It featured not to assist the freshwater claimants, however, but as a shield wielded by the Crown to try to deny Maori any remedy.The low bar of partnership consultations encouraged by the Wai 262 report was congenial for Crown counsel seeking to undermine Maori claims to customary rights akin to ‘ownership’ of water. The 2012 Tribunal panel, under a new Chief Judge, restrictively distinguished the Wai 262 report and found in favour of Maori rights to water. In conclusion, the article notes the irony of a government following neo-liberal policies in pursuing a privatisation strategy and yet relying on ‘commons’ rhetoric to deny Maori any enforceable rights to water; and of indigenous people arguing for ownership property rights to frustrate that government's policies.
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Bisgrove, B. W., J. J. Essner, and H. J. Yost. "Multiple pathways in the midline regulate concordant brain, heart and gut left-right asymmetry." Development 127, no. 16 (August 15, 2000): 3567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.16.3567.
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The embryonic midline in vertebrates has been implicated in left-right development, but the mechanisms by which it regulates left-right asymmetric gene expression and organ morphogenesis are unknown. Zebrafish embryos have three domains of left-right asymmetric gene expression that are useful predictors of organ situs. cyclops (nodal), lefty1 and pitx2 are expressed in the left diencephalon; cyclops, lefty2 and pitx2 are expressed in the left heart field; and cyclops and pitx2 are expressed in the left gut primordium. Distinct alterations of these expression patterns in zebrafish midline mutants identify four phenotypic classes that have different degrees of discordance among the brain, heart and gut. These classes help identify two midline domains and several genetic pathways that regulate left-right development. A cyclops-dependent midline domain, associated with the prechordal plate, regulates brain asymmetry but is dispensable for normal heart and gut left-right development. A second midline domain, associated with the anterior notochord, is dependent on no tail, floating head and momo function and is essential for restricting asymmetric gene expression to the left side. Mutants in spadetail or chordino give discordant gene expression among the brain, heart and gut. one-eyed pinhead and schmalspur are necessary for asymmetric gene expression and may mediate signaling from midline domains to lateral tissues. The different phenotypic classes help clarify the apparent disparity of mechanisms proposed to explain left-right development in different vertebrates.
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Cheong, Agnes, Rinat Degani, Kimberly D. Tremblay, and Jesse Mager. "A null allele of Dnaaf2 displays embryonic lethality and mimics human ciliary dyskinesia." Human Molecular Genetics 28, no. 16 (May 20, 2019): 2775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddz106.
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Abstract The dynein axonemal assembly factor (Dnaaf) protein family is involved in preassembly and stability of dynein arms before they are transported into the cilia. In humans, mutations in DNAAF genes lead to several diseases related to cilia defects such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD; OMIM: 612518). Patients with PCD experience malfunctions in cilia motility, which can result in inflammation and infection of the respiratory tract among other defects. Previous studies have identified that a mutation in DNAAF2 results in PCD and that 40% of these patients also experience laterality defects. In an outbred genetic background, Dnaaf2 homozygotes die after birth and have left/right defects among other phenotypes. Here we characterize a novel null allele of Dnaaf2 obtained from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium. Our data indicate that on a defined C57bl/6NJ genetic background, homozygous Dnaaf2 mouse embryos fail to progress beyond organogenesis stages with many abnormalities including left–right patterning defects. These findings support studies indicating that hypomorphic mutations of human DNAAF2 can result in ciliary dyskinesia and identify Dnaaf2 as an essential component of cilia function in vivo.
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KANG, Phee Seng. "複製或不複製？——基因複製的倫理震撼." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 1, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 95–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.11343.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.複製人實質上就是複製活過或仍活著的人的基因組合。本文嘗試就下列五方面探討體胞核移植法在人類身上的應用所引起的社會倫理問題。（一）基因等同：兩個人是否可以共有同一基因組合？（二）基因歷史：複製者的基因並非是一個新的、獨特的基因組合。這基因曾有的（即被複製者的）歷史對複製者是否有負面影響？（三）基因傳遞方式：無性生殖方式的基因傳遞對複製者是否有負面影響？（四）基因複製風險：複製帶給複製者什麼風險？（五）基因複製權：基因複製權衍生出什麼倫理問題？對全面支持複製科技在人類的應用的論者來說，複製只是另類生殖方法，提供人多一個生殖途徑的選擇。複製對他人並無傷害，對社會沒有負面影響。既或有任何傷害或影響，也都是可以接受的。因此，在一般的情況下，複製人科技不應該遭受社會的禁止。本文的討論顯示這是過度樂觀的看法。以「基因複製產生身分混淆」的反對說法固然不成立。然而，基因通往的歷史，無性生殖的方式，複製初階的風險，以及棘手的基因複製法律問題及由此再衍生的倫理問題等，這些對複製孩子，人倫關係，家庭結構及社會穩定所可能造成的負面衝擊和嚴重傷害是不容忽視的。複製人科技即使可行，也應該在極嚴格的監管下進行。更重要的是，複製人的社會倫理震撼是國際社會的共同關注。因此，複製人的支持者必須對國際社會的深切關注與廣泛責難提供強而有力的證據與回應。在國際社會對複製人仍有極大疑慮時即勿促容許複製人的出現，肯定是極不負責任的做法。To clone or not to clone? Having successfully cloned animals, should we clone human beings or should we ban human cloning? This paper explores some ethical concerns brought on by the possibility of human cloning. The cloning specifically referred to here is the asexual reproduction of a human by somatic cell nuclear transfer.Five concerns are discussed. The first is genetic equivalence and identity. The second is genetic history and individual autonomy. The third is asexual reproduction. The fourth is experimentation risks. The fifth is cloning rights.Genetic-Cloning not Person-CloningOne main objection to human cloning arises from equating genetic reproduction with person reproduction. Because the clone derives his genes from the cloned, it is feared that cloning will make carbon copies of people. Although genetic reproduction will produce clones that resemble the cloned biologically, the two are different persons just as monozygotic twins are. External factors such as the environment, experiences and culture also shape a person. Human cloning will not call back the dead nor immortalise the living. It is in fact genetic cloning but never person cloning. It is not achievement cloning nor virtue cloning. The objection is based on genetic reductionism.Genes with a HistoryHuman cloning is sometimes equated with producing monozygotic twins. However the two are not the same because of the significant age difference between the clone and its cloned. Although identical twins share the same genes, their development is an unknown and full of possibilities as is the case for all newborn. Their future is open because their genetic make-up is, practically speaking, unique. However, in the case of the clone, its genes have a known history. The pre-existence of the genes will assert itself on the clone in one way or another. In the first place, the clone's corning into existence was not 'spontaneous' nor 'open' as in newborn by birth. It cannot claim as other humans can: "I am me." The clone is created in the image of the cloned and inevitably lives in its shadow. Its identity is being infringed upon by the history of its genes.The pre-existence of the genes also constitutes a violation of the privacy of the clone. Because the cloned has lived before it, the secrets of the clone's genes are opened for all to see. The clone of Stephen Hawking would thus lose its genetic confidentially if he had cloned himself at the age of twenty before knowing his genetic problem. His clone will be what he is twenty years later.The pre-existence of the genes also renders possible their commodification or commercialisation.Asexual ReproductionIn nature's way, the inception of a new life occurs in the embrace and sexual union of man and woman, which is the culmination of the love between them. The new life is conceived and born out of an I-Thou relationship of love and commitment. The clone in an asexual reproduction is a product of technology rather than a gift within personal union. It is deprived of its right to having a biological father and a biological mother.Moreover, cloning also assaults the traditional concept of parenthood and radically threatens the stability of family.Cloning RisksThe high failure rate in cloning Dolly indicates clearly the much higher risks involved in human cloning. Malformed embryos will be produced and destroyed under current practice.Malformed embryos have been inadequately justified by the proponents of human cloning on three grounds: that there are always unavoidable experimentation failures, that there are also risks in normal pregnancies and that the embryos have no moral rights before coming into existence. These justifications are found to be wanting. Moreover, to many who advocate respect for Iife, including the life of embryos, it is morally wrong to destroy embryos.Furthermore there is the risk of malformed clones even though its can be reduced by the destruction of malformed embryos. The defects number of cloning are not fully known until years later or even a generation later. In the early stage of cloning development the clones remain objects of experiment throughout their entire lives. They have to live always under the threat of some possible adverse effect of cloning. This is morally unacceptable.Cloning RightsThe issue of cloning rights can be complicated. Who has the right to cloning? Do parents have the right to clone a child? Will they only be able to exercise the right jointly or can they do so seperately? What happens when they are divorced? Will they forfeit this right when the child comes of age? Who owns the frozen embryo cloned earlier? Will the parents' right be an infringement on the person's right? Can they stop her from cloning herself? Can one clone more than a dozen of oneself? Does the right to clone entail patent right? Is the right to clone transferable or tradable?It has often been assumed that the decision of cloning is entirely the parents' as the clone before coming into existence has no moral status. However in the case of cloning a child, is it necessary to have the consent of the child even though she is a minor? Are the parents guardians or pirates of her genome?To Clone or Not to CloneOne must also bear in mind that the concept of reproductive right used by the proponents is very much a western concept and is at best a negative right which should not be placed above the right of the clone.The answer to the question "To clone or not to clone?" is not a straight forward one. Human cloning will pose challenges in the realms of technology, law, society, morality, philosophy and religion. The most pressing question is not whether there is a case that can be justified for human cloning. It is rather whether our society has enough moral wisdom, courage and strength to guide the development and application of advancing science and technology including the possibility of human cloning. Before we can come to grips with the issues facing us, we should proceed with great care.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 22 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.