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Journal articles on the topic 'Riot control – Germany – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Luttrell, Anthony. "The Hospitaller Background of the Teutonic Order." Ordines Militares Colloquia Torunensia Historica 26 (November 9, 2021): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/om.2021.014.

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This article examines the foundation in 1190/1191 of a German field hospital outside the walls of Acre during its siege by the Christians studied against a background of Hospitaller affairs in Jerusalem before its loss in 1187. The article relies on contemporary texts rather than the myths which rapidly appeared, while documents issued by the papal chancery suggest misunderstandings of the situation in Syria. The field hospital was the creation of Germans arriving at Acre by sea and overland but its later development inside the walls was, at least partly, conditioned by the long-term mistrust

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Bettel, Florian. "Policing the Crisis—A History of Riot Control Technology." Icon. The Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology 26, no. 1 (2021): 90–111. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5745495.

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The present article analyses Jeremy Deller’s artwork, “The Battle of Orgreave” (2001), as an aggravation of the special aesthetic qualities of riot control technology at the intersection of emotion (fear, horror) and politics. The article describes a history of riot control technology that takes place against the background of a crisis. Concepts such as security and the defence of social order have been the subject of reinterpretation since the 1960s. Central to understanding the negotiation of these terms is the concept of “policing the crisis,” which was develop

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FELDMAN, GERALD D. "Civil commotion and riot insurance in fascist Europe, 1922–1941." Financial History Review 10, no. 2 (2003): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565003000143.

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Insurance for damage caused by public unrest became popular in post-1918 Central Europe and proved to be a profitable business, but one that became increasingly problematic because of the role of fascist regimes in promoting civil commotion. This article addresses some of the experiences of insurance companies, especially the Munich Reinsurance Company, when trying to manage policies covering political unrest and riot in Italy, Germany and Spain between 1922 and 1941. In the case of Italy in 1922, the new fascist regime forced the insurers to pay for damages caused by the Squadri. In Germany,

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Brüggemann, Karsten, and Andres Kasekamp. "The Politics of History and the “War of Monuments” in Estonia." Nationalities Papers 36, no. 3 (2008): 425–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990802080646.

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After darkness fell over the provincial town of Lihula on 2 September 2004, youths pelted riot police with stones. Nothing like this had ever happened before in the peaceful and orderly small Baltic State of Estonia. The police were protecting a crane and its driver sent by the Ministry of the Interior to remove a monument honouring those Estonians who fought on the German side against the Red Army during the Second World War. In the evening of 26 April 2007 demonstrators in Tallinn pelted riot police with stones and went on a rampage of smashing windows and looting. The Estonian capital had n

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Green, Christopher, Farrha B. Hopkins, Christopher D. Lindsay, James R. Riches, and Christopher M. Timperley. "Painful chemistry! From barbecue smoke to riot control." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 2 (2017): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-0911.

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AbstractPain! Most humans feel it throughout their lives. The molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon are still poorly understood. This is especially true of pain triggered in response to molecules of a certain shape and reactivity present in the environment. Such molecules can interact with the sensory nerve endings of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs to cause irritation that can range from mild to severe. The ability to alert to the presence of such potentially harmful substances has been termed the ‘common chemical sense’ and is thought to be distinct from the senses of smell or tast

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6

Johansen, A. "Violent Repression or Modern Strategies of Crowd Management: Soldiers as Riot Police in France and Germany, 1890-1914." French History 15, no. 4 (2001): 400–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/15.4.400.

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Scott, Alfred, and Rory Gill. "Rumblings in Rangoon: Labor, Race, and Nationalism in the Dockworker Riot of May 1930." Journal of Burma Studies 28, no. 2 (2024): 285–321. https://doi.org/10.1353/jbs.2024.a945302.

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Abstract: For five days in late May 1930, urban life ground to a halt as Rangoon was engulfed by the largest riots in living memory. Beginning as a localized complaint over employment in the docks between Indian and Burmese laborers, violence rapidly spiraled out of control and spread over the whole city, pitting Burmese against Indian, with the British authorities either powerless or reluctant to intervene. In English-language works, the story of this riot and its significance to wider Burmese history has received little attention and is often referred to only in passing. Sitting at a crossro

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GARNHAM, NEAL. "RIOT ACTS, POPULAR PROTEST, AND PROTESTANT MENTALITIES IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY IRELAND." Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (2006): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005267.

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The condition of the Anglican elite in eighteenth-century Ireland has been the focus of some debate by historians. Members of the Protestant Ascendancy class have been variously cast as a community under constant threat, or as a self-confident group secure in their control of the country's political and economic systems. Various contributions to this dialogue have been made through the study of popular movements and civil disorder. Rather than further comment on such phenomena this article seeks to examine the reactions of the Irish political elite to them. Although the country had no general

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Thompson, Krista A. "Performing Visibility: Freaknic and the Spatial Politics of Sexuality, Race, and Class in Atlanta." TDR/The Drama Review 51, no. 4 (2007): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram.2007.51.4.24.

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During the late 1990s, participants in Freaknic, the annual black college spring break gathering, were greeted by the Atlanta police in riot gear. Defying the police, women gave impromptu performances, sometimes stripping for participants' cameras. Thompson shows how these performances were a response not only to the city's treatment of Freaknic but also to Atlanta's long history of using force to control race, gender, and class.

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10

Quataert, Jean H., and James Woycke. "Birth Control in Germany, 1871-1933." American Historical Review 96, no. 1 (1991): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164117.

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11

Streng, Marcel. "The food riot revisited: New dimensions in the history of ‘contentious food politics’ in Germany before the First World War." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 20, no. 6 (2013): 1073–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2013.852517.

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12

Usborne, C. "Fertility Control and Population Policy in Germany, 1910-28." German History 8, no. 2 (1990): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549000800205.

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Usborne, C. "Fertility Control and Population Policy in Germany, 1910-28." German History 8, no. 2 (1990): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/8.2.199.

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14

Johnson, Laurie, and Eric Dunnum. "Beyond Master Narratives: A Reassessment of the Apprentice Riot of 1592." Huntington Library Quarterly 86, no. 4 (2023): 587–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hlq.2023.a944188.

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ABSTRACT: The relationship between London apprentices and playhouses in the Tudor period has tended to be viewed through the filter of guiding master narratives of class solidarity, local rivalry, subversive playhouses, unruly youths, or hegemonic control. In the case of William Webbe’s report of a riot by apprentice feltmakers on June 11, 1592, scholars have offered many interpretations in service of one or another of these narratives. This essay offers a reassessment of the events of that day based on the history of feltmakers’ apprentices and the geography of the Blackfriars in London, Berm

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15

Krafft, Erin Katherine. "Punk Prayers versus Neoliberalism." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 56, no. 2 (2022): 152–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/22102396-05602006.

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Abstract This paper examines the trajectories of Nadya Tolokonnikova and Maria Alekhina in the years since their performance in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. This study, however, does not simply focus on their activities as individuals, but seeks to contextualize their work over the last decade in terms of capitalism, neoliberalism, and collective struggle. Planting the history of Pussy Riot within the context of historic and contemporary tensions within intersectional feminisms in Russia, the “West”, and transnationally, this paper will map divergences and convergences that render trans

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16

Hung, Jochen. "News from Germany. The Competition to Control World Communications, 1900–1945." German History 39, no. 2 (2021): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghab032.

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17

Rogers, John D. "The 1866 Grain Riots in Sri Lanka." Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, no. 3 (1987): 495–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500014699.

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Until fairly recently, grain riots were viewed as spontaneous reactions of the poor to hunger, not worthy of detailed analysis. Over the past twenty years, partially as a result of pioneering studies by George Rudé and Edward Thompson with reference to France and Britain, a considerable body of scholarly writing about these disturbances has appeared. Consistent cross-cultural patterns have emerged from this research. Grain riots were not necessarily a product of hunger, although they were a facet of struggles over the control of food. They have normally taken one of two forms. One was the mark

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18

Gradmann, Christoph. "Locating Therapeutic Vaccines in Nineteenth-Century History." Science in Context 21, no. 2 (2008): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026988970800166x.

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ArgumentThis essay places some therapeutic vaccines, including particularly the diphtheria antitoxin, into their larger historical context of the late nineteenth century. As industrially produced drugs, these vaccines ought to be seen in connection with the structural changes in medicine and pharmacology at the time. Given the spread of industrial culture and technology into the field of medicine and pharmacology, therapeutic vaccines can be understood as boundary objects that required and facilitated communication between industrialists, medical researchers, public health officials, and clini

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19

O’Sullivan, Michael E. "Sex and Birth Control in West Germany." Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 101, no. 1 (2021): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2021-0008.

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Abstract Pius XII’s Addresses to the Catholic Union of Midwives on October 29, 1951 and the National Congress of the Family Front and the Association of Large Families on November 27, 1951 were a pivotal moment in the history of sexuality in the Catholic Church because the pope permitted the use of the rhythm method for the purposes of family planning. They occurred at a moment of transition between Pius XI’s condemnation of contraception and abortion in 1930 and Paul VI’s denunciation of the birth control pill in 1968. This essay argues that these two speeches require greater scholarly attent

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20

Weigel, John Wesley. "Image Under Fire: West German Development Aid and the Ghana Press War, 1960–1966." Contemporary European History 31, no. 2 (2021): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777321000102.

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During the 1960s, development aid helped West Germany project a benign image while it discouraged diplomatic recognition of East Germany. In Ghana, however, this effort clashed with the Pan-Africanist aims of President Kwame Nkrumah. Four periodicals under his control attacked West Germany as neo-colonialist, militarist, racist, latently Nazi and a danger to world peace. West German officials resented this campaign and tried to make it stop, but none of their tactics, not even vague threats to aid, worked for long. The attacks ended with Nkrumah's overthrow in early 1966, but while they lasted

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21

Jansen, Sarah. "An American Insect in Imperial Germany: Visibility and Control in Making the Phylloxera in Germany, 1870–1914." Science in Context 13, no. 1 (2000): 31–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003719.

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The ArgumentThe vine louse Phylloxera vastatrix became a “pest” as it was transferred from North America and from France to Germany during the 1870s. Embodying the “invading alien,” it assumed a cultural position that increasingly gained importance in Imperial Germany. In this process, the minute insect, living invisibly underground, was made visible and became constitutive of the scientific-technological object, “pest,” pertaining to a scientific discipline, modern economic entomology. The “pest” phylloxera emerged by being made visible in a way that enabled control measures against it. Thus,

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22

Richardson-Little, Ned. "Arms intervention: Weimar Germany, post-imperial influence and weapons trafficking in warlord China." Journal of Modern European History 19, no. 4 (2021): 510–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16118944211051858.

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The Treaty of Versailles aimed to strip Germany of both its colonial empire and the global reach of its arms industry. Yet the conflicts in warlord-era China led to the reestablishment of German influence on the other side of the world via the arms trade. Weimar Germany had declared a policy of neutrality and refused to take sides in the Chinese civil war in an effort to demonstrate that as a post-colonial power, it could now act as an honest broker. From below, however, traffickers based in Germany and German merchants in China worked to evade Versailles restrictions and an international arms

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23

Bertram, Christiane, Wolfgang Wagner, and Ulrich Trautwein. "Learning Historical Thinking With Oral History Interviews: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Intervention Study of Oral History Interviews in History Lessons." American Educational Research Journal 54, no. 3 (2017): 444–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831217694833.

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The present study examined the effectiveness of the oral history approach with respect to students’ historical competence. A total of 35 ninth-grade classes ( N = 900) in Germany were randomly assigned to one of four conditions—live, video, text, or a (nontreated) control group—in a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design. Comparing the three intervention groups with the control group, the intervention groups scored better on four of the five achievement tests. Comparing the live group with the video and text groups, students in the live condition were more convinced of their learning progress

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Usborne, C. "Birth Control in Germany 1871-1933; Die Sexualberatungsstellen der Weimarer Republik 1919-1933." German History 8, no. 1 (1990): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/8.1.101.

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25

Abrams, L. "From Control to Commercialization: the Triumph of Mass Entertainment in Germany 1900-25?" German History 8, no. 3 (1990): 278–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/8.3.278.

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Abrams, L. "From Control to Commercialization: the Triumph of Mass Entertainment in Germany 1900-25?" German History 8, no. 3 (1990): 278–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549000800302.

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27

Cooper, Alice H., and Paulette Kurzer. "Rauch ohne Feuer: Why Germany Lags in Tobacco Control." German Politics and Society 21, no. 3 (2003): 24–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503003782353411.

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The puzzle explored in this article is why Germany, in spite of itssuperb record in environmental policy and health care, has systematicallythwarted measures to reduce smoking rates. At this point,thousands of large-scale epidemiological findings demonstrate a relationshipbetween smoking and disease. Moreover, unlike alcohol,there is no safe amount of smoking. Cigarettes kill, and smoking isthe single largest source of preventable death in advanced industrializedstates. By various estimates, tobacco kills 500,000 Europeansper year, including 120,000 Germans. Globally, in the years 2025 to2030,

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28

Frackman, Kyle. "Homemade Pornography and the Proliferation of Queer Pleasure in East Germany." Radical History Review 2022, no. 142 (2022): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9397072.

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Abstract Like other Eastern Bloc countries, East Germany sought to control even its citizens’ leisure time in the 1960s and 1970s, with the goal of making it useful or at least not subversive to state interests. Certain hobbies, like amateur photography, found support from the state in the form of increased access to equipment and supplies. Other scholarship has shown that sex was a locus of privacy and self-assertion in a society with a high degree of surveillance and state control. Focusing on a previously unanalyzed collection of erotic photographs of men, the article argues, first, that th

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KAUDERS, ANTHONY D. "NEGOTIATING FREE WILL: HYPNOSIS AND CRIME IN EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY GERMANY." Historical Journal 60, no. 4 (2017): 1047–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000601.

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AbstractThe history of free will has yet to be written. With few exceptions, the literature on the subject is dominated by legal and philosophical works, most of which recount the ideas of prominent thinkers or discuss hypothetical questions far removed from specific historical contexts. The following article seeks to redress the balance by tracing the debate on hypnosis in Germany from 1894 to 1936. Examining responses to hypnosis is tantamount to recording common understandings of autonomy and heteronomy, self-control and mind control, free will and automaticity. More specifically, it is pos

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Connelly, John. "East German Higher Education Policies and Student Resistance, 1945–1948." Central European History 28, no. 3 (1995): 259–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900011845.

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Those who opposed Communist rule in East Germany often did so because Communism in practice strongly reminded them of the fascism they had experienced in the Third Reich. The new East German regime was also one that attempted total control of people's lives; therefore it became natural to describe it as totalitär. Most sensitive to the similarities between the old and new regimes were university students. They displayed stronger direct opposition to the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in the years from 1946–1949 than any other social group. This is reflected in the political battles tha

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Claar, Martin, and Damir Kovačević. "Don’t Cry No More: A Comparative Study of U.S. Domestic and Foreign Restrictions on Riot Control Agent Use." Diplomacy & Statecraft 34, no. 3 (2023): 543–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2023.2239642.

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Melenotte, Sabrina. "Perpetrating violence viewed from the perspective of the social sciences: Debates and perspectives." Violence: An International Journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633002420924963.

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What drives some people to “perpetrate violence”? Why do others, by contrast, not perpetrate violence, even under the same conditions? Do all violent acts involve a radicalization or a dehumanization and degradation of civil relations between subjects, sometimes even between neighbors or even within the same family or community, be it ethnic or national? This special theme gathers contributions from many different geographical areas (mainly Morocco, Syria, Germany, and Rwanda) and from several disciplines (literature, political science, sociology, history) in order to offer keys to understandi

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Gu, Hyung-keun. "Significance of Legal Reservation in the History of the German Constitution." K Association of Education Research 9, no. 2 (2024): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.48033/jss.9.2.15.

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This study examines the development of major theories related to legal reservationin Germany from a constitutional perspective and presents implications and challenges toKorean public law from the basic perspective seen in the discussion of German public law onlegal reservation. In order to achieve the above research objectives, a literature researchmethod is attempted to review the books, papers, and precedents of Korea, Japan, and Germany on this topic. In the early days, the realm of legal reservation was limited to limitedbasic rights such as individual freedom and property rights, and its

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KWAN, JONATHAN. "TRANSYLVANIAN SAXON POLITICS AND IMPERIAL GERMANY, 1871–1876." Historical Journal 61, no. 4 (2018): 991–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000486.

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AbstractThis article investigates the potential influence of the newly formed Imperial Germany on Transylvanian Saxon politics. The Saxons were German-speaking settlers with long traditions of local autonomy and political privileges within the kingdom of Hungary. From the early eighteenth century, Saxon politics had been defined by its relations to Hungary and to the Habsburg monarchy as a whole. Under the dualist system set up in the 1867 Compromise, the Hungarian government exerted control over Transylvania. The unification of Germany in 1871 introduced a new factor into Saxon politics since

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Walk, Robert D. "D. Hank Ellison, Chemical Warfare during the Vietnam War: Riot Control Agents in Combat. New York: Routledge, 2011. 202 pp." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 4 (2012): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00287.

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Lazonick, William, and Mary O'sullivan. "Finance and industrial development: evolution to market control. Part II: Japan and Germany." Financial History Review 4, no. 2 (1997): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565000000925.

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Chernega, Vladimir. "The Evolution of Franco-German Relations in 1949–2022: From the German Problem to the Franco-German Tandem and the Idea of the “Power of Europe”." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2023): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640024674-9.

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After the Second World War, the most important priority of French foreign policy in Europe was the solution of the German problem, in other words, the prevention of the revival of Germany as a revanchist state. At the same time, French diplomacy, influenced by the “power complex”, sought to ensure the leading role of its country in the Western European part of the continent. Hence Paris&apos;s course, first towards anti-German alliances and then, following the proclamation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, towards the formation of European defence structures with the participatio

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Awad, Jessica, Cristina Vasiliţa, Sophie Wenz, et al. "New records of German Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea) from the collection of the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart." Biodiversity Data Journal 9 (September 9, 2021): e69856. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e69856.

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Scelionid wasps are arthropod egg parasitoids, many of which are relevant to global plant biosecurity. However, the scelionid fauna of Germany has not received much attention from professional taxonomists.Four genera and ten species are identified for the first time from Germany, including species of interest to agriculture and biological control. COI barcodes are provided for the first time for <em>Baryconus europaeus</em> (Kieffer) and <em>Macroteleia bicolora </em>Kieffer. Each species is illustrated and updated world distributions are provided. Implications for agriculture are discussed.

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Peal, David. "Self-Help and the State: Rural Cooperatives in Imperial Germany." Central European History 21, no. 3 (1988): 244–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012206.

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The consolidation of territorial states in Central Europe undermined the local customs and institutions that had shaped village life since the Middle Ages. By the end of the eighteenth century unitary law codes overrode rural customs. By distinguishing between public and private law, these codes stripped the organized village community of legal substance. Police and judicial functions once performed within the community were assumed by bureaucrats, and the state meddled with the use of local resources by liberalizing marriage and residence laws. Deprived of political autonomy, the village did

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Kim, Yu-Kyong. "Certification of (History) Schoolbooks in Germany : From the Governmental Control to the Autonomous Decision." Korean Journal of German Studies 32 (August 31, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17995/kjgs.2016.08.32.5.

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BRUCE, GARY. "‘In our District, the State Is Secure’: The East German Secret Police Response to the Events of 1989 in Perleberg District." Contemporary European History 14, no. 2 (2005): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002328.

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This article details the year 1989 in the East German District Perleberg up to the fall of the Wall as reflected in the documents of the Ministry for State Security – the Stasi. It seeks to introduce empirical evidence on the course of the revolution in the towns of East Germany, an area which has received much less scholarly attention than larger centres. The article argues that in this particular outlying district, the generally accepted key factors behind the revolution (regime implosion, the changing international situation and popular pressure) are valid, but would best be weighted away f

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Gehlen, Boris. "Corporate law and corporate control in West Germany after 1945." Business History 61, no. 5 (2017): 810–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2017.1319939.

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Orich, Annika. "Archival Resistance." German Politics and Society 38, no. 2 (2020): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2020.380201.

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The popularity of Pegida and success of the Alternative for Germany has raised the question of how Germany should respond to the New Right. This article argues that reading in archives has emerged as a sociopolitical act of resistance against far-right movements, and that archival reading across time, borders, and media has turned into a strategy to defend democratic ideals. As the New Right’s rise also originates in an archival investment to control public opinion and policy, the practice of archivally reading today’s far right shows that contemporary Germany is in the midst of renegotiating

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Makdisi, Ussama. "AFTER 1860: DEBATING RELIGION, REFORM, AND NATIONALISM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE." International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no. 4 (2002): 601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743802004014.

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The events of 1860 constitute a turning point in the modern history of Lebanon. In the space of a few weeks between the end of May and the middle of June, Maronite and Druze communities clashed in Mount Lebanon in a struggle to see which community would control, and define, a stretch of mountainous territory at the center of complicated Eastern Question politics.1 The Druzes carried the day. Every major Maronite town within reach of the Druzes was pillaged, its population either massacred or forced to flee. In July, Damascene Muslims rioted to protest deteriorating economic conditions, targeti

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Lineva, Anna, Eva Tavčar Benković, Samo Kreft, and Ellen Kienzle. "Remarkable frequency of a history of liver disease in dogs fed homemade diets with buckwheat." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 47, no. 04 (2019): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0894-8141.

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Abstract Objective In our nutrition consultation service we observed liver disease in 2 dogs of one owner who was feeding buckwheat. This led to the hypothesis that buckwheat may cause problems. The present retrospective study in a German and a Russian nutrition consultation service was carried out to see whether there is an increased incidence of liver disease in dogs fed buckwheat. Materials and methods A retrospective study was carried out on the nutrition consultation cases of the Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, LMU Munich and a Russian nutrition consultant. All cases of dogs with

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Hiley, Nicholas. "The Failure of British Counter-Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914." Historical Journal 28, no. 4 (1985): 835–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00005094.

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Modern British counter-espionage effectively began in April 1907, when a joint conference of naval and military officials, formed the previous year to consider ‘the Powers Possessed by the Executive in Time of Emergency’, recommended both an immediate strengthening of the laws against espionage, and a War is Office investigation of ‘the question of police surveillance and control of aliens’. These recommendations were to prove an important initiative, and did much to determine the course of British counter-espionage before 1914, yet at the time they probably seemed little more than an airing o

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Melton, Edgar. "Gutsherrschaftin East Elbian Germany and Livonia, 1500–1800: A Critique of the Model." Central European History 21, no. 4 (1988): 315–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012498.

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For over a century now, scholars have viewed the divergent paths of agrarian development east and west of the Elbe river as a watershed in German history. In the west, according to this view, peasants from the late Middle Ages on enjoyed increasing freedom from direct seigniorial interference in their social, economic, and judicial affairs. Seigniorial obligations (often commuted to cash rents) remained, as did a degree of seigniorial control over peasant lands in many regions, but peasants west of the Elbe increasingly shed the more onerous seigniorial obligations, and could generally move wi

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MacRaild, Donald M. "‘Abandon Hibernicisation’: priests, Ribbonmen and an Irish street fight in the north-east of England in 1858*." Historical Research 76, no. 194 (2003): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00190.

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Abstract This article seeks to contextualize a rare piece of evidence of the Catholic Church's attempts to control nationalist political expression among Irish migrants. The evidence, a letter from a priest to his bishop in Darlington, was generated by an investigation of a street riot in Sunderland in 1858. A detailed statement of such controlling influences is uncommon, even though historians have occasionally uncovered fleeting examples that are similar in nature. The discussion which follows seeks to fit this evidence, and its immediate context, into a wider historiography concerning the i

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Gazdag, G., GS Ungvari, and H. Czech. "Mass killing under the guise of ECT: the darkest chapter in the history of biological psychiatry." History of Psychiatry 28, no. 4 (2017): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x17724037.

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Following its inception, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rapidly spread all over the world, including Nazi Germany. Paradoxically, at the same time, the euthanasia programme was started in Germany: the extermination of people with intellectual disabilities and severe psychiatric disorders. In Lower Austria, Dr Emil Gelny, who had been granted a specialist qualification in psychiatry after three months of clinical training, took control of two psychiatric hospitals, in Gugging and Mauer-Öhling. In 1944, he began systematically killing patients with an ECT machine, something that was not practi

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Warkentin, Erwin J. "War by Other Means: British Information Control and Wolfgang Borchert's Draußen vor der Tür." Comparative Critical Studies 13, no. 2 (2016): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2016.0202.

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This article focuses on the stage and radio play Draußen vor der Tür (The Man Outside) by Wolfgang Borchert, broadcast in the British zone of occupation for the first time on 13 February 1947. A careful comparison of the stage and radio versions allows us to ascertain the degree to which the changes made by the British radio control officers Hugh Carleton Greene and David Porter were political in nature. The article opens by outlining both the history of the creation of the radio version and Borchert's attitude towards the Public Relations/ Information Services Division of the Control Commissi

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