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1
Filípková, Olga. "Práva a povinnosti společníků ve společnosti s ručením omezeným." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-163963.
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This diploma thesis describes the legal position of partners in a limited liability company, through the analysis of theirs rights and duties. For a complete view of main theme the part of this thesis is devoted to the basic characteristics of a limited liability company. The diploma thesis also reflects the changes in the Czech legal order and the impacts of these changes on the concept of limited liability companies and the rights and duties of theirs partners.
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Capriati, Marinella. "Human rights, interests and duties." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:068aeab6-ae43-423b-873a-a441b910269a.
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This dissertation focuses on the concept of human rights, and in particular on how we should understand the interests protected by human rights and human rights' correlative duties. The work consists of three papers. Human rights and interests In the first paper I consider which conditions interests have to satisfy in order to be protected by human rights. I call these the Interest Conditions. I argue that we need to distinguish between two kinds of Interest Conditions: qualitative and quantitative ones. This means that we need to consider both which type of interests, and how much of these interests, human rights protect. I then consider the content of these conditions. Political accounts and fidelity to human rights practice In recent years, considerable attention has been received by so called "political accounts" of the analysis of human rights. According to these theories, one of the distinctive features of human rights is that they play a certain political function. In particular, a large number of political accounts hold that human rights have political correlative duties. I call this thesis 'Political Duties'. Political Duties has been defended on the grounds of the desideratum of fidelity, according to which the analysis of human rights ought to be faithful to human rights practice. I consider two ways of interpreting this desideratum and the corresponding versions of the argument in support of Political Duties. I argue that neither version successfully supports the thesis. The universal scope of positive duties correlative to human rights In the third paper I focus on duties correlative to human rights. We can distinguish between two different kinds of duties: negative and positive ones. Negative duties are duties not to perform an action, while positive duties are duties to perform an action. I focus on the latter and, in particular, I concentrate on the question of their scope - that is, on understanding who holds them. I defend a refinement of the thesis that all individuals hold positive duties correlative to human rights, which I call the Universal Scope Thesis.
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Matwijkiw, Anja. "Human needs, rights, and corresponding duties." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627234.
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Owen, J. "Rights, duties and choice in Belgian education." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354092.
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Montero, J. C. "Responsibility for human rights violations, institutions and transnational duties." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331898/.
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This thesis proposes a conception of responsibility for human rights. The conception includes three components: an account of the normative foundations of human rights; an account of human-rights correlative duties; and an account of the violations of human rights. The account on the normative foundations connects human rights with certain moral principles and shows why those rights might impose obligations to various agents. The account on the corresponding duties uncovers different categories of duties related to human rights and formulates general guidelines for the distribution of these duties. The account on violations lists the conditions that must obtain for something to qualify as a violation of human rights. All these components are reunited in an internationalist conception of responsibility for human rights. According to this conception, human rights serve the dignity of persons. Since the protection of the dignity of persons requires the social world to be designed in a certain way, State agents bear primary responsibility in guaranteeing the human rights of their populations. Notwithstanding that, human rights impose on other non-State agents second order duties to contribute with the capacity of their political institutions to comply with their human rights related obligations. The international community in particular has transnational duties to create the adequate international conditions necessary for every political community to be able to fully realize the human rights of their population. Although these second order duties are derived from human rights, their non-compliance does not amount to a human rights violation.
6
Parola, Giulia. "Environmental democracy : rights and duties for a new citizenship." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05D008.
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La fonction principale de l'État est d'agir au nom de l'intérêt public, du bien-être de la population et du développement économique. L'intérêt public prend avec la crise environnementale une dimension nouvelle qui est celle de la survie du genre humain dans un cadre de développement durable. D'un point de vue juridique émergent une série de questions : de quelle façon le droit, les institutions juridiques et l'organisation politique peuvent-elles empêcher les dommages à l'environnement et la menace d'une destruction des ressources naturelles qui permettent à l'homme de vivre. De quelle manière les États et leurs citoyens peuvent-ils s'organiser pour répondre à la crise environnementale ? Quelle place et quels moyens (juridiques) accorder à la société civile dans ce cadre ? Quelles limites mettre à son action ?La solution devant l'étendue des atteintes à l'environnement d'ores et déjà réalisés pourrait être de construire un nouveau modèle d'État et de modifier le comportement des citoyens. Selon ce modèle, l'État devrait, à chaque fois qu'il assume une décision, considérer et évaluer les possibles répercussions sur l'environnement et, dans le cadre de ce processus d'évaluation et de décision, il lui reviendrait de créer les meilleures conditions de la participation des citoyens. La thèse propose, dans son Chapitre I, de construire une démocratie environnementale d'abord dans une perspective théorique et dans les deux chapitres qui suivent d'étudier dans quelle mesure les structures juridiques actuelles au niveau international et européen ont déjà évolué vers une démocratie environnementale. En particulier, l'objectif du Chapitre I, dans une perspective théorique, a été de cerner le concept de démocratie Environnementale et ses éléments : sa forme, son champ, ses acteurs. Du point de vue de la forme, une démocratie environnementale doit comprendre des éléments dérivant de la démocratie participative et délibérative et en ce qui concerne son champ, il s'agit de construire cette nouvelle démocratie à tous les niveaux: niveau global et niveau local. Ensuite, la thèse a examiné les acteurs de cette démocratie environnementale, individus, associations, et l'analyse s'est concentrée sur les droits et devoirs "environnementaux" qui pourraient contribuer, une fois ceux-ci reconnus, à transformer les comportements des citoyens. A l'aune des résultats du premier chapitre, l'objectif du deuxième chapitre a été d'examiner si et comment, au niveau international il est actuellement tenté de construire une démocratie environnementale au travers des traités internationaux. L'objectif du troisième chapitre, aussi à l'aune des résultats du premier chapitre, a été d'examiner si et comment, au niveau européen il est actuellement tenté de construire une démocratie environnementale au travers la législation communautaireThe idea of an Environmental Democracy comes from the attempt of seeking a theoretical legal solution without twisting the political system and finding a different way to use the democratic concept and tool. In order to achieve this objective. Chapter I "Environmental Democracy: A Theoretical Construction" presents the conceptual building blocks of this thesis' approach, suggesting the possible transformation of the actual political and legal structures into an "Environmental Democracy". Before speaking about the elements - form, space and actors - which compose Environmental Democracy, it is necessary to analyze in Section I of this Chapter, titled "Environmental Democracy", what the notions of "Democracy" and "Environment" in the thesis'prospective encompass. The second point, which is studied in the Section II of Chapter I, called "The Actors of Environmental Democracy: The Environmental and Ecological Citizen". Every individual has to rediscover what environmental rights are, whichcomes from the fact that he exists as a human being and that also without their explicit granting, that those rights nevertheless exist beyond. In the same time, just as with regard to environmental rights, also ecological duties exist beyond any recognition. In other words, from the mere fact that we are alive, we have rights and duties vis-à-vis ourselves and Earth. It is just a status, the life status. Environmental Democracy should be implemented at a global and local level to better answer to global and local environmental problems. In the light of the theoretical construction of Environmental Democracy and its elements, Chapter II, titled "Environmental Democracy in an International Context", examines Environmental Democracy at the global level by referring to international legal instruments and Chapter III, namely "Environmental Democracy in a European Context", examines Environmental Democracy at local level by referring to European Union Law. Both Chapters present therefore a synopsis of the provisions of two branches of law, international law and European Community law, which regulate or concern directly or indirectly the construction of an Environmental Democracy
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RODRIGUES, RODRIGO FERREIRA. "DT 17,14-20: THE DUTIES AND RIGHTS OF THE KING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24846@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA presente dissertação analisa Dt 17,14-20, a Lei do rei, considerando, de forma especial, elementos diacrônicos examinados à luz dos métodos históricocríticos. Essa análise provê a base para os tópicos abordados no comentário. O estudo constata que a lei do rei exibe certos contrastes e semelhanças em relação à História Deuteronomista, particularmente, os relatos sobre Salomão. A lei do rei é, contudo, peculiar em sua forma de avaliar e criticar a tradição. Conclui-se também que os deveres e direitos tratados na lei do rei são essencialmente utópicos, apesar de refletir um conhecimento da realidade histórica da qual emergiram. Além disso, constata-se que Dt 17,14-20 demonstra muita similaridade em seus termos e temas com o restante do livro do Deuteronômio e com a tradição bíblica mais ampla, mas também, revela descontinuidade temática. Como base na inter-relação entre a lei do rei e outras partes do Antigo Testamento, é possível notar que o livro do Deuteronômio nega ao rei os elementos essenciais ao exercício monárquico no Antigo Oriente Próximo.
This dissertation examines Deuteronomy 17,14-20, the law of the king, considering especially diachronic elements examined in the light of historicalcritical methods. This analysis provides the basis for the topics covered in the commentary. The study notes that the law of the king shows some contrasts and similarities between the Deuteronomistic History , particularly the accounts of Solomon. The law of king however is peculiar in its way to evaluate and criticize the tradition. It is concluded that the duties and rights dealt by the law of king are essentially utopian, though it reflects an knowledge of the historical reality of which it emerged. Furthermore, it is noted that Dt 17,14-20 shows much similarity in their terms and themes with the rest of the book of Deuteronomy and the broader biblical tradition, but also reveals thematic discontinuity. Based on the interrelation between the law of king and other parts of the Old Testament, it is possible to note that the book of Deuteronomy denies to the king the essential elements to the monarchial exercise in the Ancient Near East.
8
Lazar, Seth. "War and associative duties." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:476611b8-6b9a-4aaf-a756-e7bae3420d90.
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Combatants in war inflict untold devastation. They lay waste the environment, destroy cultural heritage, wound, maim, and kill. Most importantly, they kill. These deeds would be, in any other context, paradigmatically unjust. This thesis asks whether they can be justi-fied. There are two possible approaches: first, deny that killing in war is in fact unjust; sec-ond, argue that the injustice is overridden by weightier moral reasons. In Part I, I reject the view that principles of self-defence can render killing in war just. I argue that the most plausible theories of self-defence are hardest to apply in the cha-otic context of war, while the most practicable theories are least philosophically defensible. Moreover, none of them encompasses the inevitable noncombatant deaths that all wars bring. If killing in war is almost always unjust, perhaps we should advocate pacifism. In Part II, I propose an alternative, arguing that these injustices might be all things con-sidered justified. Combatants have morally important relationships: they have deep personal relationships with friends and family, and comrades-in-arms; if they are citizens of just communities, then that relationship is valuable too. I argue that they have associative duties to protect these relationships against the threat posed by war, and that these duties may override the injustices they must commit to avert that threat. After defending a conception of associative duties, I support this conclusion with the following argument. As well as our general duties not to harm, we have general duties to protect. Our general duties to protect sometimes override our general duties not to harm, in particular, in cases of justified humanitarian intervention. Our associative duties to protect, however, are stronger than our general duties to protect. If our associative duties to protect are stronger than our general duties to protect, and our general duties to protect can override our general duties not to harm, then our associative duties to protect should also be able to override our general duties not to harm.
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Malila, Mumba. "The place of individuals? duties in international human rights law : perspectives from the African human rights system." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60063.
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Some worry has been expressed in human rights circles that the human rights archetype has for some time now, disproportionately preoccupied itself with the culture of rights and claims at the expense of individuals? duties and responsibilities. A claim is made that while rights are individualistic, self-seeking, unworldly, self-indulgent and anti-social, individual duties and responsibilities are collective, social, humane, nuanced and associated with correct traditional and social behaviour and human values. The language of rights has dominated the texts of bills of rights in constitutions, and international instruments, and many view this rhetoric as unproblematic. Others, however, consider the currency of that language as overlooking, with dire consequences to human society, the concept of duty as the missing link of human dignity. There have, accordingly, been calls for a renewed focus on individual duties and responsibilities in the human rights discourse. The question is whether focussing on individual responsibility is necessary to counterbalance what is viewed by some as a bias towards rights.
Efforts to raise international consciousness of what is regarded as the limitation of a purely rights-based approach to human rights has been spearheaded by, among others, faith based organisations. These have advocated not only a more visible recognition of individual duties and responsibilities generally, but an international declaration of human responsibilities as a ?common standard for all people and all nations.? The calls being made are premised on, first, a view that a device in the form of an international declaration ? a set of international rules ? should be developed to change the current human rights architecture. This code of ethical obligations is necessary to guide and change individual behaviour. Second, a belief that greater emphasis should be laid on individual duty responsibility to supplement existing international human rights norms and standards, and finally, that human rights principles alone are inadequate for modern societies to regulate themselves well.
With particular reference to perspectives from the African Charter based human rights system, this project interrogates these concerns regarding duties with a view to ascertaining whether there is justification in them. Using as a reference point the concept of duties in the African Charter and to a small extent that in the African Children's Charter, which represents the older
ii
and more established part of the African human rights system, the project concludes that although individuals? duties are important and deserve greater attention, there is no convincing case for the calls that are being made in this regard.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Centre for Human Rights
LLD
Unrestricted
10
Schrijver, Nico. "Sovereignty over natural resources: balancing rights and duties in an interdependent world." [S.l. : [Groningen] : s.n.] ; [University Library Groningen] [Host], 1995. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/128220244.
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Salam, Abdallah. "Perfect and imperfect rights, duties and obligations : from Hugo Grotius to Immanuel Kant." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:882da778-1126-4909-b38b-5ada51cc8e78.
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In this doctoral thesis, Kant's distinction between perfect and imperfect duties is examined. The thesis begins with an exploration of how the distinction originates and evolves in the writings of three of Kant's most prominent natural law predecessors: Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, and Christian Wolff. The thesis then moves on to Kant's own writings. It is argued that Kant draws the perfect-imperfect distinction in as many as twelve different ways, that these ways are not entirely consistent with one another, and that many of them, even taken by themselves, do not hold up to scrutiny. Furthermore, it is argued that Kant's claim that perfect duties always trump imperfect duties - which can be referred to as "the priority claim" - is not actually supported by any one of the ways in which Kant draws the perfect-imperfect distinction. After this critical reading of Kant's writings, the thesis then switches gears and a more "positive" project is attempted. It is argued that the perfect-imperfect distinction, even though it does not support the priority claim, is not altogether normatively neutral or uninteresting. In particular, for some of the ways in which the distinction is drawn, it is shown that the distinction yields the following normative implication: Sometimes perfect duties override imperfect duties and all other times there is no priority one way or the other. Finally, it is explained that this normative implication - which can be referred to as the "privilege claim" - translates into the following practical directive: When there is a conflict between a perfect duty and an imperfect duty, sometimes one must act in conformity with the former duty and all other times one is free to choose which of the two duties to act in conformity with. This practical directive represents the ultimate finding of this thesis.
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Baillargeon, Paul. "The canonical rights and duties of parents in the education of their children." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5446.
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Jones, Tony Schumacher. "On rights, duties and vulnerability assessing the role of human rights in the care and protection of vulnerable people /." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20041028.115108/index.html.
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Lee, Ambrose Y. K. "Duties of minimal wellbeing and their role in global justice." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3020.
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This thesis is the first step in a research project which aims to develop an accurate and robust theory of global justice. The thesis concerns the content of our duties of global justice, under strict compliance theory. It begins by discussing the basic framework of my theory of global justice, which consists in two aspects: duties of minimal wellbeing, which are universal, and duties of fairness and equality, which are associative and not universal. With that in place, it briefly discusses the nature of duties of fairness and equality. I shall argue that they are associative, because they are derived from the form of cooperation at hand; and that there are three kinds of them in our contemporary world: states, local cooperation and trans-state cooperation. It is from their forms of cooperation that these duties are derived. After that, the thesis focuses exclusively on duties of minimal wellbeing. Against the usual account of these duties - the human-flourishing account - I argue for my human-life account. This account argues that the function of these duties is to secure a human life for individuals; and it begins with a Razian conception of wellbeing, which states that the wellbeing of an individual is fundamentally constituted by: (a) the satisfaction of his biological needs, and (b) his success in whole-heartedly pursuing socially defined and determined goals and activities which are in fact valuable. An account of what constitutes a human life is then derived from this conception of wellbeing – it is a life that consists in having a level of wellbeing that is higher than the satisfaction of biological needs, where this is constituted by the pursuit of goals and activities with a sense of what is worth doing; and this in turn consists in: (a) being able to forms ideas of what is worth doing, (b) being able to revise them in light of further reasons, and (c) being able to coordinate one's actions according to them. I then determine the specific objects of duties of minimal wellbeing (means for the satisfaction of biological needs, education, physical security, freedom of belief, association and expression, freedom of non-harmful conduct, and minimal resources), by determining what is involved in securing such a human life for individuals.
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Garza, Rafael H. "The U.S. and Mexico trading partners, reluctant military allies /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FGarza.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Western Hemisphere))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Velazques, Arturo C. Sotomayor. Second Reader: Trinkunas, Harold A. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: U.S.-Mexico Relations, Civilian Control, Civil-Military Relations, International Relations Theory, Bilateral Affairs, Military Cooperation. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-53). Also available in print.
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Gal, Tali, and tali gal@anu edu au. "Victims to Partners: Child Victims and Restorative Justice." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20061114.100521.
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Children belong to one of the most vulnerable population groups to crime. Child victims of crime have to overcome the difficulties emerging from their victimization as well as those resulting from their participation in the adversarial criminal justice process. Child victims are typically treated by legal systems as either mere witnesses -- prosecutorial instruments -- or as objects of protection. Children's human rights and their needs beyond immediate protection are typically ignored.
¶
This thesis combines an examination of children's human rights (articulated largely in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child) with a review of psycho-social literature on children's needs. It integrates the two disciplines thus creating a `needs-rights' model regarding child victims. This model is then used to evaluate the criminal justice process and its successes (and failures) in meeting the needs and rights of child victims. Such an integrated needs-rights evaluation identifies not only the difficulties associated with testifying in court and being interviewed multiple times. It goes beyond these topical issues, and uncovers other shortcomings of the current legal system such as the lack of true participation of child victims in the decision-making process, the neglect of rehabilitative and developmental interests of victimized children, and the inherent inability of the adversarial process to seek proactively the best interests of child victims.
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The thesis further explores an alternative to the criminal justice process -- that
of restorative justice -- and examines its applicability to child victims. Unlike the
criminal justice paradigm, restorative justice fosters the equal participation of the
stakeholders (in particular victims, offenders and their communities), and focuses
on their emotional and social rehabilitation while respecting their human rights. To explore the suitability of restorative justice for child victims, five restorative justice schemes from New Zealand, Australia and Canada and their evaluation studies are reviewed. Each of these schemes has included child victims, and most of them have dealt with either sexual assaults of children or family violence and abuse. Yet each of the evaluated schemes illuminates different concerns and proposes varying strategies for meeting the needs-rights of child victims.
¶
While these schemes demonstrate the significant potential of restorative justice to better address the full scope of the needs and rights of child victims, they uncover emerging concerns as well. Therefore, in the last part of the thesis, the needs-rights model is used once again to derive subsidiary principles for action, to maximize the benefits of restorative justice for child victims and minimize the related risks. A complex set of needs and rights is managed by a method of grouping them into needs-rights clusters and deriving from them simple heuristics for practitioners to follow. This clustering method of needs-rights-heuristics is a methodological contribution of the research to the psychology of law.
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Figlali, Taskin Aysegul. "Developing A Scale Of Citizenship Perceptions In Terms Of Rights And Duties In Contemporary Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609695/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
This thesis approaches the concept of citizenship from the angle of citizens by focusing on the citizenship perception of the citizens in Turkey. It has been aimed to measure citizenship perceptions in terms of the balance between both total rights and duties, and also in terms of civil, political and social elements of citizenship. Liberal and civic republican conceptions of citizenship have been employed as the ideal-standard models against which it is attempted to measure the citizenship perceptions, because it is consensually agreed that the Turkish notion of citizenship is based on a civic republican understanding which emphasizes duties over rights. For this purpose a scale for citizenship rights and another one for citizenship duties have been developed on the basis of a questionnaire. Additionally, in order to measure people&rsquos opinions concerning the possible effects of Turkey&rsquo
s EU membership on citizenship issues a scale of &ldquo
EU membership and citizenship&rdquo
has been developed. In addition to the questionnaire study which was applied to unionized workers, employers, bureaucrats and retired military officers, focus group meetings and interviews were conducted. The results of the scale study revealed that all occupational groups shared a republican perception of citizenship as far as the total right and duty items are considered. However, in terms of political and social elements of citizenship, occupational groups displayed different perceptions. In terms of political elements, while workers, employers and bureaucrats emphasized the political rights, with respect to social elements workers assigned more weight to social rights. The EU membership and citizenship scale results indicated that all occupational groups shared a pro-EU perspective with respect to its effects on citizenship.
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Rutechura, Rweyemamu Pius. "Human rights and duties in the social teaching of the Tanzania Episcopal Conference (TEC), 1953-1995." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0011/NQ38797.pdf.
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Gal, Tali. "Victims to partners : child victims and restorative justice /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20061114.100521/index.html.
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Chimni, Ravinder Singh. "The modern language of the law of nature : rights, duties and sociality in Grotius, Hobbes and Pufendorf." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0023/NQ50130.pdf.
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Syed, Ghazal. "Perceptions of identity, rights and duties : insights from students' reading of fiction at a university in Pakistan." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16930/.
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This project investigates university students’ perceptions of identity, rights and duties in relation to four novels they study as part of their curriculum. The context of the study is an English department at a public-sector university in Sindh, Pakistan. The main research question that guides this study is, What perceptions of identity, rights and duties are held by a sample of undergraduate students in Pakistan in the context of their study of fiction? Semi-structured interviews and classrooms observations were used as the research instruments. Rosenblatt’s (1938/1970, 1978/1994) reader-response framework and Cogan’s (1998) model of citizenship are used as theoretical frameworks guiding this study. Following feasibility and pilot studies, data for the main study was supplied by twenty-six participants through interviews, comprising three members of curriculum designing board, three teachers of fiction and twenty students of final year undergraduate class. Background and stimulus data was provided by two classroom observations. The key arguments based on findings of this study are that participants’ perceptions of identity, rights and duties included types and examples of citizenship themes discussed by Cogan as well as the themes particularly relevant to the participants’ context such as religion and caste issues. Furthermore, the participants discussed and connected to identity, rights and duties in the novels that were geographically, socially and temporally close in terms of their context which was as expected in light of Rosenblatt’s framework. I make recommendations for further research to explore the role of context in learners’ citizenship interpretations of novels along with other recommendations for research and professional practice.
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D'Amato, Giuseppe. "The duties and rights of tenants and landlords under Swiss and South African law - a comparative analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19738.
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Includes bibliographic referencesIn comparison with other European and international countries, Switzerland has long had a relatively high proportion of tenants, and thus in the public consciousness been considered as the 'land of tenants'. In South Africa, on the other hand, data estimate that around 20 per cent of all households do in rent. However, this does not mean that nowadays the rental housing market in South Africa does not play as important a role as in Switzerland. Indeed, the case is precisely the opposite. Therefore, in order to make a considerable contribution towards the social well - being of the population for the rental housing market of both countries, a functioning rent legislation that enables the accessibility to rental housing in general, and guarantees the protection of the tenants without neglecting the legitimate interest of the landlords in particular, is crucial. Indeed, both countries, although having two different legal systems, can fall back on rent legislation that has been developed over several decades. To what extent the two rental legislations can currently be considered as progressive and practical will be examined with the help of this thesis by performing a comparative analysis of the principal rights and obligations of the landlords an d tenants , which are granted and imposed by each jurisdiction. Thereby, in order to gain a better understanding of these rights and obligations, not only is a minimum amount of knowledge about the essence of contracts between landlord and tenant required, but if necessary certain procedural aspects in connection therewith need to be considered. Accordingly, before looking concretely at the specific rights and duties of the renting parties in both countries alongside the determination of the applicable law, a brief introduction to the nature and formation of the contract between the landlord and tenant of each jurisdiction will be provided. With regard to the granted rights, particular attention will also be paid to the several solutions which are available to one contracting party in case of non - performance of the contractual and legal obligations by the other party. Finally, an assessment will be made on whet her the Swiss rent legislation can serve as a role model or basis for an improvement and further development of the South African rent legislation, and vice versa, by pointing out their similarities and differences, and strengths and weaknesses.
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Masterton, Malin. "Duties to Past Persons : Moral Standing and Posthumous Interests of Old Human Remains." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Centrum för forsknings- och bioetik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122508.
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Genetic research has increasing power to analyse old biological remains. Biological traces of well-known historical persons can reveal personal information. The aim of this thesis is to investigate ethical concerns for the dead, within the biological, historical and archaeological sciences. In philosophy there is a long-running discussion on whether or not the dead can be wronged. The good name is proposed as a candidate of a posthumous interest. It is first of all argued that slandering per se can be wrong regardless of posthumous wronging of the dead. Secondly, the concept of change is investigated. It is argued that the property of having a reputation is a relational property. Hence a change in public opinion of a dead person, is also a change in the dead person’s reputation. The third contribution of this thesis is a constructive proposal for how a posthumous identity could be understood using narrative theory. Understanding identity through the life-story opens up the possibility of a gradual loss of identity after death, rather than absolute loss at the moment of death. Fragments of a person‘s narrative identity can persist in other peoples’ narratives, and for some historical persons, their narratives can be found long after their death. Finally, the implications of a remaining narrative identity for the dead are investigated in the area of archaeology and museumology. In the past 30 years, there has been increasing critique about present and past discriminatory handling of old human remains by archaeologists, in museums and in other institutions. Increasing numbers of requests have been made for repatriation or reburial of old human remains. Following an analysis of three current ethical guidelines in handling old human remains, changes to these guidelines are proposed based on a narrative method to a hypothetical claim of reburial.
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Welker, Michael J. "A Thesis Entitled “The Fight for Civic Rights in America in The Progressive Era”." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1290178364.
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Cantuaria, Patricia Lucia Martins Cardoso. "Using Sui generis systems and biopartnerships to provide protection for plant genetic resources : a balance of stakeholder interests, rights and duties; case study Brazil." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364443.
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Novotná, Eliška. "Porovnání české společnosti s ručením omezeným a jejího založení a vzniku s Gesellschaft mit beschrankten Haftung (GmbH) v SRN." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114227.
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This master dissertation is dedicated to the main characteristics and to the process of establishment of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and Germany and to the comparison of these two national legal forms. The goal of this work is to compare Czech and German Ltd. in a very clear way, so the reader can understand what the differences of this type of company in the national legal forms mentioned above are and what have on the contrary in common. The work deals also with the Czech and German Ltd. in separated chapters in order to be the comparison for the reader comprehensible. In the end of the master dissertation is expressed the author's opinion, which national legal form of this type of company is better and in what way.
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Albrahim, Mohammed. "The enforcement of directors' duties in the context of shareholders' rights protection : a comparative study between UK and Saudi law." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/85888/.
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Corporate governance has been the topic of intense research and policy debates over the past two decades. Clearly, the duties that directors owe to their company are a key component of corporate governance. These duties were introduced in an attempt to create a fair and balanced relationship between shareholders and directors. This balance is needed to regulate tensions between ownership and control of companies. Nonetheless, if directors’ duties are not enforced effectively then these obligations will probably have no real impact on corporate management. The key objective of the current thesis is to analyse and assess the enforcement actions under Saudi law that can be taken against directors in breach of their duties compare to their counterparts in UK. This is done in the hope of benefiting from other countries’ more advanced political, financial and legal institutions and avoiding any shortcomings identified in existing legal systems. The newly enacted Companies Law 2015 substantially reformed and modernised company law in the country, yet it has not made any significant inroads in regards to enforcing the duties of directors. It was found that the new legislation requires further amendment and revision. The study found that the text stipulating the duties of directors in Saudi law that directors' substantive responsibilities are observed, though certain aspects are clearly ignored or neglected. What is required henceforth is for directors under Saudi law to have a broader way of covering director actions and behaviour. Also, it was argued that if directors are in breach of their duty in Saudi Arabia then there is no effective legal course by which private actions can be initiated to punish or reprimand the wrongdoers. On the other hand, the author found that public enforcement actions are not only sufficient but more efficacious compared to private actions and enforcement. Therefore, this study proposes to a number of changes to existing Saudi Law and argues that the legal system in Saudi Arabia would benefit as a result.
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O'Donnell, Elizabeth A. "Woman's rights and woman's duties : Quaker women in the nineteenth century, with special reference to Newcastle monthly meeting of women friends." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311086.
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Mufune, Lwando. "The (de) criminalisation of sexual conduct between same-sex partners: a study of Namibia, South Africa and Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4576.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe main objective of this paper is to explore the legal status of sodomy laws in three African states (South Africa, Zambia and Namibia) from an international human rights perspective. The paper presents an argument that sodomy laws violate a number of international human rights, most notably the right to equality or non-discrimination and the right to privacy, and that these violations cannot be justified with an appeal to the international human rights of culture and self-determination. In fact, judicial intervention to declare sodomy laws unconstitutional might even be justified purely as a principle of constitutional democracy as such. An argument to this effect is developed in section 2 of the paper.
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Covaciu, Andra-Iustina. "Missing out on childhood - the impact of natural disasters on Haitian children's rights." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21723.
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Children’s rights are human rights, regardless their vulnerability and dependence on adults. However, the situation of children’s rights in Haiti has always been delicate and it became even more fragile in the aftermath of the 2010 Earthquake and the 2016 Hurricane Matthew. Within this paper, the sociology of disaster theory together with case study and legal analysis as methods aim at analysing the effects of the two natural disasters on Haitian children’s rights. The paper also seeks to understand whether any differences could be noticed between the outcomes of the two catastrophes as well as to analyse the international and national institutional response to the aforementioned disasters. It is concluded that the two natural disasters had an enormous impact on the most important rights of Haitian children. Not many differences could be noticed, between the two events, and regardless the aid provided by the international community, Haitian children’s rights are still neglected, as we speak.
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Iswandi, P. "The rights and duties of states in the airspace adjacent to their coasts : reflections on the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64470.
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Janke, Christine. "The Right to Food and Negative Duties: The urgency of an alternative approach toward hunger amidst an overbearing institutional order." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21494.
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Hunger currently plagues over one billion people around the world, leaving mainly women, children and rural communities in post-colonial developing countries unable to obtain their most basic need for nutrition. The fundamental human right to food is found to be a complex human right involving a combination of both positive and negative duties by states and international institutions in order for its guarantee. Hunger is not only remediable but is highly preventable. Main causal factors of hunger are outlined, with a focus on Thomas Pogge’s claim that coercive international institutions are largely responsible for world poverty. In this way, global institutions are responsible not to cause harm in their economic policies and unfair trade rules in order for individuals to obtain economic access to food and thus remedy their hunger.
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Nees, Scott. "Pogg'es Institutional Cosmopolitanism." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/69.
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In his landmark work World Poverty and Human Rights, Thomas Pogge offers a novel approach to understanding the nature and extent of the obligations that citizens of wealthy states owe to their less fortunate counterparts in poor states. Pogge argues that the wealthy have weighty obligations to aid the global poor because the wealthy coercively impose institutions on the poor that leave their human rights, particularly their subsistence rights avoidably unfulfilled. Thus, Pogge claims that the wealthy states' obligations to the poor are ultimately generated by their negative duties, that is, their duties to refrain from harming. In this essay, I argue that Pogge cannot successfully appeal to negative duties in way that would appease his critics because his notion of a negative duty is seriously indeterminate, so much so as to compromise his ability to plausibly appeal to it.
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Swaby, Gerald. "A critical examination of the disproportionate rights and duties of insurers and insured vis-à-vis good faith, fraud and the settlement of insurance claims." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/30181/.
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Over the last 250 years, insurance law has become insurer biased to the detriment of consumers and modern business. Codification of judicial precedents and business practices resulted in the Marine Insurance Act 1906. There have been two attempts since the late 1950s to recommend changes, with reviews made by the English Law Reform Committee and the Law Commission in 1980. In the late 1970s, the insurance industry bought itself out of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. In 1981, non-legal changes came gradually with the introduction of the Insurance Ombudsman Bureau, which took account of the law but followed best practice. With each decade that has passed, changes in practice have deviated away from the strict legal position. The insurer no longer has an agent to arrange policies, collect premiums and complete claims forms. The late 1980s and early to mid-1990s saw the introduction of distance selling via the telephone. The late 1990s, and early into 2000, saw the massive boom in Internet sales, with search engines focused on finding the best competitively priced quotes from insurers; however, the reforms that were needed still did not occur. The Marine Insurance Act 1906 still applied and formed the basis of insurance law for many common law countries which copied the statue verbatim. As a result, these countries also had similar problems as those suffered by the insured in the UK; however, some have undergone bold reforms, as in the case of Australia, unlike the UK, which has lagged behind significantly. The Scottish Law Commission and the Law Commission instigated a joint root-andbranch review of insurance law in 2006, as a result of a British Insurance Law Association paper (Insurance Contract Law Reform and Recommendations to the Law Commission (2002)) that highlighted the discrepancies in the law towards the insured. Unfortunately, however, the Commissions chose to focus on only certain areas. This thesis does not cover these aspects. It is concerned, however, with what could broadly be termed 'good faith', the corresponding duties vis-à-vis the insured and the insurer pre- and post-contract where the insured suffers disproportionately due to the way the law has developed pro-insurer biased. This body of work supporting the award of a PhD examines these corresponding duties where the articles form a basis of a contemporary, critical examination of these duties, and develops suggestions as to how the joint Law Commissions of England and Scotland should have approached changes.
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Valiūnė, Renata. "VAIKO TEISĖS IR PAREIGOS: 7 - 8 KLASIŲ MOKINIŲ POŽIŪRIO EDUKACINIS TYRIMAS." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_164600-14174.
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Šiuo baigiamuoju bakalauro darbu siekiama analizuoti vaiko teises ir pareigas, jų svarbą bei vaidmenį vaiko gyvenime. Taip pat nustatyti, ar iš tiesų vaikai piktnaudžiauja savo teisėmis ir nežino savo pareigų. Mokslinės ir pedagoginės literatūros analizė leidžia daryti tokias išvadas, jog vaikų teisių pažeidimai ir smurtas prieš vaikus turi pasekmių tolimesniam jo gyvenimui, savęs vertinimui ir sąveikai su aplinkiniais. Moksliniuose darbuose akcentuojama tai, jog įtraukti vaiko teisių ir pareigų mokymą į visas mokykloje vykstančias pamokas ne tik įmanoma, bet ir būtina.
Tyrime „7 – 8 klasių mokinių požiūris į vaiko teisių ir pareigų reikšmę vaiko gyvenime“ dalyvavo 114 7 – 8 klasių mokinių iš dviejų Šiaulių pagrindinių mokyklų. Respondentai buvo tiriami pasitelkiant anketinę apklausą. Anketoje pateikta 15 mišrių klausimų, respondentai apklausti gavus mokyklų vadovų sutikimus.
Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad tik nedaugelis vaikų žino savo teises namuose ir mokykloje. Dauguma jų teises sutapatina su pareigomis arba nesugeba įvardinti savo teisių. Taip pat nustatyta, kad didžioji dalis apklaustųjų gerai žino savo pareigas namuose ir mokykloje, o geriausias pareigingumo pavyzdys jiems yra tėvai ir mokytojai. Tyrimas atskleidė ir tai, kad dauguma apklaustųjų suvokia, kokia atsakomybė gresia žmonėms, pažeidusiems jų teises. Be to, suvokia ir savo atsakomybę, jei nevykdys pareigų namuose ir mokykloje. Galiausiai, tyrimo duomenys atskleidė, jog vaikai teikia nežymiai didesnę reikšmę savo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]This ending bachelor work is concentrated on analysis of children rights and duties and importance and role of them in child’s life. Moreover, to find if it is true that children are misusing their rights and do not realize their duties. Analysis of nonfiction and pedagogical literature allows to infer that flouting of children rights and violence against child causes a serious damage to the rest of his life, self-evaluation and interaction with people round about. Studies emphasizes the fact that teaching about children rights and duties should be included in every subject at school. It should be not just a possibility, it should be a necessity. Research called “7 – 8 grade students’ attitude to children rights and duties and their meaning in child’s life” comprehended 114 7 – 8 grade students of two Shiauliai basic schools. Respondents where investigated by involving a questionnaire of 15 open and closed type questions. Respondents were investigated with agreement of school directors. During the investigation it was founded that jus a few children knows their rights at school and home. Majority of students are inclined to identify their duties as rights and cannot define children rights. On the other hand it was founded that most of respondents know their duties at home and school quite well. The best leads of dutifulness for children are their parents and teachers. Moreover, investigation helped to find the fact that majority of students realize what kind of... [to full text]
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Allard, Christina. "Two sides of the coin - rights and duties : the interface between environmental law and Saami law based on a comparison with Aoteoaroa/New Zealand and Canada /." Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet/Industriell ekonomi och samhällsvetenskap/Samhällsvetenskap, 2006. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1544/2006/32/.
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Mandlate, Aquinaldo Célio Tomás Samissone. "Assessing the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Lusophone Africa (Angola and Mozambique)." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3046.
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Oosthuizen, Beverley-Claire. "Rights, duties and remedies under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: an investigation into the CISG's compatibility with South African law." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003206.
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This thesis analyses the compatibility of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) with the South African law of sale. An initial examination of the historical development of the CISG reveals its ambitions of becoming the primary source of law governing international contracts of sale. The goal of this research is to determine whether South Africa should ratify the CISG. The CISG has been ratified by most of the leading trading States in the world. In order to gain a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of ratification, a comparative study has been undertaken. The stance taken toward the CISG by the United Kingdom and Germany has been examined. The United Kingdom has staunchly avoided ratifying the CISG, despite having agreed thereto a number of years ago. Germany however has taken a different approach and has welcomed the CISG. The experiences of these foreign States serve as a useful guide when assessing the specific challenges that exist in South Africa concerning the adoption of the CISG. The most important aspect of this study is the direct comparison between the legal provisions housed in the CISG and their counterparts under South African law. A careful investigation has been conducted into the rights, duties, and remedies under the CISG. This investigation is followed by an examination of the corresponding rights, duties, and remedies under the South African domestic law of sale. It is evident from these explorations that the rights and duties under the CISG strongly resemble those under South African law. The direct comparison revealed however that certain remedies found in the CISG do not have a counterpart under South African law. Despite this discrepancy, there are no legal principles in the CISG that are completely unknown in South African law. While certain remedies housed in the CISG cannot be found in an identical form under South African law, sufficiently similar legal principles can be found, which frequently lead to the same results as those under the CISG. This study is concluded with a recommendation concerning South Africa’s adoption of the CISG.
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Dellal, Nassim. "Les droits et devoirs des militaires dans la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD037.
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La problématique militaire a toujours été à l’ombre des débats publics, à l’écart du reste de la société. En effet, le rendez-vous des droits de l’homme et des casernes n’aurait peut-être jamais eu lieu, du moins sur le plan européen, sans l’impulsion vigilante de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme.Les droits de l’homme se sont largement introduits au sein des casernes, comme le démontre l’adage européen : « La convention européenne ne s’arrête pas aux portes des casernes » emportant avec lui diverses conséquences. La pénétration des droits fondamentaux au sein des casernes conduit à reconnaître aux militaires la jouissance d’un véritable statut juridique en sanctionnant la méconnaissance des droits et libertés qui y sont contenus.Cependant, si aujourd’hui, la jouissance des droits et libertés fondamentaux est reconnue aux militaires, il est important de rappeler, que ces derniers demeurent des individus assujettis à des contraintes commandées par leur statut particulier. Ces sujétions que doit prendre en compte le juge européen lors de son interprétation viennent dès lors, limiter et restreindre la portée des droits garantis aux militaires. Il est donc nécessaire que le juge européen, prenne en considération l’ensemble de ces paramètres lors de son processus interprétatif.Dans cette perspective, le juge européen tentera habilement de ménager d’une part, son objectif fondamental à savoir garantir aux militaires la jouissance et la protection de leurs droits fondamentaux Et d’autre part, de concilier cette promotion des droits et libertés avec l’ensemble des sujétions auxquelles sont soumis les militairesThe military subject has always benn in the shadow of public debate. The meeting of human rights and the military barracks could never have happened without impetus of the European Court. The human rights have largely introduced in the military barracks. About that, the quote from the European Court indicates : « The European Convention on Human Rights does not stop at the gates of the barracks ».which has several consequences. The introduction of human rights they allow recognize a real legal status to the military.However, if the rights are recognized to the military, it is necessary to remember the military are subject to constraints in view of special status. The European judge must take into consideration these parameters in his interpretative process. In this perspective, the European jugde will attempt conciliate his primary objective that of rights protection, with that of the constraints which are subject the military
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Kreivėnienė, Roberta. "Teisinis ugdymas bendrojo ugdymo mokykloje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130625_195944-80444.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuotas teisinis ugdymas bendrojo ugdymo mokykloje, išanalizuotos bei palygintos mokytojų ir mokinių nuomonės apie teisinį ugdymą bendrojo ugdymo mokykloje, pateiktos rekomendacijos kaip gerinti teisinio ugdymo teikimą bendrojo ugdymo mokykloje. Pirmoje darbo dalyje teoriniu aspektu tiriama teisės samprata, jos socialinė paskirtis, funkcijos, žmogaus teisių integracija į ugdymo procesą, vaiko teisių ir pareigų raiška mokykloje. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjama teisinio ugdymo samprata, paskirtis, teisinio ugdymo prielaidos bendrojo ugdymo mokykloje, teisinio ugdymo raiška bendrojo ugdymo mokykloje. Trečiojoje dalyje analizuojama bei palyginama mokinių ir mokytojų nuomonė apie teisinį ugdymą bendrojo ugdymo mokykloje.There is analyzed rightful education in general school in master ending work. Here is analyzed and compared opinion of teachers and children about right education in general school too. In this work is presented recommendations, how to improve teaching right education in general school. In the first part of work is researching conception of right in theoretical aspect, social purpose of right, functions, integration of human’s rights to education process, child rights and duties expression in school. In the second part of work is researching conception of right education, its purpose, presumptions of law education in general school, right education expression in general school. In the third part of master work is taken analysis and comparing an opinion of pupils and teachers about right education in general school.
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Phirtskhalashvili, Anna. "Schutzpflichten und die horizontale Wirkung von Grundrechten in der Verfassung Georgiens vom 24. August 1995 : eine vergleichende Untersuchung der staatlichen Schutzpflichten aus der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention und der georgischen Verfassung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der deutschen Schutzpflichtenlehre." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4124/.
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Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt das ständige Wachstum der Dimension und Bedeutung der staatlichen Schutzpflichten als eine eigenständige Funktion der Grundrechte. Mit jedem Fortschritt und der Entwicklung in der modernen Welt, entstehen in der Gesellschaft immer wieder neue Bereiche, die gesetzlicher Regulierung bedürfen. Daher ist die staatliche Aufgabe eindeutig: Der Staat muss die in der Verfassung ausgelegten Prinzipien in der Realität durch die Gesetze umsetzen und sie ständig wiederkehrend nachbessern. Daher ist der Staat gefordert, die Einzelnen repressiv und präventiv zu schützen.
Die Dissertation untersucht die Problematik von staatlichen Schutzpflichten im Rahmen der Grundrechte der georgischen Verfassung vom 24. August 1995 im Vergleich mit den Menschenrechten und Grundfreiheiten der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention. Die Arbeit greift ein Grundrechtsproblem auf, das sich gerade in rechtlichen und politischen Umbruchssituationen wie diejenige, die Georgien als Nachfolgestaat der zerbrochenen Sowjetunion durchlebt, als besonders wichtig erweist. Auf dem Weg zur dogmatischen Entfaltung einer grundrechtlichen Schutzpflicht wird als eine Art Leitbild die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK) herangezogen. Dies erklärt sich aus der Natur der EMRK, die sich als eine Art Verfassung für Europa darstellt und in Georgien seit 1999 in Kraft ist. In der Arbeit wird auf die deutsche Schutzpflichtenlehre verwiesen. Das erklärt sich aus der in Deutschland schon seit etwa 30 Jahren geführten Diskussion, die immer noch nicht abgeschlossen ist, aber aus der sich bemerkenswerte und kontroverse Ergebnisse ziehen lassen.
Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die georgische Verfassung zahlreiche Ansätze der staatlichen Schutzpflichten – allgemeiner und konkreter Art – liefert, die auch vor allem in der Rechtsprechung des Georgischen Verfassungsgerichts verschiedentlich schon aufgegriffen wurden, durchaus zum Teil unter Rückgriff auf Aussagen der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK) bzw. des Europäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte (EGMR).
Den Bereich der grundrechtlichen Schutzpflichten der georgischen Verfassung auszuleuchten ist für eine relativ neue Rechtstaatlichkeit eines postsowjetischen Staates wichtig, um den Anstoß für eine dringend nötige Debatte zu geben.The research clarifies the state responsibilities, as one of the functions of human rights and their everlasting rise and improvement. Every change and progress in modern society causes to create the new spheres and they need the law enforcement regulation. In this case it is obvious how important the state duties are. The state with the law enforcement has to provide the principles of the constitution and has to try improving them gradually. The comparative dissertation method researches the state duty and responsibility problems from Georgian and European human rights conventions. It is clear that European human right convention is the constitution for the whole Europe and among them for Georgia. Here European convention was recognized in 1999. The work leans on German law as a source of literature. It is explained with 30 year discussion about human rights improvement as the most important topic of the law in Germany. From the research it is clearly shown that the constitution which was established in August 24th 1994 describes the state duty with constitutional legislation and this is connected with the justice of European human rights. The importance of this work will obtain the push of discussion in Georgian legislation.
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Phirtskhalashvili, Anna. "Schutzpflichten und die horizontale Wirkung von Grundrechten in der Verfassung Georgiens vom 24. August 1995 : eine vergleichende Untersuchung der staatlichen Schutzpflichten aus der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention und der georgischen Verfassung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der deutschen Schutzpflichtenlehre." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4072/.
Full textAbstract:
Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt das ständige Wachstum der Dimension und Bedeutung der staatlichen Schutzpflichten als eine eigenständige Funktion der Grundrechte. Mit jedem Fortschritt und der Entwicklung in der modernen Welt, entstehen in der Gesellschaft immer wieder neue Bereiche, die gesetzlicher Regulierung bedürfen. Daher ist die staatliche Aufgabe eindeutig: Der Staat muss die in der Verfassung ausgelegten Prinzipien in der Realität durch die Gesetze umsetzen und sie ständig wiederkehrend nachbessern. Daher ist der Staat gefordert, die Einzelnen repressiv und präventiv zu schützen.
Die Dissertation untersucht die Problematik von staatlichen Schutzpflichten im Rahmen der Grundrechte der georgischen Verfassung vom 24. August 1995 im Vergleich mit den Menschenrechten und Grundfreiheiten der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention. Die Arbeit greift ein Grundrechtsproblem auf, das sich gerade in rechtlichen und politischen Umbruchssituationen wie diejenige, die Georgien als Nachfolgestaat der zerbrochenen Sowjetunion durchlebt, als besonders wichtig erweist. Auf dem Weg zur dogmatischen Entfaltung einer grundrechtlichen Schutzpflicht wird als eine Art Leitbild die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK) herangezogen. Dies erklärt sich aus der Natur der EMRK, die sich als eine Art Verfassung für Europa darstellt und in Georgien seit 1999 in Kraft ist. In der Arbeit wird auf die deutsche Schutzpflichtenlehre verwiesen. Das erklärt sich aus der in Deutschland schon seit etwa 30 Jahren geführten Diskussion, die immer noch nicht abgeschlossen ist, aber aus der sich bemerkenswerte und kontroverse Ergebnisse ziehen lassen.
Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die georgische Verfassung zahlreiche Ansätze der staatlichen Schutzpflichten – allgemeiner und konkreter Art – liefert, die auch vor allem in der Rechtsprechung des Georgischen Verfassungsgerichts verschiedentlich schon aufgegriffen wurden, durchaus zum Teil unter Rückgriff auf Aussagen der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK) bzw. des Europäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte (EGMR).
Den Bereich der grundrechtlichen Schutzpflichten der georgischen Verfassung auszuleuchten ist für eine relativ neue Rechtstaatlichkeit eines postsowjetischen Staates wichtig, um den Anstoß für eine dringend nötige Debatte zu geben.The research clarifies the state responsibilities, as one of the functions of human rights and their everlasting rise and improvement. Every change and progress in modern society causes to create the new spheres and they need the law enforcement regulation. In this case it is obvious how important the state duties are. The state with the law enforcement has to provide the principles of the constitution and has to try improving them gradually. The comparative dissertation method researches the state duty and responsibility problems from Georgian and European human rights conventions. It is clear that European human right convention is the constitution for the whole Europe and among them for Georgia. Here European convention was recognized in 1999. The work leans on German law as a source of literature. It is explained with 30 year discussion about human rights improvement as the most important topic of the law in Germany. From the research it is clearly shown that the constitution which was established in August 24th 1994 describes the state duty with constitutional legislation and this is connected with the justice of European human rights. The importance of this work will obtain the push of discussion in Georgian legislation.
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Oliveira, Flávio Beicker Barbosa de. "Controle da omissão estatal em direitos fundamentais: conteúdo, estrutura e o problema da justiciabilidade dos deveres de proteção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-09012014-135648/.
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Neste trabalho, busco enfrentar o problema do controle das omissões estatais envolvendo direitos fundamentais, por meio da análise das soluções oferecidas pela tese dos deveres de proteção, também conhecida como função protetiva dos direitos fundamentais.1 Para tanto, abordo duas questões conexas: (i) a definição do fundamento e conteúdo dos deveres de proteção; e (ii) a polêmica em torno de sua estrutura. Esses problemas têm implicações diretas na possibilidade de justiciabilidade desses deveres, ou seja, de que a partir deles seja possível extrair uma pretensão judicialmente tutelável. Em linhas gerais, sustento que a existência dos deveres de proteção está ancorada em argumentos teórico-filosóficos, dogmáticos e no próprio direito positivo. Quanto ao problema do conteúdo da função protetiva ou seja, se estipula um dever objetivo ou um direito subjetivo , sustento, neste trabalho, que não há uma resposta definitiva para esse problema. A depender de algumas circunstâncias presentes no caso concreto, podese estar diante de um dever objetivo ou de um direito subjetivo, a permitir uma maior ou menor interferência do Judiciário na elaboração e implementação de um plano de proteção para os direitos fundamentais. Nesse sentido, procurei apontar e discutir aquilo que chamei de elementos de controle, colhidos da literatura e jurisprudência (1 Ou, simplesmente, teoria dos deveres de proteção dos direitos fundamentais. Optei pela inclusão, no subtítulo, da expressão deveres de proteção, a fim de facilitar a identificação do tema, embora a existência de deveres de proteção, de um direito à proteção ou de uma função protetiva dos direitos fundamentais seja objeto de problematizações ao longo de todo o trabalho)The present work is intended to address the problem of the judicial review of state negligence concerning fundamental rights, through examining the solutions provided by the duties of protection theory also known as the securing function of fundamental rights. In order to accomplish this goal, the dissertation comprises two related tasks: (i) determining the legal grounds and the essence of the duties of protection; and (ii) assessing the controversy in regard to their legal structure. Both these issues have an immediate impact in the possibilities of judicial review, i.e., that through the duties of protection one could achieve a judicially sanctioned claim. In broad outlines I argue that the existence of the duties of protection relies on theoretical-philosophical and dogmatic premises, and on the positive law as well. With reference to the problem of their essence that is, whether they consist of objective duties or subjective rights , it is sustained that there is no categorical answer to this question. Depending on the factors and circumstances coexisting in each particular case, one can be staring at an objective duty or a subjective right enabling either a wider or a tighter judicial intervention in conceiving and implementing a plan of protection designed for fundamental rights. Thus, I seek to point out and debate what I characterize as elements of control, which I have selected from bibliography and judicial precedents.
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Chudíková, Blanka. "Ochrana minoritných akcionárov v legislatíve Slovenskej republiky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264211.
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The aim of this master thesis is to specify the legal status of minor shareholders in the law of the Slovak Republic, which has provided to minor shareholders by governemnt to give them a chance to enforce their interests and to apply their right to participation in the management of the company. Part of the work is a preview of a corporation as such, as a shareholder, its rights and responsibilities and a description of situations when rights of minority shareholders can be breached.
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Juška, Mindaugas. "Ar vaiko tėvas, su vaiko mama gyvenantis skyriumi ir neauginanatis vaiko, privalo atsakyti už nepilnamečio vaiko padarytą žalą?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110623_154612-79315.
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Autorius pastebi, kad viena mažiausiai reglamentuotų deliktinės atsakomybės problemų, skyrium gyvenančio tėvo atsakomybės už nepilnamečio vaiko padarytą žalą problema. Būtent šis atvejis teisės aktuose reglamentuojamas mažai, jo taikymas problemiškas, kadangi bet koks sprendimas neišvengiamai gali būti pamatinių teisinės atsakomybės normų pažeidimu. Darbo tyrimui autorius iškelia šį tikslą ir uždavinius:
Darbo objektas – skyrium gyvenančio ir neauginančio vaiko tėvo teisinės atsakomybės ribos.
Hipotezė: Skyrium gyvenantis ir neauginantis vaiko tėvas neprivalo atsakyti už vaiko padarytą žalą..
Darbo tikslas- išanalizuoti skyrium gyvenančio ir vaiko neauginančio tėvo atsakomybės ribas.
Uždaviniai:
a)Išanalizuoti teisines doktrinas, reglamentuojančias tėvų atsakomybės ypatumus bendrosios teisės ir civilinės teisės sistemų valstybėse.
b)Aptarti tėvo pareigą atlyginti vaiko padarytą žalą esant tėvo ir vaiko atskyrimo, tėvų valdžios apribojimo ir separacijos atvejams .
c) Išanalizuoti teisės aktų nuostatas ,įtakojančias skyrium gyvenančio tėvo atsakomybę už nepilnamečio veiksmus.
Aptardamas šią problemą, autorius analizuoja situaciją kitose šalyse .Bandoma nustatyti bendruosius dėsningumus bendrosios bei kontinentinės teisės sistemų valstybėse. Pastebima, kad bendrosios teisės sistemos valstybėse vienareikšmiškai galioja asmeninės atsakomybės principas. Tai yra tėvas kaltas tiek kiek jie tiesiogiai nusižengė ar prisidėjo prie to, kad žala būtų padaryta. Kontinentinės teisės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Parental liability is one of the most problematical aspects of tort liability cases. In most lows in the world is written that both parents are liable for the damages made by their child. There is no information about individual liability of child’s father or mother. Especially this problem becomes important then parents live separately. Then we have a question is child’s father who does not live together with his child liable for the torts and minors made by his child. This problem becomes complicated when father did all he could to help his child to act legally. But on the other hand, if we presume that according these circumstances father is not liable, we can breach victims’ rights. Main rule of civil liability is damages compensation for the victim. This dilemma is important in our days because there is big number of juvenile crimes. Civil liability for juvenile crimes is taken by parents or institution which supervises the juvenile at the time when tort is made. Under these circumstances we need stronger regulation of subjects liability limits. The object of the work is liability limits of father who lives separately and does not take care about this child for the torts made by his child. Hypothesis: Father who lives separately and does not take care about this child is liable for the torts made by his child. Purpose of the work is to analyze the limits of liability of the father who lives separately and does not take care about his child. The following tasks are... [to full text]
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Beck, Daniel Phillip. "Animals on Lifeboats: a Defense of a Sliding Scale Model of Moral Status." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1240373673.
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Kratochvílová, Helena. "Uzavírání pracovního poměru." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-204875.
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The thesis concers the conclusion of employment. The first chapter characterize emplyoment. The next chapter describes the process before employment. There is also the chapter about the rule of equal treatment and prohibition of discrimination. The essential part of this thesis is devoted to the contract of employment and its necessities. The thesis has a separated chapter about the rights and duties arising from employment contract. Also the experiance of the emplyers and employees with the conclusion of the emplyment is carried out.
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Žalnieriūnas, Linas. "Nusikalstamų veikų vaikui ir šeimai kvalifikavimo teorinės ir praktinės problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110124_131528-17903.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuotos ir įvertintos pasirinktos nusikalstamos veikos vaikui ir šeimai bei jų kvalifikavimo teorinės ir praktinės problemos. Pirmajame darbo skyriuje analizuojamas vaikas ir šeima, kaip baudžiamojo įstatymo saugomos vertybės. Pateikiama vaiko ir šeimos samprata pasirinktų nusikalstamų veikų atžvilgiu. Antrajame darbo skyriuje analizuojamos dvi XXIII skyriaus veikos, - piktnaudžiavimas tėvų, globėjo ar rūpintojo arba kitų teisėtų vaiko atstovų teisėmis ar pareigomis (BK 163 str.), ir vengimas išlaikyti vaiką (BK 164 str.). Skyriuje nagrinėjami pasirinktų nusikalstamų veikų sudėties požymiai, pateikiami kvalifikavimo probleminiai momentai, teisingos kvalifikacijos siūlymai. Naudojami teismų praktikos pavyzdžiai bei aptariamos problemos, su kuriomis susiduriama kvalifikuojant veikas teismuose.This Master’s Thesis solely analyzes two types of legal criminal acts chosen by the author. The examined criminal acts are as follow: The Abuse of the Rights and Obligations of Parents, Guardian or Any Other Legal Representative of a Child (LR BK 163 str.) and Child Support Evasion (LR BK 164 str.). The Master’s thesis presents the analysis of child and family protection ensured by legal criminal acts. It also provides the concept of the child and family according to the chosen criminal acts. Thus the main Children’s Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as well as violation of them are taken into consideration as the main cause of Article incrimination. The paper analyzes in depth the constituent elements of chosen criminal acts as well as enlists problematic points of qualification and suggests right legal qualification. This thesis is based on examples of case law and the results of the research done by the author.
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Gliaubertienė, Giedrė. "Turizmo paslaugų teikimo teisinio reglamentavimo problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20081203_204535-12188.
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Statistikos duomenys liudija apie didėjantį turizmo paslaugų teikimo srityje atsirandančių visuomeninių santykių aktualumą. Vis aktualesnis tampa ir tinkamas šių visuomeninių santykių teisinis reglamentavimas. Šio darbo tikslas - įvertinti turizmo paslaugų teikimo teisinio reglamentavimo turinį, specifiką bei veiksmingumą Lietuvos Respublikoje. Darbe analizuojami pagrindiniai teisės norminiai aktai, reglamentuojantys turizmo paslaugų teikimą Lietuvoje, trumpai aptariant jų reglamentavimo sferą, pagrindines nuostatas, jų tikslus, tarptautinių ir Europos Sąjungos teisės norminių aktų ryšį su nacionaline teise. Daug dėmesio skiriama praktiniam turizmo paslaugas reglamentuojančių normų įgyvendinimui. Teisės aktai aptariami atskleidžiant su jais susijusias turizmo paslaugų teikimo aktualijas bei teismų praktiką šioje srityje. Lietuvos įstatymų normos lyginamos su kaimyninių Baltijos ir Skandinavijos bei Vokietijos šalių teisės norminiais aktais, vertinamas Europos Sąjungos teisės normų perkėlimas į nacionalinę teisę. Darbe nagrinėjimui pasirinkti opiausi praktikoje klausimai, svarbūs tiek turizmo paslaugų teikėjams, tiek gavėjams. Pasitaikantys teisės normų pažeidimai, skirtingas teisės normų interpretavimas, kartais pačių teisės normų netobulumas lemia ginčų tarp sutarties šalių atsiradimą. Darbas užbaigiamas turizmo paslaugų teikimą reglamentuojančių teisės normų įgyvendinimo užtikrinimo mechanizmo nagrinėjimu. Apibendrinant darbe išdėstytą medžiagą daroma išvada, kad turizmo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Statistics reflect the growth of the importance of the social relations stemming from the field of the provision of tourist services and leads to the growth of relevance of the proper legal regulation of these social relations. The main object of this study is to estimate the substance, peculiarities and effectiveness of the legal regulation of the provision of tourist services in the Republic of Lithuania. Main legal acts that regulate the provision of tourist services in Lithuania are analyzed in the study. Flied of regulation of these legal acts, most important provisions, their evolution, objects, interconnections between national, international law and law of the European Union are discussed. A lot of attention is paid to the research of practical implementation of the legal norms. Legal acts are discussed in the light of the related topicalities and decisions of the courts in the field of the provision of tourist services. Lithuanian legal norms are compared with neighbouring Baltic, Scandinavian and Germany countries legal norms, European Union legal norms transference to the national law is estimated. Topical issues from the practice of the provision of the tourist services, important both to the providers of the servines and to the consumers are chosen to examine. Contraventions, different interpretation and sometimes imperfection of the very legal norms lead to the legal disputes between the parties of the contract. The study is finished with the review of the... [to full text]
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Mildwaters, Kenneth Charles. "Joint operating agreements : a consideration of legal aspects relevant to joint operating agreements used in Great Britain and Australia by participants thereto to regulate the joint undertaking of exploration for petroleum in offshore areas, with particular reference to their rights and duties." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1990. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/5dcad35d-c9b3-4bc7-9f71-79e19ba06d80.
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This thesis examines the joint venture relationship in the context of the exploration phase of the development of an oil and gas field in Great Britain and Australia. It considers a number of issues relating to the relationship between the Participants of a typical Joint Operating Agreement within the legal regimes of Great Britain and Australia. Against this background the main issues addressed in this thesis are- 1. the nature of the joint venture?; 2. the relationship between the Participants inter se; and 3. the relationship between the Operator and the Participants. In addressing these issues the following questions are addressed: - (i) what is a joint venture?; (ii) is a joint venture a separate legal relationship?; (iii) how is a joint venture distinguished from a partnership?; (iv) what is the relationship between the participants inter se?; (v) what rights does a participant of a joint venture have in relation to the joint venture and the other participants of a joint venture?; (vi) what interest, contractural or proprietary, does a participant of a joint venture have in the joint venture and the property thereof?; vii) what duties does a participant of a joint venture have to the joint venture and the other participants of the joint venture?; and (viii) what is the legal position when a participant of a joint venture defaults in complying with its duties?