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Journal articles on the topic 'Riot control – europe, western'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bleich, Erik, Carolina Caeiro, and Sarah Luehrman. "State responses to ‘Ethnic Riots’ in liberal democracies: evidence from Western Europe." European Political Science Review 2, no. 2 (2010): 269–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773910000032.

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The study of ethnic riots has a substantial pedigree in the social sciences, but so far there has been no systematic attempt to unify insights from scholars working on different areas of the world, nor has there been any extensive application of existing knowledge to the study of Western Europe. We address these two lacunae by drawing on contemporary scholarship to generate testable hypotheses about state responses to ethnic riots in liberal democracies, and by conducting a preliminary test of these hypotheses on four controlled comparison cases from Britain and France. Our cases reveal that s

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2

Angrand, Paul, Frédéric Mouthereau, Emmanuel Masini, and Riccardo Asti. "A reconstruction of Iberia accounting for Western Tethys–North Atlantic kinematics since the late-Permian–Triassic." Solid Earth 11, no. 4 (2020): 1313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1313-2020.

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Abstract. The western European kinematic evolution results from the opening of the western Neotethys and the Atlantic oceans since the late Paleozoic and the Mesozoic. Geological evidence shows that the Iberian domain recorded the propagation of these two oceanic systems well and is therefore a key to significantly advancing our understanding of the regional plate reconstructions. The late-Permian–Triassic Iberian rift basins have accommodated extension, but this tectonic stage is often neglected in most plate kinematic models, leading to the overestimation of the movements between Iberia and

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3

Le Roy, Pascal, Claire Gracia-Garay, Pol Guennoc, et al. "Cenozoic tectonics of the Western Approaches Channel basins and its control of local drainage systems." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182, no. 5 (2011): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.5.451.

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Abstract The geology of the Channel Western Approaches is a key to understand the post-rift evolution of the NW European continental margin in relation with the Europe/Africa collision. Despite considerable evidence of Tertiary tectonic inversion throughout the Channel basin, the structures and amplitudes of the tectonic movements remain poorly documented across the French sector of the Western Approaches. The effect of the tectonic inversion for the evolution of the “Channel River”, the major system that flowed into the English Channel during the Plio-Quaternary eustatic lowstands, also needs

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4

Kämpf, Horst, Alena Sophie Broge, Pouria Marzban, Masoud Allahbakhshi, and Tobias Nickschick. "Nonvolcanic Carbon Dioxide Emission at Continental Rifts: The Bublak Mofette Area, Western Eger Rift, Czech Republic." Geofluids 2019 (October 30, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4852706.

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This study presents the results of gas flux measurements of cold, mantle-derived CO2 release at the Bublák mofette field (BMF), located inside of the N-S directed Počátky Plesná fault zone (PPFZ). The PPFZ is presently seismically active, located in the eastern part of the Cheb Basin, western Eger Rift, Central Europe. The goal of the work was to identify the linkage between tectonics and gas flux. The investigated area has a size of 0,43 km2 in which 1.115 locations have been measured. Besides classical soil CO2 gas flux measurements using the closed chamber method (West Systems), drone-based

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5

Das, Sanghita, Achintya Saha, Pompy Patowary, et al. "Assessment of toxicological consequences upon acute inhalation exposure to chemically improvised nonlethal riot control combinational formulation (NCF) containing oleoresin capsicum and skatole." Toxicology Research 10, no. 6 (2021): 1129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab095.

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Abstract Sensory irritation is an acute adverse effect leading to temporary disability posed by riot control agents in various deployable forms are utilized by defense personal in violent mob attacks but their irreversible toxic effects and risk assessment have been a matter of concern. These intimidating risks of available riot control agents have led to exploring the pulmonary toxicity profile of the oil in water emulsion formulation developed for vicious crowd controls containing an irritant oleoresin capsicum, a malodorant (skatole), and a commercial dye, followed by characterization using

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6

Healey, Patsy. "Planning control in Western Europe." Land Use Policy 7, no. 4 (1990): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(90)90029-x.

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7

Kostakos, Giorgios, A. J. R. Groom, Sally Morphet, and Paul Taylor. "Britain and the new UN agenda: towards global riot control?" Review of International Studies 17, no. 1 (1991): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500112343.

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The fading away of the Cold War has allegedly shifted the attention of the Western members of the United Nations, as demonstrated by General Assembly speeches, towards issues like the environment, drugs and terrorism. The new issues moving towards the top of the international security agenda are more elusive than the traditional Peace- and War-related ones; nobody has control of a ‘button’ regarding these issues. An overall assessment of the situation shows that there is a great variety of actors involved, both governmental and non-governmental. It is also increasingly recognized that the East

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8

Mashhadi Qale Jooghi, Mustafa, Seyed Jalal Dehghani Firouzabadi, and Mohammad Yousefi Joybari. "The Impacts of the Kurdistan Region Independence Referendum on Iran and Turkey’s Foreign Policy." Comparative Studies in Jurisprudence, Law, and Politics 6, no. 4 (2024): 31–48. https://doi.org/10.61838/csjlp.6.4.3.

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The Kurdish separatism issue has always been one of the major fault lines in the West Asian region, with the potential to be activated at any time. After the emergence of ISIS, the power vacuum in Iraq deepened to the extent that the Kurdistan Region assessed the situation as conducive for holding an independence referendum. Masoud Barzani, then President of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, after years of effort, was ultimately able to garner considerable support among various Kurdish factions for implementing the scenario of establishing an independent Kurdish state. The successful execution of

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9

Grant, Jeremy, and Thomas Kirchmaier. "Corporate control in Europe." Corporate Ownership and Control 2, no. 2 (2005): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv2i2p6.

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Control devices are a common practice in Europe, used to increase the influence of a dominant shareholder upon the firm beyond his/her cash flow rights. They are often very powerful devices which limit the effective control of corporations to a small group of shareholders, and can be utilized to extract private benefits of control. In this paper, we aim to provide an understanding how these devices work in principal and then examine how they are used in the main Western European economies (France, Italy, Germany, Spain and the UK), in light of the recent changes of legislation and despite impr

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10

RITTER, W. "MEDICATIONS REGISTERED IN WESTERN EUROPE FOR VARROATOSIS CONTROL." Apidologie 19, no. 2 (1988): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19880201.

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11

Döring, Herbert, and Herbert Doring. "Parliamentary Agenda Control and Legislative Outcomes in Western Europe." Legislative Studies Quarterly 26, no. 1 (2001): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/440407.

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12

NARDONE, A., R. G. PEBODY, S. VAN DEN HOF, et al. "Sero-epidemiology of mumps in western Europe." Epidemiology and Infection 131, no. 1 (2003): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008768.

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Six countries (Denmark, England and Wales, France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands) conducted large serological surveys for mumps, in the mid-1990s, as part of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN). The assay results were standardized and related to the schedules and coverage of the immunization programmes and the reported incidence of mumps. Low incidence of disease and few susceptibles amongst adolescents and young adults was observed in countries with high mumps vaccine coverage (e.g. the Netherlands). High disease incidence and large proportions of mumps virus antibody negative

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13

ALBRECHT, HANS-JÖRG. "Criminal Law and Drug Control: A Look at Western Europe." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 10, no. 1-2 (1986): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01924036.1986.9688831.

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14

Uitermark, Justus. "Integration and Control: The Governing of Urban Marginality in Western Europe." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38, no. 4 (2013): 1418–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12069.

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15

Bložė, Mindaugas. "Funding of the political parties in Western Europe." Politologija 16, no. 4 (1999): 22–40. https://doi.org/10.15388/polit.1999.4.2.

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In this article the author researches and analyses one of the most immediate issues the political parties of every country face—that of the funding of the political parties. Their self-dependence and the politics they choose to declare in general are made dependent on how the given issue is resolved. This article is a minor to such well-known monographies like H. H. von Arnim's monography Party Funding, State Funding of the Parties without Control as well as The New Party Funding. As guidelines the author treats the researches committed by P. Lösche, G. Werwéris (monographies), G. Klee Kruse,

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16

Vestreng, V., L. Ntziachristos, A. Semb, S. Reis, I. S. A. Isaksen, and L. Tarrasón. "Evolution of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions in Europe with focus on road transport control measures." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (2008): 10697–747. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-10697-2008.

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Abstract. European emission trends of nitrogen oxides since 1880 and up to present are presented here and are linked to the evolution of road transport emissions. Road transport has been the dominating source of NOx emissions since 1970, and contributes with 40% to the total emissions in 2005. Five trend regimes have been identified between 1880 and 2005. The first regime (1880–1950) is determined by a slow increase in fuel consumption all over Europe. The second regime (1950–1980) is characterized by a continued steep upward trend in liquid fuel use and by the introduction of the first regula

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17

Vestreng, V., L. Ntziachristos, A. Semb, S. Reis, I. S. A. Isaksen, and L. Tarrasón. "Evolution of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions in Europe with focus on road transport control measures." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 4 (2009): 1503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1503-2009.

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Abstract. European emission trends of nitrogen oxides since 1880 and up to present are presented here and are linked to the evolution of road transport emissions. Road transport has been the dominating source of NOx emissions since 1970, and contributes with 40% to the total emissions in 2005. Five trend regimes have been identified between 1880 and 2005. The first regime (1880–1950) is determined by a slow increase in fuel consumption all over Europe. The second regime (1950–1980) is characterized by a continued steep upward trend in liquid fuel use and by the introduction of the first regula

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18

Polovchenko, K. A. "The Institute of Judicial Constitutional Control in the Post-Soviet States." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(30) (June 28, 2013): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-3-30-116-120.

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The article presents a comparative analysis of the European and the American model of judicial constitutional control. Exploring the reasons for the implementation of the European model of the constitutional control in the post-Soviet States of Eastern Europe and the CIS, the author comes to the conclusion that the introduction of the institution of the constitutional justice of the European design was a logical step in the establishment of constitutionalism in the region. Experience of the Western European States was taken into consideration while building the system of constitutional justice

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19

Daniels, P. W., J. H. J. Van Dinteren, and M. C. Monnoyer. "Consultancy Services and the Urban Hierarchy in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 12 (1992): 1731–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a241731.

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A cross-national survey of the relationship between the evolving organisation and structure of consultancy service enterprises and the urban hierarchy in Europe has been undertaken. Primate cities in Europe are still the preeminent foci for business services performing strong national and international control. The relationship between markets for consultancy services and the urban hierarchy is complex, but it is possible to suggest a typology of firms on the basis of client characteristics and location. Caution is necessary about assuming that the provision of consultancy services through net

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20

Wood, Ian. "ENTRUSTING WESTERN EUROPE TO THE CHURCH, 400–750." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 23 (November 19, 2013): 37–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440113000030.

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ABSTRACTAlthough there had been substantial donations to the church in the course of the last two centuries of the Roman Empire, the amount of property transferred to the episcopal church and to monasteries in the following two and a half centuries would seem to have been immense. Probably rather more than 30 per cent of the Frankish kingdom was given to ecclesiastical institutions; although the Anglo-Saxon church was only established after 597, it also acquired huge amounts of land, as did the churches of Spain and Italy, although the extent conveyed in the two peninsulas is harder to estimat

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21

Hrabar, N. S. "MODERN PRACTICES OF COMBATING BUREAUCRACY IN WESTERN EUROPE." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Actual problems of Ukrainian society development, no. 1 (August 7, 2023): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2227-6890.2023.1.05.

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The article is devoted to the disclosure of modern practices of countering bureaucracy in Western Europe. Based on the results of the analysis of the scientific literature on this problem, it was proved that the mechanisms of countering bureaucracy began to form around the relevant legal field, the main of which are: ensuring the election of officials and the possibility of their recall; increasing the responsibility of officials; change of the remuneration system; reducing the field of application of "personal discretion"; conclusion of fixed-term contracts, contracts; control, revision and a

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22

Poletti Hughes, Jannine. "Corporate value, ultimate control and law protection for investors in Western Europe." Management Accounting Research 20, no. 1 (2009): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2008.10.004.

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23

Bowler, Ian. "Direct supply control in agriculture: Experience in Western Europe and North America." Journal of Rural Studies 2, no. 1 (1986): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(86)90070-7.

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24

Risse-Kappen, Thomas. "Western Europe and Nuclear Arms Control The Cases of INF and SDI." Bulletin of Peace Proposals 16, no. 3 (1985): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096701068501600310.

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25

Evette, Andre, Sophie Labonne, Freddy Rey, Frederic Liebault, Oliver Jancke, and Jacky Girel. "History of Bioengineering Techniques for Erosion Control in Rivers in Western Europe." Environmental Management 43, no. 6 (2009): 972–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9275-y.

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26

Rive, Nathan. "Climate policy in Western Europe and avoided costs of air pollution control." Economic Modelling 27, no. 1 (2010): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2009.07.025.

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27

Cieslak, Marta. "Between State and Empire, Or How Western European Imperialism in Africa Redefined the Polish Nation." European History Quarterly 52, no. 3 (2022): 440–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914221103187.

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The Warsaw positivists, one of Poland’s most influential intellectual collectives, emerged in the 1860s with an ambitious plan to strengthen the Polish nation. The self-proclaimed progressives, enamored with trends popular in Europe’s contemporary liberal circles, declared that Poles were a backward nation stuck in the feudal era. Consequently, they proposed comprehensive national reforms inspired by Western Europe, or the region that the Warsaw positivists designated to be the beacon of progress and civilization. However, as Western European empires intensified their colonial efforts in Afric

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28

Frederiksen, Norman O. "Differing histories of Eocene angiosperm diversity in eastern North America and western Europe: dependence on paleogeography." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006651.

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Studies of Eocene angiosperm pollen floras in eastern North America (my work, especially in the eastern Gulf Coast) and western Europe (Boulter, Krutzsch) have shown significant differences in floral diversities between the two regions: in western Europe, maximum diversity was in the early Eocene and it decreased thereafter, in eastern North America, maximum diversity was in the middle part of the middle Eocene. The hypothesis presented here is that paleogeography was an important control on the diversity histories in the two regions: eastern North America was part of a large terrestrial landm

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29

Jalón-Rojas, Isabel, and Bruno Castelle. "Climate Control of Multidecadal Variability in River Discharge and Precipitation in Western Europe." Water 13, no. 3 (2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030257.

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The influence of large-scale climate variability on winter river discharge and precipitation across western Europe is investigated. We analyze 60 years of monthly precipitation and river flow data from 18 major western-European rivers and its relationship with dominant teleconnection patterns and climate indices in this region. Results show that winter river flow is characterized by large interannual variability, best correlates with (a) the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) at the far-northern (R up to 0.56) and southern latitudes (R up to −0.72), and (b) the West Europe Pressure Anomaly (WEPA

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30

Shulgin, Vladimir. "The Split in the Political Elite of the Empire as an Obstacle to the Activities of Mikhail Muravyov: Lessons for Nowadays." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 4 (December 25, 2023): 158–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2023-0-4-158-180.

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In 1863, the Russian Empire faced a formidable challenge – an armed rebellion of the Polish nobility, supported by Western Europe aspiring to divide Russia into regions dependent on it. The Tsar persuaded the brilliant oppositional politician and 1812 Patriotic War hero M.N. Muravyov, possessing experience in fi ghting the Poles during their last rebellion in 1831, to lead the suppression of the new riot as Governor-General of the Western Region. However, our conservative hero, relying on the Russian spirit and the collectivism of the Russian people, was opposed not only by obvious enemies – r

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31

Kremenetsky, K. V. "Grand duke Vladimir and January 9 (22), 1905." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (History and political science), no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-676x-2022-2-69-80.

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Aim. The paper analyses two interviews by Grand Duke Vladimir to the American newspapers at January 1905.Methodology. The article considers the media campaign against the Grand Duke Vladimir which was a part of media war waged mostly by the British newspapers during the Russo-Japanese war. Two interviews of grand Duke Vladimir to the American papers were an attempt by Russian government to convey the official Russian position on the events of January 1905 to the American public. The article considers the reviews and comments by British and Russian media.Results. British newspapers made Grand D

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32

Meo, Sultan Ayoub, Abdulaziz Hassan Alsomali, Abdullah Abdulrahman Almushawah, and Anusha Sultan Meo. "Epidemiological Trends of Human Monkeypox Cases in Northern, Southern, Western, and Eastern Regions in Europe: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (September 7, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4042962.

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Background. The growing amount of monkeypox cases in non-endemic regions raises concerns in societies as a potential pandemic. This study highlights the prevalence and epidemiological trends of a human monkeypox outbreak in various regions in Europe. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The data about the monkeypox outbreak in European countries were recorded by the World Health Organization (WHO), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports. The period prevalence-bas

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33

McCarthy, Linda. "European Economic Integration and Urban Inequalities in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 3 (2000): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3189.

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Recent processes of European integration have influenced profoundly the fortunes of cities across Western Europe. Although some cities have benefited, others have been impacted adversely. Income inequalities result from economic growth differentials occurring between different cities over time. The theoretical literature differs on whether increased integration promotes or reduces income disparities. The European Union (EU) assumes that rising inequalities will impair EU growth and lead to even greater disparities. Empirical analysis has concentrated on the EU-defined regions because of proble

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34

Faccio, Mara, Larry H. P. Lang, and Leslie Young. "Dividends and Expropriation." American Economic Review 91, no. 1 (2001): 54–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.54.

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Whereas most U.S. corporations are widely held, the predominant form of ownership in East Asia is control by a family, which often supplies a top manager. These features of “crony capitalism” are actually more pronounced in Western Europe. In both regions, the salient agency problem is expropriation of outside shareholders by controlling shareholders. Dividends provide evidence on this. Group-affiliated corporations in Europe pay higher dividends than in Asia, dampening insider expropriation. Dividend rates are higher in Europe, but lower in Asia, when there are multiple large shareholders, su

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35

Volodin, A. "South Asian Migration to Western Europe: Origins, Trends, Perspectives." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 4 (2022): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-101-110.

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The article is concentrated on the phenomenon of Indian and South Asian migration to the countries of Western Europe. Initially, migration flows from this region were an inalienable part of metropolis–colonies interrelationship and were sustained on the notion of free and unrestricted movement of human resources from South Asia to the British Isles. After the dissolution of the British Empire and gaining independence, the inhabitants of India and South Asia, in search for a “happier life” overseas, set their course for the United Kingdom and Western Europe, where later migrants were put under

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36

Bolt, Mikkel. "Gensyn med Perry Andersons "vestlig marxisme"." Arbejderhistorie - tidsskrift for historie, kultur og politik, no. 1 (April 18, 2024): 84–96. https://doi.org/10.7146/arbejderhistorie.vi1.144851.

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Mikkel Bolt: Perry Anderson’s Western Marxism’ Revisited, Arbejderhistorie 1/2012, s. 84-96.Perry Anderson’s Considerations on Western Marxism from 1976 remains an influential account of Western European Marxism in the 20. Century. Anderson analyse the difference between an earlier generation of Marxists such as Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg and a later generation including Karl Korsch, Jean-Paul Sartre and Theodor W.Adorno that all were forced into political isolation in a context characterised by the consolidation of bourgeois liberal democracy inWestern Europe and the disappearance of a revoluti

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Hayes, Laura E., Kathryn E. Sackett, Nicole P. Anderson, Michael D. Flowers, and Christopher C. Mundt. "Evidence of Selection for Fungicide Resistance in Zymoseptoria tritici Populations on Wheat in Western Oregon." Plant Disease 100, no. 2 (2016): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-15-0214-re.

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Plant pathogens pose a major challenge to maintaining food security in many parts of the world. Where major plant pathogens are fungal, fungicide resistance can often thwart regional control efforts. Zymoseptoria tritici, causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, is a major fungal pathogen of wheat that has evolved resistance to chemical control products in four fungicide classes in Europe. Compared with Europe, however, fungicide use has been less and studies of fungicide resistance have been infrequent in North American Z. tritici populations. Here, we confirm first reports of Z. tritici fung

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38

Santos, Nuno, Céline Richomme, Telmo Nunes, et al. "Quantification of the Animal Tuberculosis Multi-Host Community Offers Insights for Control." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060421.

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Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-host zoonotic disease whose prevalence in cattle herds in Europe has been increasing, despite a huge investment in eradication. The composition of the host community is a fundamental driver of pathogen transmission, and yet this has not been formally quantified for animal TB in Europe. We quantified multi-host communities of animal TB, using stochastic models to estimate the number of infected domestic and wild hosts in three regions: officially TB-free Central–Western Europe, and two largely TB-endemic regions, the Iberian Peninsula and Britain and Ireland.

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Feng, Zhaohan. "The Influence of Cultural and Historical Factors on the Participation of Central and Eastern European Countries in European Integration: Poland and the Czech Republic as Examples." Communications in Humanities Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/15/20230681.

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Along with the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union, countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) freed themselves from the control of the Soviet Union and began to join European integration. In fact, historical and cultural factors significantly influenced the process of joining the European Union. The artistic gene of being close to Western Europe makes European integration naturally attractive to the countries of CEE. At the same time, the strong nationalism makes the countries of CEE raise strong opposition to the policies of the European Union in many ca

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40

Elliott, W. J. "Outpatient Hypertension Treatment, Treatment Intensification, and Control in Western Europe and the United States." Yearbook of Cardiology 2008 (January 2008): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-4145(08)05025-9.

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41

Bailey, Heather, Claire L. Townsend, Mario Cortina-Borja, and Claire Thorne. "Improvements in virological control among women conceiving on combination antiretroviral therapy in Western Europe." AIDS 27, no. 14 (2013): 2312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0b013e32836378e4.

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42

Booth, Philip. "Davies, H.W.E., Edwards, D., Hooper, A.J. and Punter, J.V. Planning control in western Europe." Applied Geography 10, no. 2 (1990): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-6228(90)90057-v.

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43

Wang, Y. Richard. "Outpatient Hypertension Treatment, Treatment Intensification, and Control in Western Europe and the United States." Archives of Internal Medicine 167, no. 2 (2007): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.2.141.

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44

Kask, Kristjan, Anna Markina, and Zuzana Podana. "The Effect of Family Factors on Intense Alcohol Use among European Adolescents: A Multilevel Analysis." Psychiatry Journal 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/250215.

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In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family factors such as structure, social control, affluence, and negative life events on adolescents' risky alcohol use. Data on alcohol use and family factors were obtained from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Using multilevel analysis, it was found that overall, complete family and high social control by parents were lowering the intense alcohol use whereas negative life events in the family and high family affluence were increasing youngster

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Steukers, L., G. Bertels, A. B. Cay, and H. J. Nauwynck. "Schmallenberg virus: emergence of an Orthobunyavirus among ruminants in Western Europe." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 81, no. 3 (2012): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v81i3.18348.

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Recently, a novel virus has been identified among ruminants in Western Europe. This virus, the so-called Schmallenberg virus, belongs to the family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, serogroup Simbu and is closely related to Akabane, Aino and Shamonda virus. In cattle, acute symptoms in the dam and adult animals generally include high fever, milk drop and diarrhea. More importantly, infection during gestation may lead to abortion, stillbirth and congenital malformations. As all bunyaviruses, Schmallenberg virus also uses vectors for efficient transmission. Closely related viruses causing sim

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Bourhy, H., L. Dacheux, C. Strady, and A. Mailles. "Rabies in Europe in 2005." Eurosurveillance 10, no. 11 (2005): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.11.00575-en.

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Rabies is still present in Europe in 2005. Its incidence in humans remains limited (fewer than 5 human cases per year) through the application of strict prophylactic measures (anti-rabies treatment) and by means of veterinary rabies control measures in the domesticated and wild animal populations. The main indigenous animal reservoirs are: the dog in eastern European countries and on the borders with the Middle East; the fox in central and eastern Europe; the racoon dog in northeastern Europe; and the insectivorous bat throughout the entire territory. Finally, each year, cases of animals with

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Krivolapov, Oleg O. "U.S. Homeland Missile Defense, Great Power Competition, and Arms Control – Incongruous Concepts?" Russia in Global Affairs 23, no. 3 (2025): 180–96. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2025-23-3-180-196.

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The study aims to determine the role of missile defense, which can presumably either drive arms races or ensure crisis stability. The current intense security crisis in Europe and the overall Russo-Western confrontation are not amenable to traditional rules of competition, such as direct dialogue on nuclear issues. Thus, unilateral nuclear arms restrictions, undertaken in parallel by Russia and the U.S., remain the only way to maintain stability.

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Vander Mijnsbrugge, Kristine, Lise De Clerck, Nele Van der Schueren, et al. "Counter-Intuitive Response to Water Limitation in a Southern European Provenance of Frangula alnus Mill. in a Common Garden Experiment." Forests 11, no. 11 (2020): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111186.

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Climate change will intensify drought periods during the growing season in Western Europe. We mimicked this prediction by withholding water in summer from young rooted cuttings of Frangula alnus Mill., a common shrub species, originating from different latitudes in Europe (Italy, Belgium and Sweden) and growing in a common garden environment in Belgium. We followed the responses to the drought up to two years after the treatment. Counter-intuitively, the Italian provenance displayed earlier symptoms and stronger effects of water limitation than the other two provenances. A putative higher tran

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Calder, Jennifer Ann Marie, and Donovan Norton Calder. "Chikungunya Fever: A New Concern For the Western Hemisphere." Open Infectious Diseases Journal 9, no. 1 (2015): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874279301509010013.

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Chikungunya virus has spread from Tanzania and has caused autochthonous transmission throughout Africa and Asia, and most recently in Europe, and the Americas. Transmission into new geographical areas has been facilitated by many factors including international travel, genetic adaptation of the virus to the vectors, and a breakdown of vector control measures. The economic impact on affected countries may be severe as a result of the immediate effect on the healthcare services and loss of man-hours as well as the potential effect on tourism. Effective control will require early diagnosis and is

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Feyziyeva, G. "AZERBAİJAN-ARMENİA BORDER İSSUE AND EUROPE." POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, no. 55 (October 19, 2022): 21–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7223683.

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The de jure Azerbaijani-Armenian border corresponds to the border between the former Azerbaijani SSR and the Armenian SSR. The border between the countries consists of two main parts: In the west between Armenia and the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, a longer section between Armenia and "mainland" Azerbaijan in the east. In addition, there are a number of enclaves on both sides of the de jure border, but in fact they are now under the control of the respective states. In fact, the situation on the Azerbaijani-Armenian border is more complicated - the western part of the border, Na

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