Journal articles: 'Rip'

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Faizah, Nasya Shafa', Runi Asmaranto, and Jadfan Sidqi Fidari. "Pengaruh Angin Terhadap Dimensi Rip-rap Bendungan (Studi Kasus Bendungan Sutami)." Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air 3, no. 2 (May 22, 2023): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtresda.2023.003.02.019.

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Rip-rap Bendungan Sutamiberfungsi sebagai peredam energi yang dapat mereduksi hempasan ombak agar tidak terjadi penggerusan tanah pada lereng bendungan. Studi ini bertujuan menganalisa potensi terjadinya kerusakan material pada rip-rap Bendungan Sutamiberdasarkanperbedaan nilai dimensi rip-rap yang dihitung dari pembangkitan gelombang menggunakan perhitungan kecepatan angin 10 tahun terakhir dengan nilai yang sebenarnya. Pembangkitan gelombang dan dimensi rip-rap dihitung menggunakan metode perhitungan angin terkoreksi (UA) danmetode perhitungan angin desain (VMPH).Data yang dibutuhkan yaitu kecepatan angin bulananuntuk menghitung kecepatan angin koreksi (UA), data arah anginyang digunakan untuk menentukan nilai panjang fetch (F), data berat jenis batuan dan slope rip-rap bendunganuntuk menghitung berat masing –masing fragmen batuan (W50), serta data berat median rip-rap sebenarnya untuk analisa terjadinya potensi kerusakan.Dari hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa dari semua metode yang digunakan mendapatkan hasil tinggi gelombang yang sangat kecil. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena fetch Bendungan Sutami pendek atau > 1 km, yang mempengaruhi hasil dari pembangkitan gelombang dan dimensi batuan rip-rap yang didapatkan. Maka, dapat disimpulkan angin area penelitian tidak memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap kekuatan material rip-rap pada Bendungan Sutami atau masih dikatakan aman dari pengaruh angin dan gelombang.

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Navarro-Ugé, Garance. "RIP contre RIC." Esprit Juin, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/espri.2006.0016.

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Hafifah, Dwi Tiya Ayu, Runi Asmaranto, and Jadfan Sidqi Fidari. "Pengaruh Angin Terhadap Dimensi Rip-Rap Bendungan." Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air 3, no. 2 (February 23, 2023): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtresda.2023.003.02.06.

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Rip-rap Bendungan Sengguruh berfungsi sebagai peredam energi yang dapat mereduksi hempasan ombak agar tidak terjadi penggerusan tanah pada lereng hulu bendungan. Studi ini bertujuan menganalisa potensi terjadinya gelombang air yang diakibatkan oleh angin yang dapat merusak material pada Rip-rap Bendungan Sengguruh dilihat berdasarkan tinggi gelombang yang dihasilkan serta perubahan dimensi Rip-rap yang dihitung dari metode perhitungan angin desain (VMPH). Data yang dibutuhkan yaitu kecepatan angin bulanan (U), dataarah angin yang digunakan untuk menentukan nilai panjang fetch (F), data berat jenis batuan dan kemiringan rip-rap bendungan untuk menghitung berat masing-masing fragmen batuan (W). Dari perhitungan tinggi gelombang menggunakan metode perhitungan angin desain (VMPH) tidak dihasilkan gelombang airakibat pengaruh angin pada Bendungan Sengguruh, diakibatkan nilai fetch (F) pada Bendungan Sengguruh <1 km yaitu sebesar (0,850 km). Pada penelitian kaliini tidak dijumpai pengaruh angin yang signifikan yang dapat merusak rip-rap Bendungan Sengguruh. Berdasarkan perhitungan dan dilihat dari kondisi riprap Bendungan Sengguruh saat ini masih dapat dikatakan aman dari pengaruh angin dan gelombang. The Sengguruh Dam rip-rap functions as an energy damper that can reduce the crashing of waves so that soil erosion doesn’t occur on the upstream slopes of the dam. This study aims to analyze the potential for water waves caused by the wind that can damage the material in the Sengguruh Dam Rip-rap based on the resulting wave height and rip-rap dimensional changes calculated from the design wind calculation method (VMPH). The data needed are monthly wind speed (U), wind direction data used to determine fetch length (F), rock-specific gravity data, and dam rip-rap slope to calculate the weight of each rock fragment (W). From the calculation of wave height using the design wind calculation method (VMPH), no waves were produced due to the influence of wind on the Sengguruh Dam, due to the fetch value (F) at the Sengguruh Dam of 1 km, which is equal to 0.850 km. In this study, there is no significant wind effect that could damage the Sengguruh Dam rip-rap. Based on calculations and judging from the current rip-rap condition of the Sengguruh Dam, it could be said that it is safe from the effects of wind and waves.

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Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter. "“MPP, RIP” RIP." Philosophical Papers 28, no. 2 (October 1999): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05568649909506596.

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Corrêa, Silvia Adriana Lima. "Do igarapé ao Rip Rap." RURIS (Campinas, Online) 14, no. 1 (August 5, 2022): 18–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53000/rr.v14i1.17024.

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O presente artigo propõe a abordagem da ideia de paisagem a partir da análise da trajetória de degradação dos igarapés que entrecortam a cidade de Manaus e dos grupos sociais que moram em seu entorno. Isso por que ambos, igarapés e moradores de seu entorno formam no presente, juntos, uma paisagem que transmite de antemão uma mensagem: perigo. Intenta-se problematizar essa percepção associada à imagem desse tipo de lugar em Manaus entendendo que corresponde a uma construção social pautada em informações acionadas por via da memória e do sensível que faz com que sejam estabelecidos previamente julgamentos diante do (des)conhecido.

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Serna Rodríguez, Ana María. "Rafael Martínez Rip Rip." Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México, no. 62 (October 6, 2021): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iih.24485004e.2021.62.77367.

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La trayectoria y el trabajo de Rafael Martínez son piezas centrales de la historia social del periodismo mexicano. Conectan los orígenes socioculturales de un escritor que procuró un diarismo que atendiera las necesidades del hombre trabajador, que trató de fortalecer las condiciones de trabajo de su gremio y amplió el ámbito de influencia de la esfera pública conectando los vasos comunicantes de espacios culturales cercanos: el magisterio, la prensa, la marcha callejera, la dramaturgia y la divulgación de la historia.

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Mikhnevich, E. I. "METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATION OF RIGIDITY IN EARTH DAM SLOPE PROTECTION UNDER CONDITIONS OF WAVE IMPACT." Science & Technique 17, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2018-17-2-100-105.

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. Various types of protection are used in order to ensure rigidity in earth dam slopes and dumped rip-rap and precast and cast-in-situ reinforced plates are the most commonly used for this purpose. Durability and reliability of the protections mainly depend on the fact whether protection parameters have been correctly calculated and correspondingly observed during the process of protection creation, the main protection parameters are material diameter of dumped rip-rap and thickness of reinforced plates. Values of protection parameters calculated in accordance to the existing formulae significantly differ among themselves. Some of these formulae are acceptable for small water reservoirs in Belarus and provide actual results only for large water reservoirs where a wave height reaches two metres and even more. A new calculation methodology which is suitable for Belarusian water reservoirs of various size is proposed with the purpose to determine diameter of dumped rip-rap material and thickness of plates for earth dam slope protection in the zone of active wave impact. The methodology has been developed on the basis of the theory pertaining to limit equilibrium of slope shearing and holding forces. While calculating diameter of dumped rip-rap material the following shearing forces have been taken into account: uplift wave pres- sure depending on wave height; drag force which is formed on the slope due to back sweep of wave; shearing component of protection material gravity force which is dependent on preselected slope ratio. Holding forces are determined with due ac- count of main physical and mechanical properties of dumped rip-rap material: density of particles in water suspension, porosi- ty, internal friction and holding component of protection material gravity force. While developing methodology for calcula- tion of reinforced concrete plate thickness a drag force has not been taken into account because the flow which is formed on the plate surface does not exert an influence on their equilibrium. Bottom slope zone where hydrodynamic pressure is created by bottom velocity has usually a reduced-weight protection in the form of broken stone, gravel and finely broken stone rip-rap. Dependences for determination of dumped rip-rap fineness have been obtained as a result of slope rigidity criterion conversion. The proposed formulae for calculation of earth dam slope protection parameters can be recommended for applica- tion in design organizations.

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8

Stromberg, N. O., G. O. Dahlback, and P. M. Gustafsson. "Evaluation of various models for respiratory inductance plethysmography calibration." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 1206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.3.1206.

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We evaluated one nonlinear and two linear models of the ventilatory system while calibrating the respiratory inductance plethysmograph (RIP) against a pneumotachometer. A calibration method involving voluntary varying rib cage and abdominal contributions to tidal volume in a single body position was utilized. The influence on accuracy of the choice of respiratory phase during calibration was assessed. Both tidal and intratidal volumes were evaluated. Ten adults with no history of respiratory disorders went through RIP calibration and validation in the sitting and supine positions. A linear calibration model, relating lung volume changes from the start of inspiration or expiration to rib cage and abdominal excursions from initiation of respiratory motion, had the best accuracy. The choice of respiratory phase for calibration did not affect accuracy. RIP generally underestimated lung volume at the start of inspiration and overestimated lung volume at the end of inspiration. RIP was more accurate in the supine than the sitting position, probably because of limited spine flexion in the supine position.

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Sowden, Tom. "Ruscha Rip-of, Rip-out." Afterimage 37, no. 6 (May 1, 2010): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2010.37.6.41.

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Butz, Anh T., Michel El Alam, William P. Irvin Jr., and Dale W. Stovall. "The Rothman Index: Assessing risk for 30-day readmission in gynecologic oncology service patients." Journal of Hospital Administration 8, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v8n2p54.

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Background: The Rothman Index (RI) is a previously validated, continuously computed score derived from 26 clinical measures that assesses a patient's clinical status. It has been used as a prognostic indicator in the intensive care setting and has been incorporated into the electronic medical record. This study was designed to determine its utility in assessing 30-day readmission rates in postoperative gynecologic oncology service patients. Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, gynecologic oncology service surgical patients readmitted within 30 days of discharge (cases) were matched 1:2 by procedure, diagnosis, age and comorbidities to non-readmitted gynecologic oncology surgical patients (controls). All procedures were performed at one center by a single surgeon. Rothman Index values were obtained immediately postoperative (RIp) and before discharge (RId), and the difference between these values was calculated (RIc). Rothman Index scores were compared between cases and controls. Results: In total, 24 cases were matched to 48 controls. The mean age of all study participants was 56 years. The RId was significantly different between groups, with median RId of 70 for readmitted subjects and 75.5 for controls (P = .029). Binomial regression of readmission on RI revealed an RId of 58.9 or less was associated with at least 50% likelihood of readmission (P = .017). Cases and controls did not significantly differ based on RIp or RIc, and were similar with respect to risk factors including diabetes, smoking, and BMI. Conclusion: Delaying discharge for patients with RI below a designated threshold may reduce gynecologic oncology postoperative readmission rates.

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Sackner, M. A., H. Watson, A. S. Belsito, D. Feinerman, M. Suarez, G. Gonzalez, F. Bizousky, and B. Krieger. "Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmograph during natural breathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 410–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.410.

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We describe a single-posture method for deriving the proportionality constant (K) between rib cage (RC) and abdominal (AB) amplifiers of the respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP). Qualitative diagnostic calibration (QDC) is based on equations of the isovolume maneuver calibration (ISOCAL) and is carried out during a 5-min period of natural breathing without using mouthpiece or mask. In this situation, K approximates the ratio of standard deviations (SD) of the uncalibrated changes of AB-to-RC volume deflections. Validity of calibration was evaluated by 1) analyzing RIP waveforms during an isovolume maneuver and 2) comparing changes of tidal volume (VT) amplitude and functional residual capacity (FRC) level measured by spirometry (SP) with RIP values. Comparisons of VT(RIP) to VT(SP) were also obtained in a variety of postures during natural (uninstructed) preferential RC and AB breathing and with voluntary changes of VT amplitude and FRC level. VT(RIP)-to-VT(SP) comparisons were equal to or closer than published reports for single posture, ISOCAL, multiple- and linear-regression procedures. QDC of RIP in supine posture with comparisons to SP in that posture and others showed better accuracy in horizontal than upright postures.

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morton, mark. "RIP." Gastronomica 6, no. 2 (2006): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2006.6.2.6.

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Lechner, Aaron, Hubert Keckeis, Elisabeth Schludermann, Franz Loisl, Paul Humphries, Martin Glas, Michael Tritthart, and Helmut Habersack. "Shoreline configurations affect dispersal patterns of fish larvae in a large river." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 4 (September 7, 2013): 930–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst139.

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Abstract The dispersal patterns of marked larvae of the nase carp (Chondrostoma nasus L.) were observed alongside dissimilar shoreline configurations in the main channel of the free-flowing Austrian Danube and compared with those of floating particles to investigate the mode of dispersal (active–passive). Individuals of different larval stages and floats at similar densities were released at an artificial rip-rap with groynes and a rehabilitated gravel bar. In both habitats, marked individuals were recaptured during the sampling period of 4 d after release. Relevant shoreline attributes for larval dispersal, such as the accessibility of nursery habitats, connectivity between adjacent habitats, and retention potential, were more pronounced at the gravel bar than at the rip-rap. At the gravel bar, larvae moved upstream and downstream within the connected bankside nurseries and displayed longer residence times. Larvae settled in groyne fields along the rip-rap as well; however, longitudinal dispersal was disrupted by groynes, forcing larvae to enter the main channel. Rather than settling in subsequent groyne fields, we assume that these larvae are displaced downstream and potentially lost from the local population.

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Ikemoto, Wendy. "Putting the “Rip” in “Rip Van Winkle”." American Art 23, no. 2 (June 2009): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605711.

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Verschakelen, J. A., K. Deschepper, T. X. Jiang, and M. Demedts. "Diaphragmatic displacement measured by fluoroscopy and derived by Respitrace." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.2.694.

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In eight healthy volunteers we simultaneously measured the axial diaphragmatic motion by fluoroscopy and the cross-sectional area changes of the rib cage (RC) and abdomen (ABD) by Respitrace (RIP) during semistatic vital capacities (VC). We found that, if the fluoroscopic axial displacement of the posterior part of the diaphragm between residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC) is considered equal to 100%, the movement of the middle part is 90%, whereas that of the anterior part is only approximately 60%; the ratio of the axial displacements to mouth volume, furthermore, decreases at high lung volumes, especially for the anterior part. The RIP signal is nearly linearly related to mouth volume, but the contribution of the RC (delta RC) progressively increases (and is approximately 80% RIP at TLC), whereas the volume contribution of the ABD (delta ABD) levels off (to 20% RIP at TLC). The diaphragmatic volume displacement calculated from the theoretical analysis described by Mead and Loring also levels off at high volumes similarly as the ABD but is approximately 50% RIP at TLC. Finally, the axial movements of the three parts of the diaphragm are linearly related to the RC and ABD cross-sectional-area changes (r 0.91–0.97) and are even significantly better correlated with the “calculated” diaphragmatic volume displacement.

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Revow, M. D., S. J. England, H. A. Stogryn, and D. L. Wilkes. "Comparison of calibration methods for respiratory inductive plethysmography in infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): 1853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.5.1853.

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In infants under the age of 6 mo respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP)-calculated tidal volumes (VT) were compared with simultaneously measured volumes using a pneumotachograph (PNT) to 1) assess whether using multiple points (MP) along the inspiratory profile of a breath is superior to using only VT when calculating volume-motion (VM) coefficients, 2) verify the assumption of independent contributions of the abdomen and rib cage to VT, which was accomplished by extending the normal RIP model to include a term representing interaction between these two compartments, and 3) investigate whether VM coefficients are sleep-state dependent. Neither use of multiple points nor inclusion of the interacting term improved the performance of the RIP over that observed using a simple two-compartment model with VT measurements. However, VM coefficients obtained during quiet sleep (QS) were not reliable when used during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, suggesting that coefficients obtained during one sleep state may not be applicable to another state where there is a substantial change in the relative abdominal/rib cage contributions to VT.

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Cusson, Nicole, Sarah Oikemus, Elizabeth D. Kilpatrick, Leslie Cunningham, and Michelle Kelliher. "The Death Domain Kinase RIP Protects Thymocytes from Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 2–induced Cell Death." Journal of Experimental Medicine 196, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20011470.

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Fas and the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)1 regulate the programmed cell death of lymphocytes. The death domain kinase, receptor interacting protein (rip), is recruited to the TNFR1 upon receptor activation. In vitro, rip−/− fibroblasts are sensitive to TNF-induced cell death due to an impaired nuclear factor κB response. Because rip−/− mice die at birth, we were unable to examine the effects of a targeted rip mutation on lymphocyte survival. To address the contribution of RIP to immune homeostasis, we examined lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with rip−/− hematopoietic precursors. We observed a decrease in rip−/− thymocytes and T cells in both wild-type C57BL/6 and recombination activating gene 1−/− irradiated hosts. In contrast, the B cell and myeloid lineages are unaffected by the absence of rip. Thus, the death domain kinase rip is required for T cell development. Unlike Fas-associated death domain, rip does not regulate T cell proliferation, as rip−/− T cells respond to polyclonal activators. However, rip-deficient mice contain few viable CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes, and rip−/− thymocytes are sensitive to TNF-induced cell death. Surprisingly, the rip-associated thymocyte apoptosis was not rescued by the absence of TNFR1, but appears to be rescued by an absence of TNFR2. Taken together, this study implicates RIP and TNFR2 in thymocyte survival.

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Dane, Lee. "Wrap Rip." Science News 164, no. 14 (October 4, 2003): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4018865.

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Franklin, David. "RIP - SME." Economic Affairs 20, no. 1 (March 2000): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00208.

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Lycan, William G. "MPP, Rip." Philosophical Perspectives 7 (1993): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2214132.

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BAYOC, CBABI. "RIP Son." American Ethnologist 47, no. 2 (May 2020): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/amet.12897.

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Tench, Paul. "RP: RIP?" Journal of Sociolinguistics 2, no. 1 (February 1998): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00034.

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I'Anson, Roderick. "Partnership: RIP?" In Practice 21, no. 3 (March 1999): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.21.3.146.

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Dalrymple, Robert A., Jamie H. MacMahan, Ad J. H. M. Reniers, and Varjola Nelko. "Rip Currents." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 43, no. 1 (January 21, 2011): 551–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-122109-160733.

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Wheeler, Graham. "RIP Bill." Network Security 2000, no. 10 (October 2000): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(00)10017-0.

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Scarbrough, Harry. "BPR: RIP?" Organization 9, no. 1 (February 2002): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135050840291011.

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Litts, Thom, and Jeff Kopaska. "RIP XP." Fisheries 39, no. 4 (April 3, 2014): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2014.893871.

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DeFrancesco, Laura. "RIP Raptiva?" Nature Biotechnology 27, no. 4 (April 2009): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0409-303.

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Landman, Natalie, and Tae-Wan Kim. "Got RIP?" Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 15, no. 5 (October 2004): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.04.001.

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Yang, Hongda, Qingguo Chen, Xinyu Wang, Minghe Chi, and Jinfeng Zhang. "Dielectric and Thermal Conductivity Characteristics of Epoxy Resin-Impregnated H-BN/CNF-Modified Insulating Paper." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2020): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092080.

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High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) dry bushing capacitor-core insulation is composed of epoxy resin-impregnated insulating paper (RIP). To improve the thermal conductivity, breakdown strength, and space charge characteristics of RIP, 0.1 wt % nano-cellulose fiber (CNF)-modified RIP (CNF/RIP), 2.5–30 wt % hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)-modified RIP (h-BN/RIP), and 2.5–30 wt % h-BN + 0.1 wt % CNF-modified RIP (h-BN + 0.1 wt % CNF/RIP) were prepared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was implemented; the thermal conductivity, DC conductivity, DC breakdown strength, and space charge characteristics were tested. The maximum thermal conductivity of h-BN + 0.1 wt % CNF/RIP was 0.376 W/m.K with a h-BN content of 30 wt %. The thermal conductivity was 85.2% higher than that of unmodified RIP. The breakdown strength and charge suppression were the best in the case of 10 wt % h-BN + 0.1 wt % CNF/RIP. The maximum breakdown strength was 11.2% higher than that of unmodified RIP. These results can play a significant role in the research and development of insulation materials for HVDC dry bushing.

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Pitman, Sebastian J., Katie Thompson, Deirdre E. Hart, Kevin Moran, Shari L. Gallop, Robert W. Brander, and Adam Wooler. "Beachgoers' ability to identify rip currents at a beach in situ." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-115-2021.

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Abstract. Rip currents (“rips”) are the leading cause of drowning on surf beaches worldwide. A major contributing factor is that many beachgoers are unable to identify rip currents. Previous research has attempted to quantify beachgoers' rip identification ability using photographs of rip currents without identifying whether this usefully translates into an ability to identify a rip current in situ at the beach. This study is the first to compare beachgoers ability to identify rip currents in photographs and in situ at a beach in New Zealand (Muriwai Beach) where a channel rip current was present. Only 22 % of respondents were able to identify the in situ rip current. The highest rates of success were for males (33 %), New Zealand residents (25 %), and local beach users (29 %). Of all respondents who were successful at identifying the rip current in situ, 62 % were active surfers/bodyboarders, and 28 % were active beach swimmers. Of the respondents who were able to identify a rip current in two photographs, only 34 % were able to translate this into a successful in situ rip identification, which suggests that the ability to identify rip currents by beachgoers is worse than reported by previous studies involving photographs. This study highlights the difficulty of successfully identifying a rip current in reality and that photographs are not necessarily a useful means of teaching individuals to identify rip currents. It advocates for the use of more immersive and realistic education strategies, such as the use of virtual reality headsets showing moving imagery (videos) of rip currents in order to improve rip identification ability.

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Wang, Jin, Lei Wang, and Yu Kou. "The different roles of relative ingroup prototypicality in the outgroup attitudes of majority and minority groups." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 2 (August 29, 2016): 319–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430216663020.

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Based on the argument that the ingroup projection model may not be applicable to the minority group when addressing the effect of relative ingroup prototypicality (RIP) on outgroup attitudes, two studies investigated whether RIP and its effects on outgroup attitudes differ for the majority (Han) and an ethnic minority group (Tibetan). We measured RIP and outgroup attitudes in Study 1 ( N = 164) and manipulated RIP in Study 2 ( N = 145). The results indicated that the Hans presented high RIP, whereas the Tibetans presented low RIP. The effects of RIP on outgroup attitudes were moderated by group size: High RIP among Hans resulted in negative outgroup attitudes, whereas high RIP among Tibetans led to positive outgroup attitudes. These findings imply that improving the minority group’s RIP by making its culture prototypicality equal to that of the majority group would lead to positive outgroup attitudes.

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Uysal, Ali Ihsan, Elvan Ocmen, Mert Akan, Sevda Ozkardesler, Bekir Ugur Ergur, Ensari Guneli, Tuncay Kume, Uğur Koca, and Belgin Unal Togrul. "The Effects of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and N-Acetylcysteine with Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Rat Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Model." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/892704.

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Background. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) and pharmacological preconditioning are the effective methods that can be used to prevent ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of RIP and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) with RIP in the rat hepatic IR injury model.Materials and Methods. 28 rats were divided into 4 groups. Group I (sham): only laparotomy was performed. Group II (IR): following 30 minutes of hepatic pedicle occlusion, 4 hours of reperfusion was performed. Group III (RIP + IR): following 3 cycles of RIP, hepatic IR was performed. Group IV (RIP + NAC + IR): following RIP and intraperitoneal administration of NAC (150 mg/kg), hepatic IR was performed. All the rats were sacrificed after blood samples were taken for the measurements of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and liver was processed for conventional histopathology.Results. The hepatic histopathological injury scores of RIP + IR and RIP + NAC + IR groups were significantly lower than IR group (P=0.006,P=0.003, resp.). There were no significant differences in AST and ALT values between the IR, RIP + IR, and RIP + NAC + IR groups.Conclusions. In the present study, it was demonstrated histopathologically that RIP and RIP + NAC decreased hepatic IR injury significantly.

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van Wyk, Stephanie, Christopher H. Harrison, Brenda D. Wingfield, Lieschen De Vos, Nicolaas A. van der Merwe, and Emma T. Steenkamp. "The RIPper, a web-based tool for genome-wide quantification of Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) mutations." PeerJ 7 (August 26, 2019): e7447. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7447.

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Background The RIPper (http://theripper.hawk.rocks) is a set of web-based tools designed for analyses of Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) mutations in the genome sequences of Ascomycota. The RIP pathway is a fungal genome defense mechanism that is aimed at identifying repeated and duplicated motifs, into which it then introduces cytosine to thymine transition mutations. RIP thus serves to deactivate and counteract the deleterious consequences of selfish or mobile DNA elements in fungal genomes. The occurrence, genetic context and frequency of RIP mutations are widely used to assess the activity of this pathway in genomic regions of interest. Here, we present a bioinformatics tool that is specifically fashioned to automate the investigation of changes in RIP product and substrate nucleotide frequencies in fungal genomes. Results We demonstrated the ability of The RIPper to detect the occurrence and extent of RIP mutations in known RIP affected sequences. Specifically, a sliding window approach was used to perform genome-wide RIP analysis on the genome assembly of Neurospora crassa. Additionally, fine-scale analysis with The RIPper showed that gene regions and transposable element sequences, previously determined to be affected by RIP, were indeed characterized by high frequencies of RIP mutations. Data generated using this software further showed that large proportions of the N. crassa genome constitutes RIP mutations with extensively affected regions displaying reduced GC content. The RIPper was further useful for investigating and visualizing changes in RIP mutations across the length of sequences of interest, allowing for fine-scale analyses. Conclusion This software identified RIP targeted genomic regions and provided RIP statistics for an entire genome assembly, including the genomic proportion affected by RIP. Here, we present The RIPper as an efficient tool for genome-wide RIP analyses.

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Zhu, Daoheng, Zhiqiang Li, Pengpeng Hu, Bingfu Wang, Qianxin Su, and Gaocong Li. "Preliminary Investigation and Analysis of Beachgoers’ Awareness of Rip Currents in South China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 4471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054471.

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Among many coastal hazards, rip currents have gradually become one of the most noticeable hazards. Studies have demonstrated that most drowning accidents at beaches around the world are related to rip currents. In this study, online and field questionnaires were combined for the first time to reveal beachgoers’ awareness of rip currents in China from four aspects: demographic characteristics, swimming ability, information about visiting beaches, and knowledge about rip currents. One educational strategy was introduced to the field survey. The results suggest that (i) the proportion of online and field respondents who have heard of “rip currents” and seen warning signs of rip currents is extremely small. This reflects that beachgoers lack awareness of rip current hazards. Thus, China needs to strengthen the safety education of rip current knowledge. (ii) The level of awareness of rip currents can significantly affect the community’s ability to identify the location of rip currents and their choice of escape direction. (iii) In the field survey, we implemented an educational strategy as an intervention for respondents, and the accuracy of identifying rip currents and choosing the correct escape route improved by 34% and 46.7%, respectively. This implies that the intervention of educational strategy can significantly deepen beachgoers’ awareness of rip currents. It is recommended that more educational strategies about rip current knowledge be implemented on Chinese beaches in the future.

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Bhat, Ashwin, Felicite K. Noubissi, Meenal Vyas, and Durgadas P. Kasbekar. "Genetic Analysis of Wild-Isolated Neurospora crassa Strains Identified as Dominant Suppressors of Repeat-Induced Point Mutation." Genetics 164, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 947–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.3.947.

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Abstract Repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) in Neurospora results in inactivation of duplicated DNA sequences. RIP is thought to provide protection against foreign elements such as retrotransposons, only one of which has been found in N. crassa. To examine the role of RIP in nature, we have examined seven N. crassa strains, identified among 446 wild isolates scored for dominant suppression of RIP. The test system involved a small duplication that targets RIP to the easily scorable gene erg-3. We previously showed that RIP in a small duplication is suppressed if another, larger duplication is present in the cross, as expected if the large duplication competes for the RIP machinery. In two of the strains, RIP suppression was associated with a barren phenotype—a characteristic of Neurospora duplications that is thought to result in part from a gene-silencing process called meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD). A suppressor of MSUD (Sad-1) was shown not to prevent known large duplications from impairing RIP. Single-gene duplications also can be barren but are too short to suppress RIP. RIP suppression in strains that were not barren showed inheritance that was either simple Mendelian or complex. Adding copies of the LINE-like retrotransposon Tad did not affect RIP efficiency.

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Kinsey, J. A., P. W. Garrett-Engele, E. B. Cambareri, and E. U. Selker. "The Neurospora transposon Tad is sensitive to repeat-induced point mutation (RIP)." Genetics 138, no. 3 (November 1, 1994): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.3.657.

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Abstract RIP (repeat-induced point mutation) efficiently mutates repeated sequences in the sexual phase of the Neurospora crassa life cycle. Nevertheless, an active LINE-like retrotransposon, Tad, was found in a N. crassa strain from Adiopodoumé. The possibility was tested that Tad might be resistant to RIP, or that the Adiopodoumé strain might be incompetent for RIP. Tad elements derived from the Adiopodoumé strain were found to be susceptible to RIP. In addition, strains lacking active Tad elements, including common laboratory strains and strains representing seven species of Neurospora, were found to have sequences closely related to Tad but with numerous mutations of the type resulting from RIP (G:C to A:T). Even the Adiopodoumé strain showed Tad-like elements with mutations characteristic of RIP. Results of crossing of an Adiopodoumé transformant with progeny of Adiopodoumé suggest that the Adiopodoumé strain is proficient at RIP. We conclude that Tad is an old transposable element that has been inactivated by RIP in most strains. Finding relics of RIP in both heterothallic and homothallic species of Neurospora implicates RIP across the genus.

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Cong, Nguyen Chi, Le Dinh Mau, Nguyen Van Tuan, Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung, Phan Thanh Bac, Pham Sy Hoan, and Tran Van Binh. "Rip current simulation on some beaches in coastal Quang Nam province." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 3B (October 21, 2019): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/3b/14519.

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This paper presents modelling results of rip currents on the main beaches along coastal Quang Nam province including Ha My, Binh Minh, Tam Thanh and Rang beaches during two typical wind seasons: Northeast monsoon (Northeast wind direction, wind levels: 4, 5, 6) and Southwest monsoon (Southeast wind direction, wind levels: 4, 5) using Mike 21 model. Calculation results show that during the Northeast monsoon, the rip current formed in all beaches. In the scenario of level 4 of wind speed, average rip speed was about 40–50 cm/s. In particular, at Tam Thanh beach area, the rip was a typical one with the components such as feeder current, rip neck and rip head. With the level 5 of wind field, the formation of the rip was clearer, the speed of the rip was stronger, average value was about 50–60 cm/s. Meanwhile, with the level 6 of wind field, the typical rip structure was broken, creating local eddies or longshore currents at some positions, but strengthened at other positions. During the Southwest monsoon, the rip current did not form at the beaches and the longshore currents were dominant.

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Mackellar, Katherine, Robert Brander, and Wendy Shaw. "YouTube Videos and the Rip Current Hazard: Swimming in a Sea of (Mis)information." International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education 9, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 348–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijare2015-0030.

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Rip currents are strong, narrow, offshore flows found on many global beaches and contribute to hundreds of drownings and tens of thousands of rescues each year. Yet despite long-standing educational efforts, public understanding of rip currents is poor. YouTube represents a new visual-based social media platform with the potential to educate a large and global audience about the rip current hazard. This study analyzed the content of 256 rip current–related YouTube videos with over 5 million total views as of March 2, 2015 finding that the accuracy of informa- tion disseminated about rip currents on YouTube is mixed and of varying quality. Existing videos are good at emphasizing correct rip current terminology, visual imagery, and a range of escape strategies, but greater emphasis in future videos must be placed on rip current avoidance, particularly through promoting the need to swim near lifeguards and how to spot rip currents.

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Cambareri, E. B., M. J. Singer, and E. U. Selker. "Recurrence of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) in Neurospora crassa." Genetics 127, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/127.4.699.

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Abstract Duplicate DNA sequences in the genome of Neurospora crassa can be detected and mutated in the sexual phase of the life cycle by a process termed RIP (repeat-induced point mutation). RIP occurs in the haploid nuclei of fertilized, premeiotic cells before fusion of the parental nuclei. Both copies of duplications of gene-sized sequences are affected in the first generation at frequencies of approximately 50-100%. We investigated the extent to which sequences altered by RIP remain susceptible to this process in subsequent generations. Duplications continued to be sensitive to RIP, even after six generations. The fraction of progeny showing evidence of RIP decreased rapidly, however, apparently as a function of the extent of divergence of the duplicated sequences. Analysis of the stability of heteroduplexes of DNA altered by RIP and their native counterpart indicated that linked duplications diverged further than did unlinked duplications. DNA methylation, a common feature of sequences altered by RIP, did not seem to inhibit the process. A sequence that had become resistant to RIP was cloned and reintroduced into Neurospora in one or more copies to investigate the basis of the resistance. The altered sequence regained its methylation in vegetative cells, indicating that the methylation of sequences altered by RIP observed in vegetative cells is a consequence of the mutations. Duplication of the sequence restored its sensitivity to RIP suggesting that resistance to the process was due to loss of similarity between the duplicated sequences. Consistent with this, we found that the resistant sequence did not trigger RIP of the native homologous sequences of the host, even when no other partner was available. High frequency intrachromatid recombination, which is temporally associated with RIP, was more sensitive than RIP to alterations in the interacting sequences.

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Choi, Junwoo, Sung-Bum Yoon, Jimin Ko, and Tae-Soon Kang. "PERFORMANCES OF THE RIP CURRENT WARNING SYSTEM AT THE HAEUNDAE COAST OF SOUTH KOREA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.currents.20.

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Haeundae is one of the most beautiful beaches in Korea, and is also notorious for frequent and strong rip currents. Every recent year in this beach, hundreds of swimmers rescued from rip currents have been reported. The large-scale Haeundae rip current is known to be a kind of transient rip currents which is hardly predicted. The successive ends of wave-crest pattern (i.e., honeycomb wave-crest pattern(Dalrymple et al., 2011)), which generate rip current, are mainly formed by two-directional wave trains due to the refraction of incident swells over submerged shoals and ridges of the Haeundae coast. Many people are caught by the rip current in the relatively calm sea and weather conditions. The incident waves generating rip currents are nearly monochromatic with the wave period of 7-13 seconds. These swells are supposed to be generated by distant typhoons formed in the Philippine Sea. Some of them might propagate with dispersion and dissipation during the travel toward the south coast of the Korean Peninsula, especially to the Haeundae coast. In order to protect the swimmers from the rip current accidents, Choi et al. (2014) proposed a method for a rip current warning system, and Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration (KHOA) has established and operated the rip current warning system to the Haeundae beach. The rip current warning system estimates the rip current risk level based on the real-time incident wave conditions measured near the beach and the database pre-calculated by a numerical model according to various wave and tide conditions and the topography of the Haeundae coast. The Boussinesq wave model, FUNWAVE (Wei et al., 1999; Choi et al., 2015) was utilized for resolving the ends of the wave crests. This study showed the performance of the forecast and warning system of the rip current at the Haeundae coast of South Korea.

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Ishikawa, Toshinori, Ryo Shimada, and Tsutomu Komine. "RIP CURRENT DETECTION IN AN OPEN AREA AND ALONG JETTY USING AI." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.papers.7.

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The occurrence of drowning accidents on beaches is mainly caused by rip currents. In this study, we created a single AI model that can detect two types of rip currents with different characteristics: a flash rip current that occurs intermittently in open areas, and a fixed rip current that occurs along jetty. As a result of creating the AI model under various conditions, it was possible to detect the rip currents at each location with high accuracy at the stage of making the AI model. At the final point of the model’s evolution, the accuracy, the precision and the recall rates of the rip current detection were 87 percent, 48 percent and 100 percent, respectively. As a result of actually operating this AI model on the study beach, the single AI model could detect rip currents along the jetty and in the open area. However, it was confirmed that the AI model could not detect all rip currents which were continuously generated along the jetty.

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FRAMPTON, PAUL H., and KEVIN J. LUDWICK. "CYCLIC COSMOLOGY FROM THE LITTLE RIP." Modern Physics Letters A 28, no. 29 (September 6, 2013): 1350125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732313501253.

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We revisit a cyclic cosmology scenario proposed in 2007 to examine whether its hypotheses can be sustained if the underlying big-rip evolution, which was assumed there, is replaced by the recently proposed little rip. We show that the separation into causal patches at turnaround is generally valid for a little rip, and therefore conclude that the little rip is equally as suitable a basis for cyclicity as is the big rip.

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Drozdzewski, D., W. Shaw, D. Dominey-Howes, R. Brander, T. Walton, A. Gero, S. Sherker, J. Goff, and B. Edwick. "Surveying rip current survivors: preliminary insights into the experiences of being caught in rip currents." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 26, 2012): 1201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1201-2012.

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Abstract. This paper begins a process of addressing a significant gap in knowledge about people's responses to being caught in rip currents. While rip currents are the primary hazard facing recreational ocean swimmers in Australia, debate exists about the best advice to give swimmers caught in rip currents. Such surf rescue advice – on what to do and how to respond when caught in a rip – relies on empirical evidence. However, at present, knowledge about swimmers reactions and responses to rip currents is limited. This gap is a considerable barrier to providing effective advice to beach goers and to understanding how this advice is utilised (or not) when actually caught in the rip current. This paper reports the findings of a pilot study that focussed on garnering a better understanding of swimmers' experiences when caught in rip currents. A large scale questionnaire survey instrument generated data about rip current survivors' demographics, knowledge of beach safety and their reactions and responses when caught in a rip current. A mix of online and paper surveys produced a total of 671 completed surveys. Respondents were predominantly an informed group in terms of rip current knowledge, beach experience and had a high self-rated swimming ability. Preliminary insights from the survey show that most respondents recalled a "swim across the rip/parallel to the beach" message when caught in the rip and most escaped unassisted by acting on this message. However, while nearly a quarter of respondents recalled a message of "not to panic", short answer responses revealed that the onset of panic inhibited some respondents from recalling or enacting any other type of beach safety message when caught in the rip current. Results also showed that despite the research sample being younger, competent and frequent ocean swimmers, they were more likely to swim at unpatrolled beaches and outside of the red and yellow safety flags. Moreover, they were still caught in a rip current and they panicked. The findings of this study have significant implications for a range of demographic groups of differing beach safety knowledge and swimming ability who may be caught in rip currents behave, we know very little about how beach goers may respond to being caught in them.

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Blonska, Marzenna, Yun You, Romas Geleziunas, and Xin Lin. "Restoration of NF-κB Activation by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Receptor Complex-Targeted MEKK3 in Receptor-Interacting Protein-Deficient Cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 24 (December 15, 2004): 10757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.24.10757-10765.2004.

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ABSTRACT Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) plays a critical role in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced NF-κB activation. However, the mechanism by which RIP mediates TNF-α-induced signal transduction is not fully understood. In this study, we reconstituted RIP-deficient Jurkat T cells with a fusion protein composed of full-length MEKK3 and the death domain of RIP (MEKK3-DD). In these cells, MEKK3-DD substitutes for RIP and directly associates with TRADD in TNF receptor complexes following TNF-α stimulation. We found that TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation was fully restored by MEKK3-DD in these cells. In contrast, expression of a fusion protein composed of NEMO, a component of the IκB kinase complex, and the death domain of RIP (NEMO-DD) cannot restore TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in RIP-deficient cells. These results indicate that the role of RIP is to specifically recruit MEKK3 to the TNF-α receptor complex, whereas the forced recruitment of NEMO to the TNF-α receptor complex is insufficient for TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Although MEKK2 has a high degree of homology with MEKK3, MEKK2-DD, unlike MEKK3-DD, also fails to restore TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in RIP-deficient cells, indicating that RIP-dependent recruitment of MEKK3 plays a specific role in TNF-α signaling.

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Jurajda, P., and J. Regenda. "Littoral 0+ fish assemblages in three reservoirs of the Nové Mlýny dam (Czech Republic)." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 10 (December 13, 2011): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4331-cjas.

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A synchronous study of 0+ juvenile fish in three lowland reservoirs (Mu&scaron;ov, Věstonice, Nové Mlýny) of the Nové Mlýny dam (Czech Republic) was conducted in July 1997. Fish were sampled by fry beach seine and backpack electro fishing gear at 32 sites in three types of inshore habitats: concrete stepped embankment, stony rip-rap and sandy-gravel beach. In total, we registered 0+ juvenile fish of 17 species and one hybrid. The most common species was bleak Alburnus alburnus (62.7%), followed by roach Rutilus rutilus (12.8%), ide Leuciscus idus (6.2%) and asp Aspius aspius (5.5%). More than 53% of 0+ fish samples were caught in beach sites, 43% in rip-rap sites and only 3.4% in concrete embankment. The littoral assemblages of 0+ fish differed between the three adjacent reservoirs and also between the shoreline types.  

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Hamsan, Muhammad Amirul Syafiq, and Muhammad Zahir Ramli. "Rip current occurrence probability at selected recreational beaches along Pahang coastline." Ecofeminism and Climate Change 1, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/efcc-03-2020-0005.

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Purpose Pahang beaches draw more than thousand visitors throughout the year. From the year 2006 to 2018, more than 30 drowning and near-drowning cases were recorded mainly from rip currents. Rip currents are defined as unexpected currents that carried beachgoers away to seaward direction more than approximately 50 m from shore. The prediction of rip current development is very important for the protection of human life. This study aims to conduct preliminary survey and field works to identify rip current hazards. Design/methodology/approach The output would be an early warning preventative mitigation to public in Pahang. Beach state model, dimensionless fall velocity, littoral environment observation and relative tidal range were recorded for five recreational beaches during two different months (March and April 2018). The morphodynamic parameters such sediment fall velocity, sediment grain size and beach slope are then analysed using software PROFILER. Classification of risks was done based on beach morphodynamic model. The morphodynamics are classified as low tide bar rip, barred and low tide terrace associated with rip current, bar dissipative, reflective, non-bar dissipative, low tide terrace and ultra-dissipative. Findings Result shows three out of five recreational beaches may develop high-risk rip currents. During the first month of the survey, Batu Hitam (BH) was recorded the only one recreational beach that may develop high-risk rip current followed by Teluk Cempedak (TC) and Kempadang (KEM) as middle-risk rip current beaches, while Balok (BA) and Sepat (SEP) as low-risk rip current beaches. Different during second month of the survey, BA, BH and SEP were recorded as high-risk rip current beaches while TC and KEM as low-risk rip current beaches. Originality/value The results are consistent with beach incidents (drowning and near-drowning) reported.

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Suharti, Tati, and Dharmawati F. Djam’an. "The Potential of RIP (Ribosome Inactivating Protein) as Biopesticides." Buletin Eboni 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/buleboni.5271.

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RIP (Ribosome Inactivating Protein) produced by plants that can act as a plant defense from pest and disease. This protein is widely used as an anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-virus and anti-insect. Therefore, RIP contained in plants has the potential to be used for environmentally friendly biopesticides. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on RIP derived from plants and its potential as a biopesticide.The mode of action of RIP works is by inhibiting protein synthesis during translating process of pest and plant pathogen. RIP has a broad spectrum so that it can overcome insect pests from various orders and pathogens both fungi, bacteria and viruses. Some types of plants that contain RIP include neem, ginger, turmeric, galangal, castor bean, jatropha, soursop and bitter melon. RP applications can be in the form of oil, essential oils, solutions, flour, ash and simplicia. RIP can be applied to seeds, seeds, plants and post-harvest products. The advantages of using RIP include easily available materials, inexpensive, easy to application and environmentally friendly.The plants contain RP has high potency to commercially developed so in the future, the controlling of pest and disease rely on the plants contain RIP both direct and in the pesticides formulations form. Therefore echo friendly plantation programme can be realized.

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van Wyk, Stephanie, Brenda D. Wingfield, Lieschen De Vos, Nicolaas A. van der Merwe, Quentin C. Santana, and Emma T. Steenkamp. "Repeat-Induced Point Mutations Drive Divergence between Fusarium circinatum and Its Close Relatives." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (December 14, 2019): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040298.

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The Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) mutation pathway is a fungal-specific genome defense mechanism that counteracts the deleterious effects of transposable elements. This pathway permanently mutates its target sequences by introducing cytosine to thymine transitions. We investigated the genome-wide occurrence of RIP in the pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium circinatum, and its close relatives in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). Our results showed that the examined fungi all exhibited hallmarks of RIP, but that they differed in terms of the extent to which their genomes were affected by this pathway. RIP mutations constituted a large proportion of all the FFSC genomes, including both core and dispensable chromosomes, although the latter were generally more extensively affected by RIP. Large RIP-affected genomic regions were also much more gene sparse than the rest of the genome. Our data further showed that RIP-directed sequence diversification increased the variability between homologous regions of related species, and that RIP-affected regions can interfere with homologous recombination during meiosis, thereby contributing to post-mating segregation distortion. Taken together, these findings suggest that RIP can drive the independent divergence of chromosomes, alter chromosome architecture, and contribute to the divergence among F. circinatum and other members of this economically important group of fungi.

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Ji, Xinran, Chuanle Xu, Zhiyuan Ren, Sheng Yan, Daoru Wang, and Zongbing Yu. "Study on the Formation Characteristics and Disaster Mitigation Mechanisms of Rip Currents on Arc-Shaped Beach." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2023): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122381.

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Rip currents are fast offshore currents generated during the breaking process of waves propagating nearshore, posing a potential life safety threat to coastal bathers. This study utilizes a Boussinesq phase-resolving model to investigate the formation mechanism of rip currents at Dadonghai Beach, based on its actual topography, and explores the characteristics of rip current formation under various wave conditions, with an emphasis on analyzing vortices, the mean water level and the spatial distribution of average velocity. The results indicate that rip current formation is significantly influenced by wave height and period. The increase in wave height and period results in more intense rip currents and higher water level fluctuations on arc-shaped beaches and on both sides of the bay, leading to complex vortex distributions. An increase in the angle of wave incidence hinders rip current formation in arc-shaped beach areas but is favorable to the generation of deflection rips on both sides of the bay. Furthermore, an increase in bottom friction inhibits rip current formation. When the water depth decreases in the channels, rip currents transition into longshore currents. The findings of this research offer valuable scientific insights into the formation mechanisms of rip currents and contribute to their prediction and prevention.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rip'

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