Relevant bibliographies by topics / Risk and returns and the Sharpe ratio

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Academic literature on the topic 'Risk and returns and the Sharpe ratio'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Risk and returns and the Sharpe ratio"

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Van Dyk, Francois, Gary Van Vuuren, and Andre Heymans. "The Bias Ratio As A Hedge Fund Fraud Indicator: An Empirical Performance Study Under Different Economic Conditions." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 4 (June 30, 2014): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i4.8698.

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The Sharpe ratio is widely used as a performance evaluation measure for traditional (i.e., long only) investment funds as well as less-conventional funds such as hedge funds. Based on mean-variance theory, the Sharpe ratio only considers the first two moments of return distributions, so hedge funds characterised by complex, asymmetric, highly-skewed returns with non-negligible higher moments may be misdiagnosed in terms of performance. The Sharpe ratio is also susceptible to manipulation and estimation error. These drawbacks have demonstrated the need for augmented measures, or, in some cases, replacement fund performance metrics. Over the period January 2000 to December 2011 the monthly returns of 184 international long/short (equity) hedge funds with investment mandates that span the geographical areas of North America, Europe, and Asia were examined. This study compares results obtained using the Sharpe ratio (in which returns are assumed to be serially uncorrelated) with those obtained using a technique which does account for serial return correlation. Standard techniques for annualising Sharpe ratios, based on monthly estimators, do not account for serial return correlation this study compares Sharpe ratio results obtained using a technique which accounts for serial return correlation. In addition, this study assess whether the Bias ratio supplements the Sharpe ratio in the evaluation of hedge fund risk and thus in the investment decision-making process. The Bias and Sharpe ratios were estimated on a rolling basis to ascertain whether the Bias ratio does indeed provide useful additional information to investors to that provided solely by the Sharpe ratio.
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Iqbal, Javed, Moeed Ahmad Sandhu, Shaheera Amin, and Aliya Manzoor. "Portfolio Selection and Optimization through Neural Networks and Markowitz Model: A Case of Pakistan Stock Exchange Listed Companies." Review of Economics and Development Studies 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i1.354.

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This paper used artificial neural networks (ANNs) time series predictor for approximating returns of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) listed 100 companies. These projected returns are then substituted into expected returns in the Markowitz’s Mean Variance (MV) portfolio Model. For comparison empirical data used is closing prices of PSX listed stocks, Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rates (KIBOR) as risk free rate and KSE-all share index as benchmark. The Portfolio returns are compared for two datasets by employing various constraints like budget, transaction costs, and turnover constraints. The value of portfolios is measured through Sharpe ratio and Information ratio. Both Sharpe and Information ratios support use of ANNs as return predictor and optimisation tool over simple MV model implemented for empirical data as well as predicted data. ANNs framework performed better in both Long and Short positions and its portfolio returns are significantly higher as compared with MV.
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Van Dyk, Francois, Gary Van Vuuren, and Andre Heymans. "Hedge Fund Performance Evaluation Using The Sharpe And Omega Ratios." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 3 (April 28, 2014): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i3.8588.

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The Sharpe ratio is widely used as a performance evaluation measure for traditional (i.e., long only) investment funds as well as less-conventional funds such as hedge funds. Based on mean-variance theory, the Sharpe ratio only considers the first two moments of return distributions, so hedge funds characterised by asymmetric, highly-skewed returns with non-negligible higher moments may be misdiagnosed in terms of performance. The Sharpe ratio is also susceptible to manipulation and estimation error. These drawbacks have demonstrated the need for augmented measures, or, in some cases, replacement fund performance metrics. Over the period January 2000 to December 2011 the monthly returns of 184 international long/short (equity) hedge funds with geographical investment mandates spanning North America, Europe, and Asia were examined. This study compares results obtained using the Sharpe ratio (in which returns are assumed to be serially uncorrelated) with those obtained using a technique which does account for serial return correlation. Standard techniques for annualising Sharpe ratios, based on monthly estimators, do not account for this effect. In addition, this study assesses whether the Omega ratio supplements the Sharpe Ratio in the evaluation of hedge fund risk and thus in the investment decision-making process. The Omega and Sharpe ratios were estimated on a rolling basis to ascertain whether the Omega ratio does indeed provide useful additional information to investors to that provided by the Sharpe ratio alone.
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Alvi, Jahanzaib, Muhammad Rehan, and Sania Saeed. "Modified Sharpe Ratio Application in Calculation of Mutual Fund Star Ranking." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v10i1.4714.

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Purpose of this study is to apply to modify Sharpe Ratio to calculate Star Ranking of Equity-based mutual funds registered in Mutual Fund Association of Pakistan, further, the idea was to recalibrate locally developed models being used in Pakistan by autonomous professional bodies who professionally assigns star ranking of mutual funds, equity market exhibited negative returns from July 2017 onwards this research which brought the problem to assign star ranking due to model structure, model relies on risk-adjusted return (Sharpe Ratio), therefore Sharpe Ratio has a limitation in negative excess return. Two developed models were simultaneously compared to witness the predictive power of these models, (1) modified Sharpe and (2) VIS Credit Rating Company (Explaining the Stars) Model. Data was collected from March 2013 to March 2018 quarterly and the exercise was done quarterly. Findings revealed a magnificent piece of work, (1) there is no difference between model 1 and model 2 by both way results exhibited same mutual fund star rankings, (2) both methods have a different way of calculating final score with same results, and (3) modified Sharpe ratio is quite well when excess return is negative but when there is a mix of negative and positive better to use VIS model as well as in positive excess returns. A research paper could not calibrate other models developed by rating companies (Pakistan Credit Rating Company) which is a future research gap.
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Savor, Pavel, and Mungo Wilson. "How Much Do Investors Care About Macroeconomic Risk? Evidence from Scheduled Economic Announcements." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 48, no. 2 (April 2013): 343–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002210901300015x.

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AbstractStock market average returns and Sharpe ratios are significantly higher on days when important macroeconomic news about inflation, unemployment, or interest rates is scheduled for announcement. The average announcement-day excess return from 1958 to 2009 is 11.4 basis points (bp) versus 1.1 bp for all the other days, suggesting that over 60% of the cumulative annual equity risk premium is earned on announcement days. The Sharpe ratio is 10 times higher. In contrast, the risk-free rate is detectably lower on announcement days, consistent with a precautionary saving motive. Our results demonstrate a trade-off between macroeconomic risk and asset returns, and provide an estimate of the premium investors demand to bear this risk.
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Abbas Zaidi, Syed Zakir. "Performance Appraisal of Open-ended Equity Funds in Pakistan: An alternative Approaches of Performance Measure." Jinnah Business Review 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53369/vogg5707.

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There are more than one hundred portfolio performances, which have been proposed in financial literature, (Cogneau and Hubner, 2009), but extensively used performance measure is a Sharpe ratio and in Pakistan Asset Management Companies (AMCs) also prefer to exhibit their performance in Sharpe ratio. However, financial literature has ample of evidence that recommend Sharpe ratio is valid under normal distribution of returns. The financial returns are not distributed normally as result of which standard deviation may not adequately measure risk (Bodie et al., 2009). Whereas, standard deviation of negatively skewed distribution underestimates and positively skewed overestimates volatility that would be misleading Sharpe index. In this study, we concluded that for skewed and non-normal distribution Omega ratio or Sharpe-Omega are alternative performance measures.
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Agrawal, Sakshi. "Financial Statistics and its Behavioral Implications- A Case Study of Select Hospitality Industry." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 5, no. 3 (December 30, 2016): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v5.n3.p12.

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<em>The paper deals on Financial Statistics of Hospitality Industry vis Indian Hotels Ltd., Benaras Ltd, Sinclairs Ltd and The Grand Bhagwati Ltd. Looking at their share price and Holding period return did their portfolio and Risk Analysis. Taking their standard deviation, variance and the calculation of Sharpe Ratio did the risk analysis. The time period analyzed was from March 2010 to March 2015. The financial Statistics gives a comfortable position for the investors in terms of Returns and so a comfortable Portfolio Return Risk graph. However, a deeper analysis shows that the Profit after taxes of the respective firms are broadly not in congruence with the statistics and so the respective Returns differs. The paper takes an insight into the Behavioral implications of the Financial Statistics.</em>
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Daniel, Kent, Lira Mota, Simon Rottke, and Tano Santos. "The Cross-Section of Risk and Returns." Review of Financial Studies 33, no. 5 (April 17, 2020): 1927–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhaa021.

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Abstract A common practice in the finance literature is to create characteristic portfolios by sorting on characteristics associated with average returns. We show that the resultant portfolios are likely to capture not only the priced risk associated with the characteristic but also unpriced risk. We develop a procedure to remove this unpriced risk using covariance information estimated from past returns. We apply our methodology to the five Fama-French characteristic portfolios. The squared Sharpe ratio of the optimal combination of the resultant characteristic-efficient portfolios is 2.13, compared with 1.17 for the original characteristic portfolios.
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Liu, Ying, and Ya-Nan Li. "A Parametric Sharpe Ratio Optimization Approach for Fuzzy Portfolio Selection Problem." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6279859.

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When facing to make a portfolio decision, investors may care more about every portfolio’s performance on a return and risk trade-off. In this paper, a new low partial moment measurement that only punishes the loss risk is defined for selection variables based on L-S integral. Furthermore, a new performance measure for portfolio evaluation is proposed to generalize the Sharpe ratio in the fuzzy context. With the optimal performance criterion, a new parametric Sharpe ratio portfolio optimization model is developed wherein uncertain returns are presented as parametric interval-valued fuzzy variables. To make the proposed model easy to solve, we transform the fractional programming into an equivalent form and solve it with domain decomposition method (DDM). Finally, we apply the proposed performance measure into a portfolio selection problem, compare the computational results in different cases, and analyze the influence of different parameters on the optimal portfolio.
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Zakamulin, Valeriy. "Sharpe (Ratio) Thinking about the Investment Opportunity Set and CAPM Relationship." Economics Research International 2011 (July 12, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/781760.

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In the presence of a risk-free asset the investment opportunity set obtained via the Markowitz portfolio optimization procedure is usually characterized in terms of the vector of excess returns on individual risky assets and the variance-covariance matrix. We show that the investment opportunity set can alternatively be characterized in terms of the vector of Sharpe ratios of individual risky assets and the correlation matrix. This implies that the changes in the characteristics of individual risky assets that preserve the Sharpe ratios and the correlation matrix do not change the investment opportunity set. The alternative characterization makes it simple to perform a comparative static analysis that provides an answer to the question of what happens with the investment opportunity set when we change the risk-return characteristics of individual risky assets. We demonstrate the advantages of using the alternative characterization of the investment opportunity set in the investment practice. The Sharpe ratio thinking also motivates reconsidering the CAPM relationship and adjusting Jensen's alpha in order to properly measure abnormal portfolio performance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Risk and returns and the Sharpe ratio"

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Mårtensson, Jonathan. "Portfolio optimisation : improved risk-adjusted return?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6397.

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In this thesis, portfolio optimisation is used to evaluate if a specific sample of portfolios have

a higher risk level or lower expected return, compared to what may be obtained through

optimisation. It also compares the return of optimised portfolios with the return of the original

portfolios. The risk analysis software Aegis Portfolio Manager developed by Barra is used for

the optimisations. With the expected return and risk level used in this thesis, all portfolios can

obtain a higher expected return and a lower risk. Over a six-month period, the optimised

portfolios do not consistently outperform the original portfolios and therefore it seems as

though the optimisation do not improve the return of the portfolios. This might be due to the

uncertainty of the expected returns used in this thesis.

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Hagberg, Johanna, and Jonas Magnusson. "Risk i fastighetsbolag : - en kvantitativ studie av kommunala och privata fastighetsbolag." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-11017.

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Jämfört med andra branscher har fastighetsmarknaden låg avkastning på totala tillgångar, de utnyttjar istället en hävstångsstrategi för att skapa mer effektiv utväxling på eget kapital. Det finns många riskvariabler kopplat till fastighetsbranschen och flera sätt att differentiera sig från den osystematiska risken. De kommunala fastighetsbolagen har en finansieringskälla Kommuninvest, som enbart vänder sig till allmännyttiga bolag och inte privata aktörer. Syftet med uppsatsen är att historiskt analysera hur risk och avkastning genererats av kommunala och privata fastighetsbolag. Metoden är kvantitativ, kombinerat med en deduktiv metod och som har en förklarande ansats. Utifrån teori har vi formulerat tre hypoteser för att undersöka om vi kan finna indikatorer på hur kommunala och privata fastighetsbolag skiljer sig till från varandra. För att genomföra undersökningen har uppsatsen utgått från en kvantitativ metod och statistiska test har gjorts för att kunna analysera utfallen. Resultaten indikerar på att det finns en signifikant skillnad mellan kommunala och privata fastighetsbolag i två av hypoteserna. Hur undersökningen är genomförd beskrivs i den empiriska metoden. Från de resultat som blivit har det fastställts att det finns mer att undersöka och nya förslag på fortsatt forskning har utformats.
Compared to other industries, real estate markets have historically low return on total assets, instead they use a leverage strategy to create a more efficient ratio on return on equity. There are many risk variables associated with real estate and several ways for real estate firms to differentiate themselves from the unsystematic risk. The municipal property firms have a funding source Kommuninvest, only turning to public utilities and not private actors. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the historical risk and return generated by municipal and private property firms. The method is quantitative, combined with a deductive theory, which has an explanatory approach. Based on theory we have formulated three hypotheses to explore and see if we can find indicators of how differences between municipal and private property is. To conduct the survey, the thesis has a quantitative method and statistical tests to analyze the outcomes. The results indicate that there is a significant difference in two of the hypotheses between municipal and private property. How the survey is conducted is described in the empirical method. From the results determined, the intention shows that there is more to explore, and new suggestions for further research have been suggested.
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Nilsson, Sara, and Jennifer Ramare. "What does it cost to invest with preferences? : What does investors lose/gain on investing in sin-stocks versus SRI investing?" Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för juridik, ekonomi, statistik och politik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-17337.

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This paper analyses the difference in risk-adjusted returns between Sin-stocks and SRI-investing for the period 2001-2021. The analysis was conducted by creating two optimally risky portfolios according to the Modern Portfolio Theory, one comprised of only Sin-stocks and one with only high ESG scoring companies. The Sin-stocks contained stocks from four different sectors, alcohol, gambling, tobacco and weapons while the companies for the SRI-portfolio was chosen from the FTSE4Good index. The regression models were chosen to follow both the CAPM, and the Fama & French three factor model and the regressions were in the end conducted with the GARCH model which showed results that both the SRI-portfolio and the Sin-portfolio had a general excess return over the market. The two portfolios were also compared with the help of Sharpe Ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. The Sharpe ratio as well as the Jensen’s Alpha showed that the Sin-portfolio had the highest risk-adjusted returns. In conclusion, the SRI-portfolio as well as the Sin-portfolio both outperformed the market during the time period 2001-2021 and they were both less volatile than the market.
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Fredriksen, Petter, and Madeleine Lundberg. "Riskjusterad avkastning i nynoteringar på Aktietorget : En jämförelse av Sharpe- och Sortinokvoten." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139206.

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Bakgrund: De senaste åren har en stark underprissättningstrend observerats i det ökande antalet börsnoteringar, vilket har skapat ett starkt investerarintresse. En stor del av dessa nyintroducerade bolag är småbolag, varav de flesta noteras på mindre handelsplatsformer, så kallade MTF:er. MTF:en Aktietorget introducerade flest företag till den svenska aktiemarknaden 2010-2014, varför detta har valts till studiens undersökningsområde.Tidigare studier har bevisat att det finns en hög volatilitet i nyintroduktioner och småbolag, vilket i finansiella sammanhang betyder att en sådan investering är mer riskfylld. Dock saknas liknande studier på downside volatilitet, alltså risken för förlust. Denna studie ämnar därför att jämföra den traditionellt riskjusterade avkastningen i form av sharpekvoten, mot avkastningen justerad för downside risk, den så kallade sortinokvoten. Detta nyare mått på risk är en del av den postmoderna portföljteorin, som tar hänsyn till en mer förlustaversiv investerare. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera den riskjusterade avkastningen i nynoteringar på Aktietorget för att jämföra med etablerade bolag på OMX Stockholm. Den riskjusterade avkastningen beräknas genom sharpe-respektive sortinokvoten och jämförs sedan för att undersöka eventuella skillnader i bedömningen av aktiernas prestation. Genomförande: Uppsatsen är en eventstudie med deduktiv ansats. Undersökningen har inkluderat nynoteringar på Aktietorget mellan 2010-2014 och jämförelseaktier består av branschindex från OMXSPI.Den riskjusterade avkastningen har beräknats via modifierade kvoter. Samband mellan sharpe-respektive sortinokvoten har undersökts genom icke-parametrisk rangordningskorrelation. Slutsats: Studien kan inte bevisa en signifikant abnormal avkastning i nynoteringar på Aktietorget, men observerar en genomsnittlig överavkastning upp till en månad. De riskjusterade kvoterna har mycket stark rangordningskorrelation, vilket innebär att studiens resultat inte kan motivera en fortsatt användning av sortinokvoten.
Background: In recent years, a strong underpricing trend has been observed in the increasing number of IPOs, which has created a strong investor interest. A large part of these IPO companies are small firms, most of which are listed on smaller trading venues, known as MTFs. The MTF Aktietorget introduced most companies to the Swedish stock market during 2010-2014, so it has been chosen as the area for this research.Previous studies have shown that there is high volatility in new introductions and small companies, which in financial terms means that such an investment contains more risk. However, similar studies on downside risk are lacking. This study therefore aims to compare the traditional risk-adjusted return in the form of the sharpe ratio, against the return adjusted for downside risk, the so-called sortino ratio. This newer measure of risk is part of the postmodern portfolio theory, which takes into account a more loss-aversive investor. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the risk-adjusted return in IPOs on Aktietorget and compare it with the return of established companies on OMX Stockholm. The risk-adjusted return is calculated by the sharpe and sortino ratios, respectively, and are later compared with each other to investigate possible differences in the estimation of performance for the stocks. Methodology: This paper is an event study with a deductive approach. The study has included IPOs on Aktietorget between 2010-2014 and comparative stocks, consisted of industry index from OMXSPI.The risk-adjusted return has been calculated using modified ratios and the relationship between the sharp and sortino ratios has been investigated by non-parametric ranking correlations. Conclusion: The study can't prove any significant abnormal return in IPOs on Aktietorget, but observes an average excess return of up to one month. The risk-adjusted ratios have very strong rank correlation, thus empirical results can't motivate the continued use of the sortino ratio.
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Koriy, Gabriel, and Johanna Jansson. "Samband mellan svenska aktiefonders avkastning och avgift med hänsyn till risk." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45737.

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Förvaltning och avkastning hos fonder har forskats om i flera studier runt om i världen. Tidigare forskning har gett varierande resultat, där vissa studier visar på att det föreligger ett samband mellan en fonds avgift och avkastning, medan andra inte kan säkerställa ett sådant resultat. Då de svenska hushållen idag sparar mer än någonsin, visar det på att fondsparande är ett aktuellt ämne för ytterligare forskning. Statistik från 2020 visar att fondförmögenheten i Sverige totalt uppgick till 4 554 miljarder kronor och har visat på en fortsatt ökande trend de senaste åren. Dock har endast få studier genomförts på den svenska kapitalmarknaden och de har i huvudsak analyserat ämnet på kort sikt, med en tidsperiod om fem år. Eftersom avgifternas påverkan på fonder är tydligast på lång sikt, ger det utrymme för fortsatt forskning inom ämnet. Syftet med följande forskning är att studera sambandet mellan svenska aktiefonders avkastning och avgift på lång sikt i förhållande till fondernas risk. Studien avgränsas till att undersöka svenska aktiefonder som har varit verksamma i minst tio år, mellan åren 2011-2020. Forskningen antar en kvantitativ forskningsmetod, vilket syftar till att testa teorier. Tillvägagångssätt sker genom en analys av urvalets regression och korrelation i samband med hypotesprövning, där variabler undersöks för att ge underlag till studiens analys av resultat. Studiens resultat visar att svenska aktiefonder i genomsnitt underpresterar den svenska marknaden på lång sikt. Forskningen visar även varierande resultat gällande korrelation mellan riskjusterad avkastning och avgift på lång sikt. Resultaten indikerar att den svenska kapitalmarknaden har en relativ marknadseffektivitet av svag form. I tillägg verkar aktivt förvaltade fonder kunna utnyttja tillfällig trendidentifiering och informationsasymmetri för att uppnå en överavkastning. Forskningen avslutas med slutsatsen att högavgiftsfonder, vilka är mer aktivt förvaltade, indikeras vara ett bättre investeringsalternativ för att uppnå en god långsiktig prestation i jämförelse med passiva fonder.
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Värnlund, Frida, and Max Bacco. "A Study on the Relationship Between a Mutual Fund’s Risk-Adjusted Return and Sustainability : Do Mutual Funds with High Sustainability Scores Outperform Those with Low Ones?" Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252743.

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During the past few decades, social responsible investing (SRI) has rapidly grown to become a renowned investment strategy. Because of the contradictory findings on how successful this strategy is in terms of financial return, the aim of this thesis is to compare the performance of sustainable and conventional funds in four different geographical areas during the last three years. With the use of regression analysis, the correlation between the Portfolio Sustainability Score of a fund, which is a Morningstar-provided rating that represents how well a fund incorporates ESG, and its risk-adjusted return is determined. The final results of this analysis varies among the four geographical regions. The correlation between the two variables is positive in USA and Asia ex-Japan, whereas a negative relationship is found in Europe and the Nordic region. However, the obtained findings are not of statistical significance, implying that there is no difference between the risk-adjusted returns of sustainable versus conventional funds.
Under de senaste årtionden har hållbara investeringar ökat och på senare tid även blivit en väletablerad investeringsstrategi. Då tidigare studier inom området uppvisat motstridiga resultat gällande hur effektiv denna strategi är inom värdeskapande, fokuserar denna rapport på att klargöra ifall hållbara alternativt vanliga fonder är fördelaktiga utifrån ett finansiellt perspektiv. Mer specifikt undersöks fyra geografiska områden över en tidsperiod på tre år. Genom regressionsanalys bestäms korrelationen mellan en fonds Portfolio Sustainability Score, ett betyg som erhålls av Morningstar som representerar hur väl den specifika fonden inkorporerar ESG, och dess riskjusterade avkastning. De slutgiltiga resultaten av denna analys varierar i de fyra geografiska områdena. I USA och Asien där Japan exkluderas är korrelationen positiv medan en negativ korrelation råder i Europa och Norden. Dock är resultaten inte av statistisk signifikans vilket indikerar att det inte är någon skillnad i den riskjusterade avkastningen mellan hållbara och vanliga fonder.
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Börjesson, Oscar, and Sebastian Rezwanul HaQ. "Do hedge funds yield greater risk-adjusted rate of returns than mutual funds?A quantitative study comparing hedge funds to mutual funds and hedge fund strategies." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146730.

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In recent times, the popularity of hedge funds has undoubtedly increased. There are shared opinions on whether hedge funds generate absolute rates of returns and whether they provide a strong alternative investment to mutual funds. This thesis aims to examine whether hedge funds with different investment strategies create absolute returns and if certain investment strategies outperform others. This thesis compares hedge funds risk-adjusted rate of return towards mutual funds, such as mutual funds, to see if certain investment strategies are more lucrative than the corresponding investments in terms of excess returns to corresponding indices. An econometric approach was applied to search for significant differences in risk-adjusted returns of hedge funds in contrast to mutual funds. Our results show that Swedish hedge funds do not generate as high risk-adjusted returns as Swedish mutual funds. In regard to the best performing hedge fund strategy, the results are inconclusive. Also, we do not find any evidence that hedge funds violate the effective market hypothesis.
Hedgefonder har den senaste tiden ökat i popularitet. Samtidigt finns det delade meningar huruvida hedgefonder genererar absolutavkastning och om de fungerar som bra alternativ till traditionella fonder. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka huruvida hedgefonder skapar absolutavkastning samt om det finns investeringsstrategier som presterar bättre än andra. Denna uppsats jämför hedgefonders riskjusterade avkastning med traditionella fonder, för att på sätt se om en viss investeringsstrategi ar mer lukrativ i termer av överavkastning i förhållande till motsvarande index. Vi har använt ekonometriska metoder för att söka efter statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan avkastningen för hedgefonder och traditionella fonder. Våra resultat visar att svenska hedgefonder inte genererar högre risk-justerade avkastningar än svenska aktiefonder. Våra resultat visar inga signifikanta skillnader vad gäller avkastning mellan olika strategier. Slutligen finner vi heller inga bevis för att hedgefonder går emot den effektiva marknadshypotesen
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elf, andreas, and Riffo Eduardo Gonzalez. "Risk-adjusted return performance on a screened index : An empirical investigation of a Shariah screened index and a non-screened index." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-20110.

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This paper investigates whether an Islamic screened benchmark index shows a different risk adjusted performance in comparison to a non-screened benchmark index. In contrast to other papers this study analyzes daily observations in the years from 2007 to 2012, a period heavily affected by the financial crisis. The Capital Asset Pricing Model and the Jensen measure of abnormal returns are used to estimate and compare the indexes mean risk-adjusted returns. The results show that the Islamic index does not reveal any different level of daily mean risk-adjusted returns compared to the conventional non-screened index. Hence, Muslims who align their investments according to the teachings of Islam are not worse off than non-restricted investors following the screened Islamic index.
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Orhan, Banu, and Siyar Bastas. "Kina- och Rysslandsfonder : En jämförande studie i nedgång och uppgång av den svenska börsen." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3534.

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Purpose: Aims of this paper is to evaluate a comparative study between China and Russia funds in respect of the risks and returns. We also want to examine what has affected the funds in their respective domestic stock market.                                                            

Method: The study is based on qualitative methodology to complement the quantitative survey by first gathering of secondary data from Morningstar, and fund manager´s stories on fund and banking companies' websites.  Primary data is conducted by the interview with fund manager. The sample consists of all land funds for China and Russia has found more than 10 years on the stock market.

Results and Conclusion: The survey shows that China funds will generate better in decline than Russia Funds in both return and risk-adjusted Sharpe ratio. Because the China funds had better risk diversification and its holdings spread across different industry area while Russia funds is more directed towards oil and gas industry. The upturn managed Russia Funds better to recovery than China Funds in terms of return and risk-adjusted Sharpe ratio, which was due to China funds were cautiously optimistic, with the government's stimulus package, while Russia Funds earned at the price of oil in the world increased and a greater willingness to take risks of the global financial system. During the 10 years period, Russia funds better growth compared to China Funds in the total seen by far. For Russia have large oil resources and raw materials including exporting to the fast growing Asian. In China, due to good growth in the consumption good and growing middle class in the country, but also increased projects in financial and infrastructure.

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Moutáfov, Ernesto, and Legrand Giovanni Perez. "Hög avkastning till låg risk : En jämförande studie mellan aktieportföljers innehåll och prestation." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16863.

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Syfte: Studera sju portföljer och notera den bästa typen av portfölj med högst avkastning till lägst risk. Metod: Sekundärdata är grunden för uträkning av samtliga portföljers avkastningar, risker och korrelation. Studien är deduktiv med kvantitativa inslag av kända teorier av nobelpristagare i ekonomisk vetenskap.  Slutsats: Studien visar att stora bolag i olika branscher är ett vinnande portföljinnehåll för denna studie. Stora bolags aktier har visat högre avkastning till lägre risk jämfört med små bolag under studiens tid då ekonomiska kriser drabbade marknaden. Den mest presterande portföljen var därför storbolagsportföljen. Vidare forskning: Längre tidsperspektiv och nya teorier som Jensens alfa samt Treynorkvot är av intresse för vidare forskning för att styrka vår slutsats.
Intention: To study seven portfolios and note the best type of portfolio with the maximum return at a minimum risk. Method: Secondary data is the basis for calculation of the total portfolio returns, risk and correlation. This study is deductive based using a quantitative method of world-known theories of Nobel laureates in economic sciences. Conclusion: The study shows that the best efficient portfolio contains large companies in different lines of business. Large companies' shares have higher returns at lower risk compared to small companies in circumstances to difficult economic situations globally. The best performed portfolio was the portfolio with large companies.                                       Further Research: Longer period of time study and a study of new theories such as Jensens Alfa and Tretnor ratio would be interesting for further research.
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Books on the topic "Risk and returns and the Sharpe ratio"

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Martikainen, Teppo. The individual and incremental significance of the economic determinants of stock returns and systematic risk. Vaasa: Universitas Wasaensis, 1990.

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Smith, David M. Evaluating Hedge Fund Performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0023.

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A diverse set of measures allow investors to evaluate hedge fund portfolio managers’ performance across different dimensions. The various measures quantify the effectiveness of security selection; account for investor flows, operating risk, and worst-case investment scenarios; net out benchmark and peer-fund performance; and control for risk factors that are unique to hedge fund investment strategies. Hedge fund return information in published databases is usually self-reported, which is a conflict of interest that produces several reporting biases and inflated published average returns. After adjusting for these biases, hedge fund average returns trail equity market returns and in fact almost exactly equal U.S. Treasury bill average returns between January 1994 and March 2016. Yet, after risk adjustment, the hedge fund performance picture brightens. In the aggregate, hedge funds have higher Sharpe ratios and multifactor alphas, and lower maximum drawdown levels than equity market benchmarks.
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Camilo, Gustavo. Commodity Mutual Funds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0014.

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The chapter describes the main institutional features of commodity mutual funds, including active management, the assets in which these funds invest, the process through which shares are bought and sold, the fees borne by investors, as well as the risks associated with investing in the funds. It also examines trends in fund flows and the correlations to commodity returns. Correlations to commodity returns are positive but lower than those of commodity exchange-traded funds that invest directly in underlying commodities, as opposed to commodity mutual funds, which invest largely in equities. Lastly, the chapter examines data on fees and net-of-expense commodity mutual fund performance between 1996 and 2016. The data show a decline in fund expense ratios over time, with the exception of large funds, negative average risk-adjusted performance using a four-factor model, and evidence consistent with lack of persistence in fund returns over the sample period.
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Book chapters on the topic "Risk and returns and the Sharpe ratio"

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Pav, Steven E. "Portfolio Inference for Gaussian Returns." In The Sharpe Ratio, 243–300. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003181057-8.

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Pav, Steven E. "Portfolio Inference for Other Returns." In The Sharpe Ratio, 301–50. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003181057-9.

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Pav, Steven E. "The Sharpe Ratio for Gaussian Returns." In The Sharpe Ratio, 47–100. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003181057-3.

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Pav, Steven E. "The Sharpe Ratio for Other Returns." In The Sharpe Ratio, 101–62. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003181057-4.

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"Sharpe Ratios and Implied Risk Free Returns." In Portfolio Optimization, 73–94. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17178-9.

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Bansal, Divya, Srilakshmi Rao, and Karpagam T. "An Empirical Study on Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Stocks Using Sharpe's Single-Index Model." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 139–49. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7231-3.ch010.

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As the various avenues for better returns in India are slowly dwindling due to various global scenarios as well as due to domestic government policies, more and more people are turning towards stock market for better returns. This poses a challenge to the fund managers when they have to construct a portfolio, which maximizes return and minimizes risk. This has become more and more challenging in the recent years as the investors are also becoming more knowledgeable. Timely and correct investment decision on the part of the investor requires an in-depth knowledge of the stock that he intends to procure and the theories behind portfolio management. This chapter mainly focuses on construction of an optimal portfolio comprising of top pharmaceutical companies and FMCG companies in India. Sharpe ratio return analysis is the tool that is used to construct the optimal portfolio. Monthly returns data of last 10 years of the said companies are regressed against monthly return data of Nifty for better comparison.
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"Portfolio Selection Using the Sharpe Ratio." In Model Risk in Financial Markets, 257–61. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814663410_0011.

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Ziemba, William T. "The Symmetric Downside-Risk Sharpe Ratio." In The Kelly Capital Growth Investment Criterion, 769–84. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814293501_0052.

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Zhang, Jingqi. "An Investigation of the Return Risk and Liquidity Measure for Chinese Open-Ended Funds." In Foreign Direct Investments, 1118–38. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch047.

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So far, the fund industry has become one of the four backbones of the Chinese financial system, together with the banking industry, the security industry and the insurance industry. In addition, open-ended fund shares are the mainstream of the fund industry, and the product characteristics and operational characteristics of open-ended funds will lead to an unavoidable risk of return with liquidity measure. Therefore, based on the theories of financial investment, this research profile the risk return and liquidity characteristics of three different open-ended funds in China, which are helpful to making rational investments. This article selects three different kinds of funds with the relevant data from 2012to 2017 from the Huaxia Fund Management Co. Ltd., for each fund, the authors report the beta, Sharp Ratio, Information ratio and illiquidity. These risk-return features are discussed in the context of the different asset classes that each fund has invested, thus eventually obtaining a fund which has smaller relative liquidity risk and higher return after comparing. Hence, the investor can make the rational investment from the analysis of empirical results.
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Ziemba, William T. "The Symmetric Downside-Risk Sharpe Ratio and the Evaluation of Great Investors and Speculators." In Great Investment Ideas, 65–91. World Scientific, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813144385_0005.

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Conference papers on the topic "Risk and returns and the Sharpe ratio"

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Lee, Jinho, Raehyun Kim, Seok-Won Yi, and Jaewoo Kang. "MAPS: Multi-Agent reinforcement learning-based Portfolio management System." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/623.

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Generating an investment strategy using advanced deep learning methods in stock markets has recently been a topic of interest. Most existing deep learning methods focus on proposing an optimal model or network architecture by maximizing return. However, these models often fail to consider and adapt to the continuously changing market conditions. In this paper, we propose the Multi-Agent reinforcement learning-based Portfolio management System (MAPS). MAPS is a cooperative system in which each agent is an independent "investor" creating its own portfolio. In the training procedure, each agent is guided to act as diversely as possible while maximizing its own return with a carefully designed loss function. As a result, MAPS as a system ends up with a diversified portfolio. Experiment results with 12 years of US market data show that MAPS outperforms most of the baselines in terms of Sharpe ratio. Furthermore, our results show that adding more agents to our system would allow us to get a higher Sharpe ratio by lowering risk with a more diversified portfolio.
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Vyšniauskas, Povilas, and Viktorija Stasytytė. "The Analysis of Mutual Funds’ Performance in Lithuanian Financial Market." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.063.

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This Article examines performance of mutual funds, which are available for Lithuanian investors in Lithuanian financial market to invest in. Lithuanian mutual funds market is very new comparing with the global financial markets. Majority of mutual funds in Lithuania are imported by Scandinavian banks as well as internationally managed, only few mutual funds are managed in Lithuania. The analysis includes Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian mutual funds in Lithuanian financial market. Period from 2008 to 2016 is analysed in order to get significant results. This study aims to analyse the performances of mutual funds in Lithuanian market on the basis of risk and return criteria using different tools such as Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Jensen Alpha and others. Also there is analysed variation of these performance measures during selected time period, and discovered periods, when mutual funds perform above and below than market indices.
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Nishida, Y., H. Kobayashi, H. Nishida, and K. Sugimura. "Performance Improvement of Return Channel in Multistage Centrifugal Compressor Using Multi-Objective Optimization." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68671.

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The effect of the design parameters of a return channel on the performance of a multistage centrifugal compressor was numerically investigated, and the shape of the return channel was optimized using a multi-objective optimization method based on a genetic algorithm to improve the performance of the centrifugal compressor. The results of sensitivity analysis using Latin hypercube sampling suggested that the inlet-to-outlet area ratio of the return vane affected the pressure loss in the return channel, and that the inlet-to-outlet radius ratio of the return vane affected the outlet flow angle from the return vane. Moreover, this analysis suggested that the number of return vanes affected both the loss and the flow angle at the outlet. As a result of optimization, the number of return vanes was increased from 14 to 22 and the area ratio was decreased from 0.71 to 0.66. The radius ratio was also decreased from 2.1 to 2.0. Performance tests on a centrifugal compressor with two return channels (the original design and optimized design) were carried out using two-stage test apparatus. The measured flow distribution exhibited a swirl flow in the center region and a reversed swirl flow near the hub and shroud sides. The exit flow of the optimized design was more uniform than that of the original design. For the optimized design, the overall two-stage efficiency and pressure coefficient were increased by 0.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Moreover, the second-stage efficiency and pressure coefficient were respectively increased by 1.0% and 3.2%, It is considered that the increase in the second-stage efficiency was caused by the increased uniformity of the flow, and the rise in the pressure coefficient was caused by a decrease in the residual swirl flow. It was thus concluded from the numerical and experimental results that the optimized return channel improved the performance of the multistage centrifugal compressor.
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Šeligová, Markéta. "The Impact of Funding Sources on Corporate Liquidity in Energy Sector in the Czech Republic." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.116.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of funding sources on liquidity of companies in energy sector in the Czech Republic. With the purpose to fulfill the aim, we examine existence and character of relationship between selected financial factors (debt equity ratio, share of capital for consideration to total assets, return on equity, share of fixed assets to total assets, share of earnings before interest and taxes to total assets, equity ratio) and liquidity of the companies in energy sector in the Czech Republic. The existence of relationship between financial factors and liquidity of companies is tested by correlation analysis and generalized method of moments called GMM method. It is expected a positive relationship between liquidity and funding sources in energy sectors in the Czech Republic. Companies with high liquidity are more credible and less risky clients for creditors and can obtain the necessary financial support under more favorable and cheaper terms.
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Ondore, Faustin. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation Into Turbulent High Reynolds Number Flows Through a Square Duct With 90-Degree Streamwise Curvature: II — Numerical Methods." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21054.

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A square duct with a 90-degree streamwise curvature is representative of complex flow domains. Such flow domains are encountered in the designs of fluids engineering systems, especially in the aerospace turbo-machinery components. Examples include the gas turbine engine axial compressor interstage spaces, where the rise in air pressure (and hence compressor efficiency) is dependent on suppression of turbulence. In the case of the centrifugal compressor, pressure rise in the U-shaped diffuser assembly where the suppression of turbulence is critical to the attainable pressure ratio. The results obtained from numerical calculations are analysed and discussed along with the corresponding hot-wire measurements and flow visualization result from a wind-tunnel of identical configuration. Calculations are implemented in four turbulent models, i.e. Standard k-e Module, Algebraic Stress Model (ASM), Non-linear Renormalization Group (RNG) - k-e Model and Differential Stress Model (DSM). The discretization up-winding scheme is the Quadratic Up-winding with Interpolation Kinematics (QUICK). Two high Reynolds number turbulent flows are investigated, with mainstream velocities of 12.3 m/s and 20.4 m/s, representing Re=3.56×105 and Re=6.43×105 respectively. Generally strong correlation between theory and experimental data are recorded. Further, as reported in similar studies, the turbulence modules that are formulated to account for turbulence anisotropy return results that more closely match experimental measurements. Uniquely for this configuration, a massive flow detachment is predicted along the convex wall at about the 90° position. Also, the core of the fluid flow is observed to shift from the outer to the inner areas of the bend in proportion to the secondary (recirculating) flow generated by the bend.
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Blazheska, Angela, and Igor Ivanovski. "QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE SELECTED NON-LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES IN THE INSURANCE MARKET OF REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0030.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the operational performance of the 5 dominant companies on the non-life insurance market in Republic of North Macedonia. As input in the analysis, the quarterly data for the 2009-2019 period is included for the key indicators such as the gross written premium (GWP), the gross liquidated damages, the number of insurance contracts and settled claims as well as the operating costs of the companies. These variables are observed through OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression analysis and VAR (Vector Autoregressive) model which demonstrates the dependence of the GWP to the rest of the indicators and their responsiveness to shocks. The findings of the study offers valuable insight and opportunities for short term recommendations and further exploration. The companies are missing the sustainability and viability of their management models and define the “shortcism” as more important for the market and operational performance. In these regard, the business models must introduce contemporary and comprehensive tools and techniques, dominantly based on IT solutions and adequate HCM changes, for risk identification and actions for lowering the claims ratio and their volume. Moreover, all the companies should evaluate the elements of the operating costs, both for sales as well as of the administrative ones, as critical components for the companies’ profitability. Very importantly, significant changes at the ALM models and higher rate of returns should inevitably create additional advantage for dynamic and sustainable models for consumer acquisition and new products and services development.
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Reports on the topic "Risk and returns and the Sharpe ratio"

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Nahmer, Thomas. Die Investition in Fine Wine unter Diversifikations- und Kostengesichtspunkten. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627710.

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Dieses Papier untersucht die Sinnhaftigkeit von Fine Wine als Alternatives Investment unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kosten eines Fine Wine Investments. Ist Fine Wine zur weiteren Diversifizierung und damit zur Verbesserung des Risikio-Return-Profils von global in Aktien und Anleihen investierenden Portfolios geeignet? Die Analyse erfolgt in einem ersten Schritt auf Indexbasis und in einem zweiten Schritt auf Basis von realen Investitions-möglichkeiten. Die Referenzwährungen sind der US-Dollar und der Euro. Für die Indexbetrachtung werden auf der Aktienseite der MSCI-World-Index und für die Anleihen der JPM-World-Government-Bond-Index verwendet. Bei den Daten für die Investition in Fine Wine liegt der Fokus auf dem Liv-ex-50-Index der im Jahre 1999 gegründeten Londoner Weinbörse Liv-ex. Bei der realen Investition werden für die Datenanalyse bei Aktien und Anleihen Indexfonds verwendet. Da es für die Investition in Fine Wine keinen Indexfonds gibt, wird der Liv-ex-50-Index inklusive aller Kosten einer realen Investition berechnet. Es werden verschiedene Portfoliozusammensetzungen verglichen. Zum einen wird ein Portfolio aus 50% Aktien und 50% Anleihen einem Portfolio aus 45% Aktien, 45% Anleihen und 10% Fine Wine gegenübergestellt. Zum an-deren wird ein Portfolio aus 25% Aktien und 75% Anleihen gegen ein Portfolio aus 20% Aktien, 70% Anleihen und 10% Fine Wine gemessen. Als Vergleichsmaßstab werden die annualisierte Rendite, die Standardabweichung sowie das Sharpe-Ratio der jeweiligen Portfolios berechnet. Die Ergebnisse für die genannten Zeiträume sind ernüchternd. Die Beimischung von Fine Wine führt auf Indexebene lediglich zu einer leichten Verbesserung der annualisierten Rendite aber zu einer markanten Erhöhung des Risi-kos. Bei der Betrachtung der realen Investition kommen die hohen Kosten eines Investments in Fine Wine zum Tragen. Die annualisierte Rendite ist im Vergleich zu den Portfolios ohne Beimischung von Fine Wine niedriger bei gleichzeitig höheren Risikowerten. Lediglich bei der Betrachtung auf Indexbasis in Euro kann bei einem Portfolio eine leichte Verbesserung der Sharpe-Ratio verzeichnet werden. Bei der Betrachtung nach Kosten führt in allen Fällen die Beimischung von Fine Wine zu einer Verschlechterung der Sharpe-Ratios.
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