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Journal articles on the topic 'Rio Declaration on Environment and Development'
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Kuzior, Aleksandra. "Odpowiedzialność człowieka za przyrodę w perspektywie kryzysu ekologicznego." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2007): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2007.5.1.08.
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The article takes up the issues connected to the ecological crisis, causes of which refer to uncontrolled scientifically-technical development, predatory administration of the natural sources of Earth and disrespect of the nature, following from the anthropocentric axiology, the analysis of the Stockholm’s Declaration, the Declaration from Rio and the declaration from Johannesburg, as documents forming the idea of the sustainable development, active that care and respect of nature and preventing degratation of natural environment make a basis of the agricultural and social development and the only rational way to get out of the ecological crisis without radical reduction the quality of human’s life. In discussed declarations they point out the individual, collective and institutional responsibility. It’s set up that the basis of the responsibility figured out like that - for the other human, for present and future generations, for the nature, for the global human’s society, for other communities of alive creatures, for the planet - should be ecophilosophy and systematic sozology. Basing on this two sciences we can make a socio-economical and ecological order indicated in the sustainable development conception.
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Bulkeley, Harriet. "Book Review: Consuming cities: the urban environment in the global economy after the Rio declaration." Progress in Human Geography 25, no. 4 (December 2001): 680–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913250102500426.
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Wilson, Jessica. "Trade, environment and sustainable development: What changed in Doha." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2002): 336–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i2.2679.
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Agenda 21, the blueprint for sustainable development, adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, does not have a chapter dedicated to trade. Yet since 1992, trade has become increasingly important to democracy, human rights, women's rights, economic development, employment and the environment. "Trade and environment" has been identified by many governments and civil society organisations as an important policy issue in preparations for the World Summit on Sustainable Development. At the same time, environment has become a highly politicised word in the world inhabited by trade negotiators. The aim of this paper is to examine whether or not the inclusion of WTO environmental negotiations, as outlined in the Doha Ministerial Declaration, advances or retards sustainable development.
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Duvic-Paoli, Leslie-Anne. "The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services or the Framing of Scientific Knowledge within the Law of Sustainable Development." International Community Law Review 19, no. 2-3 (June 14, 2017): 231–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341355.
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The article analyses the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (ipbes) through the spectrum of international environmental law. It unpacks the epistemic logics within which ipbes operates and emphasises the normative constructions underlying the mechanism, arguing that ipbes is best understood in light of the rationale and principles of the law of sustainable development. On that basis, the article provides an in-depth discussion of ipbes, and in particular of i) its mandate analysed in light of the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, ii) its scope that combines a temporal and spatial perspective to scientific knowledge and iii) its outreach activities seeking to co-operate with a variety of partners, interpreted as an embodiment of the ‘global partnership’ that the Rio Declaration calls for.
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Vöneky, Silja. "International Standard Setting in Biomedicine – Foundations and New Challenges." Volume 61 · 2018 61, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.61.1.131.
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This article examines current challenges for a normative framework regulating biomedicine, including those arising from the use of big data and machine learning tools, and from the use of the CRISPR/Cas-9 technology, as for instance gene drives. The article focusses on the question of legitimate standard setting and takes into account both “hard” and “soft” law as well as private rule making. This includes international treaties and declarations in the area of human rights law and environmental law, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and, more specifically, the UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. The author argues that, as instruments of biotechnology and biomedicine merge, international environmental law has to be interpreted in the light of human rights law. In order to adapt to new challenges, the article calls for a humanisation of international environmental law and, because of the ongoing disruptive technological development, argues that further legitimate standard setting is required. Keywords: Biomedicine, Biotechnology, Gene Drives, Standard Setting, CRISPR/Cas-9, Artificial Intelligence
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Hurova, Anna. "Protection of Space Environment in the Light of Perspective Challenges of “Space Wars”." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 5, no. 2 (August 23, 2018): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.5.2.107-114.
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In article it is analyzed action in the space of the principle of prohibition of the use of force and threats (jus contra bellum). Also it is researched application of Geneva Law to space conflicts (jus in bello) and it correlations with another hard and soft norms of international law in the light of protection of space environment such as Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992 etc. Beside this it is used practice of International Court of Justice for argumentation of positions and conclusions. Since space objects management is done remotely with help of software, author draw parallels between legal regulation of international conflicts in outer space and cyber space. Furthermore, it is researched specific features of application the principle of proportionality in international space armed conflicts with the aim of protection environment of space and Earth.
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Rajović, Goran, and Jelisavka Bulatović. "Some Geographical Aspects of Sustainable Development with View on Montenegro: A Review." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 42 (October 2014): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.42.98.
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Sustainable Development refers to the creation and maintenance of social and economic development. In order to achieve this it is necessary to provide interaction between environmental, social and economic components of the system, synchronized in time and space. Each of these interactions has its specific dynamics, requires the involvement of certain resources. Greening the of society expands the array of environmental requirements that are in opposition to traditional economic needs of the accumulation of material wealth and production, which does not take account of the environment. Despite the economic crisis, according to the results of the Euro barometer survey conducted in late March and early April 2014, which included 28,000 respondents from different social and demographic groups, and the 28 members of the European Union, showed that 96 % of people said how they care for the environment, personal matters. To ensure the inclusion of sustainability requirements into development policies and their implementation in practice, Montenegro has prepared and implemented by the National Strategy for Sustainable Development, based on the principles of the Declaration of Rio de Janeiro and Agenda 21, as well as the principles contained in the Declaration and the Johannesburg Plan by implementation.
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Fajardo, Teresa. "BACK TO THE FUTURE: THE RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PRINCIPLES IN THEIR 25TH ANNIVERSARY WITH A SPANISH PERSPECTIVE." Spanish Yearbook of International Law 21 (December 31, 2017): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/sybil.21.6.
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de La Fayette, Louise. "The Marine Environment Protection Committee: The Conjunction of the Law of the Sea and International Environmental Law." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 16, no. 2 (2001): 155–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180801x00072.
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AbstractThis article outlines the work of the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization in implementing measures to protect the marine environment and to conserve natural resources called for in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and international environmental law, in particular as set forth in Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration, both products of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. In so doing, the paper examines IMO's collaboration with other intergovernmental organisations and UN bodies, such as the FAO, UNEP, the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations, as well as with the secretariats of multilateral environmental agreements, such as the Basel Convention and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Although the work of IMO is frequently overlooked because it is an older organisation, the treaties, codes and guidelines developed by the MEPC have made an essential and valuable contribution to the progressive development of international environmental law, as well as to the law of the sea.
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Schoenbaum, Thomas J. "Free International Trade and Protection of the Environment: Irreconcilable Conflict?" American Journal of International Law 86, no. 4 (October 1992): 700–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203788.
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States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of environmental degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus.Principle 12 Rio Declaration on Environment and DevelopmentThe global multilateral trading system and its centerpiece, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), are facing a new challenge from a quite unexpected quarter. The GATT is under attack by some in the environmental community who charge that international free trade blindly fosters the exploitation of natural resources. The GATT is depicted as a sinister charter that allows “big business” a free hand to plunder the bounty of the natural world. In certain environmentalists’ view, “free trade can destroy the environment.” Thus, a segment of the large and influential environmentalist lobby has joined the growing coalition of interests seeking to scuttle what is left of international free trade.
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Kolobov, Roman Yu, Elena D. Makritskaia, Yaroslava B. Ditsevich, and Dmitry V. Shornikov. "Sustainable Development in International Law: History, Normative Consolidation and Value for the Legal Protection of the Baikal World Heritage Site." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 460 (2020): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/460/30.
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The article continues the study of the international legal basis of the regime of legal protection of Lake Baikal, supported by the RFBR grant (Project No. 20-011-00618). The origin of the category “sustainable development” is revealed, and the main stages of the formation of perceptions of sustainable development are noted. Particular attention is paid to the basic ideas of the report “Our Common Future”, also known as the Bruntland Commission report. Two components of sustainable development under this instrument are noted: needs (present and future generations) and constraints. The normative integration of the concept of sustainable development into international instruments is analysed: the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Rio Declaration); the Millennium Development Goals; The Future We Want, the outcome document of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development; and the sustainable development goals of 2015. A separate block of research is the criticism of the concept of sustainable development developed both in Western (D. Carruthers, I. Bluhdorn, L. Tulloch) and in the domestic (M.M. Brinchuk) doctrine of environmental law. Based on the results of the analysis of the concept, it is concluded that the concept should be used primarily for the organic development of settlements located within the Lake Baikal Natural Territory. In the system of sustainable development goals, the issue of settlement development is addressed in Goal No. 11. In addition, the conclusions of the UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Development (Habitat 3) have considerable potential. The article reviews Habitat Outcome Document 3 The New Urban Agenda, briefly compares it with the documents of previous UN-Habitat conferences, describes the content of the New Urban Agenda, identifies the basic principles of sustainable human settlement development, and addresses criticisms of the document analysed in the article. In the final part of the article, the authors analyse the documents on the territorial development of settlements located within the boundaries of the Lake Baikal Natural Territory. The conclusion is formulated that the principles of the New Urban Agenda should be incorporated into the development plans of the above-mentioned settlements, in particular, the principles of the development and introduction of indicators of urban sustainability. A number of proposals are made to reflect the principles of sustainable development in such documents.
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Carpenter, David O. "The Need for Global Environmental Health Policy." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gpn8-df42-dt0m-9bv4.
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The world economy has been growing by an average of 3.5% a year. Continued global development is sustainable if overall social assets remain constant or rise over time, including manufactured, human, and environmental capital. Sustainable development requires that society not decrease its overall assets. But unregulated global trade may result in long-term loss of environmental capital. Multilateral governance is needed. Classical business models tend to view environmental damage as an externality—an impact on a third party's welfare that is neither compensated nor appropriated. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development clearly states that economic development must err on the side of environmental integrity. Whereas UN Environmental Program policy requires precaution in the face of scientific uncertainty, World Trade Organization policy requires scientific certainty before precaution can be used. The conflict is obvious. In fact, there is gross lack of policy coordination across institutions. This article looks at some environmental strains and concludes that trade policy must address all aspects of human welfare, not merely the economic.
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Boute, Anatole. "The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: A Commentary. By Jorge E. Viñuales (ed.) [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. 665 + liii pp. Hardback £120. ISBN 9780199686773.]." Cambridge Law Journal 75, no. 1 (March 2016): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197316000039.
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Ulfah, Zhafirah, and Nellyana Roesa. "The Implementation of Polluter-Pays Principles on Marine Pollution Caused by Vessels in Indonesia (The Study of Oil Spill Cases)." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v4i2.17847.
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Nowadays, there are some marine pollution cases caused by oil spill from vessels. These cases give a significant impact on marine environment and threatening human’s life. Therefore, law enforcement is needed.One of the principles that can be used in solving this problem is Polluter-Pays principles. This principle found in the 16th principle of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development on 2002. The requirement of the principle is cost of pollution should be borne by the person responsible for causing the pollution. National authorities should endeavor to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments. This article aims to find out the implementation of polluter pays principles in Indonesia, especially in study of oil spill. Polluter pays principle can be used as one of solution in helping country overcome the loses oil spill cases within Indonesian waters. One of the challenges is Indonesia need a specific instrument used as a mechanism for calculating the loss or damage that should be paid by the polluters.
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Wachter, Daniel. "Stand der Nachhaltigkeitsdiskussion – Denkmodelle der Nachhaltigkeit." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 165, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2014.0053.
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State of the debate on sustainability: concepts and models After the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), there emerged a common understanding of sustainable development, based on the work of the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), the Rio declarations and Agenda 21. In recent years, however, trends have appeared which are moving away from this consensus. With the economic crisis of 2008, hopes for an economic recovery through “green economy” or “green growth” as motors for management of the crisis have gained importance. These concepts focus strongly on economic growth through green technologies and innovation. They offer valuable impulses, but contain in themselves the danger to downgrade the concept of sustainable development and its underlying principles if planetary limits to growth and global distribution issues are neglected, or if institutions and political processes created for the governance of sustainability are weakened by the creation of parallel green economy institutions. For forestry and forest economy, this debate can be seen, pragmatically, as an opportunity if it helps to bring the economic dimension of the forest into the limelight and gives value to the ecosystem functions and services, without losing sight of the broader understanding of sustainable development.
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Abdo, Linda, Sandy Griffin, and Annabeth Kemp. "Apples for Oranges: Disparities in Offset Legislation and Policy among Jurisdictions and its Implications for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development in Australia." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v8i1.14081.
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As a signatory to Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (including the Sustainable Development Goals) and the Convention on Biological Diversity, Australia has an international obligation to ensure sustainable development. Biodiversity offsets are one tool used by Australian regulators to allow development to continue, whilst ensuring international obligations for sustainable development are met. In this study, legislation, policy and published guidelines for the Australian Commonwealth, states and territories were analysed to determine if the application of biodiversity offsets was consistent with the principles of sustainable development (environmentally, socially, economically) and if the allowance of biodiversity offsets in different jurisdictions created gaps in biodiversity and environmental protection across Australia. Regulation of biodiversity offsets was found to be inconsistent between the Commonwealth and the states and territories, with most jurisdictions having less than 50% similarity. This inconsistency in offset policy and legislation between jurisdictions could lead to loss of biodiversity. Additionally, jurisdictions did not adequately consider the social and economic aspects of sustainability in relation to biodiversity offsets, meaning that, through the allowance of biodiversity offsets, Australia may not be meeting their international obligations related to sustainable development. Further legislative development for biodiversity offsets is required in Australia to improve environmental protection and to adequately consider all aspects of sustainability. The Council of Australian Governments is a mechanism that could be used to ensure all jurisdictions consider the aspects of sustainability consistently in relation to biodiversity offsets.
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Ilinskaya, O. I. "International Legal Regulation in the Field of Environmental Protection: History, Currents Situation, Prospects for the Future." Kutafin Law Review 8, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395.2021.2.16.247-269.
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The international agreements and treaties in the field of environmental protection, concluded in the 19th — first half of the 20thcentury, resulted most commonly from the compromises ofnecessity; they merely intended to deal with urgent matters on a limited scale in the spheres where specific problems emerged or at least were a focus of attention (e.g. some species under the threat of extinction, pollution of a specific area of the marine environment). These cases were reasons for adoption of conventions, aimed at protecting endangered species or preventing marine pollution. Such a fragmented approach to the issues of environmental protection shaped a set of conventions, impressive by its amount, but extremely diverse in its content.The understanding of the ecosystems’ integrity resulted in the development of the principles, enshrined in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration and in the 1992 Rio Declaration, was to a significant degree driven by the spectacular advances in science and technology. As a result, the transition has been under way from the “spontaneous” formation of the international environmental standards to their consolidation around the special principles of international environmental law.Also a notable feature of many international environmental agreements — their “framework” character — is further analyzed. The adoption of the framework agreements gives rise to the complex sets of the convention documents, consisting of several different, but in a certain way interrelated agreements.Treating a question of the effectiveness of such a legal instrument as a framework agreement, the author concludes that the origins of the lack of effectiveness of the environmental agreements lie in the foundations of the existing economic system.
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Safrina, Safrina. "PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGELOLAAN WILAYAH PESISIR DI ACEH." Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 2, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v2i1.19.
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Abstrak Partisipasi masyarakat dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup telah menjadi agenda negara-negara di dunia terutama setelah menjadi salah satu prinsip dalam Deklarasi Rio 1992. Indonesia melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup mencantumkan prinsip partisipatif sebagai salah satu asas dalam penyusunan setiap kebijakan terkait lingkungan hidup. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan pelaksanaan Program Pengelolaan Wilayah Laut Berbasis masyarakat pada Masyarakat Ujong Pancu, Kabupaten Aceh Besar dan memahami bagaimana peran institusi adat laot (Panglima Laot) dalam pengelolaan lingkungan pesisir. Perlindungan dan pengelolaan wilayah pesisir di Aceh dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua pendekatan, yaitu melalui pembentukan aturan hukum yang mendukung dan penguatan kapasitas institusi masyarakat, institusi adat dan hukum adat yang dipercaya dapat menjadi wadah yang efektif untuk melibatkan masyarakat dalam proses pembangunan. Melalui program tersebut masyarakat terlibat secara langsung dalam penentuan kawasan konservasi laut dan juga ikut menentukan langkah-langkah yang terbaik untuk melindungi kawasan pesisir tempat mereka menetap. Lebih lanjut, melalui pengelolaan wilayah pesisir berbasis masyarakat dapat meminimalkan dampak negatif dari pembangunan dan memungkinkan masyarakat untuk memperoleh informasi yang berimbang dan obyektif sehingga dapat memberikan kontribusi untuk pemecahan masalah-masalah lingkungan. Abstract Community participation in protection and management of the environment has been on the agenda of countries in the world, especially after incorporated as a principle in the Rio Declaration of 1992. Indonesia, through Law No. 32 of 2009 on the Environmental Protection and Management included participatory principle in policy-making related to the environment. This study aims to examine the implementation of community participation in coastal management and to analyze the role of adat institution (Panglima Laot) in managing the coastal environment in Aceh. Protection and management of coastal areas in Aceh is conducted under two approaches, namely the establishment of the regulations that support the implementation process and strengthening the capacity of public institutions; and traditional institutions and customary laws that are believed can be an effective way to engage community in the development process. Through a program of community-based coastal management, community directly involved in determining the marine conservation areas and also determine the best steps to protect their region. Moreover, the program can also minimize the negative impacts of development and enable public to obtain a balanced and objective information that can contribute to solve the problems in their environment.
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Aginako, Zaloa, and Teresa Guraya. "Students’ Perception about Sustainability in the Engineering School of Bilbao (University of the Basque Country): Insertion Level and Importance." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 8673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158673.
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Almost three decades have passed since the Rio declaration, and after numerous initiatives developed to include sustainability in higher education, with the support of Education for Sustainable Development, it is worth wondering at what point is the process of inserting sustainability in university degrees. To clarify this question, engineering students were inquired, at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), about their perception of the insertion-level of sustainability and the importance they give to it (in environmental, social, and economic dimensions). The novelty of this study lies in the use of a new questionnaire, based on the students’ activity. The instrument was designed ad hoc and was previously validated for this study. The results indicate a low insertion level of sustainability in its three dimensions in three engineering degrees analysed. Nevertheless, the research also shows that the students give great importance to Sustainable Development (SD), either in academic, personal, or professional spheres. The low insertion level of SD and the high interest of students should be considered by the academic institution as an opportunity to deep in its holistic approach to promote the integration of SD in university curricula, not only in engineering degrees.
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Belgrado, Elisa Fiora. "Il principio di precauzione: il Codice di condotta della Fao per la pesca responsabile e la politica comunitaria della pesca." AGRICOLTURA ISTITUZIONI MERCATI, no. 2 (August 2009): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/aim2008-002005.
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- "From ancient times, fishing has been a major source of food for humanity and a provider of employment and economic benefits to those engaged in this activity. The wealth of aquatic resources was assumed to be an unlimited gift of nature. However, with increased knowledge and the dynamic development of fisheries after the Second World War, this myth has faded in face of the realization that aquatic resources, although renewable, are not infinite and need to be properly managed, if their contribution to the nutritional, economic and social well-being of the growing world's population is to be sustained" (Fao Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries - Preface). Thus fishing has to be conducted in a responsible and sustainable manner because fish provides a vital source of food and, at the same time, fishing is closely connected to the environment because, if it is not properly practised can it cause irreparable damage. This work analyses the principle of precaution which was recognized as principle no. 15 in the Declaration of Rio on Environment and Development in 1992 and mentioned at the Conference on Biological Diversity. It represents one of the fundamental principles of the Fao Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and Common Fisheries Policy (Regulation (EC) No 2371/2002 of 20 December 2002). States should apply a precautionary approach choosing the best measures and policy, taking into account the latest scientific evidence available. The aim is «to protect and conserve living aquatic resources, to provide for their sustainable exploitation and to minimise the impact of fishing activities on marine eco-systems.» (article 2 Regulation (EC) No 2371/2002).Parole chiave: scienza, protezione, precauzione, pesca, sviluppo.Key words: Science, Protection, Precaution, Fishing, Development.
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Warbrick, Colin, Dominic McGoldrick, and Kevin R. Gray. "Accomplishments and New Directions?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, no. 1 (January 2003): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.1.256.
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The World Summit on Sustainable Development took place in Johannesburg from 26 August to 4 September 2002. Its intended purpose was to hold a ten-year review of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Summit) in order to rein-vigorate the global commitment to sustainable development.1Perhaps attempting to duplicate the products of other international meetings, national governments agreed to negotiate and adopt two documents: theJohannesburg Declaration2and thePlan of Implementation3However, differences emerged over the binding nature of the instruments and if so, the strength of the obligations therein. It appeared that this tension spilled over to all the negotiations. Some countries pushed for concrete timetables, reiterating other goals stipulated in previous international declarations or decisions, while other countries, weary of taking on new commitments that are unlikely to be met, preferred a more soft-law declaratory approach.
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Ageyo, Joe, and Idah Gatwiri Muchunku. "Beyond the Right of Access: A Critique of the Legalist Approach to Dissemination of Climate Change Information in Kenya." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062530.
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Kenya has strengthened its climate change governance by developing national level instruments. Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration requires countries to ensure that each individual has appropriate access to public environmental information. Kenya has anchored the right to information in its constitution and the 2016 Access to Information Act. However, this legalist approach has left a translation gap since climate change information is availed in a form and language that is largely inaccessible to the public. To address the gap, this study reviewed the effectiveness of dissemination and access to climate change information among Kenyans as a measure of the country’s fidelity to the decisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other Multilateral Environmental Agreements, to which it is party. The study, guided by the diffusion of innovations theoretical framework and the encoding/decoding model, adopted a qualitative research design. Desk research and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Results revealed that the current dissemination practices of climate change information in Kenya were not effectively reaching grassroots communities due to socio-economic and language barriers. The study recommends repackaging the information into vernacular and non-scientific narratives that resonate with the daily experiences of local Kenyan communities.
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Saxe, Henrik, Lorie Hamelin, Torben Hinrichsen, and Henrik Wenzel. "Production of Pig Feed under Future Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations: Changes in Crop Content and Chemical Composition, Land Use, Environmental Impact, and Socio-Economic Consequences." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 3184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093184.
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With the rising atmospheric CO2, crops will assimilate more carbon. Yields will increase in terms of carbohydrates while diluting the content of protein and minerals in compound pig feed, calling for an altered formulation with more protein and less carbohydrate crops to maintain its nutritional value. Using crop response data from CO2 exposures in a linear modeling of feed formulation, we apply a consequential life cycle assessment (cLCA) to model all of the environmental impacts and socio-economic consequences that altered crop yields and chemical composition at elevated CO2 levels have on feed formulation, targeting altered amino acid contents rather than overall protein. An atmospheric CO2 of 550 µmole mole−1 gives rise to a 6% smaller demand for land use for pig feed production. However, feed produced at this CO2 must include 23% more soymeal and 5% less wheat than at present in order to keep its nutritional value. This counteracts the yield benefit. The monetized environmental cost of producing pig feed, where sunflower and soy contribute the most, equals the direct feed price in both scenarios. If external costs were internalized, honoring the Rio Declaration, feed prices would double. In contrast, the future composition of pig feed will increase the direct price by only 0.8%, while the external cost decreases by only 0.3%.
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Costa, Mariana Morales Leite, Aline Souza Cavalcante, Cíntia Maria Ribeiro Vilarinho, Marcelo Gonzaga Muller, Roberto Cezar Almeida Monte-Mor, and José Augusto Costa Gonçalves. "A Geração de Conflitos pelo Uso da Água na Bacia do Rio Paracatu, Noroeste de Minas Gerais, Brasil." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.2.p834-846.
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Os conflitos pela água são decorrentes da grande demanda hídrica, cada vez mais frequente, devido à diminuição do abastecimento em todo o mundo. No Brasil, os conflitos são declarados em várias bacias hidrográficas, cenário que colocou diversas regiões em situação de escassez hídrica. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar indícios de conflitos pela água na bacia do rio Paracatu, o que se justifica pela necessidade de aprofundar conhecimentos, visto que o país possui uma das maiores reservas de água doce do mundo e apresenta inúmeras situações de extrema escassez e dificuldade de acesso desse o recurso. A pesquisa envolveu a lista de declarações de áreas de conflitos na bacia, os levantamentos de outorgas e usos insignificantes e a análise do Plano Diretor de Recursos Hídricos (PDRH). Dessa forma, os resultados mostraram que o PDRH da bacia do Paracatu não foi atualizado conforme recomendado, além de não apontar diretamente o potencial de indisponibilidade hídrica na região. Além disso, houve um aumento de 66% de concessões com uma relação crescente com o número de Declarações de Áreas de Conflitos (DAC) emitidas. Os conflitos gerados pela escassez hídrica influenciam significativamente as condições socioambientais da bacia, onde, a maioria dos municípios da própria bacia se encontram em situação de extrema pobreza, de acordo com os índices econômicos atualmente utilizados. Portanto, o estudo identificou a existência de cinco cursos d'água com conflitos declarados, demonstrando a necessidade de planejamento e melhoria da gestão do uso da água para garantir o abastecimento desse recurso para as atuais e futuras gerações. The Generation of Conflicts over Water Use in the Paracatu River Basin, Northwest of Minas Gerais, Brazil A B S T R A C TConflicts over water originate from the high-water demand, which has been increasingly frequent due to the decrease in water supply worldwide. In Brazil, conflicts are declared in several hydrographic basins; scenario that put several regions in a situation of water scarcity. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate evidence of conflict over water in the Paracatu River basin, justified by the need to deepen knowledge, since the country has the largest freshwater reserve in the world and experiences situations of extreme scarcity and difficulty in accessing the resource. The research involved the list of conflict area declarations in the basin, survey of grants and insignificant uses and analysis of the water resources master plan. Thus, the results showed that the water resources development plan for the Paracatu basin was not updated as recommended, in addition to not directly pointing out the potential for water unavailability in the region. In addition, there was a 66% increase in the number of grants with an increasing relationship to the number of DAC’s issued. Conflicts significantly influence the socio-environmental conditions of the basin, where most municipalities are in extreme poverty. In conclusion, the work identified the existence of five water courses with declared conflicts, demonstrating the need for planning and improving water use management to guarantee the supply of this resource for the current and future generations.Keywords - Water Demand, Conflict Area Declaration, Irrigation
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Panchenko, Tatyana. "Experience of practices of urban territorial Planning of Belarus." E3S Web of Conferences 212 (2020): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021202012.
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Rapid urbanization is one of the most significant global trends in an increasingly interconnected world. This means a new global approach to assessing the role of cities in the economy, climate change, use and consumption of natural resources as well as their contribution to social and innovative development. Globalization and large-scale urbanization, combined with smart technologies, are rapidly changing the world around us, the structure of economic activity and the way people live. After the publication in 1987 the report “Our Common Future” by the UN World Commission on Environment and Development, the conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and other international initiatives by 2008 declarations, framework directives, strategies and methodologies for sustainable development and the creation of “green” economy were adopted. Taking into account the historically high level of urbanization in our country (70.08% of the population lives in cities) [1], in recent years, legislative instruments of the local (city) level, aimed at using the tools of integrated territorial planning, have begun to form. The article describes the experience of urban territorial planning practices in Novogrudok, Polotsk, Novopolotsk and Brest for which local strategic documents of a new type have now been developed: “Green Urban Development Plans” and the Concept of Smart Sustainable Development.
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Wilshusen, Peter R., and Kenneth Iain MacDonald. "Fields of green: Corporate sustainability and the production of economistic environmental governance." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 8 (April 19, 2017): 1824–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17705657.
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This article critically examines the production of economistic fields of environmental governance in the context of global summits like Rio + 20. It focuses on the constitutive work performed by diverse actors in extending corporate sustainability logics, social technologies, and organizational forms initially enacted at the 2012 Corporate Sustainability Forum (CSF). Fields are defined as dynamic, relational arenas featuring particular logics, dynamic actor positions, and organizational forms. Corporate sustainability exemplifies how the language and practices of economics have reshaped approaches to environmental protection and sustainable development. Although numerous studies have looked at the implementation of market-oriented approaches, less attention has been focused on the constitutive processes that animate and expand economistic fields of governance over time. Our analysis emphasizes diffuse processes of economization as central to the reproduction and extension of fields. The article addresses three key issues: (1) how global corporate sustainability networks help to constitute economistic fields of governance, (2) the extent to which major events contribute to field configuration, and (3) the processes through which field elements—logics, social technologies, and organizational forms—transpose onto related fields of governance. Field configuration produces economistic environmental governance by solidifying business logics, enabling new actor-networks, launching new global-scale initiatives, and enhancing the role of UN agencies in promoting corporate sustainability. We illustrate field configuration with two examples: the Natural Capital Declaration and the Green Industry Platform. Our analysis highlights the diffuse power of field dynamics in which discursive and social entanglement and transposition reproduce and extend corporate sustainability beyond current institutional boundaries.
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Bondi, Liz, Alisdair Rogers, Rodney R. White, and Rachel Silvey. "Reviews: Scholar's Choice: Modern Geographical Thought, Consuming Cities: The Urban Environment in the Global Economy after the Rio Declaration, between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State, the Postmodern Urban Condition, Even in Sweden: Racisms, Racialized Spaces and the Popular Geographical Imagination." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19, no. 5 (October 2001): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d1905rvw.
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Kirchhoff, Thomas. "„Ökosystemintegrität“ – ein geeignetes umweltethisches Leitprinzip?" Zeitschrift für Praktische Philosophie 7, no. 2 (December 2020): 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.22613/zfpp/7.2.8.
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Spätestens mit der 1992er Rio Declaration on Environment and Development hat sich der Begriff „Ökosystemintegrität“ (ecosystem integrity) als Leitprinzip internationaler Umweltpolitik etabliert. Seinen Ursprung hat dieser Begriff in Bestrebungen in Kanada und den USA, mit Hilfe der positiven Konnotationen des aus der menschlich-sozialen Sphäre stammenden Begriffs der „Integrität“ die Wertschätzung und den Schutz von Natur zu fördern. Die Kombination mit dem Begriff „Ökosystem“ ergibt sich aus der Absicht, eine zugleich integrativ-holistische und naturwissenschaftlich-empirische Bewertungsmöglichkeit zu etablieren – anstelle einer entweder naturwissenschaftlich-reduktionistischen oder spirituell-holistischen Betrachtungsweise. In diesem Aufsatz wird zunächst der Entstehungskontext des Begriffs der Ökosystemintegrität beleuchtet, um dann vier konkurrierende Begriffsbestimmungen vorzustellen: Ökosystemintegrität als Fähigkeit eines Ökosystems, (i) seinen ursprünglichen Zustand, (ii) seine intrinsische Funktionalität bzw. innere Zweckmäßigkeit (Vollkommenheit) oder (iii) seine extrinsische Funktionalität bzw. äußere Zweckmäßigkeit (Nützlichkeit) aufrechtzuerhalten, sowie (iv), übergeordnet, ökologische Integrität als transpersonal-planetarisches Bewusstsein der Eingebundenheit des Menschen in das planetarische Ökosystem. Diese vier Konzepte werden zunächst – deskriptiv – im Hinblick auf die ihnen zugrunde liegenden naturwissenschaftlichen Theorien und naturtheoretischen Prämissen sowie auf ihren normativen Gehalt analysiert. Dann wird – normativ – ihre Eignung als umweltethisches Leitprinzip geprüft. Epistemologische Kriterien für die Auswahl dieser vier Begriffsbestimmungen waren: Werden Ökosysteme bzw. Ökosystemintegrität im Sinne eines ontologischen Realismus als beobachterunabhängige oder aber im Sinne eines ontologischen Konstruktivismus als beobachterabhängige Entitäten bzw. Eigenschaft begriffen? Was wird als Referenz dafür angesehen, ob etwas abträglich für Ökosystemintegrität ist? Vor allem in normativer Hinsicht ist die Frage relevant: Werden Menschen bzw. Gesellschaften als getrennt von oder als Teile von Ökosystemen bestimmt? Gewählt wurden diese Kriterien, weil sie entscheidende Prämissen der vielen verschiedenen Konzepte von Ökosystemintegrität erschließen, die in umweltethischer Hinsicht normativ wirksam werden. Die vorliegende Analyse zeigt, dass alle vier Konzepte von „Ökosystemintegrität“ mit schwerwiegenden Einwänden konfrontiert und als umweltethisches Leitprinzip problematisch sind – vor allem, weil sie auf fragwürdigen ontologischen Voraussetzungen basieren.
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Sajjadi, Seiyed Asghar, and Mohammad Hossein Ramazani Ghavamabadi. "The Element of ‘Access to Information’ in Arhus Convention and Act Regarding Dissemination and Free Access to Information." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n2p103.
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<p>The free access of all people to information is deemed as the requisite and precondition for efficient participation in process of decision-making by public authorities where it has been reflected in many national and international rules and regulations. <br />‘The right of access to information that has been formally recognized in many countries by virtue of criteria in constitution or articles of freedom of information law as a right includes most of the information stored by public authorities and consists of environmental information. The regulations regarding recognition of right of litigation for citizens may also include some regulations that give citizens the right of acquisition of essential information. <br />Before entry in domain of environmental terminology, the concepts of access to information and public participations are assumed as a category in political law that has been reflected in democratic political regimes under title of ‘Rights of nation’ in constitutions of those countries.’<br />Access to information etc has been formally recognized in Article 10 of Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) at international level and it briefly holds: ‘… Anyone shall totally access to the information at disposal of public institutions about environment and … the governments shall facilitate public participation by giving information to the people… and compensation for loss shall be guaranteed.’ <br />Although access to information and other aforesaid issues are not deemed as new elements in Article 10 of Rio Declaration (1992) and they have been typically incorporated in some other international documents several years before 1992, Aarhus Convention (1998) has explored in details of totally triple concepts in Article 10 at regional level and it presents specific mechanism for enforcement of regulations in this convention. <br />UN Economic Commission for Europe … was inaugurated in Aarhus (Denmark) on 25th June 1998 and Aarhus Convention … was approved. Iran Islamic Parliament also ratified Act regarding Dissemination and Free Access to Information on January 25 2009 and it was recognized in compliance with expediency of system. <br />This article examines and compares Aarhus Convention because of it remarkable importance as a model for access to information and its executive mechanism for element of access to information in that convention and Act regarding Dissemination and Free Access to Information so that by means of comparative study on these two documents concerning to element of access to information it can give answer to this proposed question that if Act regarding Dissemination and Free Access to Information may be responsive to public information requirements about the environmental subjects in such a way that to prepare the ground and possibility for public participation in process of environmental decision-making by the public authorities as it reflected in Aarhus Convention. <br />After review and comparison of information in terms of great constraint and banning in presentation of information titled as ‘confidential’ that has been reflected and executed, the size and subject of accessible information may not meet the requirements of community at the age of explosion of information and in the world that has been converted into a small village. On the other hand, only Iranian nationals have right to access this information and discrimination in nationality is another main barrier against public access to information. To remove this inadequacy and defect, the upgraded laws should be enacted through exploitation from regulations and mechanisms of Aarhus Convention as the world pattern. Among them, the confidential (classified) information size may be noticeably reduced and the persons will have right of access to useful information without discrimination in nationality.</p>
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Gorbunova, Lyudmyla. "Education for sustainable development: to justify of implementation." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 25, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2019-25-2-3.
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Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is at the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and has been widely recognized as a key factor and an integral element of quality education. It is part of Goal 4 and permeates all other goals of sustainable development. The problem is that the Ukrainian experience of remote observation of the global process of sustainable development and the formation and implementation of Education for Sustainable Development shows that we are on the margins of these events. We need to understand the global context of our stay in the world in order to change our position and our role in the fateful events and movements of the century at their deepest level of cause.
Emphasis is placed on the fact that the theory of sustainable development is an alternative to the paradigm of economic growth, which ignores the environmental danger of development on an extensive model. The three components of sustainable development - economic, social, environmental - appear as aspects of a single, holistic process of social development. But despite all the declarations to achieve a balance between economic growth, social community development and the environment a quarter of a century after the Rio Conference (1992), this has not happened. Sustainable development requires a change of outlook. That is why issues related to the transformation of our way of thinking, changes in the value-semantic paradigm of life of national societies as part of global humanity are on the agenda. Education can play a significant role in this complex matter, and it must itself change into a new way of becoming a person adapted to living in a world of instability, uncertainty, complexity and contingency.
The purpose of the paper is to justify the implementation of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Ukrainian education as the agenda for its reform based on documents from the UN, UNESCO, OECD and the like. The content of the concept of Education for sustainable development and its evolution, the trends in the integration of education in sustainable development and the role of education in achieving sustainable development goals are analyzed.
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Pathak, R. S., and Akshay Jaitly. "Rio Declaration - Economic Issues for Developing Countries." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 1, no. 3 (September 1992): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.1992.tb00045.x.
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Williams, Katie. "Consuming cities: the urban environment in the global economy after the Rio Declaration." Land Use Policy 17, no. 4 (October 2000): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8377(00)00028-4.
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Keil, Roger. "Consuming Cities: The Urban Environment in the Global Economy after the Rio Declaration." Political Geography 20, no. 2 (February 2001): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(00)00061-5.
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Sánchez, Luis E., and Peter Croal. "Environmental impact assessment, from Rio-92 to Rio+20 and beyond." Ambiente & Sociedade 15, no. 3 (December 2012): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1414-753x2012000300004.
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The 1992 Rio Earth Summit was of paramount importance in the consolidation and international dissemination of environmental impact assessment, officially recognized as a tool for informed decision-making towards sustainable development (Principle 17, Rio Declaration) and for protection of biodiversity (Article 14, Convention on Biological Diversity). A significant development afterwards was the strengthening of strategic environmental assessment in the design of policies, plans and programs. Both forms of impact assessment can establish the necessary connections between one goal of the Rio+20 Conference - reaching an agreement on the transition to a green economy - and the underpinning decision making processes. Although the Rio+20 Summit has faced challenges to acknowledge its potential, impact assessment should be strengthened in support of both government and business decisions.
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Kumar, Raman. "Rio Declaration: Global peace – A prerequisite for attainment of sustainable development goals." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 8, no. 1 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_232_18.
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Porras, Ileana M. "The Rio Declaration: A New Basis for International Co-operation." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 1, no. 3 (September 1992): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.1992.tb00043.x.
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Djatmiko, Agoes, and Elisabeth Pudyastiwi. "PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION SEA ENVIRONMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE." Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v6i1.23469.
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Protection of the marine environment within the framework of international law is actually an accumulation of The Principle of National Sovereignity and The Freedom of High Sea. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) states that "a right on the part of an astat threatened with the environmental injury from sources beyond its territorial jurisdiction, at least where those sources are located on the high seas, to take reasonable action to prevent or abate that injury ". The general principle of good neighbor liness can be found in international customary law as well as in Article 74 of the UN Charter. This principle is reflected in several international treaties and is supported by the country's main practices in dangerous and emergency activities. Cooperation is contained in the 24th Principle of the Stockholm Declaration and the 27th Principle of the Rio Declaration which states that countries must cooperate in the principles of good faith and the spirit of partnership as efforts to protect the environment. Keywords: protection of the marine environment, principles of good faith, International Maritime Organization (IMO)
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Vil-Nkomo, S. "Leadership for development in a globalised environment." Verbum et Ecclesia 23, no. 3 (August 7, 2002): 762–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v23i3.1240.
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The advancement of Africa and NEPAD depends entirely on the emergence of an African leadership for development. Issues of leadership and operational citizenship are examined and analysed. The article uses Othello to dramatize and analyse the challenges of African leadership. The scramble to save Africa from within and external is presented. The consequences of globalisation are examined. The article demonstrates that NEPAD is not a given for this continent, because certain conditions must be met which are succinctly outlined in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, the Monterrey consensus, and the United Nations Development Programme. The article raises questions of shifting goal posts.
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Allen, Molly, Mark Campbell Stuart, Hannah Gribble, Richard Budgett, and Andrew Pipe. "Needle-use declarations at the Olympic Games Rio 2016." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 11 (November 21, 2017): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098294.
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AimWe report on the results of the ‘IOC Needle Policy’ applied during the course of the Games of the XXXI Summer Olympiad in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The policy was intended to empower physicians to ensure appropriate clinical use of needles within team medical environments, enhance the safety of those responsible for housekeeping services and others in the Olympic environment, and permit documentation of such procedures as an adjunct to the doping control programme. Any needle use required the submission of an ‘Injection Declaration Form’ to IOC medical officials.MethodAll ‘Injection Declaration Forms’ were reviewed and archived. The declarations provided basic information regarding the nature of the needle use and the product(s) involved, the physician, athlete and respective National Olympic Committee (NOC). The details of the declarations were subsequently categorised.ResultsA total of 367 declarations were received from physicians representing 49 NOCs. Needle-use declarations were more common in athletics, gymnastics, football and aquatics. A single product was administered in 60% of the cases, and more than one product was administered in 40%. The majority of declarations indicated the use of local anaesthetics, glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics.ConclusionThe introduction of a ‘Needle Policy’ in the Olympic Games setting was intended to minimise the use of needles by non-physicians, promote evidence-based practice and to deter needle-based doping practices. Declarations were received from 49 of 209 NOCs suggesting either that needle use is minimal among certain teams or opportunities remain to enhance compliance with such policies at future games.
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Westing, Arthur H. "Core values for sustainable development." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 3 (September 1996): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038832.
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SummaryThe cultural norms or core values for sustainable development are an amalgamation of core social values and core environmental values. Widely-shared core social values became strikingly articulated following the Second World War via such instruments as the 1948 Genocide Convention and the 1948 Human Rights Declaration. By contrast, widely-shared core environmental values did not surface until some two decades after the Second World War, being first clearly expressed in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration, to be followed by the 1982 World Charter for Nature and, more recently, by the 1992 Rio Declaration. I find that whereas the emerging core social values have until quite recently been essentially innocent of environmental concerns, the emerging core environmental values have been from the start generally couched in social terms.Key ethical issues regarding the cultural norms underlying sustainable development include the questions of how to strike a proper balance between anthropocentric and ecocen-tric justifications; and a proper apportionment of the global biosphere between humankind and the other life on earth. Several lines of evidence suggest to me that the environmental and social strands of widely-shared core values for sustainable development are beginning to merge, and that there has begun to occur a slow but progressive development in mainstream thinking toward a recognition of an unbreakable link between social development and environmental conservation.A number of major stumbling blocks to the achievement of sustainable development exist of course, amongst them the imbalance between human numbers plus needs and available natural resources, the prevalence of totalitarian and corrupt regimes, and the ineffective system of peaceful world governance. Despite obstacles to sustainable development, a trend towards a commitment to it seems evident in such components of society as governments, intergovernmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, academia, religious bodies, and grass-roots movements.
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Luxembourg, Caritas, and Norry Schneider. "Letters to leaders: Comments on the Zero Draft of Rio+20 outcome document." Regions and Cohesion 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2012.020207.
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The first version of the declaration (“Outcome Document”) for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD or ”Rio+20”), the “Zero Draft”, was released by the UNCSD Secretariat in January 2012. The 19-page document is based on a compilation of inputs received from United Nations (UN) member States and other stakeholders, and it outlines a vision for building a sustainable world. This piece is part of a Caritas Luxembourg position paper sent early February 2012 to the Ministry for sustainable development and infrastructure of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Ministère du Développement Durable et des Infrastructures, or MDDI), in order to inform Luxembourgish government’s position on sustainable development prior to the Rio+20 conference.
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Kimball, Lee A., and William C. Boyd. "International Institutional Arrangements for Environment and Development: A Post-Rio Assessment." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 1, no. 3 (September 1992): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.1992.tb00049.x.
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Strong, Maurice F. "Environment and Development The United Nations Road from Stockholm to Rio." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 17, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030801892789816190.
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Strong, Maurice F. "Environment and Development The United Nations Road from Stockholm to Rio." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 17, no. 2 (June 1992): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1992.17.2.112.
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Powers, Ann. "The Rio+20 Process: Forward Movement for the Environment?" Transnational Environmental Law 1, no. 2 (October 2012): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102512000179.
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AbstractThis commentary summarizes the events at the recent UN Conference on Sustainable Development, commonly referred to as Rio+20, noting both the role of official national delegations and the diversity of non-state parties that were involved in a variety of venues at and around Rio+20. It sketches the background of sustainable development efforts, maps the road from the original 1992 Rio Earth Summit to the 20th anniversary gathering, and comments on the Conference’s outcomes and their implications for international law and legal institutions. In answer to the much debated question of whether the Rio+20 was a success or a failure, or something in between, the author concludes that the Conference, while disappointing to many, may have furthered the cause of sustainable development by producing a document which reflects a baseline of international norms and by fostering the increasingly important role of civil society action, commitments and partnerships, and of transnational governance.
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Perkins, Harold A. "Rio Plus Ten: politics, poverty and the environment." Political Geography 23, no. 8 (November 2004): 1055–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.05.002.
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Lentz, Sally Ann. "THE PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH AND THE IMO." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-667.
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ABSTRACT The International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) is developing guidelines on the implementation of the “precautionary approach” in the work of IMO, as set out in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21. This paper provides an introduction to the precautionary approach as it has been developed in international law. Second, proposals before MEPC to apply the precautionary approach are discussed, including a framework for decision making within IMO. An example is provided of how such a framework would be applied in practice to an actual issue before the IMO.
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Ramadhan, Miftah. "JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ASEAN AGREEMENT ON TRANSBOUNDARY HAZE POLLUTION AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA." Lampung Journal of International Law 1, no. 2 (August 13, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v1i2.2025.
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The Trans-boundary Haze Pollution in the international environment scope is not an uncommon problem to be face nowadays. The case that leads to the controversy of how to solve and to decide which party to responsible brings states over the world to have a significant concern in the case to make a new regulation on cross-border smoke pollution. The method used in this paper is a juridical-normative comparative legal research method. The result shows that in international scope both of ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) and Rio Declaration is not complete enough to handle the case of the trans-boundary haze pollution problem. Therefore, a legal framework is needed to support the international and national regulation concerning on environment.
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Sand, Peter H. "International Law on the Agenda of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Towards Global Environmental Security?" Nordic Journal of International Law 60, no. 1 (1991): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181091x00197.
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AbstractBy resolution 44/228 of 22 December 1989, the United Nations General Assembly decided to convene a United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) to be held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in June 1992 at the highest possible level of participation.1 The Rio Conference will mark the twentieth anniversary of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, which had indeed envisaged the holding of a follow-up conference,2 a recommendation echoed by the 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Report).3
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Daly, Herman E. "U.N. conferences on environment and development: Retrospect on Stockholm and prospects for Rio." Ecological Economics 5, no. 1 (March 1992): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(92)90018-n.
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