Dissertations / Theses: 'Risk and returns and the Sharpe ratio'

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Mårtensson, Jonathan. "Portfolio optimisation : improved risk-adjusted return?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6397.

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In this thesis, portfolio optimisation is used to evaluate if a specific sample of portfolios have

a higher risk level or lower expected return, compared to what may be obtained through

optimisation. It also compares the return of optimised portfolios with the return of the original

portfolios. The risk analysis software Aegis Portfolio Manager developed by Barra is used for

the optimisations. With the expected return and risk level used in this thesis, all portfolios can

obtain a higher expected return and a lower risk. Over a six-month period, the optimised

portfolios do not consistently outperform the original portfolios and therefore it seems as

though the optimisation do not improve the return of the portfolios. This might be due to the

uncertainty of the expected returns used in this thesis.

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Hagberg, Johanna, and Jonas Magnusson. "Risk i fastighetsbolag : - en kvantitativ studie av kommunala och privata fastighetsbolag." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-11017.

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Jämfört med andra branscher har fastighetsmarknaden låg avkastning på totala tillgångar, de utnyttjar istället en hävstångsstrategi för att skapa mer effektiv utväxling på eget kapital. Det finns många riskvariabler kopplat till fastighetsbranschen och flera sätt att differentiera sig från den osystematiska risken. De kommunala fastighetsbolagen har en finansieringskälla Kommuninvest, som enbart vänder sig till allmännyttiga bolag och inte privata aktörer. Syftet med uppsatsen är att historiskt analysera hur risk och avkastning genererats av kommunala och privata fastighetsbolag. Metoden är kvantitativ, kombinerat med en deduktiv metod och som har en förklarande ansats. Utifrån teori har vi formulerat tre hypoteser för att undersöka om vi kan finna indikatorer på hur kommunala och privata fastighetsbolag skiljer sig till från varandra. För att genomföra undersökningen har uppsatsen utgått från en kvantitativ metod och statistiska test har gjorts för att kunna analysera utfallen. Resultaten indikerar på att det finns en signifikant skillnad mellan kommunala och privata fastighetsbolag i två av hypoteserna. Hur undersökningen är genomförd beskrivs i den empiriska metoden. Från de resultat som blivit har det fastställts att det finns mer att undersöka och nya förslag på fortsatt forskning har utformats.
Compared to other industries, real estate markets have historically low return on total assets, instead they use a leverage strategy to create a more efficient ratio on return on equity. There are many risk variables associated with real estate and several ways for real estate firms to differentiate themselves from the unsystematic risk. The municipal property firms have a funding source Kommuninvest, only turning to public utilities and not private actors. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the historical risk and return generated by municipal and private property firms. The method is quantitative, combined with a deductive theory, which has an explanatory approach. Based on theory we have formulated three hypotheses to explore and see if we can find indicators of how differences between municipal and private property is. To conduct the survey, the thesis has a quantitative method and statistical tests to analyze the outcomes. The results indicate that there is a significant difference in two of the hypotheses between municipal and private property. How the survey is conducted is described in the empirical method. From the results determined, the intention shows that there is more to explore, and new suggestions for further research have been suggested.

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Nilsson, Sara, and Jennifer Ramare. "What does it cost to invest with preferences? : What does investors lose/gain on investing in sin-stocks versus SRI investing?" Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för juridik, ekonomi, statistik och politik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-17337.

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This paper analyses the difference in risk-adjusted returns between Sin-stocks and SRI-investing for the period 2001-2021. The analysis was conducted by creating two optimally risky portfolios according to the Modern Portfolio Theory, one comprised of only Sin-stocks and one with only high ESG scoring companies. The Sin-stocks contained stocks from four different sectors, alcohol, gambling, tobacco and weapons while the companies for the SRI-portfolio was chosen from the FTSE4Good index. The regression models were chosen to follow both the CAPM, and the Fama & French three factor model and the regressions were in the end conducted with the GARCH model which showed results that both the SRI-portfolio and the Sin-portfolio had a general excess return over the market. The two portfolios were also compared with the help of Sharpe Ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. The Sharpe ratio as well as the Jensen’s Alpha showed that the Sin-portfolio had the highest risk-adjusted returns. In conclusion, the SRI-portfolio as well as the Sin-portfolio both outperformed the market during the time period 2001-2021 and they were both less volatile than the market.

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Fredriksen, Petter, and Madeleine Lundberg. "Riskjusterad avkastning i nynoteringar på Aktietorget : En jämförelse av Sharpe- och Sortinokvoten." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139206.

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Bakgrund: De senaste åren har en stark underprissättningstrend observerats i det ökande antalet börsnoteringar, vilket har skapat ett starkt investerarintresse. En stor del av dessa nyintroducerade bolag är småbolag, varav de flesta noteras på mindre handelsplatsformer, så kallade MTF:er. MTF:en Aktietorget introducerade flest företag till den svenska aktiemarknaden 2010-2014, varför detta har valts till studiens undersökningsområde.Tidigare studier har bevisat att det finns en hög volatilitet i nyintroduktioner och småbolag, vilket i finansiella sammanhang betyder att en sådan investering är mer riskfylld. Dock saknas liknande studier på downside volatilitet, alltså risken för förlust. Denna studie ämnar därför att jämföra den traditionellt riskjusterade avkastningen i form av sharpekvoten, mot avkastningen justerad för downside risk, den så kallade sortinokvoten. Detta nyare mått på risk är en del av den postmoderna portföljteorin, som tar hänsyn till en mer förlustaversiv investerare. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera den riskjusterade avkastningen i nynoteringar på Aktietorget för att jämföra med etablerade bolag på OMX Stockholm. Den riskjusterade avkastningen beräknas genom sharpe-respektive sortinokvoten och jämförs sedan för att undersöka eventuella skillnader i bedömningen av aktiernas prestation. Genomförande: Uppsatsen är en eventstudie med deduktiv ansats. Undersökningen har inkluderat nynoteringar på Aktietorget mellan 2010-2014 och jämförelseaktier består av branschindex från OMXSPI.Den riskjusterade avkastningen har beräknats via modifierade kvoter. Samband mellan sharpe-respektive sortinokvoten har undersökts genom icke-parametrisk rangordningskorrelation. Slutsats: Studien kan inte bevisa en signifikant abnormal avkastning i nynoteringar på Aktietorget, men observerar en genomsnittlig överavkastning upp till en månad. De riskjusterade kvoterna har mycket stark rangordningskorrelation, vilket innebär att studiens resultat inte kan motivera en fortsatt användning av sortinokvoten.
Background: In recent years, a strong underpricing trend has been observed in the increasing number of IPOs, which has created a strong investor interest. A large part of these IPO companies are small firms, most of which are listed on smaller trading venues, known as MTFs. The MTF Aktietorget introduced most companies to the Swedish stock market during 2010-2014, so it has been chosen as the area for this research.Previous studies have shown that there is high volatility in new introductions and small companies, which in financial terms means that such an investment contains more risk. However, similar studies on downside risk are lacking. This study therefore aims to compare the traditional risk-adjusted return in the form of the sharpe ratio, against the return adjusted for downside risk, the so-called sortino ratio. This newer measure of risk is part of the postmodern portfolio theory, which takes into account a more loss-aversive investor. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the risk-adjusted return in IPOs on Aktietorget and compare it with the return of established companies on OMX Stockholm. The risk-adjusted return is calculated by the sharpe and sortino ratios, respectively, and are later compared with each other to investigate possible differences in the estimation of performance for the stocks. Methodology: This paper is an event study with a deductive approach. The study has included IPOs on Aktietorget between 2010-2014 and comparative stocks, consisted of industry index from OMXSPI.The risk-adjusted return has been calculated using modified ratios and the relationship between the sharp and sortino ratios has been investigated by non-parametric ranking correlations. Conclusion: The study can't prove any significant abnormal return in IPOs on Aktietorget, but observes an average excess return of up to one month. The risk-adjusted ratios have very strong rank correlation, thus empirical results can't motivate the continued use of the sortino ratio.

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Koriy, Gabriel, and Johanna Jansson. "Samband mellan svenska aktiefonders avkastning och avgift med hänsyn till risk." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45737.

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Förvaltning och avkastning hos fonder har forskats om i flera studier runt om i världen. Tidigare forskning har gett varierande resultat, där vissa studier visar på att det föreligger ett samband mellan en fonds avgift och avkastning, medan andra inte kan säkerställa ett sådant resultat. Då de svenska hushållen idag sparar mer än någonsin, visar det på att fondsparande är ett aktuellt ämne för ytterligare forskning. Statistik från 2020 visar att fondförmögenheten i Sverige totalt uppgick till 4 554 miljarder kronor och har visat på en fortsatt ökande trend de senaste åren. Dock har endast få studier genomförts på den svenska kapitalmarknaden och de har i huvudsak analyserat ämnet på kort sikt, med en tidsperiod om fem år. Eftersom avgifternas påverkan på fonder är tydligast på lång sikt, ger det utrymme för fortsatt forskning inom ämnet. Syftet med följande forskning är att studera sambandet mellan svenska aktiefonders avkastning och avgift på lång sikt i förhållande till fondernas risk. Studien avgränsas till att undersöka svenska aktiefonder som har varit verksamma i minst tio år, mellan åren 2011-2020. Forskningen antar en kvantitativ forskningsmetod, vilket syftar till att testa teorier. Tillvägagångssätt sker genom en analys av urvalets regression och korrelation i samband med hypotesprövning, där variabler undersöks för att ge underlag till studiens analys av resultat. Studiens resultat visar att svenska aktiefonder i genomsnitt underpresterar den svenska marknaden på lång sikt. Forskningen visar även varierande resultat gällande korrelation mellan riskjusterad avkastning och avgift på lång sikt. Resultaten indikerar att den svenska kapitalmarknaden har en relativ marknadseffektivitet av svag form. I tillägg verkar aktivt förvaltade fonder kunna utnyttja tillfällig trendidentifiering och informationsasymmetri för att uppnå en överavkastning. Forskningen avslutas med slutsatsen att högavgiftsfonder, vilka är mer aktivt förvaltade, indikeras vara ett bättre investeringsalternativ för att uppnå en god långsiktig prestation i jämförelse med passiva fonder.

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Värnlund, Frida, and Max Bacco. "A Study on the Relationship Between a Mutual Fund’s Risk-Adjusted Return and Sustainability : Do Mutual Funds with High Sustainability Scores Outperform Those with Low Ones?" Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252743.

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During the past few decades, social responsible investing (SRI) has rapidly grown to become a renowned investment strategy. Because of the contradictory findings on how successful this strategy is in terms of financial return, the aim of this thesis is to compare the performance of sustainable and conventional funds in four different geographical areas during the last three years. With the use of regression analysis, the correlation between the Portfolio Sustainability Score of a fund, which is a Morningstar-provided rating that represents how well a fund incorporates ESG, and its risk-adjusted return is determined. The final results of this analysis varies among the four geographical regions. The correlation between the two variables is positive in USA and Asia ex-Japan, whereas a negative relationship is found in Europe and the Nordic region. However, the obtained findings are not of statistical significance, implying that there is no difference between the risk-adjusted returns of sustainable versus conventional funds.
Under de senaste årtionden har hållbara investeringar ökat och på senare tid även blivit en väletablerad investeringsstrategi. Då tidigare studier inom området uppvisat motstridiga resultat gällande hur effektiv denna strategi är inom värdeskapande, fokuserar denna rapport på att klargöra ifall hållbara alternativt vanliga fonder är fördelaktiga utifrån ett finansiellt perspektiv. Mer specifikt undersöks fyra geografiska områden över en tidsperiod på tre år. Genom regressionsanalys bestäms korrelationen mellan en fonds Portfolio Sustainability Score, ett betyg som erhålls av Morningstar som representerar hur väl den specifika fonden inkorporerar ESG, och dess riskjusterade avkastning. De slutgiltiga resultaten av denna analys varierar i de fyra geografiska områdena. I USA och Asien där Japan exkluderas är korrelationen positiv medan en negativ korrelation råder i Europa och Norden. Dock är resultaten inte av statistisk signifikans vilket indikerar att det inte är någon skillnad i den riskjusterade avkastningen mellan hållbara och vanliga fonder.

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Börjesson, Oscar, and Sebastian Rezwanul HaQ. "Do hedge funds yield greater risk-adjusted rate of returns than mutual funds?A quantitative study comparing hedge funds to mutual funds and hedge fund strategies." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146730.

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In recent times, the popularity of hedge funds has undoubtedly increased. There are shared opinions on whether hedge funds generate absolute rates of returns and whether they provide a strong alternative investment to mutual funds. This thesis aims to examine whether hedge funds with different investment strategies create absolute returns and if certain investment strategies outperform others. This thesis compares hedge funds risk-adjusted rate of return towards mutual funds, such as mutual funds, to see if certain investment strategies are more lucrative than the corresponding investments in terms of excess returns to corresponding indices. An econometric approach was applied to search for significant differences in risk-adjusted returns of hedge funds in contrast to mutual funds. Our results show that Swedish hedge funds do not generate as high risk-adjusted returns as Swedish mutual funds. In regard to the best performing hedge fund strategy, the results are inconclusive. Also, we do not find any evidence that hedge funds violate the effective market hypothesis.
Hedgefonder har den senaste tiden ökat i popularitet. Samtidigt finns det delade meningar huruvida hedgefonder genererar absolutavkastning och om de fungerar som bra alternativ till traditionella fonder. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka huruvida hedgefonder skapar absolutavkastning samt om det finns investeringsstrategier som presterar bättre än andra. Denna uppsats jämför hedgefonders riskjusterade avkastning med traditionella fonder, för att på sätt se om en viss investeringsstrategi ar mer lukrativ i termer av överavkastning i förhållande till motsvarande index. Vi har använt ekonometriska metoder för att söka efter statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan avkastningen för hedgefonder och traditionella fonder. Våra resultat visar att svenska hedgefonder inte genererar högre risk-justerade avkastningar än svenska aktiefonder. Våra resultat visar inga signifikanta skillnader vad gäller avkastning mellan olika strategier. Slutligen finner vi heller inga bevis för att hedgefonder går emot den effektiva marknadshypotesen

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elf, andreas, and Riffo Eduardo Gonzalez. "Risk-adjusted return performance on a screened index : An empirical investigation of a Shariah screened index and a non-screened index." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-20110.

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This paper investigates whether an Islamic screened benchmark index shows a different risk adjusted performance in comparison to a non-screened benchmark index. In contrast to other papers this study analyzes daily observations in the years from 2007 to 2012, a period heavily affected by the financial crisis. The Capital Asset Pricing Model and the Jensen measure of abnormal returns are used to estimate and compare the indexes mean risk-adjusted returns. The results show that the Islamic index does not reveal any different level of daily mean risk-adjusted returns compared to the conventional non-screened index. Hence, Muslims who align their investments according to the teachings of Islam are not worse off than non-restricted investors following the screened Islamic index.

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Orhan, Banu, and Siyar Bastas. "Kina- och Rysslandsfonder : En jämförande studie i nedgång och uppgång av den svenska börsen." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3534.

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Purpose: Aims of this paper is to evaluate a comparative study between China and Russia funds in respect of the risks and returns. We also want to examine what has affected the funds in their respective domestic stock market.

Method: The study is based on qualitative methodology to complement the quantitative survey by first gathering of secondary data from Morningstar, and fund manager´s stories on fund and banking companies' websites. Primary data is conducted by the interview with fund manager. The sample consists of all land funds for China and Russia has found more than 10 years on the stock market.

Results and Conclusion: The survey shows that China funds will generate better in decline than Russia Funds in both return and risk-adjusted Sharpe ratio. Because the China funds had better risk diversification and its holdings spread across different industry area while Russia funds is more directed towards oil and gas industry. The upturn managed Russia Funds better to recovery than China Funds in terms of return and risk-adjusted Sharpe ratio, which was due to China funds were cautiously optimistic, with the government's stimulus package, while Russia Funds earned at the price of oil in the world increased and a greater willingness to take risks of the global financial system. During the 10 years period, Russia funds better growth compared to China Funds in the total seen by far. For Russia have large oil resources and raw materials including exporting to the fast growing Asian. In China, due to good growth in the consumption good and growing middle class in the country, but also increased projects in financial and infrastructure.

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Moutáfov, Ernesto, and Legrand Giovanni Perez. "Hög avkastning till låg risk : En jämförande studie mellan aktieportföljers innehåll och prestation." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16863.

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Syfte: Studera sju portföljer och notera den bästa typen av portfölj med högst avkastning till lägst risk. Metod: Sekundärdata är grunden för uträkning av samtliga portföljers avkastningar, risker och korrelation. Studien är deduktiv med kvantitativa inslag av kända teorier av nobelpristagare i ekonomisk vetenskap. Slutsats: Studien visar att stora bolag i olika branscher är ett vinnande portföljinnehåll för denna studie. Stora bolags aktier har visat högre avkastning till lägre risk jämfört med små bolag under studiens tid då ekonomiska kriser drabbade marknaden. Den mest presterande portföljen var därför storbolagsportföljen. Vidare forskning: Längre tidsperspektiv och nya teorier som Jensens alfa samt Treynorkvot är av intresse för vidare forskning för att styrka vår slutsats.
Intention: To study seven portfolios and note the best type of portfolio with the maximum return at a minimum risk. Method: Secondary data is the basis for calculation of the total portfolio returns, risk and correlation. This study is deductive based using a quantitative method of world-known theories of Nobel laureates in economic sciences. Conclusion: The study shows that the best efficient portfolio contains large companies in different lines of business. Large companies' shares have higher returns at lower risk compared to small companies in circumstances to difficult economic situations globally. The best performed portfolio was the portfolio with large companies. Further Research: Longer period of time study and a study of new theories such as Jensens Alfa and Tretnor ratio would be interesting for further research.

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Adlersson, Patrik, and Patrik Blomdahl. "Hedge Fund Style Allocation : A Risk Adjusted Fund of Hedge Fund Perspective." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Production Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2758.

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The purpose of the thesis has been to explore the use of hedge fund styles when constructing portfolios of hedge funds (i.e. funds of hedge funds). The central question is if the use of hedge fund styles can significantly explain and improve risk adjusted returns (characterized by Sharpe ratios). The study has been done in collaboration with Optimized Portfolio Management AB who desire further knowledge and evaluation of hedge fund styles for their fund of hedge funds.

To be able to create successful ex ante portfolios we have explored various prediction models for both risk and return. Our findings indicate that return prediction is problematic using simple models such as regression since the risk exposure of the indices appear to change significantly over time. One can however using exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) achieve relatively promising estimations of future returns.

Covariance matrix estimation seems to be more straightforward. We have achieved promising results using both traditional EWMA models as well as improved estimators using principal component analysis.Covariance prediction models were evaluated separately using a minimum-variance portfolio optimization technique and provided a significant risk reduction compared to the aggregated hedge fund universe (represented by a naively diversified portfolio). Combinations of risk and return prediction models were evaluated using traditional mean-variance portfolio construction methods, which were optimized for Sharpe ratios. These provided a significant increase in risk adjusted returns relative to the aggregated hedge fund universe. The allocation is however discouraging due to serious instability over time.

Our findings indicate that there indeed is an advantage of taking hedge fund styles into consideration when constructing funds of hedge funds in a risk adjusted perspective. However, further research into return prediction needs to be done in order to stabilize portfolio allocation. An alternative seems to be tactical style allocation on a more fundamental analysis basis.

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Ljungberg, Axel, and Anton Högstedt. "Modern Portfolio Theory Combined With Magic Formula : A study on how Modern Portfolio Theory can improve an established investment strategy." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104540.

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This study examines whether modern portfolio theory can be used to improve the Magic Formula investment strategy. With the assets picked by the investment strategy we modify the portfolios by weighting the portfolios in accordance with modern portfolio theory. Through the process of creating efficient frontiers and weighting the portfolios differently we create two alternative portfolios each year. One portfolio that aimsfor maximum Sharpe ratio and one that aims for minimum variance. These weighted portfolios produce higher risk-adjusted returns consistently during the examined period of 2010-2020. We conclude that the Magic Formula can be improved by using modern portfolio theory.

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Ericsson, Anton, and Anton Erickson. "Does the Active Country Momentum Portfolio Beat the Passive Market Portfolio? : an empirical study on exchange-traded funds." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-89230.

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The thesis examines the strategy of country momentum and is evaluated with 30 different country exchange-traded funds (ETFs) for the period 1996-2018. The empirical evaluation is designed to apply different formation- and holding periods with overlapping portfolios. The results show positive momentum returns in various periods and a few portfolios present a higher average return than the market. However, none of the portfolios is presenting any significant positive returns or alphas, meaning that the three hypotheses cannot be rejected. On the other hand, some portfolios have higher Sharpe ratios and Morningstar value than the market. Thus, meaning that the individual investor could prefer the momentum portfolio over the market despite the insignificant returns.

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Hammarlund, Marcus, and Carl Stenkvist. "ESG påverkan på noterade svenska bolags aktievärde : En kvantitativ studie under 2019 och ett turbulent 2020." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177644.

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Bakgrund: Aktiemarknaden har aldrig haft en lägre ingångströskel där internetbaserade plattformar för investeringar har ökat tillgängligheten för både privata och institutionella investerare. Den höga aktiviteten på marknaden, i samspel med diverse finanskriser de senaste decennierna, har inneburit högre volatilitet på marknaden. Denna volatilitet nådde nya höjder under 2020 som innefattades av ett börsras i samband med Covid-19-pandemin, följt av en stark återhämtning med hjälp av global kapitaltillförsel. Året 2020 är på många sätt ett unikt år, inte minst på aktiemarknaden, och samtidigt har frågor och arbete kring hållbarhet fått en hög prioritet under senare år. Det finns därför ett intresse att vidare undersöka ESG och dess påverkan på de svenska bolagens avkastning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera hur ESG-betyg påverkar noterade svenska bolags aktievärde samt huruvida detta har förändrats till följd av ett turbulent år 2020 i relation till år 2019. Författarna avser även att undersöka huruvida ett relativt högre ESG- betyg är förenligt med högre riskjusterad avkastning och om aktierelaterad prestation avseende branschfördelning är framträdande. Metod: För att uppfylla studiens syfte har en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats tillämpats. Genomförandet av studien består av en analys av aktiekursutvecklingen för svenska bolag med ett tilldelat ESG-betyg under åren 2019 och 2020. För dessa bolag har det vidare konstruerats portföljer med höga respektive låga ESG-betyg samt avseende branschtillhörighet. En jämförelse utfördes sedan av avkastning, risk samt riskjusterad avkastning. Resultat: Resultatet finner inget signifikant samband mellan ESG-betyg och avkastning för 2019 men ett signifikant svagt negativt samband för 2020. Komparativt mellan portföljerna visade sig bolagen med högt ESG-betyg generera en marginellt högre avkastning och riskjusterad avkastning år 2019. År 2020 hade bolag med lågt ESG-betyg en betydligt högre avkastning och riskjusterad avkastning än bolagen med högt betyg. Diskrepansen på avkastning var stor till fördel för de bolag med låga ESG-betyg, undantaget för branschen Råvaror (Energi) som visade på ett motsatt samband.
Background: The stock market has never had a lower entry threshold where internet-based investment platforms have increased accessibility for both private and institutional investors. The high activity in the stock market, in conjunction with various financial crises in recent decades, have resulted in higher volatility in the market. This volatility reached new heights in 2020, which was accompanied by a stock market crash as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, followed by a strong recovery with the help of global capital injections. 2020 is in many ways a unique year, with no exception for the stock market, while at the same time, sustainability issues have been given a high priority in recent years. Investigating ESG and its impact on Swedish companies' stock returns is therefore of further interest. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze how ESG ratings affect listed Swedish companies' share value and whether this has changed as a result of a turbulent year 2020 in relation to 2019. The authors also intend to investigate whether a relatively higher ESG rating is compatible with higher risk-adjusted return and whether share-related performance in terms of industry distribution is prominent. Methodology: To fulfill the purpose of the study, a quantitative method with a deductive approach has been applied. The implementation of the study consists of an analysis of the share price development for Swedish companies with an assigned ESG rating during the years of 2019 and 2020. For these companies, portfolios with high and low ESG ratings have been constructed, while also regarding industry affiliation. A comparison of return, risk and risk-adjusted return was then performed. Results: The result finds no significant correlation between ESG rating and stock return for 2019 but a significantly weak negative correlation for 2020. Comparatively between the portfolios, the companies with high ESG ratings were found to generate a marginally higher stock return and risk-adjusted return in 2019. In 2020, companies with low ESG rating generated a significantly higher return and risk-adjusted return than companies with high ratings. The discrepancy in stock returns was large in favor of the low ESG ratings, apart from the Raw material (Energy) industry, which had an opposite relationship.

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Hukka, Sonja, and Samri Said. "Hållbara trender - presterande fonder? : En kvantitativ studie om hur ESG påverkar Sverigefonders prestation." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45770.

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Sustainability has become a major societal trend and interest in sustainable investments has increased among investors. The purpose of this study is to investigate how sustainability affects Swedish funds' returns and risk. Since research on the impact of sustainability on funds focuses mostly on investments outside Sweden, this study has limited itself to Swedish funds to fill the gap in research. The study analyzes 67 Swedish funds during 2015-2019 using various models such as CAPM, Fama-French three-factor model and Sharpe ratio. Furthermore, the funds' sustainability is measured using Morningstar's sustainability rating. Results show no signs of linear regression between sustainability and results from different models and the results of the study are not statistically significant. Thus, the study concludes that it is not sustainability that affects risk and return among the Swedish funds, but there may be other factors that have not been taken into account in this study. However, previous research shows that sustainable funds perform better and are more stable during times of crisis. This study has not examined the Swedish funds during times of crisis, but this may be an interesting topic for future research.
Hållbarhet har blivit en stor samhällstrend och intresset för hållbara investeringar har ökat bland investerare. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur hållbarhet påverkar Sverigefonders avkastning och risk. Eftersom forskning kring hållbarhetens påverkan på fonder fokuserar mestadels på investeringar utanför Sverige har denna studie avgränsat sig till Sverigefonder för att fylla luckan i forskningen. Studien analyserar 67 Sverigefonder under 2015-2019 med hjälp av olika modeller såsom CAPM, Fama-French trefaktormodell och Sharpekvot. Vidare mäts fondernas hållbarhet med hjälp av Morningstar hållbarhetsbetyg. Resultat visar inga tecken på linjär regression mellan hållbarhet och resultat från olika modeller samt studiens resultat är inte statistiskt signifikanta. Därmed är studiens slutsats att det inte är hållbarhet som påverkar på risk och avkastning bland Sverigefonderna utan det kan vara andra faktorer som inte tagits hänsyn till i denna studie. Däremot visar tidigare forskning att hållbara fonder presterar bättre och är mer stabila under kristider. Denna studie har inte undersökt Sverigefonderna under kristider men detta kan vara ett intressant ämne för framtida forskning.

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Almeida, Joana Raquel Neves. "Performance of target prices." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19636.

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Mestrado em Finanças
As avaliações de ações são conduzidas por profissionais que aconselham os investidores sobre ações. Os Target prices consideram não apenas os fatores de procura e oferta de mercado, mas também as opiniões de cada analista. Neste estudo, analisamos o desempenho dos Target prices, usando duas abordagens diferentes. Primeiro, estudamos o poder preditivo dos Target prices a 12 meses comparando-as a uma regra de capitalização simples com base nos retornos passados. Segundo, analisamos o desempenho de uma carteira activa construída tendo por base os price-targets e comparamos com a carteira homogénea, bem como o índice de mercado e a carteira tangente de variância média. Concluímos que os price-targets não têm poder preditivo nos preços futuros do mercado a 12 meses. A esse respeito, mostramos que as regras simples de capitalização são igualmente (más). Em termos de desempenho da carteira, descobrimos que a carteira activa construíra com base nas recomendações dos analistas não supera os outros portfólios. Os nossos resultados são robustos a esquemas alternativos de rebalanceamento de carteiras. A nossa análise é baseada em 50 ações europeias durante um período de 15 anos, de 2004 a 2019.
Equity researches are conducted by professionals who advise investors about stocks. Target prices consider not only market demand and supply factors, but also the opinions of each analyst. In this study, we analyze the performance of target prices, using two different approaches. First, we study the predictive power of 12-month price targets comparing it to a simple capitalization rule based upon past returns. Second, we analyze the performance of an active portfolio based upon analysts' price targets and compare it to the naïve homogeneous portfolio, as well as to a market index and the mean-variance tangent portfolio. We find price targets have no predictive power on future 12-month market prices. In that respect, we show the simple capitalization rules do equally (bad). In terms of portfolio performance, we find the active managed portfolio based upon analysts' recommendations does not outperform the other portfolios. Our results are robust to alternative rebalancing schemes. Our analysis is based upon 50 European stocks over a 15-year period, from 2004 to 2019.
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Ali, Perwez, and Jakob Håkansson. "Får du vad du betalar för? : Sambandet mellan tillväxtmarknadsfondernas avgifter och dess riskjusterade avkastning." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-167042.

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Bakgrund: En stor andel av de svenska invånarna sparar idag i fonder. De senaste åren har utbudet av fonder ökat allt mer, dels genom antalet fondbolag samt spridningen över olika marknader. Fonder allokerade mot tillväxtmarknader, Emerging Markets samt Frontier Markets, är en av de fondtyper som fått större uppmärksamhet på sistone. På grund av lägre grad av transparens från dessa marknader har investerare inte tillgång till lika mycket finansiell information från tillväxtmarknader, de ses även som mindre effektiva jämfört med de mer utvecklade marknaderna. Tillväxtmarknadsfonder tenderar även att ta ut höga avgifter för förvaltningen. Det för oss vidare till att analysera hur förvaltare av tillväxtmarknadsfonder lyckas med sina investeringar sett till den årliga avgift de tar ut för sin förvaltning. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur sambandet ser ut mellan fonders årliga avgifter och den riskjusterade avkastningen hos fonder med full allokering mot tillväxtmarknader kategoriserade inom Emerging Markets samt Frontier Markets. Metod: Genom studien har en deduktiv ansats och en kvantitativ metod tillämpats för att undersöka samband mellan flertalet variabler mot den beroende variabeln, Total Expense Ratio. Vi har hämtat in månadsdata från ett urval av 50 fonder via Thomson Reuters som vi sedan analyserat genom nyckeltal samt regressioner. Slutsats: Studiens resultat tyder på att det finns ett negativt samband mellan fondernas riskjusterade avkastning och dess årliga avgift. Vi ser att fonderna med högre avgift tenderar att resultera i en lägre riskjusterad avkastning.
Background: Today most of the swedes saves in mutual funds. The past few years we have seen an increase in the supply of mutual funds. Funds allocated to Emerging Markets and Frontier Markets has gotten more attention as well. These markets have a lower grade of transparency and has a lack of financial information compared to more developed markets. Studies has shown that they are also less efficient than the developed. Mutual funds in Emerging Markets tends to charge higher fees for their management. These factors make it interesting to analyze how the trustees of the mutual funds succeed in their investments related to the Total Expense Ratio that they charge. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between mutual funds’ Total Expense Ratio and their risk adjusted return for funds allocated to Emerging Markets and Frontier Markets. Methodology: The authors have used a deductive approach and a quantitative methodology to fulfill the aim of this study. We have gathered data by observing 50 mutual funds and retrieved the data from Thomson Reuters. We have then analyzed the data by calculating key ratios and by regression analysis. Conclusion: The results of this study show that there is a negative relationship between mutual funds’ total expense ratio and their risk adjusted return. We note that mutual funds with higher expense ratios tends to result in lower risk adjusted return.

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Bergensand, Erica, and Niklas Svahn. "En jämförelsestudie av AP-fonderna och bankernas Sverigefonder 2003-2010." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16972.

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Background: In 1999 the Swedish pension system was reformed with an aim to create a stable and high return on pension assets. First, Second, Third and Fourth general pension funds, hereby referred to as AP1-AP4, had an important part in the reform. AP1-AP4, also called the buffer funds, was assigned to secure long-term, big parts of the pension capital. The funds objective is by law, to manage the fund's assets in a manner that provides maximum benefit for the state pension. The funds will also invest pension assets with an overall low level of risk while achieving a sustainable high return. Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the First-Fourth AP-Funds is meeting its objectives regarding risk and return according to Swedish law. The aim is also to see how AP1-AP4 risk-adjusted returns compare to the four Sweden funds risk-adjusted returns according to modern portfolio theory. Theory: Morningstar Rating, Treynor ratio, Sharpe ratio, Jensen's Alpha, Standard Deviation, Beta. Conclusion: The risk-adjusted performance measures used in this study shows that there are clear differences between the two fund groups, where the AP-funds performed worse than the Sweden funds in every measurement. The study shows that the pension funds do not reach their goals over the five-year period, in four of the five time intervals listed in the study. In summary, the study shows that pension funds have a lower risk-adjusted return than the four bank Sweden funds and that the pension funds have not achieved their goals.

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Lorentz, Pär. "A Modified Sharpe Ratio Based Portfolio Optimization." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103275.

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The performance of an optimal-weighted portfolio strategy is evaluated when transaction costs are penalized compared to an equal-weighted portfolio strategy. The optimal allocation weights are found by maximizing a modified Sharpe ratio measure each trading day, where modified refers to the expected return of an asset in this context. The leverage of the investment is determined by a conditional expectation estimate of the number of portfolio assets of the next-coming day. A moving window is used to historically measure the transition probabilities of moving from one state to another within this stochastic count process and this is used as an input to the estimator. It is found that the most accurate estimate is the actual trading day’s number of portfolio assets and this is obtained when the size of the moving window is one. Increasing the penalty parameter on transaction costs of selling and buying assets between trading days lowers the aggregated transaction cost and increases the performance of the optimal-weighted portfolio considerably. The best portfolio performance is obtained when at least 50% of the capital is invested equally among the assets when maximizing the modified Sharpe ratio. The optimal-weighted and equal-weighted portfolios are constructed on a daily basis, where the allowed VaR0:05 is €300 000 for each portfolio. This sets the limit on the amount of capital allowed to be invested each trading day, and is determined by empirical VaR0:05 simulations of these two portfolios.

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Yousef, Ornina, and Legrand Gianina Perez. "Vilken fond ger hög riskjusterad avkastning? : En empirisk studie mellan Svenska och Globala aktiefonder." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-18913.

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Syfte: Syftet med denna undersökning är att göra en komparativ studie mellan Sverige-och global aktiefonder för att vidare analysera vilka aktiefonder som ger högst avkastning. Metod: Uppsatsen bygger på en statistisk analys vilket sekundärdata ligger till grund för våra beräkningar. Genom tillämpning av kvantifierbar hård data där bland annat historiska aktiekurser ingår, så har en kvantitativ studie använts. Befintliga teorier och modeller har tillämpats. Slutsats: Studien visar i stort sett att högre risk ger en högre avkastning. Under period 1 presterade Latin Amerika fonderna bäst varefter Sverige fonder presterade bättre under period 2. Dessa marknader kan vara väldigt oberoende av varandra och tenderar därmed inte att följa varandras kursutveckingen. Slutsatsen är då att en investering i olika geografiska placeringar diversifierar risken mer. Exempelvis en investering i en svensk fond och en latin amerika fond.

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Bernardin, Arthur, and Camille Dumoussaud. "A case study on the risk-adjusted- financial performance of The Vice Fund : The risk-adjusted-financial performance of this fund will be evaluate through a comparison with an other mutual fund having a different investment strategy and with two benchmarks." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73444.

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Nowadays, there is a debate about the possibility that sin stocks bring higher returns than other ones to the investors. This thesis is a case study on a mutual fund: The Vice Fund. This US fund has a specific investment strategy: it invests in sin stocks. We compared this mutual fund to The Timothy Fund because they have similar characteristics such as – date of inception, total assets, home country and investment universe, expect the investment strategy. Indeed, The Vice Fund invests in sin stocks and The Timothy Fund does not. Two benchmarks are also used in the study: the S&P 500 Index as a domestic benchmark and the MSCI World Index as an international benchmark. This thesis is a case study using a deductive approach on a quantitative ground. The study is done on ten years long from 2003 to 2012. We divided the entire period into three different sub-periods depending of the S&P 500 Index trend. The first and the last sub-periods are bullish and the second one is bearish. In order to analyse both the financial performances and the risks of The Vice Fund we use several tools. We calculated returns and risk-adjusted ratios: the Treynor’s ratio, the Sharpe’s ratio and the Jensen’s ratio. Because these ratios are less accurate in bearish markets, we calculated the normalized Sharpe ratio by doing linear regressions and we also calculated the modified Sharpe ratio. In order to perform these calculations, we used DataStream as a database to obtain prices and dividends for the two mutual funds and the prices for the two benchmarks. We got also the one-month T-bill to have a risk-free rate. We found that The Vice Fund had a better average returns performance whatever the market conditions over the period studied. However the difference between weekly results with The Timothy Plan Fund and the benchmarks is not statistically significant. The risk- adjusted ratios confirmed the superiority of the risk-adjusted financial performance of the sin fund.

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Short, Wesley James, and Jan Oskar Lind. "NOT THE SHARPEST TOOL IN THE BOX : A quantitative study of the reliability of the Sharpe ratio in a Bear market." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-38537.

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Our thesis was conducted through quantitative research on the validity of the Sharpe ratio as a performance measure in bear market conditions. Previous research had identified problems with mismatches in ranking due to Sharpe ratios rewarding unsystematic risk in funds. Alternative Sharpe ratios have been developed to solve this problem; Scholz (2006) developed the Normalized Sharpe ratio, which he argued to be a more valid performance measure in bear market conditions. We conducted a comparative analysis between rankings of the Sharpe ratio and Scholz Normalized Sharpe ratio to find out whether the Sharpe ratio provides mismatches in ranking due to rewarding unsystematic risk. The research was conducted on Swedish premium pension funds within the Swedish Pension system. We aimed to highlight the potential problems with interpreting the Sharpe ratio in bear market periods. Various models and theories was utilized to support our research question and attempt to link them to our quantitative analysis. The results from our analysis showed us that there were mismatches between the different ratios, additionally our findings provided support to previous researchers’ conclusions which stated that the Sharpe ratio rewards unsystematic risk.

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Blume, Lina, and Melinda Svensson. "E, S eller G : Vilket kriterium har störst betydelse förriskjusterad avkastning?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177674.

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Bakgrund: Historiskt har många faktorer spelat roll för investerare vid val av investering, framförallt betydande har varit faktorerna finansiell prestation och finansiella prognoser. Under de senaste åren har en rad nya faktorer tagit mer plats och ESG-faktorer har blivit några av de viktigaste aspekterna, både för investerare och andra intressenter. ESG står för Environmental, Social och Governance och är ett mått på investeringens hållbarhet. Även om det ofta diskuteras om ESG som ett helhetsbetyg, så är det mer sällan man diskuterar varje kriterium var för sig. I denna studie har E, S och G separerats för att undersöka om det är hållbarhet inom ett visst område som är mer gynnsamt än ett annat för att uppnå högst riskjusterad avkastning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilket kriterium av E, S och G som genererar högst riskjusterad avkastning på OMXSPI. Metod: Studien har en deduktiv forskningsansats och grundas på en kvantitativ undersökningsmetod. All data har inhämtats från Refinitiv Eikon och man har sedan använt statistiska metoder och skapat regressionsanalyser för att undersöka variablernas samband. Variabeln som används för att mäta riskjusterad avkastning är sharpekvoten. Slutsats: Resultatet av denna studie visar att det finns ett statistiskt säkerställt positivt samband mellan betyget för S året 2018 och riskjusterad avkastning. Resterande år och kriterium finns det både positiva och negativa samband, men inget av dessa är signifikanta.
Background: Historically, many factors have played a role for investors when making decisions about an investment, especially significant have been the factors regarding financial performance and financial forecasts. In recent years, a number of new factors have become important, such as ESG factors. Those have become some of the most important aspects, both for investors and other stakeholders. ESG stands for Environmental, Social and Governance and is a measure of the sustainability of an investment. Although ESG often is discussed as an overall rating, it is less common to discuss each criterion separately. In this study, E, S and G have been separated to investigate whether sustainability focus in one specific area is more favorable than another to achieve the highest risk-adjusted return. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate which criterion of E, S and G that generates the highest risk-adjusted return on OMXSPI. Methodology: The study has a deductive research approach and is based on a quantitative research method. All data were obtained from Refinitiv Eikon and statistical methods with regression analysis were created to investigate the relationship of the variables. The variable used to measure risk-adjusted return is the sharpe ratio. Conclusion: The results of this study show that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the grade for S year 2018 and risk-adjusted return. The remaining years and criteria have both positive and negative relationships, but none of these are significant.

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Mweli, Peter Vusi. "Empirical evaluation of South African share analysts’ performance." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25261.

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This paper sets out to evaluate whether investment recommendations of South African share analysts provide any value to an investor in the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The study focuses on the creation of a portfolio based on the recommendations by analysts between December 2002 and July 2010. The monthly returns and respective risk-adjusted returns of this portfolio are compared to those of the SATRIX Top 40 over the same period of time. The paper also evaluates the effectiveness of the SATRIX Top 40 as a performance benchmark by comparing it to a portfolio for shares of family-controlled or owner-managed companies listed on the JSE. The study utilises analyst consensus recommendations, with focus on buy and sell recommendations, to create a buy and hold portfolio that is compared to the SATRIX Top 40. The SATRIX Top 40 is further compared to ten-share portfolio of family-owned or owner-managed companies. The study finds that analysts’ recommendations lead to higher risk-adjusted returns for an investor when compared to the SATRIX Top 40. The returns are even better in a bear market environment when compared the benchmark SATRIX Top 40. It is also found that a portfolio of shares of family-controlled or owner-managed companies performs better than the SATRIX Top 40 and thus provides a better benchmark for an investor. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Mejia-Perez, Juan Carlos. "No 'good deal' valuation bounds and their relation to coherent risk measures." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342510.

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Lundquist, Niclas, and Fredrik Carlson. "Hyresbostadsfonder - ett placeringsalternativ för välbärgade?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111214.

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Hyresbostadsfonder är en ny placeringsform i Sverige som erbjuder privatpersoner, företag och institutioner att äga hyresfastigheter och erhålla avkastning från förvaltningsöverskott och värdeökning. I denna studie jämförs aktie- och obligationsfonder med en simulerad hyresbostadsfond ur ett risk kontra avkastningsperspektiv. Fonden baseras på data över den svenska fastighetsmarknaden från Svenskt Fastighetsindex och Investment Property Database, därför att placeringsformen är ny och det råder brist på historisk data från verkliga aktörer.

Målet med studien är att besvara om hyresbostadsfonder är ett konkurrenskraftigt alternativ till aktie- och obligationsfonder. Utöver finansiella jämförelser redogör författarna eventuella dolda risker och nackdelar med placeringsformen.

Resultatet från studien visar att hyresbostadsfonden har presterat bättre än både aktie- och obligationsfonderna under perioden 1988-2008. Bidragande faktorer till denna utveckling har identifierats och redovisats. Placeringsformen kräver stor mängd kapital som binds upp under sex år och alla kan av den anledningen inte investera.

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Sundberg, Jonathan, and Fredrik Wallentin. "Är Sharpekvoten skarp nog? : En studie om Sharpekvoten är tillräcklig för att bedöma avkastning i förhållande till risktagande vid aktieinvesteringar." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27963.

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Bakgrund: Under flera årtionden har handeln med aktier och värdepapper moderniserats och utvecklats. En investerare kan idag placera en order för att köpa en aktie över hela världen. Investerare letar alltid efter nya aktier att investera för att maximera sin avkastning dock medför detta en risk. Att analysera en investering kan göras på flera olika sätt där Sharpekvoten är en av flera sätt att analysera på. Tidigare har Sharpekvoten oftast använts vid analys av fonder och inte aktier och i tidigare forskning används Sharpkvoten flitigt men flera olika parametrar används då. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka skillnaderna i portföljer med aktier med låg risk kontra portföljer med aktier med hög risk och se vilken av dessa typer av portföljer som gett bäst avkastning, i förhållande till den risk som tagits. Sharpekvoten kommer att användas som ett nyckeltal för att svara på syftet. Metod: Studien har behandlat aktier på den Svenska, Amerikanska och Japanska marknaden och på dess Large- och Small cap marknader. Utifrån den data som har samlats in har en kvantitativ studie utförts för att sedan analyserats i förhållande med de teorier och studier som har berörts. Studien har även kompletterats med intervjuer för att bredda analysen och tänkanden kring hur investerare agerar vid hög risk aktier. Resultat: Sharpekvoten är högre på den svenska och japanska marknaden på respektive lands large cap samt 1st section. Intervjuerna som gjordes gav svaret att den bästa strategin är att differentiera sin aktieportfölj och att högrisk aktier endast bör utgöra en liten del av portföljen. I analysen framkommer det att sharpekvoten inte kan ge ett entydigt svar på förhållandet avkastning och risk, då det är vår uppfattning att avkastningen påverkas av en mängd andra faktorer.

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Santos, Claudinei de Paula. "Análise de medidas de desempenho de ativos de risco: um estudo dos índices de potencial de investimento, Sharpe e Sharpe generalizado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-03112008-181857/.

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A dissertação aborda e compara as características dos índices de Sharpe (SR) e suas variantes, SRc e SRd, Sharpe generalizado (GSR ) e potencial de investimento (IP), sendo os índices GSR e IP associados a alguma função de utilidade. Pelo fato de o GSR e o IP serem idênticos, testes empíricos foram realizados entre SRc e o GSR. Ambos foram avaliados teoricamente sob dois aspectos, o que definimos de análise retrospectiva, i.e., análise de séries de log-retornos mensais observados, e a análise prospectiva, i.e., séries a ocorrer. No âmbito prospectivo, ex ante facto, o SRc (índice de Sharpe com variável de estado normal) e o SRd (índice de Sharpe com variável de estado lognormal), por estarem associados à função de utilidade quadrática, apresentam distorções como o ponto bliss e o agente econômico bomba de dinheiro. O mesmo ocorre no âmbito retrospectivo, ex post facto, com o GSR (potencial de desempenho de ativos de risco para indivíduos com função de utilidade HARA) quando o coeficiente de aversão ao risco é igual a um negativo, gama=-1. No entanto, o GSR pode ser associado a funções de utilidade diferentes da quadrática evitando seus efeitos indesejáveis. Sob a suposição de movimento browniano geométrico (MBG) e da utilidade HARA para o preço mensal ajustado de ações brasileiras e americanas e para pontos mensais de índices brasileiros e americanos, entre janeiro de 2000 e março de 2008, obtivemos os seguintes resultados: (1) o índice GSR para utilidade quadrática apresentou elevada correlação com o SRc; (2) a menor correlação de GSR com SRc ocorreu para utilidade logarítmica; (3) para a utilidade exponencial, o GSR apresenta elevado grau de correlação com o SRc. Os resultados mostraram que o GSR com utilidade exponencial é o índice que menos se aproxima do comportamento do GSR com utilidade quadrática. Sabendo-se das distorções da utilidade quadrática, a adoção do GSR com gama=1 parece mais adequado para a classificação de ativos de risco.
This master dissertation studies and compares the characteristics of Sharpe ratio and its variants, SRc and SRd, generalized Sharpe ratio (GSR) and investment potential (IP), both GSR and IP associated to any utility function. By the fact that GSR and IP are identical indexes, empiric tests were conducted between SRc and GSR. The indexes were evaluated theoretically under two different aspects: retrospective analysis, i.e., analyze the observed monthly log-returns, and prospective analysis, i.e., series to occur. Under prospective view, ex ante facto, SRc (Sharpe ratio with normal state variable) and SRd (Sharpe ratio with lognormal state variable), for being associated to the quadratic utility function, show the inherent problems to utility functions such as the bliss point and the pump money economic agent. The same happens in a retrospective view, ex post facto, with the GSR (performance potential with HARA utility function family) when the risk aversion coefficient equals minus one, gama=-1. Therefore, the GSR can be associated to different utility functions avoiding the undesirable effects. Under the GBM (geometric Brownian motion) condition and HARA utility function for the Brazilian and American adjusted monthly stock prices and indexes monthly points during January 2000 and March 2008, we reached the following: (1) results indicate that GSR for quadratic utility has high correlation level with SRc; (2) while the logarithmic utility showed lowest correlation level between GSR and SRc; (3) exponential utilities showed a high level of correlation between GSR and SRc. The results showed that GSR with exponential utility kept the biggest behavior difference for the GSR with quadratic utility. Based on the knowing problems of the quadratic utility, GSR with gama=1 seems to be a better index choice for risk assets classification.

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29

Gaqa, Nandipa. "The Development Role Played by Targeted Development Investments in South Africa and Their Risk-Adjusted Performance Over a 10-Year Period." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32687.

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The study evaluated the development role of targeted development investments in South Africa and their risk adjusted performance over a 10-Year period, that is from 2008 to 2017. Targeted development investments as a subset of socially responsible investments have transformed the way capital is allocated towards development funding needs. In the South African context this study is relevant given it offers a contrast between investments made in the public sector where development impact is a key objective, versus private sector targeted investments that aim to achieve financial returns whilst also driving development impact objectives aligned to sustainable development goals. The role and impact of these investments in the post democratic era is put in the spotlight given the country is dealing with economic, social, and environmental challenges that have necessitated the need to assess the nature and role of the investment industry in solving these complex development challenges (Giampocaro & Pretorius, 2012). The study on the role of the public sector focused on the investments and development impact indicators tracked by the Top 3 public sector investment institutions or corporations. The analysis on the performance of the private sector TDI funds examined their risk adjusted performance using Treynor, Sharpe, Sortino, and Information ratios. The risk adjusted performance was used to test whether the TDI fund returns under or outperformed against five benchmark categories. The research findings showed mixed results where TDI funds either underperformed or outperformed against the benchmark categories. The findings highlighted the need for a hybrid development model where both the public and private sector actively play a role in the development landscape as guided by their respective investment mandates. The findings advocate for corporate and institutional investors to increase capital allocations and investments towards financing development needs given the scope to maximise investor returns, whilst considering socially responsible investing and issues relating to the development and empowerment of previously disadvantaged communities.

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30

Zetterquist, Jakob, Carl-Olof Holfve, and Mattias Lindeborg. "Riskhantering : Hur applicerar svenska fondbolag teoretiska riskhanteringsmodeller i praktiken?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-29509.

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There are different types of risk, examples include credit risk, liquidity risk and financial risk. In DeMarzo & Berk (2011, s. 293) is a study presented which is based on the yield of different types of financial assets between 1925 and 2009, the study show that a high risk gave substantially higher reward. With the study as a background, it is interesting to study practical risk management within participants of the financial markets of Sweden. In risk management there are several theories about whether risk can be calculated and analyzed with scientific methods in practice. To generate new empirical data a qualitative method was used in the form of interviews. The selection, which was strategic, was based on mailed questionnaire sent to participants of the Swedish fund market. Theory can be problematic to apply in practice, since reality is often simplified in theory, as discussed by Franklin (2004). Franklin’s thoughts are accompanied by Baird (2010) in a similar discussion. The main model of the study is Value at Risk, which is recovered from Hull (2011) but has its origin from the financial company JP Morgan. Other models that are applied in the study are Capital Asset Pricing Model, CAPM, and the Sharpe ratio. There are known critiques against these models, which are discussed in this study. In the study it is shown that all the participants applied the model Value at Risk. The report also indicates that standard deviation has a central role in risk management. All the respondents were well aware of the critique against Value at Risk. To manage the flaws of the model they also used stress tests as a complement. The analysis of the study indicates that practical and theoretical application in many aspects are similar, the most apparent one being Value at Risk. Even though there are some differences, CAPM was indicated to have no practical use for any of the participants. Two vital factors for whether a model can be applied practically are the model’s simplicity and the need for assumptions to correlate with reality. Having completed this study, the conclusion that the participants successfully applied theoretical risk management models in practice can be validated.

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31

Blatt, Sharon L. "An in-depth look at the information ratio." Link to electronic thesis, 2004. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0824104-155216/.

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32

Liljeström, Oskar. "Efficiency of cryptocurrency exchanges : Risk exposure analysis of identical assets." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20048.

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The cryptocurrency market is continuously growing but is still a relatively unexplored field within academic research. The ambition with this thesis is to increase existing research on market efficiency of cryptocurrencies, by studying the risk exposure of identical investments between different cryptocurrency exchanges. The study includes four cryptocurrencies and nine different exchanges, the data is tested on a full sample period and two subsample periods. The results reveal significant Sharpe ratio differences for identical investments on selected exchanges, but also improved efficiency between the first and second subsample periods. The study concludes that there are significant market inefficiencies on the cryptocurrency market, but the results also suggests that the market is becoming more efficient over time.

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33

Bjärnbo, Oliver, and Amir Kheirollah. "A Quantitative Risk Optimization of Markowitz Model : An Empirical Investigation on Swedish Large Cap List." Thesis, Mälardalen University, Department of Mathematics and Physics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-333.

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This paper is an empirical study on Harry Markowitz work on Modern Portfolio Theory. The model introduced by him assumes the normality of assets’ return. We examined the OMX Large Cap List1 by mathematical and statistical methods for normality of assets’ returns. We studied the effect of the parameters, Skewness and Kurtosis for different time series data. We tried to figure it out which data series is better to construct a portfolio and how these extra parameters can make us better informed in our investments.

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34

Schlögl, Hubertus Tassilo. "Macroeconomic indicators and systematic risk - is there a difference between emerging and developed markets?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/20145.

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This explorative study is about the influencing effects of US macroeconomic announcements on changes in systematic risk with the focus on the difference between emerging and developed markets. Seven different US macroeconomic indicators have been examined and used to estimate betas as a proxy for the systematic risk around the announcement dates. In the period from 1996 until 2017, betas have been estimated over a three-month pre- and post window, resulting in 27 announcements per US macroeconomic indicator. The study also tries to provide insights of the consequences for portfolio managers, based on patterns of changes in betas and their relationship with changes in Sharpe ratios. The study results reveal that betas change consistently over the sample period, however, to a small magnitude. Also, the changes in mean Sharpe ratios around these announcement dates have not been found as statistical significant. However, the study results indicate that there is a positive relationship between changes in Sharpe ratios and changes in betas for developed countries as the Pearson correlation coefficient illustrates.
O seguinte estudo analisa a influência das publicações de dados macroeconómicos nas variações do risco sistemático, salientando os diferentes efeitos sobre os mercados emergentes e os países desenvolvidos. Foram examinados sete diferentes indicadores macroeconómicos dos EUA, sendo estes utilizados para determinar uma estimativa dos valores do risco sistémico perto das datas das publicações macroeconómicos dos EUA. No período entre 1996 e 2017, os betas foram estimados sobre um intervalo de tempo de três meses antes e depois de cada publicação, resultando em 27 publicações por cada indicador do EUA. Nesta análise também se tenta explicar as consequências destes efeitos para os gestores de carteiras, baseando-se em padrões de variações dos betas e a sua relação com as variações dos Sharpe Ratios. Os resultados desta análise evidenciam que os betas variam consistentemente ao longo do período da amostra, ainda que numa baixa magnitude. Além disso, as variações no valor médio dos Sharpe Ratios nas datas próximas aos relativos anúncios económicos não são estatisticamente significativas. Contudo, os resultados desta análise indicam que existe uma relação positiva entre variações dos Sharpe Ratios e variações nos betas dos países desenvolvidos, como o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson demonstra.

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35

Kůna, Jakub. "Srovnání výkonnosti v ČR nabízených fondů a ETF z pohledu korunového investora." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124875.

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This diploma thesis "A Performance Comparison of in Czech Republic available mutual funds and ETFs from the view of CZK investor" elaborates on collective investing in Czech Republic; focusing on mutual funds and their exchange traded alternatives in ETFs. In the thesis, a history of Czech collective investments' development is briefly mentioned and of ETFs' beginnings in the US, also a legislative framework for the mutual funds in CZ is shortly discussed; furthermore, different approaches to fund classification based on various criteria are provided. An impact of fund fees and expenses is also analysed. A Current situation on the capital market of funds and ETFs and its trends are showed in many graphs and tables. In the second part of the thesis, author introduces not only the basic ones but also the more sophisticated methods of portfolio's or fund's performance measurements, including yields, risks, risk-adjusted yields etc... The third and last chapter aims at application of the previously mentioned methods on a selection of 20 funds and ETFs; therefore building a financial model enabling that. The analysis is viewed as from the CZK investor, thus all calculations are made in CZK.

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36

Forss, Gabriel. "What Characterises Successful Stocks? : A case study of Swedish companies between 1995 and 2005." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7043.

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This paper discusses the indicators of financial success for Swedish companies from 1995 until 2005. Quarterly data on 42 Swedish companies were collected from the Datastream data base and analysed by using both portfolio analyses and parametric analysis. In this study, financial success is measured by using the acclaimed concepts of the Sharpe ratio and the Jensen’s Alpha. The Sharpe ratios of the companies are studied between 1995-2005 and this discussion is complemented by analysis of the Jensen’s Alpha in the second half of that time period i.e. 2000-2005. The relationship between these performance metrics and certain company-characteristics such as the book-to-market ratio, the ROA measure and capital structure is studied. The conclusion is that companies that have a high degree of profitability and maintain high book-to-market ratios outperform other companies in terms of generating excess returns to shareholders. Another interesting observation is the fact that company size does not have any significant relationship to company performance.

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Blomkvist, Oscar. "Smart Beta - index weighting." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168745.

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This study is a thesis ending a 120 credit masters program in Mathematics with specialization Financial Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). The subject of Smart beta is defined and studied in an index fund context. The portfolio weighting schemes tested are: equally weighting, maximum Sharpe ratio, maximum diversification, and fundamental weighting using P/E-ratios. The outcome of the strategies is measured in performance (accumulated return), risk, and cost of trading, along with measures of the proportions of different assets in the portfolio. The thesis goes through the steps of collecting, ordering, and ”cleaning” the data used in the process. A brief explanation of historical simulation used in estimation of stochastic variables such as expected return and covariance matrices is included, as well as analysis on the data’s distribution. The process of optimization and how rules for being UCITS compliant forms optimization programs with constraints is described. The results indicate that all, but the most diversified, portfolios tested outperform the market cap weighted portfolio. In all cases, the trading volumes and the market impact is increased, in comparison with the cap weighted portfolio. The Sharpe ratio maximizer yields a high level of return, while keeping the risk low. The fundamentally weighted portfolio performs best, but with higher risk. A combination of the two finds the portfolio with highest return and lowest risk.
Denna studie är ett examensarbete som avslutar ett 120 poängs mastersprogram i Matematik med inriktning mot Finansiell Matematik och Matematisk Statistik på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH). Ämnet Smart beta studeras i kontexten av en indexfond, där de olika testade principerna för viktning i portföljerna är: likaviktad, maximerad Sharpe-kvot, maximerad diversifiering, och fundamental viktning användandes av P/E-tal. Utfallet i testerna utvärderas i ackumulerad avkastning, portföljrisk, kostnad att handla i portföljen, och ett antal mått på fördelningen av tillgångarna. Studien går stegvis igenom processen för att samla in, ordna, och ”tvätta” data. En kort förklaring av historisk simulering, metoden för att estimera stokastiska variabler såsom kovariansmatriser, är inkluderad, såväl som en analys av distributionen av data. Processen för att optimera portföljerna och hur regler för att vara en UCITS-fond kan omformas till optimeringsvillkor beskrivs. Resultaten indikerar att alla utom den mest diversifierade portföljen har högre ackumulerad avkastning än den marknadsviktade portföljen under testperioden. I alla testade fall ökar handelsvolymen liksom marknadspåverkan när en annan strategi än marknadsviktad används. Portföljen med maximerad Sharpe-kvot ger en hög avkastning med bibehållen låg risk. Den fundamentalt viktade portföljen ger bäst avkastning, men med en litet förhöjd risk. Kombinationen av de båda metoderna ger den portföljen med högst ackumulerad avkastning och samtidigt lägst risk under testperioden.

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38

Csörgö, Tomáš. "Meranie výkonnosti portfólia." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-195516.

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The goal of the master thesis is to analyze portfolio performance. The theoretical part of the thesis describes risk, portfolio performance measurement, investment funds, theory of portfolio. The analysis of portfolio performance is measured by different portfolio measurement tools.

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39

Bardh, Pontus, and Jacob Haglund. "An Investment Approach Built on Systematic Risk : A performance analysis based on the characteristics of defensive and cyclical sectors on the Swedish stock market." Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52950.

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This thesis investigates and compares the performance and characteristics of defensive and cyclical sectors on the Swedish stock market during 2003-2020 and the financial crisis in2007-2008, taking monthly price developments from nine sectors. The purpose is to examine the differences in sector performances based on the estimations of systematic risk. Using the relationship between risk and return, we aim to find the most beneficial investment strategy for investors with a long-term investment horizon and provide knowledge to investors who may want to change investment schemes during stock market crises to protect their portfolios from risk. To determine the sectors' classifications, the beta coefficient from CAPM is used. Moreover, alpha and Sharpe ratios are used as performance measures with the aim to find evidence of differences in performance between the classifications. The results show that beta is inconstant over time, and sectors behave differently depending on their dependence to business conditions, demonstrated by different patterns in beta for the two different classifications when comparing the crisis to the full period. The empirical evidence indicates that a defensive investment strategy is beneficial when considering the relationship between risk and return.

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40

Karlevall, Jimmie. "Hur ska du investera dina PPM-pengar? : En studie om PPM-fondernas historiska avkastning." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3569.

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Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to study the 45 funds, divided into three differentdivisions, then the result will provide a greater understanding of how returns change with ahigher risk.

Methodology: The study is based on a quantitative approach. The survey was conducted bygathering raw data from databases and secondary data from literature, printed and electronicsources.

Theoretical perspectives: The study is based on the theory: the efficient markethypothesis, which argues that future returns can not be calculated as the market is fullyinformed. The study is therefore studying historical yields.

Empirical foundation: Empirical data are acquired from www.morningstar.se, andtherefore also treated on this page. The material is then divided into documents and time axes.

Conclusions: The study has shown that high-risk funds give a higher percentage returns thanmedium-and low-risk funds. However, does not imply a higher risk automatically earn ahigher return when the low-risk funds have shown a higher yield than medium-risk funds. Animportant factor to study when you are looking for the fund which generated the highest ROIis the Sharpe ratio. Although this study demonstrates that high-risk funds have a higherSharpe ratio than competing risk groups.

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41

Peyper, Wiehan Henri. "Comparing different exchange traded funds in South Africa based on volatility and returns / Wiehan Henri Peyper." Thesis, North West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13086.

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Increasing sophistication of exchange traded fund (ETF) indexation methods required that a comparison be drawn between various methodologies. A performance and risk evaluation of four pre-selected ETF indexation categories were conducted to establish the diversification benefits that each contain. Fundamentally weighted, equally weighted and leveraged ETFs were compared to traditional market capitalisation weighted ETFs on the basis of risk and return. While a literature review presented the theory on ETFs and the various statistical measures used for this study, the main findings were obtained empirically from a sample of South African and American ETFs. Several risk-adjusted performance measures were employed to assess the risk and return of each indexation category. Special emphasis was placed on the Omega ratio due to the unique interpretation of the return series‟ distribution characteristics. The risk of each ETF category was evaluated using the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), while the diversification potential was determined by means of a regression analysis based on the single index model. According to the findings, fundamentally weighted ETFs perform the best during an upward moving market when compared by standard risk-adjusted performance measures. However, the Omega ratio analysis revealed the inherent unsystematic risk of alternatively indexed ETFs and ranked market capitalisation weighted ETFs as the best performing category. Equal weighted ETFs delivered consistently poor rankings, while leveraged ETFs exhibited a high level of risk associated with the amplified returns of this category. The diversification measurement concurred with the Omega ratio analysis and highlighted the market capitalisation weighted ETFs to be the most diversified ETFs in the selection. Alternatively indexed ETFs consequently deliver higher absolute returns by incurring greater unsystematic risk, while simultaneously reducing the level of diversification in the fund.
MCom (Risk Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

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42

Schlögl, Hubertus Tassilo. "Macroeconomic indicators and systematic risk - is there a difference between emerging and developed markets?" Master's thesis, reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/36554.

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Submitted by Hubertus Schlögl (tassilo.schloegl@web.de) on 2018-02-01T16:37:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Macroeconomic Indicators and Systematic Risk - Is there a difference between Emerging and Developed Markets? Hubertus Tassilo Schlögl 338933 - EESP.pdf: 877788 bytes, checksum: 2e7cfedabad96e3c0375688472e9cb5e (MD5)
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Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-02T11:15:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Macroeconomic Indicators and Systematic Risk - Is there a difference between Emerging and Developed Markets? Hubertus Tassilo Schlögl 338933 - EESP.pdf: 877788 bytes, checksum: 2e7cfedabad96e3c0375688472e9cb5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-16
This explorative study is about the influencing effects of US macroeconomic announcements on changes in systematic risk with the focus on the difference between emerging and developed markets. Seven different US macroeconomic indicators have been examined and used to estimate betas as a proxy for the systematic risk around the announcement dates. In the period from 1996 until 2017, betas have been estimated over a three-month pre- and post window, resulting in 27 announcements per US macroeconomic indicator. The study also tries to provide insights of the consequences for portfolio managers, based on patterns of changes in betas and their relationship with changes in Sharpe ratios. The study results reveal that betas change consistently over the sample period, however, to a small magnitude. Also, the changes in mean Sharpe ratios around these announcement dates have not been found as statistical significant. However, the study results indicate that there is a positive relationship between changes in Sharpe ratios and changes in betas for developed countries as the Pearson correlation coefficient illustrates.
O seguinte estudo analisa a influência das publicações de dados macroeconómicos nas variações do risco sistemático, salientando os diferentes efeitos sobre os mercados emergentes e os países desenvolvidos. Foram examinados sete diferentes indicadores macroeconómicos dos EUA, sendo estes utilizados para determinar uma estimativa dos valores do risco sistémico perto das datas das publicações macroeconómicos dos EUA. No período entre 1996 e 2017, os betas foram estimados sobre um intervalo de tempo de três meses antes e depois de cada publicação, resultando em 27 publicações por cada indicador do EUA. Nesta análise também se tenta explicar as consequências destes efeitos para os gestores de carteiras, baseando-se em padrões de variações dos betas e a sua relação com as variações dos Sharpe Ratios. Os resultados desta análise evidenciam que os betas variam consistentemente ao longo do período da amostra, ainda que numa baixa magnitude. Além disso, as variações no valor médio dos Sharpe Ratios nas datas próximas aos relativos anúncios económicos não são estatisticamente significativas. Contudo, os resultados desta análise indicam que existe uma relação positiva entre variações dos Sharpe Ratios e variações nos betas dos países desenvolvidos, como o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson demonstra.

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43

Yu, Jung-Suk. "Essays on Fine Structure of Asset Returns, Jumps, and Stochastic Volatility." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/431.

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There has been an on-going debate about choices of the most suitable model amongst a variety of model specifications and parameterizations. The first dissertation essay investigates whether asymmetric leptokurtic return distributions such as Hansen's (1994) skewed tdistribution combined with GARCH specifications can outperform mixed GARCH-jump models such as Maheu and McCurdy's (2004) GARJI model incorporating the autoregressive conditional jump intensity parameterization in the discrete-time framework. I find that the more parsimonious GJR-HT model is superior to mixed GARCH-jump models. Likelihood-ratio (LR) tests, information criteria such as AIC, SC, and HQ and Value-at-Risk (VaR) analysis confirm that GJR-HT is one of the most suitable model specifications which gives us both better fit to the data and parsimony of parameterization. The benefits of estimating GARCH models using asymmetric leptokurtic distributions are more substantial for highly volatile series such as emerging stock markets, which have a higher degree of non-normality. Furthermore, Hansen's skewed t-distribution also provides us with an excellent risk management tool evidenced by VaR analysis. The second dissertation essay provides a variety of empirical evidences to support redundancy of stochastic volatility for SP500 index returns when stochastic volatility is taken into account with infinite activity pure Lévy jumps models and the importance of stochastic volatility to reduce pricing errors for SP500 index options without regard to jumps specifications. This finding is important because recent studies have shown that stochastic volatility in a continuous-time framework provides an excellent fit for financial asset returns when combined with finite-activity Merton's type compound Poisson jump-diffusion models. The second essay also shows that stochastic volatility with jumps (SVJ) and extended variance-gamma with stochastic volatility (EVGSV) models perform almost equally well for option pricing, which strongly imply that the type of Lévy jumps specifications is not important factors to enhance model performances once stochastic volatility is incorporated. In the second essay, I compute option prices via improved Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm using characteristic functions to match arbitrary log-strike grids with equal intervals with each moneyness and maturity of actual market option prices.

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Blad, Tobias, and Kristian Nilsson. "Är etiska fondinvesteringar försvarbara : vad kostar etik?" Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10999.

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Recently, the selections of ethical funds are increased; at the same time investors with social and moral preferences have increased in the capital market. There are currently debates on whether ethical funds perform better or worse than funds without ethical criteria. This also involves a vivid discussion on whether investors know about the consequences of investing in ethical funds. Therefore, this study involves theories about the rationality and decision theory, in addition to what mainly control the investment decisions. The study also discusses portfolio theory since this is one of the underlying theories behind fund management and its development. The purpose of this study is to explain if ethical limitations in the selection of securities affect risk and return in the fund portfolio. This study has positivistic research approach and a quantitative method. The method involves some calculations and equations used that will be presented. The study indicates that ethical funds actually deliver better risk adjusted returns than its Swedish benchmark index. It also indicates a trend that ethical funds deliver better excess returns than funds without ethical preferences. Furthermore, the study concludes that no statistical difference between the ethical funds and the benchmark in terms of risk in investment can be demonstrated. One limitation of the study is that the survey mainly includes the Swedish market with Swedish company stakeholders. This means that there may be a need for research in a global market where also cultural aspects need to be considered. It has not previously been quite clear how ethical fund performance in the Swedish market, and at a time when demand for ethical choice increases, the goal of this study was to clarify the performance of ethical funds.
På senare tid har urvalet av etiska fonder ökat, samtidigt som investerare med sociala och moraliska preferenser har blivit allt vanligare på kapitalmarknaden. Det finns idag diskussioner om huruvida etiska fonder presterar bättre eller sämre än fonder utan de etiska kriterierna. Detta innefattar också en livlig diskussion om huruvida investerare är medvetna om konsekvenserna av att investera i etiska fonder. Därför berör studien teorierna kring den rationella- och beslutsteorin, för vilka huvudsakligen styr investeringsbesluten. Studien behandlar också portföljvalsteori då detta är en av de bakomliggande teorierna för fondförvaltning och dess uppkomst. Syftet med denna studie är förklara om de etiska begränsningar i urvalet av värdepapper påverkar risk och avkastning i fondportföljen. I studien kommer en positivistisk forskningssats användas samt en kvantitativ metod. Metoden innefattar en del beräkningar och ekvationer som används och som presenteras. Studien pekar på att de etiska fonderna faktiskt levererar en bättre riskjusterad excessavkastning än sitt jämförelseindex på den svenska marknaden. Den visar också tendenser att de etiska fonderna levererar en bättre excessavkastning än de fonderna utan etiska preferenser. Vidare kommer studien fram till att det inte kan påvisas någon statistisk skillnad mellan de etiska fonderna och jämförelseindexet vad det gäller risken i investeringar. En begränsning med studien är att undersökningen huvudsakligen innefattar den svenska marknaden med svenska företagsaktörer. Detta gör att det kan finns behov av forskning på en global marknad där även de kulturella aspekterna behöver bejakas. Eftersom det tidigare har varit ganska oklart vad det gäller etiska fondernas prestanda på den svenska marknaden, och i en tid då efterfrågan på etiska urvalet ökar, är målet med denna studie att bringa klarhet om etiska fonders prestation.

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45

Winter, Söderberg Cristoffer, and Stephanie Göransson. "THE BANK CRISIS FINANCIAL RATIOS : A comparative research of the UK and Sweden during 2006-2010." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-16409.

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The credit crunch that started the 9th of August 2007 is generally viewed as the most significant crisis to affect the financial markets and the global economy since the 1930s.The UK financial sector was heavily hit by the crisis which resulted in a dry up in lending and left a black hole in the British banks‟ finances. During the last quarter of 2010 the GDP shank unexpectedly with 0.5 percent from the third quarter which created concerns about going back into the recession. Contrarily, for Swedish economy 2010 was an impressing year with an unexpected GDP growth of 7, 3 percent in the last quarter.The purpose of this study is to analyse how the finance crisis has affected the leading banks‟ performance within the two countries and see whether the differences in values can explain the difference in GDP growth during the last quarter of 2010. The analyse is performed through a financial ratio analysis of the different banks.The final results of the research indicates to that the Swedish banks have been more profitable, have had a more secure and higher quality of lending and more capacity to lower cost related to income than the British banks. The more distinctive negative influence is mostly based on the larger amount of credit losses the British banks had to experience which contributed to their significant decrease in earnings per share which created scepticism on the credit market followed by a severe slowdown in consumption and in GDP growth. Since the credit losses never got to same levels in Sweden as in the UK the scepticism of the Swedish banking system did not affect the reduction in credit use and house prises to the same extent and GDP growth could recover back to normal levels sooner than in the UK.

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46

Oliveira, Madalena Mendes de Almeida Esteves de. "On Robo assessment of risk profiles." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20778.

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Mestrado em Finanças
Nos tempos que correm, o mundo tecnológico tem crescido a um ritmo muito acelerado, o que significa que tem de haver uma rápida adaptação, e as empresas sentem a necessidade de se reinventar. As inovações tecnológicas também alcançaram a indústria de serviços de gestão de ativos com os chamados Robo-Advisors. Estas são as plataformas que fornecem aconselhamento financeiro ou gestão automatizada de investimentos. Os Robo-Advisors coletam informações sobre a situação financeira e os objetivos futuros de seus clientes através de questionários, recomendando carteiras baseadas em ETFs, supostamente adequadas ao perfil de risco do investidor. No entanto, os questionários parecem vagos e os robôs não revelam os métodos usados na alocação de ativos. Este estudo visa contribuir para a compreensão da eficácia dessas plataformas. Baseia-se na teoria da utilidade esperada e, para vários níveis de aversão relativa ao risco, propomos carteiras de média-variância ótimas. Em seguida, comparamos as nossas carteiras com as carteiras propostas pela plataforma Riskalyze, para três tipos diferentes de investidores: conservador, moderado e agressivo. Avaliando o seu desempenho in-sample e out-of-sample. Concluímos que, a longo prazo, a metodologia utilizada pelos robo-portfolios, de acordo com o perfil de risco do investidor, pode ser eficaz para investidores que apresentam um maior nível de aversão ao risco, porém para investidores com aversão ao risco relativamente menor os portfólios de média-variância tendem a ter melhor desempenho.
Nowadays, the technological world has been growing at a very fast rate, which means there has to be a quick adaptation and companies feel the need to reinvent themselves. Technological innovations also reached the asset management service industry with the so-called the Robo-Advisors. These are platforms that provide financial advice or automated investment management. Robo-Advisors collect information about their clients' financial situation and future goals through questionnaires, then recommending ETF based portfolios supposed to fit investor's risk profile. However, questionnaires seem to be vague, and robos do not reveal the methods used in asset allocation. This study aims at contributing to the understanding the effectiveness of these platforms. It relies on expected utility theory, and, for various levels of relative risk aversion we propose optimal mean-variance portfolios. We then compare our portfolios with the portfolios proposed by the Riskalyze platform, for three different types of investors: conservative, moderate and aggressive. By evaluating their in-sample and out-of-sample performance. We conclude, that in the long run, the methodology used by robo-portfolios, according to the investor's risk profile, can be effective for investors who have a higher level of risk aversion, however for investors with relatively lower risk aversion the mean-variance portfolios tend to perform better.
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47

ANSELMI, GIULIO. "ESSAYS ON OPTION IMPLIED VOLATILITY RISK MEASURES FOR BANKS." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10402.

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La tesi comprende tre saggi sul ruolo della volatilità implicita per le banche. La tesi è organizzata in tre capitoli. Capitolo I - studia il ruolo di skew e spread della volatilità implicita nel determinare i rendimenti delle azioni bancarie. Capitolo II - analizza gli effetti degli skew della volatilità implicita e della realized volatility sulla leva finanziaria delle banche. Capitolo III - si focalizza sul rapporto tra il coefficiente di liquidità delle banche e le misure per il rischio estratte dalla volatilità (skew, spread, realized volatility).
The thesis comprehends three essays on option implied volatility risk measures for banks. The thesis is organized in three chapters. Chapter I - studies the informational content for banks' stock returns in option's implied volatilities skews and spread. Chapter II - analyzes the effect of volatility risk measures (volatility skew and realized volatility) on banks' leverage. Chapter III - studies the relationship between banks' liquidity ratio and volatility risk measures.

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48

Raciborski, Rafal. "Topics in macroeconomics and finance." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209211.

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The thesis consists of four chapters. The introductory chapter clarifies different notions of rationality used by economists and gives a summary of the remainder of the thesis. Chapter 2 proposes an explanation for the common empirical observation of the coexistence of infrequently-changing regular price ceilings and promotion-like price patterns. The results derive from enriching an otherwise standard, albeit stylized, general equilibrium model with two elements. First, the consumer-producer interaction is modeled in the spirit of the price dispersion literature, by introducing oligopolistic markets, consumer search costs and heterogeneity. Second, consumers are assumed to be boundedly-rational: In order to incorporate new information about the general price level, they have to incur a small cognitive cost. The decision whether to re-optimize or act according to the obsolete knowledge about prices is itself a result of optimization. It is shown that in this economy, individual retail prices are capped below the monopoly price, but are otherwise flexible. Moreover, they have the following three properties: 1) An individual price has a positive probability of being equal to the ceiling. 2) Prices have a tendency to fall below the ceiling and then be reset back to the cap value. 3) The ceiling remains constant for extended time intervals even when the mean rate of inflation is positive. Properties 1) and 2) can be associated with promotions and properties 1) and 3) imply the emergence of nominal price rigidity. The results do not rely on any type of direct costs of price adjustment. Instead, price stickiness derives from frictions on the consumers’ side of the market, in line with the results of several managerial surveys. It is shown that the developed theory, compared to the classic menu costs-based approach, does better in matching the stylized facts about the reaction of individual prices to inflation. In terms of quantitative assessment, the model, when calibrated to realistic parameter values, produces median price ceiling durations that match values reported in empirical studies.

The starting point of the essay in Chapter 3 is the observation that the baseline New-Keynesian model, which relies solely on the notion of infrequent price adjustment, cannot account for the observed degree of inflation sluggishness. Therefore, it is a common practice among macro- modelers to introduce an ad hoc additional source of persistence to their models, by assuming that price setters, when adjusting a price of their product, do not set it equal to its unobserved individual optimal level, but instead catch up with the optimal price only gradually. In the paper, a model of incomplete adjustment is built which allows for explicitly testing whether price-setters adjust to the shocks to the unobserved optimal price only gradually and, if so, measure the speed of the catching up process. According to the author, a similar test has not been performed before. It is found that new prices do not generally match their estimated optimal level. However, only in some sectors, e.g. for some industrial goods and services, prices adjust to this level gradually, which should add to the aggregate inflation sluggishness. In other sectors, particularly food, price-setters seem to overreact to shocks, with new prices overshooting the optimal level. These sectors are likely to contribute to decreasing the aggregate inflation sluggishness. Overall, these findings are consistent with the view that price-setters are boundedly-rational. However, they do not provide clear-cut support for the existence of an additional source of inflation persistence due to gradual individual price adjustment. Instead, they suggest that general equilibrium macroeconomic models may need to include at least two types of production sectors, characterized by a contrasting behavior of price-setters. An additional finding stemming from this work is that the idiosyncratic component of the optimal individual price is well approximated by a random walk. This is in line with the assumptions maintained in most of the theoretical literature.

Chapter 4 of the thesis has been co-authored by Julia Lendvai. In this paper a full-fledged production economy model with Kahneman and Tversky’s Prospect Theory features is constructed. The agents’ objective function is assumed to be a weighted sum of the usual utility over consumption and leisure and the utility over relative changes of agents’ wealth. It is also assumed that agents are loss-averse: They are more sensitive to wealth losses than to gains. Apart from the changes in the utility, the model is set-up in a standard Real Business Cycle framework. The authors study prices of stocks and risk-free bonds in this economy. Their work shows that under plausible parameterizations of the objective function, the model is able to explain a wide set of unconditional asset return moments, including the mean return on risk-free bonds, equity premium and the Sharpe Ratio. When the degree of loss aversion in the model is additionally assumed to be state-dependent, the model also produces countercyclical risk premia. This helps it match an array of conditional moments and in particular the predictability pattern of stock returns.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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49

Alves, Pedro Miguel Carregueiro Jordão. "The effect of serial correlation in time-aggregation of annual sharpe ratios from monthly data." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/32318.

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The Sharpe ratio is one of the most widely used measures of risk-adjusted returns. It rests on the estimation of the mean and standard deviation of returns, which is subject to estimation errors. Moreover, it assumes identically and independently distributed returns, normality and no serial correlation, which are very restrictive assumptions in general. By using the Generalized Method of Moments approach to estimate these quantities, the assumptions may be relaxed and a more efficient estimator can be derived, by allowing serial correlation in returns. The purpose of this research is to show how serial correlation can affect the timeaggregation of Sharpe ratios, changing the ordering of a ranking of assets based on the ratio.

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50

"Portfolio trading system using maximum sharpe ratio criterion." 1999. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890041.

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Yung Yan Keung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-147).
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Review on Portfolio Theory --- p.3
Chapter - 1.1.1 --- Expected Return and Risk of a Security --- p.3
Chapter -1.1.2 --- Expected Return and Risk of a Portfolio --- p.4
Chapter -1.1.3 --- The Feasible Set --- p.5
Chapter - 1.1.4 --- Assumptions on the Investor --- p.6
Chapter -1.1.5 --- Efficient Portfolios --- p.6
Chapter -1.1.5.1 --- Bounds on the Return and Risk of a portfolio --- p.6
Chapter -1.1.5.2 --- Concavity of the Efficient Set --- p.8
Chapter -1.1.6 --- The Market Model --- p.9
Chapter -1.1.7 --- Risk-free Asset --- p.11
Chapter - 1.1.8 --- Portfolio involving Risk-free Asset --- p.12
Chapter -1.1.9 --- The Sharpe Ratio --- p.14
Chapter 1.2 --- Review on Some Trading Models --- p.19
Chapter -1.2.1 --- Buy and Hold Model --- p.19
Chapter -1.2.2 --- Trading Model with Prediction Criteria --- p.20
Chapter -1.2.2.1 --- Two School of Theories --- p.20
Chapter - 1.2.2.2 --- Prediction of the stock price movement --- p.20
Chapter -1.2.2.3 --- The Use of Neural Network in Prediction --- p.21
Chapter -1.2.2.4 --- Single Step and Multi-step Prediction --- p.23
Chapter - 1.2.2.5 --- Trading Model based on Prediction Criteria --- p.25
Chapter - 1.2.2.6 --- For More Accurate Prediction --- p.25
Chapter -1.2.3 --- Weigend's Model --- p.26
Chapter - 1.2.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.26
Chapter -1.2.3.2 --- The Model Setup --- p.26
Chapter -1.2.3.3 --- The Objective Functions --- p.27
Chapter - 1.2.3.4 --- The Gradient Ascending Algorithm --- p.27
Chapter -1.2.3.5 --- The Gradient of the Sharpe Ratio --- p.27
Chapter - 1.2.3.6 --- The Training Procedure --- p.28
Chapter - 1.2.3.7 --- Some Properties of the Sharpe Ratio Training --- p.28
Chapter -1.2.4 --- Bengio's Model --- p.29
Chapter -1.2.4.1. --- Overview --- p.29
Chapter -1.2.4.2. --- The Trading System --- p.29
Chapter - 1.2.4.3 --- The Objective Function: the Portfolio Return --- p.31
Chapter - 1.2.4.4. --- The Training Process --- p.32
Chapter - 1.2.4.5 --- Computer Simulation --- p.34
Chapter - 1.2.4.6 --- Discussion --- p.36
Chapter Chapter 2: --- The Naive Sharpe Ratio Model --- p.38
Chapter - 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.39
Chapter - 2.2 --- Definition of the Naive Sharpe Ratio --- p.39
Chapter - 2.3 --- Gradient of Naive Sharpe Ratio with respect to the portfolio weighting: --- p.40
Chapter - 2.4 --- The Training Process --- p.40
Chapter - 2.5 --- Analysis of the Gradient --- p.41
Chapter -2.6 --- Compare with Bengio's and Weigend's Model --- p.42
Chapter -2.7. --- Computer Simulations --- p.43
Chapter -2.7.1 --- Experiment 1: How the Sharpe Ratio is Maximized --- p.43
Chapter -2.7.1.1 --- Experiment 11 --- p.44
Chapter -2.7.1.2 --- Experiment 12 --- p.45
Chapter -2.7.1.3 --- Experiment 13 --- p.46
Chapter -2.7.2 --- Experiment 2: Reducing the Unique Risk --- p.49
Chapter -2.7.3 --- Experiment 3: Apply to the Stock Market --- p.52
Chapter -2.8 --- Redefining the Naive Sharpe ratio with down-side risk --- p.56
Chapter -2.8.1 --- Definitions --- p.56
Chapter -2.8.2 --- Gradient of the Downside Nai've Sharpe Ratio --- p.57
Chapter -2.8.3 --- Analysis of the gradient of the new Sharpe ratio --- p.57
Chapter -2.8.4 --- Experiment: Compared with Symmetric Risk --- p.59
Chapter -2.8.4.1 --- Experimental Setup --- p.59
Chapter -2.8.4.2 --- Experimental Result --- p.60
Chapter -2.8.4.3 --- Discussion --- p.62
Chapter - 2.9 --- Further Discussion --- p.63
Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Total Sharpe Ratio Model --- p.64
Chapter - 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.65
Chapter -3.2 --- Defining risk of portfolio in terms of component securities' risk --- p.65
Chapter -3.2.1. --- Return for Each Security and the Whole Portfolio at Each Time Step --- p.65
Chapter -3.3.2. --- Covariance of the Individual Securities' Returns --- p.66
Chapter -3.2.3. --- Define the Sharpe Ratio and the Objective Function --- p.66
Chapter -3.2.3.1. --- The Excess Return --- p.66
Chapter -3.2.3.2. --- The Risk --- p.67
Chapter -3.2.3.3. --- The Sharpe Ratio at Time t --- p.67
Chapter -3.2.3.4. --- The Objective Function: the total Sharpe ratio --- p.67
Chapter -3.2.3.5. --- The Training Process --- p.68
Chapter -3.3 --- Calculating the Gradient of the Total Sharpe Ratio --- p.69
Chapter -3.4. --- Analysis of the Total Sharpe Ratio Gradient --- p.70
Chapter -3.4.1 --- The Gradient Vector of the Sharpe Ratio at a Particular Time Step --- p.70
Chapter -3.4.2 --- The Gradient Vector of the Risk --- p.70
Chapter - 3.5 --- Computer Simulation: --- p.72
Chapter -3.5.1 --- Apply to the Stock Market1 --- p.72
Chapter -3.5.1.1 --- Objective --- p.72
Chapter - 3.5.1.2 --- Experimental Setup --- p.72
Chapter -3.5.1.3 --- The Experimental Result --- p.73
Chapter -3.5.2 --- Apply to the Stock Market2 --- p.78
Chapter -3.5.2.1 --- Objective --- p.78
Chapter -3.5.2.2 --- Experimental Setup --- p.78
Chapter -3.5.2.3 --- The Experimental Result --- p.79
Chapter -3.6 --- Defining the Total Sharpe Ratio in terms of Downside Risk --- p.84
Chapter - 3.6.1. --- Introduction --- p.84
Chapter -3.6.2. --- Covariance of the individual securities' returns --- p.84
Chapter -3.6.3. --- Define the Downside Risk Sharpe ratio and the objective function --- p.85
Chapter -3.6.3.1. --- The Excess Return --- p.85
Chapter -3.6.3.2. --- The Downside Risk --- p.85
Chapter -3.6.3.3. --- The Sharpe ratio at time T --- p.85
Chapter -3.6.3.4. --- The Objective function --- p.85
Chapter -3.6.4. --- The Training Process --- p.85
Chapter -3.7 --- Total Sharpe Ratio involving Transaction Cost --- p.86
Chapter -3.7.1 --- Introduction --- p.86
Chapter -3.7.2 --- Return for each stock and the whole portfolio at each time step --- p.86
Chapter -3.7.3 --- Linear Approximation of the Portfolio's return --- p.88
Chapter -3.7.4 --- Covariance of the individual securities' returns --- p.89
Chapter -3.7.5 --- Define the Sharpe ratio and the objective function --- p.90
Chapter -3.7.5.1 --- The Excess Return --- p.90
Chapter -3.7.5.2 --- The Risk --- p.90
Chapter -3.7.5.3 --- The Sharpe Ratio at time T --- p.90
Chapter -3.7.5.4 --- The Objective Function --- p.90
Chapter -3.7.6 --- Calculation of the gradient of the Total Sharpe ratio --- p.91
Chapter -3.7.7. --- Analysis of the Total Sharpe Ratio Gradient --- p.94
Chapter -3.7.7.1 --- The Gradient Vector of the Sharpe Ratio at a Particular Time Step --- p.94
Chapter -3.7.7.2 --- The Gradient Vector of the Risk --- p.94
Chapter -3.7.8 --- Experiment 1: Compare with Buy and Hold Method --- p.96
Chapter -3.7.8.1 --- Experiment 11 --- p.96
Chapter -3.7.8.2. --- Experiment 12 --- p.102
Chapter -3.7.9 --- Experiment 2: Compared with Naive Sharpe Ratio --- p.108
Chapter -3.7.9.1 --- Objective --- p.108
Chapter -3.7.9.2. --- Experimental Setup --- p.108
Chapter -3.7.9.3. --- The Experimental Result --- p.109
Chapter - 3.7.10 --- Experiment 3: Compared with other models --- p.113
Chapter - 3.7.10.1 --- Experiment 31 --- p.113
Chapter - 3.7.10.2. --- Experiment 32 --- p.117
Chapter -3.7.11 --- Experiment 4: Apply to the Stock Market --- p.121
Chapter -3.7.11.1 --- Objective --- p.121
Chapter - 3.7.11.2. --- Experimental Setup --- p.121
Chapter -3.7.11.3. --- The Experimental Result --- p.121
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Conclusion --- p.126
Appendix A --- p.130
Appendix B --- p.139
Appendix C --- p.141
Appendix D --- p.142
Reference --- p.144

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