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1
Boucher, Lauretta Anne. "Community development -- The struggle for housing rights : a case study of pavement dwellers in Bombay India." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31229.
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The international campaign for housing rights focuses on the process of legislative change. Critics of the legislative change approach argue that this process is elitist insofar as such campaigns are fought on behalf of those people denied the right to housing by academics, lawyers and international non-governmental agencies, instead of in conjunction with the people. This approach, it is argued, excludes the people themselves from defining what housing rights mean to them, their culture and their community standards, placing such decisions in courts of law and legislatures. It is the position of this study that a more effective approach in the struggle for housing rights is one that recognizes that the problems of the poor and disenfranchized are not just their lack of rights per se, but also their lack of power to demand the legislative recognition and enforcement of those rights.
This study explores a more inclusive approach to the housing rights struggle wherein the achievement of legislative rights represents only one peg in a more holistic strategy for change. This approach is represented by the theory and practice of Community Development — a process which empowers people to work collectively for change. Community Development provides the tools for people to understand, define and demand their rights, thus providing a bottom up and sustainable strategy in the
struggle for housing rights. Community Development does not reject the role of legislative change, nor the responsibility of the state to recognize and enforce housing rights among its citizenry, but enhances the process to include all dimensions of the the housing struggle, most notably the community based sector which is currently excluded from the legislative change approach.
The viability of a Community Development approach is built upon the premise that rights are norms or standards determined by the shared values of society and influenced by the dominant ideology. If people can articulate their values as well as organize to demand from the state the recognition and enforcement of their values, then they can work for change and begin to shape their housing rights.
An indigenous non-governmental organisation using the methods of Community Development in the struggle for housing rights is the Society for the Promotion of Area Resources (SPARC). The work of SPARC focuses on a group of women pavement dwellers in Bombay India. In SPARC'S analysis, it is women who bear the brunt of poverty, yet are vested with virtually no powers of decision-making within (or outside) the family. SPARC uses the methods of Community Development to empower these women to demand the recognition and enforcement of their housing rights. Their work has resulted in such manifest outcomes as: challenging the Bombay Municipal Council in a court of law, building prototype houses, establishing a credit co-operative, undertaking a
people's census and the creation of Mahila Milan — a community based organisation run entirely by the women themselves. Other latent, less measurable outcomes have also resulted from their work such as confidence building and solidarity among the women.
SPARC'S use of Community Development methods on the streets of Bombay has important lessons for the international struggle for housing rights. Incorporating the community based sector in the struggle ensures that the process of defining and demanding housing rights remains democratic, culturally sensitive and sustainable. Community Development can be effectively facilitated by an indigenous non-governmental organisation which can gain the trust of the community and understand local customs, cultures, language and history.
Essentially the debate over the right to housing comes down to a set of ethical questions, the answers to which form the philosophical and moral framework for the policy decisions that face a society. A Community Development approach ensures that all people have a voice in answering these questions and influencing the decisions that affect their lives, their housing and indeed their rights.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of<br>Graduate
2
Sangma, Christi. "Housing in urban India." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54249/.
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The aim of the study is to look at an integrated approach to sustainability of urban shelter settlements in India in various socio-economic groups in relation to how they respond to global pressures and local needs. Within a more global framework, recommendations made in this study can be applicable to other developing countries facing similar short-term and long-term development problems. A literature review of present the shelter situation with respect to social, economic, environmental, political and technogical aspects in terms of local and global influences and impacts provides the background data and focus to a series of case studies. Six case studies of urban housing settlements were conducted in two stages—A and B. The A and B category case studies are based on questionnaire and interview surveys across a range of socio-economic groups, identified in the literature review, namely, the economically weaker sections and the low, middle and high-income group households. Respondents' inputs from the surveys on various aspects and shelter issues have contributed to a better understanding of the user-shelter relationship and needs at the local level. The study indicates that shelter in urban India is needed to sustain immediate social needs and economic activities. Shelter provision is prioritised by the public sector but issues like user needs, shelter quality and negative impacts on the environment are not. At present government bodies are unable to address quantitative and qualitative aspects of shelter, manifested in the informal sprawling squatter settlements, which provide shelter to the economically weaker sections and the low-income groups. These groups use little in terms of energy, and they recycle waste. In that respect these settlements support sustainable principles, to an extent by default due to financial constraints, but their quality of life is poor. The more formal middle-income and high-income housing are more resource and energy intensive, dependent on mechanical systems and have minimum passive design facilities, but have a better quality of life. This suggests that, for individuals, quality of life is important but concern for environment and awareness about environmental issues is low. Also present technology and building material options adopted are energy intensive suggesting a low concern for resource and energy efficiency among various stakeholders. This suggests that shelter is not based on integrated best practice approaches demonstrated in various successful projects such as the low-income group housing in Kerela case study. The following are recommended as a way forward: awareness programs catering for all, a top-down bottom-up approach, future proof house design (designing for upgrading and flexibility), and use of efficient building materials with durable and affordable characteristics. It is also recommended that mixed land-use planning should be carried out, with access to employment opportunities, services etc. taken into consideration when deciding on the location of housing settlements.
3
Mulder, Idelette. "Realizing the right to housing." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78584.
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In the South African context, the number of informal
settlements are increasing. A problem arises when
one observes the conditions that informal settlers
are forced to live in, which are diminishing livelihoods
and do not fulfill basic human needs. Informal
settlements are described as parts of a city that
have been neglected and that have been illegally
occupied by the urban poor (Huchzermeyer 2006:2).
South Africa is currently experiencing a major housing
backlog and sometimes the houses that are provided
don’t satisfy human needs. It is important to
provide elements that will improve the livelihoods
of the residents. Thus, the aim is to provide people
with elements that not only provide protection
against natural elements but also make a positive
contribution to the livelihoods of the residents.<br>Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020.<br>Architecture<br>MArch (Prof)<br>Unrestricted
4
Naidu, Sam. "Shalom India housing society by Esther David." Wasafiri: The magazine of international contemporary writing, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54007.
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Hohmann, Jessie Miranda. "The right to housing : theoretical and practical possibilities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611368.
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Marcus, Nichole. "Russian housing government efforts to fulfill the constitutional right to decent and affordable housing /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/5913.
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Krishnaswamy, Vidya. "Minimum design standards strategies for specific urban locations with reference to India." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063105/.
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FITTIPALDI, MARIANA. "THER RIGHT TO THE CITY: A DIALOGUE OF EQUITY BETWEEN THE RIGHT TO HOUSING AND THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9334@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>A presente dissertação busca sobre refletir sobre o debate
contemporâneo em
torno dos direitos fundamentais da moradia e do meio
ambiente. Os referidos
direitos, em situação de conflito nos discursos leigos e
acadêmicos, leva-nos a
indagar sobre as possibilidades e obstáculos do direito à
cidade. O crescimento
acelerado das áreas urbanas, a pobreza generalizada, a
ausência de políticas
públicas, entre outros fatores, têm inviabilizado a
moradia digna e situada em área
regularizada com infra-estrutura adequada de muitos
habitantes, os quais passam a
se instalar em áreas de ocupação restrita, como as de
preservação ambiental.
Buscando a compreensão de tão complexo tema o trabalho
privilegia o alcance do
direito à cidade, direito humano, considerado um feixe de
direitos
constitucionalmente garantidos. No sentido da função
social da cidade, em
sintonia com os marcos institucionais da Constituição
Federal, Estatuto da Cidade
e Planos Diretores dos municípios, a questão foi
encaminhada sob a ótica da
preservação do meio ambiente e a questão da habitação
popular. No âmbito da
ordem constitucional e do campo do direito urbanístico o
estudo visou equacionar
os desafios teórico-metodológicos no sentido da eficácia
social da norma. À luz
do método do diálogo das fontes, identificou pontos de
equilíbrio entre os dois
direitos fundamentais, complementares e compatíveis, pois
necessários para a
plena realização do direito à cidade.O processo da nova
interpretação do conflito
contou com extensa pesquisa doutrinária, legislativa e
jurisprudencial incluindo o
levantamento da literatura recente no campo do direito e
áreas afins, além da
análise da jurisprudência pertinente nos Tribunais de
Justiça do Estado do Rio de
Janeiro e do Estado de São Paulo.<br>This dissertation intends to reflect on the contemporary
debate concerning
the fundamental rights to housing and to environment. The
aforementioned rights,
conflicting in the discourses of both the academia and the
laymen, conduct us to
question the possibilities and barriers to the right to
the city. The rapid growth of
urban areas, the generalized poverty and the absence of
public policies have,
among other factors, made impracticable for many
inhabitants to live in a worthy
housing, with the adequate infra-structure and the
required documentation. They
end up moving to restricted places, often environmental
preservation areas. In a
quest to understand such a complex subject, this work
privileges the reach of the
right to the city, a human right, considered a beam of
constitutionally granted
rights. Given the social function of the city - in
accordance with the institutional
landmarks brought by the Federal Constitution, the City
Statute and the Zoning
Regulations of the municipalities - the matter was
developed from the standpoint
of the environment preservation and the popular housing
issue. In the scope of the
constitutional order and the urban law, this study goal
was to equate the
theoretical and methodological challenges posed by the
social effectiveness of the
norm. Using the dialogue of sources method, it was able to
identify equilibrium
between the two fundamental rights, complementary and
compatible, because
necessary to the complete realization of the right to the
city. The course of the
new interpretation to the referenced conflict counted on
extensive doctrinal, legal
and jurisprudential research, including state-of-the-art
literature on the field,
besides the analysis of Courts of Appeal rulings from the
states of Rio de Janeiro
and São Paulo.
9
Janka, Dejene Girma. "The realization of the right to housing in Ethiopia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5452.
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This research aims to answer the question whether Ethiopia has adopted adequate
measures to realize the right to housing. This dissertation will be informative to many Ethiopians about their right to housing vis-à-vis the duty of the government and the measures it has taken. It can also serve as an incentive for the government to take adequate steps to realize the right to housing thereby
influencing policy-making. Further, the research will bridge the gap in the existing literature on the subject.<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2007.<br>Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Atangcho Nji Akonumbo of the Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
10
Pradhan, Rajesh Kumar. "Governments and the housing problem : the case of Bihar State Housing Board in India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76864.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1986.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH<br>Bibliography: leaves 56-57.<br>by Rajesh Kumar Pradhan.<br>M.C.P.<br>M.S.
11
Pande, Suchi. "The right to know, the right to live : grassroots struggle for information and work in India." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47622/.
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This study attempts to develop an understanding of the iterative and multi-scaled process involved in transforming the state from below by examining the relationship between two of the most politicised rights-based legislations in India: the Right to Information Act (RTI) and the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). Based on one and a half years of ethnographic and interview based research, and five years of working with the RTI campaign, I examine the reciprocal relationship between the rights to information and work, and the multi-scaled activism necessary to instantiate both. First, I trace different phases of the struggle for the right to information, beginning with the creation of alternative public spheres, Jan sunwais (or rural public hearings) that responded to demands for the right to work in rural Rajasthan. Second, as this demand culminated in a broad-based advocacy network, I examine the role of actors from diverse institutional arenas that succeeded in passing the national RTI legislation. I also look at how the same national network of activists introduced the public accountability mechanism of social audits, inspired by the Jan sunwai, into the new right to work law or NREGA. Finally, bringing the process full circle, I look at the ongoing efforts of the MKKS and the Suchna Evum Rozgar Adhikar Abhiyan (The Right to Information and Work Campaign) to implement the right to work on the ground in rural Rajasthan. In contrast to existing studies, I provide a more comprehensive analysis of the interdependent struggle for rights to information and work as one long iterative process to transform the state from below. I conclude with some reflections on the different vision of “transparency” and “accountability” emerging from rural grassroots struggles and what the RTI and NREGA experiences teach us about the possibilities for their realisation.
12
Koonan, Sujith. "The right to sanitation in India : a multi-faceted right in search of a comprehensive framework." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30287/.
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Rilett, Margaret Lynne. "Urban housing in India : the problem, causes and solutions /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecr573.pdf.
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Ismail, Mohamed A. (Mohamed Abdelbagi). "Materially efficient structural floor systems for housing in India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123590.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2019<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 137-139).<br>.In 2015, the government of India launched the "Housing for All by 2022" initiative to build 20 million units of affordable urban housing for lower income groups. Thus far, they have built fewer than two million units. In India, it is estimated that material costs can constitute 60 to 80% of the total cost of residential construction. Nonetheless, their construction mimics the materially inefficient practices of developed countries, practices developed to reduce labor over material costs. As a result, prismatic beams and flat slabs are frequently used despite their structural inefficiency. In its current state, the construction industry is resource intensive and unsustainable. The mounting use of steel-reinforced concrete structures in Indian cities has also garnered concern for the environmental costs of construction; construction accounts for 22% of India's carbon emissions.<br>The impact of structural systems on a building's embodied energy are immediately apparent: cement and steel are responsible for nearly 90% of a multistory concrete frame building's total embodied energy, and at least 50% of that is in the horizontally-spanning elements alone. With no end to construction in sight, new practices are needed to curb the environmental and economic costs of India's construction. This thesis explores the design of materially efficient floor systems that can reduce the economic and environmental costs of construction. Utilizing computational structural design, this thesis presents several strategies for the structural optimization of one-way concrete floor systems. Designed for the constraints of India, the structural elements are optimized to reduce the necessary volume of concrete and steel while resisting the same loads of an equivalent solid prismatic beam or slab.<br>While structural optimization for material efficiency is not a new practice, it is technically challenging and often reserved for large-scale and exclusive architectural projects. Conversely, this research applies these principles to common residential construction.<br>by Mohamed A. Ismail.<br>S.M.<br>S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture
15
Rao, Mala R. "Builders in the private sector : a case study of Bangalore, India /." This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020019/.
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Niazi, Zeenat. "Understanding rural building systems in India." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22546.
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Building practices in rural areas have developed in response to a variety of interrelated factors like climate, local physiography and socio-cultural traditions. The rural house is as much an agrarian product as the crops and livestock depending on a balanced eco-system. It is characterised by a dependence on the immediate natural environment for materials, high labour and low energy inputs in construction. Unfortunately, depletion of natural resources, changes in resource management structures and rapid monetisation of the rural economy have had abrupt and often detrimental effects on the condition of rural shelter.<br>This research attempts to understand the characteristics of rural building systems in order to identify the nature of interventions required to facilitate the process of shelter upgrading. From a study of six villages in Jhansi district of Bundelkand region, the study demonstrates that indigenous building practices and delivery processes can form effective links in the process mentioned. Local building materials, techniques of construction, service transaction, and methods of skill and information transfer are studied to analyse the factors which influence appropriation of available options by users.<br>This study indicates that effective and sustainable interventions in resources, technologies and delivery processes in rural India will need to utilise the potential offered by the 'network nature' of rural building systems. Any new or improved systems of construction will have to be supplemented by increasing users' access to them and will need to pass through the tests of: (1) Enlarging the range of available options, (2) Augmenting (at least not limiting) the variety and flexibility in delivery options and, (3) Increasing the level of local control in construction and management.
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Jin, Shauna. "Transitional relief housing for tsunami victims of Tamil Nadu, India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36751.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 22).<br>In the wake of the recent tsunami that swept across Asia, there is a dire need to salvage and rebuild the lives and livelihoods that were swept away. The aim of this thesis project is to design and model a transitional shelter for the Indian region of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu is located on the southern coast of India, and was the region most affected by the recent tsunami. The transitional shelter should be a shelter that serves as an infrastructure that can be absorbed into a more permanent structure with the flexibility to promote future expansion. The design of the structure takes into consideration climactic concerns such as ventilation or seismic issues, and tries to suggest cultural continuity between the new architecture and previous architectures.<br>by Shauna Jin.<br>S.B.
18
Benjamin, Solomon J. 1960. "Understanding urban housing transformations : a case study of Bhogal, India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45685.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1985.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>This thesis attempts to describe dwelling transformations in the case of Bhogal, New Delhi. It is hoped to clarify the links between socio-economic forces and their resultant impact on physical form, through its transformation. The project is a refugee housing program, undertaken by the Government of India in the early 1950's to cope with the large influx of refugees during the partition between India and Pakistan. Over a period of twenty years, the project like other emergency measures , has become permanent. It is rapidly transforming to provide a livable environment. India, like other Third World environments, is on the verge of another emergency, facing unprecedented urban growth. It is obvious that the government with its limited resources, cannot cope with these pressures. There is a general agreement that the government needs to play the role of a "support" rather than a "producer", especially with regard to housing for the lower income groups. The case study exemplifies developments and transformations of existing dwelling environments in Delhi today. It therefore might help to identify some basic principles and directions along which future research might take. The case study provides a useful insight into the circumstances that allow a group of people to upgrade their circumstance both socially and economically with minimum formal assistance. The thesis also attempts to clarify informal linkages and networks that evolve to form a crucial part of the process of upgrading in this environment. This forms the bulk of the argument of the "supportive" role of the government and the need to understand existing linkages and networks to identify areas of intervention.<br>by Solomon J. Benjamin.<br>M.S.
19
SASSON, JEAN MARC. "SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE RIGHT TO HOUSING AND THE RIGHT TO THE ENVIRONMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36087@1.
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O presente trabalho visa compreender a tensão existente entre o direito fundamental à moradia e o direito fundamental ao meio ambiente a partir do fenômeno das ocupações em áreas de preservação permanente. O estudo parte da análise das questões urbanas envolvidas, sobretudo os processo de urbanização brasileiro e a tutela da moradia e do ambiente no ordenamento jurídico como direitos fundamentais na Constituição de 1988. Adota a abordagem interdisciplinar para a análise de casos de referência e analisa de decisões judiciais pertinentes. Tem como pressuposto as relações de vulnerabilidade presente nos conflitos entre estes direitos, para os quais apresenta como a diretriz de harmonização para o seu equacionamento a justiça socioambiental.<br>The present dissertation aimed to understand the tension between the fundamental right to housing and the fundamental right to the environment from the phenomenon of occupations in areas of permanent preservation. At the outset, to understand the phenomenon, was considered the essential aspects of the urban question that involves urban growth without planning, reproduction of the labor force in the capitalist market, access to urban land and private property, housing deficit, unequal allocation of public equipment and services in urban space. The urban question that arises in the context of the construction of an urban space of an essentially social character needs to be understood from the point of view of social dynamics. That is, understanding the participation, responsibilities and the way of acting of each urban actor is paramount for facing the urban question. In addition, in order to understand the tensions between urban actors and institutions, the right to the city is an effective way of harmonizing and overcoming obstacles in the dialogue between fundamental rights housing and the environment. It is still to be considered in the attempt to harmonize them, the environment has now assumed the biocentric vision, in which the protection of all forms of life prevails and not only of human life. For the purposes of equalizing the tension between rights, the environment will have its relative value recognizing and assuming the environmental damages already produced as a way to also meet the most basic human needs related to the right to housing.
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Martin, Carmenito Marcelle. "Does a right to access to adequate housing include a right to the city in South Africa?" University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5973.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence)<br>The Constitution of South Africa is often commended for the protection that it affords to
socio-economic rights - including the right to access to adequate housing, 'Adequate'
housing is said to comprise of more than just a roof over one's head, and requirements have
also been set regarding the overall location of the housing provided.
Processes such as 'gentrification' have presented a threat to the fulfilment of the
abovementioned right. Gentrification results in escalated property prices in the areas
undergoing gentrification, with original residents of these areas consequently being unable
to afford to stay in these areas and facing possible eviction as a result thereof. Although
legislation is in place to prevent homelessness for those facing eviction, individuals who
stand to be evicted often find themselves being relocated to state-provided Temporary
Relocation Areas (TRAs). As particularly evident in Cape Town, these TRAs are commonly
located on the outskirts of cities (arguably in defiance of the Constitution's requirement in
terms of the location of adequate housing), and those who have been relocated to these
TRAs commonly criticize the remote locations of these TRAs (due to it being far from
employment opportunities and other amenities). This has led to a continued demand by
individuals facing eviction to TRAs (and advocacy groups) for the state to provide them with
alternative accommodation in the inner city and surrounding areas, resembling a 'Right to
the City'.
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Harris, Beth Ellen. "The power of poverty lawyers : defending a right-to-home /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10731.
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CHAUVET, LUIZ EDUARDO. "WIDE LAND REGULATION AND SOCIAL RIGHT OF HOUSING IN URBAN SPACE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18631@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>O presente trabalho tem, por fim, analisar o procedimento de regularização
fundiária como um instrumento de defesa do direito social à moradia no espaço
urbano. Nesse sentido, serão apresentados o conceito e a evolução teórica do
direito social à moradia, bem como as tensões sociais que contribuíram para a sua
previsão atual. Para além, será apresentado o conceito de regularização fundiária
sob uma interpretação plena, seus instrumentos de aplicação e sua competência
para se verificar como um importante aliado na luta pela concretização do direito
à moradia. Por fim, serão apresentadas as razões para que se defenda uma política
pública ampla e contínua de regularização fundiária no espaço urbano brasileiro.<br>This paper is headed to the analysis of the procedure of land regulation as
an instrument for the defense of Social Right of Housing in Urban Space. To
reach that point, it will be presented the concept and the historical evolution of the
social right of housing, as well as social tensions that contributed for present
prevision. Beyond that, it will be presented the concept of land regulation under a
wide sense interpretation, its applying instruments and its talent as an important
alliance in the struggle for fulfilling the right of housing. At last, it will be
presented the reasons by which it is needed the defense of a wide and continuous
land regulation public policy in brazilian urban space.
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Kumar, Karunambika. "Cultural factors in housing : building a conceptual model for reference in the Indian context." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1033632.
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This paper presents a conceptual framework of important cultural values, activity patterns and environmental patterns in the home environment of a typical middle-income family in Madras a South Indian City. The position of this paper is that cultural variables should play an important part in determining the form of housing; they should be explicitly accounted for and values should be related to the different components of the built environment. This framework is intended to serve as a guide suggesting programmatic criteria for design of culturally-responsive housing. As it relates abstract values to components of the built environment, and design patterns, the framework includes descriptive graphics and images.The main body of the framework is a summary of societal and activity patterns, and elements of design. A descriptive analysis of societal and family patterns looks at the interactions between society, family and the individual. Activity patterns in and around the home with their symbolic associations are examined in detail. Implications for the home environment are drawn from the observations made in these sections. This is followed by a look at the elements of design that have been manipulated in existing house forms to create culturally appropriate environments.The concluding part of the framework presents a way in which the earlier observations can be assimilated into the design process. A sample set of environmental patterns are presented using images, with their cultural purpose, design descriptions and variants. This is followed by a matrix where family types, individual roles and activities are related to the environmental qualities and in some cases to sample environmental patterns.The research involved anthropological studies for an understanding of the cultural elements like family and kinship structure, myths and beliefs, values and priorities, etc., in the Indian context. Analysis of changing house forms in response to social and cultural changes in history, and designs of culture sensitive architects, helped to identify the environmental components that relate to specific values. Christopher Alexander's idea of `patterns' was used as a tool to translate abstract cultural criteria into recognizable environmental settings.<br>Department of Architecture
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Ramos, Gie Geraldine Samaniego 1974. "Doing it right, improved public housing communities : building on Smokey Mountain : medium rise housing redevelopment, Tondo, Manila, Philippines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69414.
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Zemla, Kinga. "The right to one's home." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281402.
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“The right to one’s home” is a project that raises the issue of affordable housing, challenging this broad concept both in universal terms and later applied to specific condition of a site located in Warsaw, Poland. Beside the obviously economic dimension, affordability stretches out to urban politics by proposing new power relations and redefining neoliberal cities of today. By reclaiming centrally located, infrastructurally connected and potentially attractive sites it is a tool to counteract gentrification. Within the thesis, affordability is achieved with both organizational and spatial strategies – meaning that architectural solutions are accompanied by a simple administrative model that introduces different actors (municipality, private investors, housing cooperatives, non-profit organisations). Seeing the opportunity of reducing building cost in prefabrication, three panel systems were designed and placed on the site. Deriving from the history of concrete panels and shifting to more sustainable material – cross laminated timber – the author tried to reach harmonious balance between quantity, quality and affordability. The proposal was not radicalized with micro-apartments nor was intended to save on architectural values – on the contrary, individual and careful design of the outer skin that covers structural core was an important goal of the project. Standardised architectural solutions and organizational strategies on the municipal level were combined to enable socially sustainable housing environment.
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Chidhawu, Tinotenda. "The right to adequate housing in Zimbabwe: A contextual and jurisprudential anatomy of public housing policy implementation; Harare (2000-2018)." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7676.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>Amid notable and ongoing research about housing, structural hurdles crippling state efforts to guarantee the right to adequate housing have been extensively analysed and widely recognised. Albeit study after study demonstrates bureaucratic lethargy, the housing challenge is much complex. Harare increasingly appears to be a city in a housing crisis. The depredations of politics have repeatedly frustrated orderly urbanisation. Comparatively little on the politics of housing has been written or studied. Consequently, the realisation of the right to housing is under constant threat with the city spiralling into endemic disorder. The turbulent policy landscape since 2000 plunged housing into a chaotic and unstable milieu
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Sharma, Prashant. "The right to information act in India : the turbid world of transparency reforms." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/579/.
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The enactment of the national Right to Information (RTI) Act in 2005 has been produced, consumed and celebrated as an important event of democratic deepening in India both in terms of the process that led to its enactment (arising from a grassroots movement) as well as its outcome (fundamentally altering the citizen-state relationship). This thesis problematises this narrative and proposes that the explanatory factors underlying this event may be more complex than thus far imagined. First, the leadership of the grassroots movement was embedded within the ruling elite and possessed the necessary resources as well as unparalleled access to spaces of power for the movement to be successful. Second, the democratisation of the higher bureaucracy along with the launch of the economic liberalisation project meant that the urban, educated, high-caste, upper-middle-class elite that provided critical support to the demand for an RTI Act was no longer vested in the state and had moved to the private sector. Mirroring this shift, the framing of the RTI Act during the 1990s saw its ambit reduced to the government, even as there was a concomitant push to privatise public goods and services. Third, the thesis locates the Indian RTI Act within the global explosion of freedom of information laws over the last two decades, and shows how international pressures, embedded within a reimagining of the role of the state vis-à-vis the market, had a direct and causal impact both on its content, as well as the timing of its enactment. Taking the production of the RTI Act as a lens, the thesis finally argues that while there is much to celebrate in the consolidation of procedural democracy in India over the last six decades, existing economic, social and political structures may limit the extent and forms of democratic deepening occurring in the near future.
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Gathia, Sanjay Lai Dilokvidhyarat. "Privatization of water and its impact on the right to water in India /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd390/4337669.pdf.
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Pratt, Jennifer D. (Jennifer Dana). "Housing the urban poor--a case for space-sharing in Ahmedabad, India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69273.
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Izar, Priscila. "Housing Provision through Real Estate Development: Adopting Public-Private Partnerships for Affordable Housing Delivery in Brazil." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93930.
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This dissertation analyzes contemporary transformations in urban policy and space production in Brazil; in particular, those associated with state efforts to attract the private sector to participate in the design, finance, development and long-term management of infrastructure and housing provision systems. While the study's focus is on adoption of the public-private partnership (PPP) mechanism in the affordable housing sector, empirical research is based on the case study analysis of Casa Paulista Program, the first PPP for affordable housing delivery in the country, sponsored by the State Government of São Paulo and implemented in the central districts of the city of São Paulo, the state's capital. Specific questions driving the research are twofold: in the first, I ask what were the characteristics of the Casa Paulista PPP model, and in the second, how public and private agents, including social groups, affected the evolution of the model. Permeating this analysis is the concern as to how housing provision through PPPs may affect the ability of local populations to access adequate housing and fully participate in city living, as demanded by social housing movements and urban reform advocates and predicted in Brazil's Federal Constitution, and rights-based urban policy at national and local levels. Findings indicate that the Casa Paulista model, while neither leveraging private capital nor scaling up housing production, facilitates rearrangements in the private local housing market, urban policy, and social relationships around housing provision. These efforts are successful only with support of the development and finance industries operating beyond the local scale. I argue that these new rearrangements support a publicly funded, privately managed model to support predominantly residential real estate development projects of large scale and which are debt financed through long term agreements. This dynamic generates risk to society's ability to control urban transformation in the central city area and support preservation of a stock of public and private land where affordable housing development is currently prioritized, an outcome I describe as 'privatizing planning and socializing risk'.<br>PHD
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Nix, Emily. "Housing, health and energy use in low-income settings : employing building science to evaluate housing improvements in Delhi, India." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10048458/.
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Good housing design has been shown to yield both health gains and meet long-term climate change mitigation objectives. To date however, in-depth studies focusing on housing, health and energy in developing contexts are scarce. The work described in this thesis aimed to understand how housing interventions could achieve health and energy efficiency goals simultaneously in a low-income context, through using building science to investigate the residential sector of Delhi. A multiphase mixed methods approach was employed to assess the current housing conditions in Delhi and identify potential interventions. These learnings have also led to suggestions of new perspectives for further work. Delhi’s housing stock was stratified into four largely homogeneous settlement types; planned, unauthorised, urban villages and JJ clusters, to assess energy consumption and health risks. Energy consumption was found to be two to three times higher in planned settlements and health risks were estimated greatest in JJ cluster dwellings, with exposure to heat and particulate matter found to be prime hazards. Quantification of indoor conditions using building simulation modelling found that planned and JJ clusters archetypes experienced high levels of annual PM2.5 exposure and were thermally uncomfortable in summer and monsoon seasons. Monitoring of indoor temperatures during key seasonal periods supported these findings, with dwellings found incapable of providing safe conditions. The most effective intervention, when considering objectives for energy use, cost, and health, was a combination of building fabric changes with evaporative cooling and cooking ventilation strategies. For the JJ clusters, a total retrofit was recommended to significantly improve conditions. However, exposure to PM2.5 indoors cannot be sizeably reduced without decreasing the outdoor levels. On evaluation of the study framework, it was recognised that the generalisability of the results across Delhi is limited by the informal and unregulated housing sector. It was proposed that building science should be immersed in a participatory approach that not only defines but also works within policy and practice to achieve adequate housing.
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Shum, Wing-hung Alex. "The housing reforms in Shanghai the structural change of property rights /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31969197.
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Louw, Jacobus Francois. "The right to adequate housing : making sense of eviction procedures in the context of rental housing after Ndlovu V Ngcobo." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/15600.
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Thesis (LLM (Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>139 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i-ix and numbered pages 1-130. Includes bibliography.<br>Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa must address the need for adequate housing. Since
democracy in 1994, the government has promulgated a number of acts to
achieve the goal of adequate housing for all. These include the Prevention
of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act (PIE) and
the Rental Housing Act (RHA). The problem for the courts is knowing
when to apply each act.
To reach the goal embodied in the constitutional right of adequate
housing for all, the government has invested R18 billion in housing since
1994. Despite this, the need for housing has escalated. The RHA, in
which the legislature tried to create a balance between the rights of
landlords and tenants, followed. This was done in order to alleviate some
of the pressure to ensure access to land, which rests solely on the
shoulders of the government. The legislature tried to create a sphere into
which private investors would want to invest their money. A number of
recent cases dealing with tenants who defaulted on their rentals and the
landlord's capacity to effect eviction raised awareness about the existing
inadequacies of the law in this particular field. In a Supreme Court of
Appeal ruling, the court found that when a landlord wants to evict a
defaulting tenant the time-consuming and costly procedure of PIE should
be used.
The assumption underlying this study is that PIE should not be applicable
in cases of evicting a defaulting tenant. The rights and duties of the
various parties involved in rental housing therefore need to be examined.
The main aim is, however, to ascertain which procedure should be
employed when obtaining an eviction order against a party holding over
and what the effects are when the most appropriate eviction procedure is
not used. A well-regulated relationship would ensure the best balance of
interest for the landlord, tenant and the government by creating a market
in which a landlord could make money out of letting and more tenants
could obtain adequate housing through renting. A further assumption is
that the rei vindicatio should be used when having a defaulting tenant
evicted. It offers an alternative procedure that does not undermine the
objectives of the housing legislation.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika ervaar tans 'n probleem met die verskaffing van behuising vir
almal. Sedert die land se verwerwing van demokrasie in 1994 het die
wetgewer 'n hele reeks wette aangeneem om die probleem op te los,
ondermeer die Wet op Huurbehuising en die Wet op die Voorkoming van
Onwettige Uitsetting en Onregmatige Okkupasie van Grond (hierna
verwys as PIE). Die howe ondervind soms probleme wanneer daar bepaal
moet word wanneer 'n spesifieke wet van toepassing behoort te wees en
wanneer.
Ten spyte van die R18 miljard wat die regering reeds bestee het aan armes
sonder huise, het die getal mense wat sonder geskikte behuising woon
gegroei. Die wetgewer het deur die promulgasie van die Wet op
Huurbehuising gepoog om 'n mark te skep waarin daar behuising verskaf
sal word in die vorm van huurbehuising. Terselfdertyd sal die
privaatsektor baie nodige geld in die huurmark kan investeer. Onlangse
regsspraak in die verband dui daarop dat daar nog baie leemtes bestaan
veral met verwysing na uitsetting. Na 'n resente Appelhof beslissing sal
die verhuurder van die meer tydrowende en duurder prosedures in PIE
gebruik moet maak om 'n persoon uitgesit te kry.
Die onderliggende aanname is dat PIE nie van toepassing behoort te wees
wanneer 'n verhuurder 'n huurder wat agterstallig is met die huur wil
uitsit nie. Die regte van beide huurder en verhuurder word gevolglik
bestudeer. Die hoof-oogmerk van die studie is egter om vas te stel watter
uitsettingsprosedure die beste sal wees en wat die gevolge sal wees indien
die prosedure nie gebruik word nie. 'n Goed gereguleerde huurmark sal
sorg dat huurders genoegsame beskerming geniet, dat die verhuurder geld
sal kan maak uit die huurmark en dat die regering se druk tot 'n mate
verlig word. 'n Verdere aanname is dat die prosedure vir die rei vindicatio
die korrekte prosedure is om te gebruik om 'n huurder wat versuim om
sy/haar huur te betaal uit te sit. Die rei vindicatio word gevolglik bestudeer en daar word getoon dat die prosedure aansienlik van die van PIE verskil. Dit bied 'n alternatief en is nie van so aard dat dit die behuisings wetgewing se oogmerke belemmer nie.
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Sze, Wang-cho James. "An evaluation of tenant purchase scheme (TPS) the right model towards sustainable housing in Hong Kong through privatization? /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36790291.
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Winchester, P. J. "Cyclone vulnerability and housing policy : In the Kridhna Delta, south India, 1977-83." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372562.
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Desai, Nitin. "Retrospecting vernacular : a journey into the timeless." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2009. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1499269.
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Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only<br>Housing crisis in India -- What is vernacular? -- Vernacular as timeless -- Vernacular aesthetics : the legacy of craft -- Disengagement of vernacular from architectural practice in India -- Revisiting architectural academics -- Conclusion : applicability of vernacular studies -- Vernacular studies at Auroville Earth Institute, Auroville, India -- Low cost building technologies at Auroville Earth Institute, India -- Vernacular architecture : exemplary projects -- The joy of building.<br>Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only<br>Accompanying CD-ROM contains additional copy of chapters 8-10.<br>Department of Architecture
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Golton, Christina Jane. "From yesterday's house to tomorrow's home : changes to dwellings by right to buy purchasers." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360398.
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Migliari, Wellington. "From the effectiveness of the right to housing to the right to the city: a three-dimensional rationality for Brazil and Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664047.
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The conflict between property system and the right to housing has evolved into a more complex inquiry since the beginning of the present research. Our initial analysis on the effectiveness of the social function in ownership discovered in tribunal decisions how restricted was the understanding of property concept. The liberal perception of non-interference in the economy of real estate market reduced the legal debate about the internal limits of property to a financial binary relation, for instance, individuals affected by mortgages and credit institutions, tenants and non-residential landlords, families living in vulnerable socioeconomic conditions and investors. However, the housing problem causes yet a certain legal inquietude since the number of non-occupied properties and the cost of rents are still increasing in Brazil and Spain. Examining the data available for both countries, we found a macroeconomic variable in urban development and housing access intimately linked to stock exchange markets. In addition, the absolute notion of property right is an obstacle inherited from the civil law tradition that impedes the openness of the ownership system to its social dimension. The aim of our thesis is the effective defence of the right to housing as a legal instrument associated with the social function of property and as a connecting factor to other rights in urban context. Our hypothesis requires a three- dimensional rationality for adequate judgments beyond the task of tribunals. A set of reasons of how both societies can limit the transnational real estate speculation, overcome the civil law tradition in an inert tension with democratic sovereignties and use the social function like a legal category so that the effectiveness of the right to housing serves as a turning point for the right to city.<br>El conflicto entre el sistema de propiedad y el derecho a la vivienda se ha convertido en una investigación más compleja desde el comienzo del presente trabajo. Nuestro análisis inicial sobre la efectividad de la función social de la propiedad identificó en decisiones de tribunales un ejercicio de comprensión muy estricto del concepto de propiedad. La percepción liberal de la no injerencia en la economía del mercado inmobiliario redujo el debate legal sobre los límites internos de la propiedad a una relación binaria financiera, por ejemplo, individuos afectados por hipotecas e instituciones de crédito, inquilinos y propietarios no residenciales, familias que viven en condiciones de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica e inversores. Sin embargo, la vivienda causa todavía cierta inquietud jurídica, ya que el número de propiedades no ocupadas y el costo de los alquileres siguen aumentando en Brasil y España. Examinando los datos disponibles para ambos países, encontramos una variable macroeconómica en el desarrollo urbano y el acceso a la vivienda íntimamente vinculados a los mercados bursátiles. Además, la noción absoluta de derecho de propiedad sigue siendo un obstáculo heredado de la civil law que impide la apertura del sistema de propiedad en su dimensión social. El objetivo de nuestra tesis es contribuir a la defensa efectiva del derecho a la vivienda como instrumento jurídico asociado a la función social de la propiedad y como factor de conexión con otros derechos en el contexto urbano. Nuestra hipótesis requiere una racionalidad tridimensional para juicios adecuados más allá de la tarea de los tribunales. Un conjunto de razones de cómo las dos sociedades pueden limitar la especulación inmobiliaria transnacional, superar la tradición del civil law en tensión inerte con las soberanías democráticas y utilizar la función social como categoría jurídica para que la efectividad del derecho a la vivienda sirva de punto de inflexión para el derecho a la ciudad.<br>O conflito entre o sistema de propriedade e o direito à moradia tornou-se uma indagação mais complexa desde o início da presente pesquisa. Nossa análise inicial sobre a eficácia da função social da propriedade identificou em decisões judiciais um exercício de compreensão muito estreita sobre o conceito de propriedade. A percepção liberal da não interferência na economia do mercado imobiliário reduziu o debate jurídico sobre os limites internos da propriedade para vínculos financeiros binários, por exemplo, pessoas afetadas por inadimplência de suas hipotecas versus instituições de crédito, inquilinos contra propriedades de pessoas jurídicas, famílias em condições de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica contra investidores. No entanto, a habitação ainda causa alguma inquietude legal, já que o número de imóveis desocupados e o custo de aluguéis continuam a aumentar no Brasil e na Espanha. Com base em análise de dados disponíveis para ambas realidades, encontramos uma variável macroeconômica no desenvolvimento urbano e o acesso a moradias intimamente ligados aos mercados de ações. Além disso, a noção absoluta sobre o direito de propriedade continua a ser um obstáculo herdado da tradição do direito civil que impede a abertura do sistema de propriedade a dimensões sociais. O objetivo da nossa tese é contribuir para a defesa efetiva do direito à moradia como instrumento jurídico associado à função social da propriedade e como fator de conexão para outros direitos em contexto urbano. Nossa hipótese requer uma racionalidade tridimensional para julgamentos adequados além da tarefa dos tribunais. Um conjunto de razões sobre como as duas sociedades podem limitar a especulação imobiliária transnacional, superar a tradição do direito civil em tensão inerte com soberanias democráticas e usar a função social como uma categoria legal para que a efetividade do direito à habitação sirva enquanto ponto de inflexão para o direito à cidade.
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Pule, Sesinyi Edwin. "The enforcement of the right of access to adequate housing in South Africa: a lesson for Lesotho." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016249.
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South Africa is one of the countries with a very horrifying history. However, in the dawn of democratic governance, a worldly admirable constitution was brought into picture. The 1993 and 1996 South African Constitutions entrenched an elaborate Bill of Rights with provisions empowering courts to grant “appropriate relief and to make “just and equitable” orders. Happily, the Bill of Rights included justiciable and enforceable socio-economic rights. Amongst them, there is a right of access to adequate housing, for which this work is about. South Africa is viewed as a country with developed jurisprudence in the enforcement of socio-economic rights, hence it has been used as a lesson for Lesotho. Lesotho is still drowning in deep blue seas on enforcement of socio-economic rights either because the constitution itself hinders the progress thereon or because the parliament is unwilling to commit execute to the obligations found in the socio-economic rights filed. This work scrutinizes many jurisdictions and legal systems with a view to draw lively examples that may be followed by Lesotho courts towards enforcing housing rights. Indian and South African jurisprudences epitomize this notion.
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Sikwibele, Kabukabu. "The right to adequate housing : the need for its justiciability in the Zambian constitution." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4735.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Zambia's housing problems cannot be overstated. The current Constitution of Zambia does not recognise the right to adequate housing as a fundamental human right. It provides that the State shall endeavour to provide decent shelter for all but as a directive principle of state policy. In essence, as explicitly stated by the Constitution, the right to housing is not justiciable. This means that Zambians cannot approach any court, tribunal, administrative institution or entity to claim violation of the right to adequate housing. It is submitted that rights must be claimed if they are to be fully enjoyed. This thesis will discuss the importance and the need for a justiciable right to adequate housing in Zambia enshrined in the Constitution.
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Whittaker, Lana. "Realising the right to food in India : insights from the Midday Meal Scheme in Rajasthan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274897.
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This thesis examines the everyday realisation of rights in India’s school-feeding programme, the Midday Meal Scheme. The commitment to realising the right to food in India is well-established. In 2001, a petition to the Supreme Court and subsequent orders made existing food-based schemes (including the Midday Meal Scheme) a legal entitlement under a right to food. These schemes then became the core components of the National Food Security Act in 2013. In consequence, eligible children in India have a right to a MDM that adheres to specific guidelines and have a broader right to food. Despite these commitments to rights, the extent to which India’s food-based social protection schemes reflect a rights-based approach has not, hitherto, been explored. Indeed, although the importance of state-led, rights-based social protection schemes to address food insecurity is now widely recognised, the relationship between these means and ends has been insufficiently explored. In this context, drawing on nearly one year of mixed-methods research in the Indian state of Rajasthan, I examine the extent to which India’s Midday Meal Scheme adheres to a rights-based approach to realising food security. To do so, I examine three components of a rights-based system in the context of the scheme: rights-holders and their entitlements; duty-bearers and their duties; and the mechanisms through which duty-bearers can be held to account for the non-fulfilment of their obligations. I draw on detailed field research in two districts to show that, in its present form, the scheme is limited from the perspective of rights. Not all those in need are necessarily included in the scheme; the food that rights- holders receive often does not meet their needs, duty-bearers fail to adequately fulfil their duties; and accountability mechanisms fail to hold them accountable. Consequently, rights-holders often do not receive their entitlements and the right to food remains unfulfilled. Overall, I show that the realisation of rights to depends on the capabilities of rights-holders to realise their rights and on the capacity and motivation of duty-bearers to fulfil their duties.
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Burch, Isabella. "Realizing the Right to Education: An Evaluation of Education Policy in Six States of India." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1363.
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The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act is India’s most recent national-level policy in pursuit of universalizing elementary education. While some states have been successful at increasing the number of students who attend school, reducing dropout rates, and reducing the rates of out of school children, others are still struggling to make progress. The states that are successful are surprising in some instances because they are not particularly wealthy, they have large rural populations, and some face larger socio-political issues. This thesis finds that the states succeeding in meeting RTE goals are not always the states that are the best at implementing RTE norms. States are often successful when they violate the RTE norms in order to suit their communities’ educational needs. States are also successful when they introduce child welfare policies outside of education in order to address external issues that prevent children from attending school.
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Chen, Gengzhao, and 陈耿釗. "Implementing housing rights in China : reinterpreting Chinese constitutional property." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193458.
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This thesis explores the impact of housing rights jurisprudence on Chinese legal and policy frameworks in the housing sector, examines the key related issues, and assesses whether current practices are in line with international best practice. The thesis considers three major questions, viz.
1 What are housing rights?
2 What is the significance of housing rights in the Chinese context?
3 Given the features and nature of housing rights, and China’s transitional societal background, how could housing rights be implemented?
By looking at the jurisprudence and jurisprudential development of housing rights in international law and related humanitarian jurisprudence, this thesis proposes a three-layer framework of housing rights, which encompasses property and resource dimensions. While the property dimension requires the state to refrain from interfering in property interest in housing, the resource dimension establishes a set of principles for directing governmental duties in utilizing and redistributing resources. The governments should enable equal and equitable access to housing and housing-related resources, and ensure housing development is a human-centered, sustainability-oriented process.
China is a transitional society, where the Constitution shows a trend towards strengthening property rights protection, but institutional constraints on property rights remain. There are also transformative schemes in the housing sector that take the form of land reform and public housing programs. An overview of the housing regime in China identifies three primary limitations: an incoherent legal framework of Chinese takings law related to the property dimension of housing rights; problems with equal and equitable access to land resource as reflected by the urban-rural divide in the land tenure system; and the lack of a sustainability vision in public housing development. It is, therefore, argued that implementing housing rights involves enshrining values and principles related to housing rights in the domestic constitution. This can take the form of reinterpreting the Chinese constitutional property according to the three-layer framework of housing rights. Such a reinterpretation sheds further light on how to resolve the key issues in the current housing regime.
This study concludes that housing rights require Chinese constitutional property to strike a balance between protecting existing property-holdings and the transformative schemes in the housing sector. For the property dimension of Chinese constitutional property, housing rights help to construct a coherent jurisprudence for Chinese takings law. The resource dimension of housing rights serves as an assessment tool for the policy framework to guide both the utilization and redistribution of land resources and the development of public housing programs. This facilitates the legal and policy framework in the housing sector to be informed by humanitarian jurisprudence and be in line with international best practice.
The pioneering nature of this thesis lies in its exploration of humanitarian jurisprudence which is new to Chinese constitutional reasoning, and the extension of jurisprudential discussion of housing rights to public policy formulation. It is also innovative in proposing the three-layer framework of housing rights. Some of the findings from the discussion of international jurisprudence may be extended not only to the Chinese setting but also to other transitional economies which face similar housing issues and concerns in their policy-making.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Real Estate and Construction<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Westendorp, Ingrid. "Women and housing: gender makes a different /." Antwerpen [u.a.] : Intersentia, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/539441341.pdf.
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Desai, Vandana. "Aspects of community participation among slum dwellers in achieving housing in Bombay." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d4839cdd-effd-4ff2-975a-9a73c7b31d75.
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This thesis is concerned with the housing and service needs of the poor (slum dwellers) in Bombay and how they are articulated and satisfied. It discusses how the poor perceive the constraints on slum servicing and improvement, their involvement in community organizations, and the role the community and its leaders play in influencing state action. Since housing and servicing issues directly impinge on the interests of politicians and bureaucrats as well as on those of the poor, patterns of provision mirror closely the nature of the relationship between the poor and how political and administrative power operates at various levels. Chapter 1 provides the research aims and objectives while Chapter 2 reviews the literature on community participation. Chapter 3 on Bombay places housing development in context and also serves as background study to the thesis. This research studies three different slum settlements housing migrants to Bombay. Two surveys of these three slum settlements were carried out, involving interviews with 135 households. Chapter 4 describes the characteristics of these households, while chapters 5, 6, and 7 give the arguments of the thesis. It is shown that, despite an established system of representative community organisations and a pro-participation rhetoric in bureaucratic discourse, most slum dwellers are excluded from participating in decision-making. A patron-client relationship exists between politicians, bureaucrats and community leaders, both in determining the community leaders' power as well as the level of services and physical benefits that he/she could win for the slum community. Leaders are generally better educated, better employed, more prosperous and highly motivated than most of their community. The NGO in this study has acted mainly as intermediary between the government and the slum-dwellers.
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Marshall, Sunaree (Sunaree Kim). "Of squatters and schemes : considering city-level strategies for housing the poor in India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59580.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-59).<br>This thesis examines two approaches to housing the urban poor in the city of Ahmedabad in the Indian state of Gujarat - the Slum Networking Project, an attempt to institutionalize slum upgrading at the city-level and the Development Plan-Town Planning Scheme mechanism, an enabling approach similar to land readjustment that seeks to deliver serviced land to the urban land market and contains a provision to reserve some of this land for housing for economically weaker sections of society. Given the shifts in thinking in the past three decades around housing policies in developing countries, and particularly in India, from project-level approaches to enabling approaches that attempt to tackle housing shortages and substandard quality at a broader scale, this thesis asks the question: What is the appropriate role of cities in adequately housing their poor populations? In conjunction with this, additional questions explored include: What has been the history of housing strategies in India? What are some relatively successful efforts that are not national-level policies or small community-level projects, but instead use the scale of the city to address this pressing issue? What are the barriers to bringing these methods to scale?This thesis finds that while upgrading approaches may provide basic services to slum dwellers at the project level, attempts to take upgrading to scale must carefully consider the prevalence and implementation capacity of NGO or other intermediaries, the demand of residents for the services offered, the incentives for participation by private sector entities and the pace of urbanization in the city in question.With respect to the Town Planning Scheme mechanism, there has been considerable success in converting agricultural land to serviced urban land and in appropriated land for housing for the urban poor, but concerns remain about the overly centralized nature of the process, its openness to corruption, and its neglect to consider informal or tenants claims on the land to be developed. Finally, it is found that the mere designation and availability of urban land for housing for the poor is not sufficient to instigate housing production and more research is needed to determine appropriate policies to encourage affordable housing development on this land.<br>by Sunaree Marshall.<br>M.C.P.
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Rawoot, Smita. "Governance at the margins : the challenge of implementing slum housing policy in Maharashtra, India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99089.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 138-140).<br>Building Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) is an in-situ slum housing up-gradation policy that was initiated in 2005 by the Central Government of India under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). It is one of the few housing policies in the long history of slum housing policies in India where housing provision for the poor is linked to governance reform (i.e., governance building at the city level). Today (2015) the first phase of the program is complete and the second phase more than 50% complete. A study of the BSUP phase-1 projects offers a unique opportunity to understand the impact of governance building on policy implementation, one of the areas of policy analysis that has been relatively less studied in India. This thesis develops a comparative study of two projects recently completed under the BSUP program in Yerwada in Pune city in Maharashtra. The thesis expands the notion of governance from the community (the governed) and the government (the governing) binary to all the co-governance actors involved in the multi-agency implementation system: the private for-profit agents, the civil society agencies, the community, the local political actors, technical consultants and the administrators. The research demonstrates that a governance building process that allows for transparency, efficiency, representation, responsiveness, accountability and equity can support successful policy implementation. To support these values defining the implementation "process" is as important as establishing the "structure", wherein structure defines the architecture of institutions that support implementation and process defines the mechanism of decision making, the strategy for shaping attitudes and methods of norm creation. In conclusion the case demonstrates that governance building can accomplish successful implementation of public policy in marginal conditions with marginal institutional and stakeholder capacities.<br>by Smita Rawoot.<br>M.C.P.
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Basavapatna, Kumaraswamy Satish. "Sustainable housing futures for a growing middle class : a contextual study of Mysore, India." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10640.
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Economic globalisation is enabling India to reinvent itself as a development crucible, providing previously unrealised opportunities for economic transformation. One crucial transformation of economic success is the rapidly growing middle class. Whilst the growth in the middle classes indicates improvement in the quality of life of many, the rate of consumption has also been increasing exponentially. If they, the middle classes consume resources at the same rate as the British and Americans, India will become the world’s number one producer of carbon emissions. The attitudes and aspirations of the growing middle classes are a major factor in the increased, and perhaps impulsive consumption patterns. It is therefore the aim of this research to consider the bottom-up approach, which validates this thesis by examining middle class homeowners’ preferences in Mysore, a south Indian city. Mysore used to be recognised as having socially cohesive and inclusive housing typologies that were climate responsive and calibrated to local, social and economic needs. Changes in social conditions, cultural practices and lifestyle can be seen in the way homeowners use their homes to demonstrate affluence and status. A key challenge is to research ways in which sustainable housing in an Indian context can both mitigate carbon emissions and at the same time address the material aspirations and desires of a fast-growing middle class. Baseline characteristics and homeowners’ attitudes are established by means of literature research and fieldwork. The output of this stage is triangulated with further research to narrow the focus towards boundary conditions and transition spaces for an in-depth study of relevant factors contributing towards consumption, aspiration and sustainability. The second stage points to the importance of the external boundary of the site and the edge of buildings in terms of aligning meaningful, sustainable design strategies with the concerns and aspirations of the emergent middle-class. This thesis argues that, in the domain of sustainable housing, both a qualitative approach and quantitative strategies are essential to the understanding of social and cultural dynamics as well as to measure and benchmark performance. Because of the nature of this multi-threaded approach, mixed method research practices have been followed using triangulation methodologies and grounded theory. This has resulted in the revisiting and refining of the research focus and objectives throughout the research. During the research process, spatial scenarios for housing were developed to harmonise preferences and different sustainability agendas. The research focused on identifying and testing the critical building characteristics of the boundary location. Homeowners’ preferences were qualified by a multi-sorting task analysis and study model performance tested by sophisticated environmental simulation. This was triangulated with fieldwork studies to help propose sustainable housing strategies. The methodology adopted has been critical to supporting the architectural response to the cultural and economic condition on one hand (social methods) and the climate responsive, traditional design and simulation models (environmental design methods) on the other. Different sets of fieldwork were conducted at two stages that involved archival searches and detailed interaction with architects, builders, users, academics and government agencies. In total, 240 respondents answered a questionnaire survey and 146 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The outcome of this research demonstrates how, in the absence of any counterbalancing regulations, social perception and economic aspirations limit the acceptability of sustainable design and construction strategies. In India, middle class demographics and value systems are complex; where safety and security, and display of wealth have to go hand in hand. In this context, this research provides new insight into the way sustainability can be understood in the Indian context with qualitative values that are complemented by quantitative measurements. Finally, this research suggests ways of introducing sustainable practices through a negotiated understanding that balances aspirations with more responsive design. India has identified housing as one of the eight national missions to reduce carbon emissions as part of its commitment to reduce people’s vulnerability to the impact of climate change. In a geo-climatically, regionally and culturally diverse country like India, the top-down national policy can only be successfully implemented with an understanding of the local context. A bottom-up approach to identify sustainable strategies that acknowledge homeowners needs and aspirations should be a useful contribution to achieving carbon reduction and sustainable housing in Mysore. With minor adjustments, the methodology and research process could be adopted in other Indian cities.
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John, Beena. "Interpreting the sense of home through a self-built housing experiment in Madras, India." Kansas State University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36103.
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Ho, Cheuk Yuet. "The predicament of housing ownership : an ethnography of property rights in neo-socialist China." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708081.
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