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Wilding, Sarah Elizabeth. "The question-behaviour effect in risk behaviours." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17829/.
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The question-behaviour effect (QBE) refers to the finding that asking individuals questions about their cognitions and/or behaviour or to predict future behaviour, can influence subsequent behaviour performance. Health risk behaviours are those behaviours that should be discouraged to produce favourable health outcomes such as smoking, excessive alcohol use and unhealthy eating. The current thesis aimed to investigate the influence of the QBE over health risk behaviours. It provides an original contribution to the literature in its focus on the QBE in these types of health behaviour. A comprehensive systematic review of the QBE literature demonstrated a small, significant effect of the QBE in general, however only 16 previous studies had been conducted investigating health risk behaviours and the majority of these focused on assessing behaviour at baseline. These previous studies produced a non-significant reduction in health risk behaviours as a result of the QBE. The systematic review identified a number of moderators of the QBE including setting. Seven empirical studies are presented here, conducted in a range of settings (field, online, and lab). The data presented show mixed evidence of the QBE for risk behaviours. A mini meta-analysis of the studies presented demonstrated an overall small and non-significant effect of the QBE on risk behaviours. The individual studies demonstrated that the QBE has the potential to increase and reduce these behaviours. Three lab studies demonstrated an increase in unhealthy snacking as a result of questioning intentions relating to behaviour. This was also supported in one of the online studies, where smoking tended to be greater in individuals questioned on this behaviour compared to control, although the difference in conditions was not significant in all measures of behaviour. However one online study demonstrated a significant reduction in multiple health behaviours (risk and protection), when the QBE was combined with a dissonance manipulation. The QBE has the potential to have a small influence over health risk behaviours and the studies presented here demonstrate that asking about these behaviours has the potential to increase them. The QBE may need to be combined with further manipulation focusing on motivation or dissonance to reduce these behaviours consistently.
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Järvelaid, Mari. "Health damaging risk behaviours in adolescence /." Online version, 2004. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/921/5/Jarvelaid.pdf.
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Cheung, Siu-Lui Lizzie, and 張小蕾. "Risk-taking behaviours of Hong Kong construction workers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251584.
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Cheung, Siu-Lui Lizzie. "Risk-taking behaviours of Hong Kong construction workers /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2594860x.
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Blum, Cheryl. "Health-Risk Behaviours in Emerging Adults: Examining the Relationships among Personality, Peer, and Parent Variables." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22668.
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College students and emerging adults have been found to be at risk for smoking cigarettes, drinking to excess, using illicit drugs, driving dangerously, and engaging in risky sexual and delinquent behaviour. Psychosocial correlates (Sensation Seeking, peer behaviour, parent behaviour, and peer and parent anti-substance use messages) from three domains of influence (personality, parent, and peer) were examined together to provide a greater context for the occurrence of such health-risk behaviours. The strongest predictor(s) of each behaviour were identified to better inform intervention practices. Three groups were compared— 1) those who never tried substances, 2) those who tried substances in the past, and 3) those who continue to use substances at present, in a population of emerging adults. Self-report data was gathered from 203 Collèges d'Enseignement Général Et Professionnel (CEGEP) students in the Montreal region. Measures included: Reckless Behaviour Questionnaire, Reckless Driving Measure, Health Behaviour Survey, Sensation Seeking Scale—Form V, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results revealed that peer behaviour was the most significant predictor of substance use in emerging adults, whereas parent behaviour was only a significant predictor of reckless driving. Sensation Seeking, specifically Disinhibition, was found to predict more global reckless behaviours, including illegal activities, such as stealing or using marijuana (p < .01). Neither peer nor parent anti-substance messages were significantly related to any of the health-risk behaviours measured in this study. It would appear that health-risk behaviours tend to be related to the same underlying factors but to varying degrees. Intervention implications are discussed.
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Koulierakis, George. "HIV risk behaviours amongst greek inmates : a theoretical perspective." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249153.
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Alshehri, Saad Zafir. "Health risk behaviours among university students in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/405527/.
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This thesis investigates the features of common health risk behaviours (HRBs), namely, violent behaviours, sexual behaviours, smoking, drug use and unhealthy dietary behaviours, and patterns of engagement with these HRBs, among students at a Saudi university. The study includes a literature review covering the underlying reasons and consequences of HRBs, and explores existing theoretical models of HRBs in order to construct an appropriate theoretical model which underpins and guides this investigation. A mixed methods research methodology was used; quantitative data was collected using a questionnaire-based survey administered to 722 respondents, and qualitative data was collected using a series of interviews with 17 students. The elaborated theoretical model developed from the findings of the study may offer a more accurate understanding of HRBs amongst students at this Saudi university. In addition, the theoretical model may help to inform HRB-related research more widely across universities in Saudi Arabia and beyond. Key findings point to high levels of smoking, risky driving and violent behaviours, moderate levels of alcohol and illegal drug consumption, and physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. Students did not report serious sexual risk behaviours. Furthermore, such HRBs are influenced by traditional practices, gender, age, influence of other HRBs, the current legal system, globalisation, and lack of awareness. These practices are well-aligned to three major levels of influence: the intra-personal, public engagement and socio-cultural. Policy and practice implications arising from the findings are discussed.
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Nemuramba, Rathani. "HIV related risk behaviours in South African rural community." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/663.
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Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology)) --University of Limpopo, 2010This study measures the relationship between the AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM) variables associated with HIV related risk behaviours on learners from a South African rural community. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 308 learners in a Limpopo rural high school to identify HIV risk behaviours. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression to test the usefulness of ARRM variables in predicting sexual risk. Sexual risk was measured as; (a) vaginal sex without a condom, (b) anal sex without a condom (c) number of sexual partners in the last twelve months and (d) time taken before having sex with a new partner. Two of the ARRM variables, that is perceived susceptibility and sexual response efficacy, were found to be the most important predictors of HIV related risk behaviours. There is an argent need for effective preventive activities in rural areas, especially through school-based interventions. Key words: ARRM HIV HIV prevention Risk behaviors
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Lussier, Isabelle D. "Risk, compensatory, protective, and vulnerability processes influencing youth gambling problems and other high-risk behaviours." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86627.
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This study explores the impact of individual attributes and environmental risk on youth gambling, substance, and deviant behaviour problems. With a cross-sectional design, regression analyses indicated that among a sample of mostly first-generation immigrant adolescents from low-income homes, social bonding was associated with a decrease in severity for all three problem behaviours, while peer and neighbourhood risk were associated with an increase in severity for all three behaviours. As well, personal competence was associated with a decrease in deviant behaviour only, while family risk was associated with an increase in both substance problem and deviant behaviour severity. Interestingly, social competence was associated with an increase in substance problems and deviant behaviour. In terms of protective processes, a putative moderating effect was found for composite individual attributes on the relationship between composite environmental risk and deviant behaviour. Findings are discussed with respect to the roles of compensatory, risk, and protective processes.Cette thèse examine l'impact des attributs individuels et des facteurs de risque environnementaux sur les problèmes de jeux de hasard et d'argent, de consommation et de délinquance chez les jeunes. Dans le cadre de cette étude transversale, des analyses de régression, effectuées sur un échantillon composé en majorité d'adolescents immigrants de première génération et provenant de milieux défavorisés, ont démontré que les liens sociaux étaient associés à une diminution de la sévérité des problèmes; alors que les facteurs de risque reliés aux pairs et à la communauté étaient associés à une augmentation de la sévérité des problèmes. De plus, les aptitudes personnelles étaient associées à une diminution de la délinquance seulement, alors que les facteurs de risque familiaux étaient associés à une augmentation des problèmes de consommation et de délinquance. Il fut intéressant d'observer que les aptitudes sociales étaient associées à une augmentation des problèmes de consommation et de délinquance. En ce qui concerne les facteurs de protection, il a été démontré que les attributs individuels ont un effet de modération putatif sur la relation entre les facteurs de risque environnementaux et la délinquance. Les résultats sont interprétés en termes du rôle des facteurs compensatoires, de risque et de protection.
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Larcombe, Isobel. "Lifestyle behaviours of young adult survivors of childhood cancer." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364928.
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Chan, Kwok-hung. "Sexual risk behaviours of travellers in Hong Kong work population." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31970898.
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Stanford, Jacqueline, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Prevention of body concerns and risk behaviours in adolescent boys." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2003. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050815.093958.
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Overall, this thesis was designed to explore the nature of adolescent boys' body image, the effects of body image on body change strategies and psychological adjustment, and the factors that influence body image. The first study examined body image in 362 adolescent boys. Body image was considered in terms of attitudes to different body parts and attributes, including, lower, middle and upper body, as well as weight, shape and muscles. The relationships between Body Mass Index (BMI), body image, sociocultural messages, psychological adjustment and body change strategies, including strategies to decrease weight and increase muscles using food and exercise, drive for thinness, bulimic attitudes and behaviour, excessive exercise, food supplements to lose weight, increase muscles and steroids, were also investigated. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the role of body image, sociocultural messages and psychological adjustment to predict satisfaction with different body attributes and body change strategies. The findings from study one led to the development of a program aimed at preventing the development of unhealthy attitudes and behaviours among adolescent boys. Study two involved the implementation and evaluation of this prevention program. One hundred and twenty one boys participated in the program. The program was based on social-cognitive theory, and included a focus on accepting differences and the development of self-esteem. The boys who participated in the program indicated some change in existing attitudes and showed less development of risk behaviours relative to the control group. The implications of the findings from this thesis in relation to future research, as well as the prevention of adolescent boys' body image problems are discussed.
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O'Shea, Joseph. "Re-defining risk behaviours among gay men : what has changed?" Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100667.
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As we enter the third decade of a devastating worldwide epidemic, much has been done to stem the flow of HIV/AIDS, in particular within North American and Western European urban centres. Successful prevention campaigns in the 1980s had the immediate impact of lowering the rate of HIV infection among gay men, and anti-retroviral drug therapies in the mid-1990s have literally brought thousands of gay men back from the brink. However, by the middle to late 1990s, epidemiological and anecdotal evidence has strongly suggested that gay men have begun to move away from the safer sex orthodoxy of the 1980s.Forty gay men ranging in age from 21 to 55 were interviewed for this study in order to determine if they have changed their approach to safer sex strategies implemented in the mid-1980s. In contrast to approaches to risk behaviour that emphasize the Health Belief Model, with its focus on the rational individual, this dissertation focused on the social contexts that shape gay men's decisions.
This study found a number of factors that influenced gay men's sexual choices, including age and the changing role of community. Younger gay men, those who have come of age during the 1990s, have taken a different approach to the AIDS epidemic. None of the younger participants in this study had lost anyone to HIV. Furthermore, they were now part of a group of men who no longer considers a HIV diagnosis to be immediately fatal. New medications have definitely shifted their approach to AIDS. Finally, this group of gay men no longer feels defined by a gay community like older gay men interviewed for this study. They believe they are coming of age in a time and place where they have more choices in how they will define themselves as gay men. For older gay men, those who lost many lovers, friends, and acquaintances during the HIV epidemic, changes in gay men's sexual risk-taking are both surprising and inevitable. These men are dealing with issues of ageism, loss and lack of visibility in a changing gay community.
Although there are different age-related arguments for abandoning safer sex strategies, this study helps to explain why there is a definite shift in risk-taking behavior underway as we enter the third decade of HIV/AIDS. It suggests new challenges and approaches for AIDS service organizations to deal with a substantive change in gay men's sexual behaviour.
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Chan, Kwok-hung, and 陳國雄. "Sexual risk behaviours of travellers in Hong Kong work population." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970898.
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Wang, Zhaohua. "Parent-adolescent communication and sexual risk-taking behaviours of adolescents." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2068.
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Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, it is important to understand the sexual behaviours that place youth at risk of HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unwanted pregnancies in order to develop and implement appropriate health-promoting interventions. Parents are in a unique position to help adolescents to have responsible attitudes and behaviour towards sex, and to educate adolescents into healthy sexual adults. The study aimed to investigate parent-adolescent communication and adolescents’ sexual risk-taking behaviour, and the relationship between them. An exploratory, descriptive research design and a quantitative methodological approach were used. One biographical questionnaire, three measuring scales of parent-adolescent communication and one questionnaire about adolescent sexual risk-taking behaviour were used as measuring instruments. Data from 95 female adolescents who were attending the family planning facilities of two clinics in the Metropole Region of the Western Cape were employed for the study. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlations, analyses of variance and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed a high prevalence of sexual risk-taking behaviours among adolescents in the Western Cape. Family environment characteristics, especially the parents’ marital status, play a significant role in both parent-adolescent communication and sexual risk-taking behaviour. Unexpected findings were some significant correlations that were found between different factors of both general and sexual parent-adolescent communication. Spearman’s correlations and best subsets multiple regression analysis were performed on the data to ascertain which factors are significantly correlated or associated with adolescent sexual risk-taking behaviour. In both statistical analyses, the amount of parent-adolescent communication about sexual issues was the most important. A significant negative correlation between adolescents’ sexual risk-taking behaviours and the amount of parent-adolescent communication about sexual issues illustrates the positive influence of amount of parent-adolescent sexual communication on adolescents’ sexual risk-taking behaviour.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die groeiende MIV/VIGS epidemie in Suid-Afrika is dit belangrik om te verstaan watter gedrag jong mense in gevaar stel om MIV of ander seksueel oordraagbare siektes op te doen of om ongewens swanger te word om daardeur programme wat hierdie gedrag verminder, te kan ontwikkel en implementeer. Ouers is in ‘n unieke posisie om te verseker dat hulle adolessente kinders verantwoordelike houdings en optrede teenoor seks ontwikkel en om hulle op te voed tot volwassenes wat ‘n gesonde houding tot seks het. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die verhouding tussen ouer-adolessente kommunikasie en die seksuele waaggedrag van jong mense te ondersoek en die verhouding tussen hulle te bepaal. ‘n Ondersoekende, beskrywende navorsingsontwerp en ‘n kwantitatiewe metodologiese benadering is gebruik. ‘n Biografiese vraelys, drie vraelyste oor ouer-adolessente kommunikasie en een vraelys oor die seksuele waaggedrag van jong mense is deur 95 adolessente meisies voltooi wat die gesinsbeplanningsfasiliteite by twee klinieke in die Wes-Kaapse metropool besoek het. Die data is ontleed deur die berekening van Spearman (Rho)-korrelasies, variansieontleding, meervoudige regressie-analise en beskrywende statistiek. Die bevindings dui op ‘n hoë voorkoms van seksuele waaggedrag onder adolessente in die Wes-Kaap. Gesinsomstandighede, veral die ouers se huwelikstatus, speel ‘n belangrike rol in ouer-adolessente kommunikasie en seksuele waaggedrag. Onvoorsiene bevindings was die beduidende korrelasies tussen verskillende faktore van beide algemene en seksuele ouer-adolessente kommunikasie. Spearman-korrelasies en best subsets meervoudige regressie-analise is op die data uitgevoer om te bepaal watter faktore betekenisvol met adolessente waaggedrag korreleer of daarmee geassosieer is. In beide statistiese analises is gevind dat die hoeveelheid ouer-adolessente kommunikasie oor seksuele kwessies die belangrikste was. Daar was ‘n statisties beduidende negatiewe korrelasie tussen die adolessent se seksuele waaggedrag en die hoeveelheid kommunikasie tussen die ouer en adolessent oor seks, wat beteken dat adolessente minder seksuele waaggedrag sal vertoon indien hulle ouers meer met hulle oor seksuele sake sal praat.
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Spencer, Michelle Kerry. "Examining the use of dynamic risk factors to predict high risk behaviours in people with schizophrenia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3261/.
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The following thesis discusses aspects of risk management within a dynamic framework. It focuses on risk management with people with schizophrenia, as they are considered to be at more risk than the general population both of harming others and harming themselves. The literature review summarises current research into suicide risk factors in the schizophrenia population. People with a diagnosis other than schizophrenia, such as schizoaffective disorder, are not included in the review. Studies that are dealing with factors that are open to change (dynamic), or that indicate or trigger imminent acute risk, are discussed. The literature is evaluated in terms of its methodologies, its findings and its place within a dynamic risk framework. Recommendations are made for future research. The main research paper explores a developing methodology to produce a high risk behaviour signature, utilising the concepts of early warning signs, psychosis relapse signatures, functional analysis and a dynamic risk model conceptualised from the sexual offending field. Support was found for staff’s ability to agree on relevance at a crude level for early warning signs of high risk behaviours compared to dummy signs, the occurrence of early warning signs, and the occurrence of high risk behaviour. Results are discussed further within the context of dynamic assessments of risk. The reflective review discusses philosophical, clinical and research reflections relating to the thesis. Three main themes are considered: the philosophical underpinnings of research; the impact of the process of research; clinical and ethical implications of research.
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Wu, Dadong Flora. "Health risk behaviours and perceived health among Shenzhen white collar workers." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38479138.
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Wu, Dadong Flora, and 吳大東. "Health risk behaviours and perceived health among Shenzhen white collar workers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724682.
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Olsson, Gabriella. "Expressions of context : Studies of schools, families, and health risk behaviours." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-135348.
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This thesis explores the health behaviours of young people. The main focus is on risk behaviours, i.e. those which may have adverse consequences for health. Two fields of interest are looked at. On the one hand, the thesis explores social determinants of such behaviours, with particular focus on the influence of schools’ structural and social environment on health risk behaviours among youth. On the other hand, the thesis addresses the role of such behaviours in the relationship between childhood social inequalities and adult health. In terms of theory, the study sets out from Coleman's view of the association between structure and agency and the assumption that macro level structures and patterns can be understood on the basis of individual actors’ actions. The thesis consists of four studies addressing different, but related, aspects of the above areas of interest. The overall conclusion of studies I-III is that the school context has direct and indirect effects on young people's risk behaviours. The results of multilevel analyses indicate, more specifically, that students who attend more advantaged schools report more risk behaviours such as smoking, alcohol- and drug use than students at more disadvantaged schools. Self-reported crime is however higher in the more disadvantaged school settings. Further analyses show that a school's social and normative climate also is important for the extent to which youth consume alcohol, smoke, or have used drugs. These risk behaviours are most prevalent in schools where a large proportion of the parents have a more permissive attitude towards alcohol and smoking, and where teacher-rated levels of trust and informal social control (collective efficacy) are high. The results show, further, that school contexts also act indirectly on youth risk behaviours. Young people who reports weak bonds with their parents tend generally to be more involved in risk behaviours than those who report strong bonds. This tendency is reinforced in more advantaged school settings. Finally, Study IV demonstrates that youth risk behaviours act accumulatively and indirectly on later health, rather than directly. Moreover, the importance of risk behaviours for later health varies between the birth cohorts. Health behaviours explain a larger part of the relationship between socioeconomic conditions in childhood and health as an adult in the younger cohort.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Gohel, Rhia. "The impact of perceptions of risk on healthcare and health behaviours." Thesis, City, University of London, 2016. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/16883/.
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Purpose: A societal response to the existence of substance misuse fluctuates between harm minimisation and prohibition. Until recently, little attention has been paid to the importance of the individual’s substance use experiences, which are vital to understanding the social and contextual reasons to understanding why someone chooses to use, and are therefore of imperative importance to facilitating the design and delivery of a substance use health promotion campaign. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of the television adverts shown as part of the previously unstudied ‘Talk to Frank’ intervention in relation to an individual’s perceived risk of taking a substance and their intent to use substances in the future. It is also to get a better understanding of the educational experiences surrounding substance use, in order to provide information to health psychologists devising and developing health promotion campaigns concerning substance use in the future. Design: A mixed-methods design was employed in order to quantitatively analyse the data collected from the study testing the efficacy of the ‘Talk to Frank’ intervention. To follow this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a third of the study population to gain an understanding of their experiences of substance use education, and how this impacted their substance use experiences. Findings: The ‘Talk to Frank’ television adverts were unsuccessful at increasing perceived risk and reducing intent to use. However, a positive correlation was found between participants’ previous substance use scores and their intent to use substances in the future. The results of the qualitative analysis indicated that participants draw on a variety of ‘primary’, ‘secondary’ and ‘tertiary’ learning experiences to enhance their understanding of substance use, which therefore affects their substance use behaviour. Originality/value: This study calls for health psychologists and other health educators to focus on understanding the lived experiences of substance use education so that these findings can be implemented back into designing a more effective intervention. Keywords: Health education, substance use, drugs, Public Service Announcements, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, mass media campaigns and substance misuse prevention.
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Mthembu, Jacqueline Carol. "Negotiating masculinities : studying risk behaviours associated with performances of 'coloured' masculinities." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15607.
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The overarching aim of this thesis was to study masculinity roles and associated risk behaviours amongst a group of marginalised 'coloured' men from two deprived communities, one urban and one rural, in Cape Town, South Africa. To achieve this aim, the research examined two broad questions. The first question asked: What levels of conformity to masculinity norms are expressed amongst a sample of 'coloured' men from two communities in Cape Town and how are these are related to their reported levels of gender role stress and risk -taking behaviours? The second question the study aimed to address asked: In what contexts are marginalised 'coloured' masculinities performed and how do these shape 'coloured' men's subjective ideas about 'what it means to be a man'. The study employed a mixed method approach involving a questionnaire design as well as focus groups to address the research questions. Three hundred men completed questionnaires consisting of demographic and risk evaluation questions and three measures of male attitudes, namely the Male Attitude Norms Inventory-III (MANI-III), the Masculine Gender Role Stress (MGRS) scale and the Maudsley Violence Questionnaire (MVQ). In addition, fourteen focus group discussions were facilitated with 108 of the 300 men to elicit deeper meanings of marginalised 'coloured' masculinities and men's understandings of masculine roles. The quantitative findings of the study revealed that most men reported mild endorsement of traditional masculine norms. At a univariate level of analysis, men who endorsed masculinity norms were more likely to report an education level of less than grade 9; more likely to report stress associated with gender role performance failure, machismo, acceptance of violence and hostile sexism. Hostile sexism, however, emerged as the only predictor associated with conformity to masculinity. A thematic analysis of the qualitative data revealed that performances of masculinity included displays of hostile sexism, the use of violence and risk-taking behaviour. Further findings show that marginalised 'coloured' men's performances of masculinities were shaped by their contexts which included high levels of poverty and deprivation, prevalent violence against women and high levels of risky alcohol consumption. The key contributions of this study includes the fact that this study discusses 'coloured' masculinity in terms of how these men attempt to accomplish forms of masculinities in a marginalised context. This dissertation also expands the research knowledge on marginalised masculinities by studying a group of men that have not received much attention previously. The thesis also makes a relevant contribution to existing knowledge as it presents a range of findings that add to research on masculinities, risk-taking behaviour, race, gender-based violence and marginalisation. The study showed the continued relevance of the Sex Role Paradigm to understanding masculinity roles and norms. Furthermore, the study contributes to the existing knowledge on masculinity measurements as it used the first local masculinity scale and provided a revised version of this psychometrically sound masculinity tool for use amongst marginalised men.
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Manis, Athanasios. "Explaining risk-taking and risk-averse behaviours in peacemaking : a prospect theory reading of the AKP leadership's behaviour vis-à-vis Cyprus and Armenia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3322/.
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It is not only war and conflict that can determine the political fate of a leader but also peacemaking initiatives. Reversing long-standing national foreign policy choices that perpetuate animosity, friction and lack of diplomatic relations between states can put leaders in a precarious situation given domestic and external reactions. Accordingly, can foreign policy change of that respect be considered as risk-seeking or risk-averse behaviour on the part of leaders? Furthermore, if foreign policy change is considered as risk-seeking behaviour, then why do leaders and decision-makers spearhead and engage actively with these initiatives of peacemaking? This study, the first of its kind in the literature of prospect theory, analyses peacemaking initiatives under conditions of risk and uncertainty by shedding light on the decisions undertaken by the leadership of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), focusing specifically on its foreign policy choices vis-à-vis Cyprus and Armenia in 2004 and 2009 respectively. In particular, it raises questions as to the extent to which Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s and his inner circle’s decision to promote the resolution of two long-standing diplomatic issues was risky and what induced them to actively engage with the cases at hand. Using prospect theory’s analytical tools, it is argued that the revisionary policies that the AKP leadership, in particular Recep Tayyip Erdogan, introduced and promoted were riskier choices compared to Turkey’s long-standing policies vis-à-vis Cyprus and Armenia. This raises questions as to what induced Erdogan to push for a solution of the Cyprus issue during the Annan negotiations between 2002 and 2004, and the Annan Plan referendum in 2004, despite Turkish Cypriot leader’s, Rauf Denktas’s reactions and his support from the Turkish establishment at the time. Similarly, what induced Erdogan to seek the normalisation of Turkish-Armenian relations? This is a particularly puzzling question if one considers that Erdogan’s government signed the Zurich Protocols on 10 October 2009, which provided for the normalisation of Turkish-Armenian relations without any reference to the NagornoKarabakh issue - the foremost security concern for Azerbaijan and one of Turkey’s main prerequisites for normalising relations with Armenia – but then shortly after reversed the process. Towards that end, I have developed questions concerning the riskiness of these options, the risk propensity of Erdogan himself and the factors that affected this. After a comprehensive empirical analysis on the basis of two new prospect theoretical models (a. prospect theory-diversionary peace theory model, b. prospect theory-external balancing theory model) that provide alternative hypotheses about what induces risk-seeking and riskaverse behaviour in cases of peacemaking through concessions, I argue that the prospect theory-diversionary peace model’s main assumption about the effect of internal threats on decision-makers’ risk propensity is validated. Accordingly, there is a direct causal link between, firstly, the internal strife that took place between the AKP leadership and the Turkish establishment at the time, particularly the Turkish Army; and, secondly, the riskseeking propensity of Recep Tayyip Erdogan in revising Turkey’s traditional foreign policy. More specifically, Erdogan felt that he was in the domain of losses in terms of his political survivability and that of his government as well as in terms of the prospects for consolidating his power in the sphere of Turkish politics. In order to counterbalance the army’s subversive policies against the AKP and its clout in Turkish politics, he attempted to revise Turkey’s foreign policy vis-à-vis Cyprus and Armenia. It became clear to him that changing Turkey’s foreign policy in these two cases could, potentially, boost his personal image and that of his government amongst Turkey’s traditional allies, the EU and the US. In the case of Cyprus, EU member states directly connected the opening of accession negotiations with Turkey with its constructive role at the UN-sponsored negotiating table for a final settlement of the longstanding issue. In the case of Armenia, US institutions, particularly the US Congress and to some extent the US administrations had traditionally pressed for the normalisation of Turkey’s relations with Armenia and the opening of the borders. By revising, for the first time, Turkey’s long-standing foreign policy vis-à-vis Cyprus and Armenia, Erdogan and his government exhibited a risk-seeking behaviour compared to the reproduction of Turkish foreign policy that had traditionally taken place. The AKP leadership’s expectation was to increase its international popularity with Turkey’s traditional allies, the EU and the US, as a means of remedying the internal threat that the Turkish establishment, and particularly the Turkish Army, posed at the time to the survival and consolidation of Erdogan’s government. Parallel to that, the AKP’s revisionary policies were an attempt to discredit the Turkish Army’s international profile among Turkey’s traditional allies for being intransigent, while a potential final solution of the two problems would weaken the powerful domestic narrative that the Army had used to depict itself as Turkey’s guarantor of security against external threats. The frozen conflict on Cyprus and the enmity with Armenia had been important sources of legitimacy for the Turkish Army.
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Singer, Nicole. "Reducing sexual risk behaviours of injecting drug users attending drug-related services." Thesis, University of East London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359991.
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Mittone, Luigi. "Psychological constraints on tax evasion : an experimental approach." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/01646806-1188-4508-867f-3703f32dd2c9.
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McGirr, Alexander. "The role of impulsive and impulsive aggressive behaviours in the risk for suicide and the familial transmission of suicidal behaviours /." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116037.
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One of the most difficult and serious challenges facing the mental health professional is the prevention of suicide. Efficient prevention, however, depends on early detection of patients at risk for suicidal behaviour, which in turn depends on a better understanding of the predisposing factors. Over the last years, based on a large volume of data, it has become increasingly clear that subjects who commit suicide present high levels of impulsive and impulsive-aggressive behaviours.In the first approach, we investigate whether levels of the impulsive aggressive diathesis were more important in suicide occurring at different life stages. In the second, we investigate whether levels of the diathesis predicted when during the course of major depressive disorder suicide occurs.
Family studies have consistently indicated that suicidal behaviour tends to cluster in families. However, relatives also present increased risk for psychiatric morbidity, and therefore, the critical question is whether or not the liability to suicidal behavior is given by the same predisposition to the coexistent psychiatric disorders.
Therefore, in the third study, we examined the independence of familial liability using a three group design. The relatives of deceased suicide probands who died in the context of a major depressive episode are compared to the relatives of living depressed subjects without a history of suicide and to the relatives of healthy controls screened for the absence of major depression and suicide.
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Leach, Lloyd L. "The impact of multiple behaviour health intervention strategies on coronary heart disease risk, health-related physical fitness, and health-risk behaviours in first year university students." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5302.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDBackground: There is compelling body of evidence that coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors are present in people of all ages. The extent to which the problem exists in university students in South Africa (SA) has not been confirmed in the literature. Furthermore, the effects of physical activity, physical fitness, diet and health behaviours on CHD risk factors has not been studied extensively in SA and needs further investigation. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of multiple behaviour health intervention strategies on CHD risk, health-related physical fitness(HRPF) and healthrisk behaviours (HRB) in first year students at the University of the Western Cape (UWC). It was hypothesized that exposure to various health behavioural interventions would reduce CHD risk factors in subjects at moderate risk, and improve health-related physical fitness, as well as health-risk behaviours.Methods and Study Design: An experimental study design was used wherein subjects at moderate risk for CHD were identified and exposed to multiple health behavioural interventions for 16 weeks in order to determine the impact of the various interventions on CHD risk, health-related physical fitness and health-risk behaviours. Population and Sample: The target population consisted of first year students at UWC aged 18 – 44 years who were screened and a sample of 173 subjects were identified as being at moderate risk for CHD. Next, the subjects were randomly assigned to a control and four treatment groups, namely, health information, diet, exercise, and a multiple group that included all three treatments. The intervention, based upon Prochaska‟s Transtheoretical Model of behaviour change, continued for a period of 16 weeks and, thereafter, the subjects were retested. Data Collection Process: Subject information was obtained using self-reported questionnaires, namely, the physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q), the stages of readiness to change questionnaire (SRCQ), the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), and the healthy lifestyle questionnaire (HLQ), together with physical and hematological (blood) measurements. The measurements taken before and after the intervention programme were the following:• Coronary heart disease risk factors, namely: family history, cigarette smoking, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose and a sedentary lifestyle; • Health-related physical fitness, namely: body composition, cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility; and • Health-risk behaviours, namely: physical activity, nutrition, managing stress, avoiding destructive habits, practising safe sex, adopting safety habits, knowing firstaid, personal health habits, using medical advice, being an informed consumer, protecting the environment and mental well-being. Types of interventions: A control group was used in which subjects did not receive any treatment. The health behavioural interventions were arranged into four groups of subjects that received either the health information, diet, exercise or a combination of all three individual treatments. Statistical analyses of data: In the analyses of the data, the procedure followed was that where the outcome variable was approximately normally distributed, the groups were compared using a two-sample t-test. For outcomes with a highly non-normal distribution or ordinal level data, the nonparametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used for group comparisons. To account for baseline differences, repeated measures analysis of variance was used. In the case where nonparametric methods were appropriate, analysis was done using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) methodology stratifying on the baseline values. For the case of nominal level outcomes, groups were compared by Chi-square tests for homogeneity of proportions. When baseline values needed to be incorporated into the analysis, this was done using CMH methodology. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures tested in the study related to the three areas of investigation, namely: • Modifiable CHD risk factors: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, total cholesterol (TC) concentration, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration, triglycerides, fasting glucose, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and physical inactivity; • Health-related physical fitness: body mass, percent body fat, absolute body fat, percent lean body mass, absolute lean body mass, the multi-stage shuttle run, handgrip strength, repeated sit-ups in a minute, and the sit-and-reach test; and • Health-risk behaviours: physical activity, nutrition, managing stress, avoiding destructive habits, practising safe sex, adopting safety habits, knowing first aid, personal health habits, using medical advice, being an informed consumer, protecting the environment and mental well-being. Results: The results showed significant decreases for body mass, waist and hip circumferences, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking and a sedentary lifestyle (p < .05) primarily in the multiple group. No significant differences were recorded for blood biochemistry, however, favourable trends were observed in the lipoprotein ratios. For health-related physical fitness, only the multiple group showed significant (p < .005) improvements in predicted maximal oxygen consumption ( O2max), body composition, muscular strength and muscular endurance. The exercise group also recorded significant differences in muscular endurance. In all groups, including the controls, no significant differences were found for stature, waist-hip ratio, and flexibility at pre- and post-test. Overall, the participants reflected positive health behaviours, especially for managing stress, avoiding destructive habits, practising safe sex, adopting safety habits, personal health habits and mental well-being at pre- and post-test. The intervention programme had a corrective influence on providing the participants with a more realistic perception of their level of physical activity and nutritional habits. The participants scored poorly on being informed consumers and for recycling waste both at pre- and post-test. A substantial net reduction in CHD risk factors as well as in cumulative risk was achieved with treatment that impacted positively on the re-stratification of participants at moderate risk. In terms of treatment efficacy, the dietary intervention appeared to be the least effective (10.91%), with health information and exercise sharing similar levels of efficacy (32.81% and 33.93%, respectively) and, the combined treatment in the multiple group stood out as the most effective treatment (50.00%), and supported the hypothesis of the study. Conclusions: The net and cumulative decline in CHD risk factors was substantial with treatment and was directly related to the number of treatments administered. The evidence suggests that such multiple health behaviour interventions when implemented through a university-based setting have substantial benefits on reducing CHD risk and may be of considerable public health benefit. Key messages • Despite being a relatively educated population, a substantial number of first year university students are at considerable heart disease risk. • Physical inactivity constitutes one of the main CHD risk factors amongst first year students and, together with smoking, place many of them at moderate CHD risk. • The effectiveness of health behavioural strategies designed to modify lifestyle and prevent coronary heart disease is supported by this study.
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San, San Htay, Oo Myo, Yoshitoku Yoshida, Harun-Or-Rashid Md, and Junichi Sakamoto. "Risk Behaviours and Associated Factors among Medical Students and Community Youths in Myanmar." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/12911.
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Osei-Agyekum, Josephine. "Behaviours that place junior secondary students in Ghana at risk for HIV/AIDS." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0021/MQ56792.pdf.
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Shang, Ze Zhong. "Individual behaviours when facing health risk and their aggregate impacts on the society." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA2001/document.
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La santé joue un rôle de plus en plus important dans l'économie dans les dernière années: d'une part, on observe une amélioration significative du niveau moyen de la durée de vie, d'autre part, il y a également une forte croissance sur les dépenses de santé. Dans cette thèse, on commence par présenter ces 2 faits stylisés mais on présente également que même s'il y a une amélioration du niveau moyen de la durée de vie, l'inégalité de la santé est toujours rapportée est en effet a tendance d'accroître, on présente aussi que les pays dont les dépenses de santé sont assez importantes en général n'ont pas un système de santé efficace. Par conséquence, cette amélioration de la santé humaine semble de bénéficier plus les gens qui peuvent payer le coût. Afin de trouver les raisons qui cause ce phénomène et proposer des solutions pratiques qui permet de résoudre ce problème, dans cette thèse, on prend 2 approches : premièrement, on commence par l'approche déterministe et également l'approche plus théorique, dans cette approche, on présente notre modèle basé sur le modèle du capital de santé du Grossman et on examine comment réagissent les agent face à la fluctuation de santé, puis on tourne vers le deuxième approche, qui est l'approche stochastique et également l'approche plus pratique, dans cette approche on utilise la chaîne de Markov pour simuler un vrai risque de santé et examine quelle seront les décisions d'agent de différents SES dans cette situation, on agrège ensuite ces décisions pour voir l’impact agrégé qui peuvent être généré sur l'ensemble de l'économie, finalement, on examine comment ces décision peuvent être affectées par des politiques publicsDuring the past 2 decades, health has become a more and more important role in our economy life: on the one hand, we observe a significant improvement of average lifespan across the globe, on the other hand, the health expenditures is also increasing enormously, which has become a shake to the public health system of many countries. In this dissertation, we begin with these 2 stylized facts but we also show that there is more to it: though the average level of health has been improved significantly, health related inequalities are still being reported and actually tend to increase, plus, we also show that countries with important health expenditures performs generally poorly in terms of health system efficiency, in short, this improvement of human health we are talking about seems to benefit more those who can pay the bills. In order to figure out what causes this phenomenon and eventually propose practical solutions that help solve the problem, in this dissertation we take 2 approaches: first we start with the deterministic approach and also the more theoretical approach, in this approach we build our model based on the Grossman health capital model and we examine how people would behave when their health fluctuates, then we turn to the second approach, which is the stochastic approach and also the more practical approach, in this approach we use the Markov chain to simulate the real health risk and examine the behaviors of individuals of different social-economic status(SES) under this circumstance, we also aggregate these behaviors to see what impact could be generated on the whole society and we test reversely how these behavior would affected by public policies
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Bloxsome, Ellen. "Studies of the off-field behaviours of sportspeople : are sponsors' objectives at risk?" Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60920/1/Ellen_Bloxsome_Thesis.pdf.
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The research reported here addresses the problem of athlete off-field behaviours as they influence sports’ sponsors, particularly the achievement of sponsorship objectives. The question arises because of incidents of sponsorship contract cancellation following news-media reporting of athletes’ off-field behaviours. Two studies are used to investigate the research question; the first establishes the content of news-media reports, and the second tests the effects of news’ reports on athlete, team and sponsor evaluations using an experimental design.
Key assumptions of the research are that sponsorship objectives are principally consumer-based and mediated. Models of sponsorship argue that sponsors aim to reach and influence consumers through sponsees. Assuming this pathway exists is central to sponsorship activities. A corollary is that other mediators, in this case the news-media, may also communicate (uncontrollable) messages such that a consumer audience may be told of negative news that may then be associated with the sponsor.
When sponsors cancel contracts it is assumed that their goal is to control the links between their brand and a negative referent.
Balance theory is used to discuss the potential effects of negative off-field behaviours of athletes on sponsor’s objectives. Heider’s balance theory (1958) explains that individuals prefer to evaluate linked individuals or entities consistently.
In the sponsorship context this presents the possibility that a negative evaluation of the athlete’s behaviour will contribute to correspondingly negative evaluations of the athlete’s team and sponsors.
A content analysis (Study 1) was used to survey the types of athlete off-field behaviours commonly reported in a newspaper. In order to provide a local context for the research, articles from the Courier Mail were sampled and teams in the National Rugby League (NRL) competition were the focus of the research. The study identified nearly 2000 articles referring to the NRL competition; 258 of those refer to off-field incidents involving athletes. The various types of behaviours reported include assault, sexual assault allegations, driving under the influence of alcohol, illicit drug use, breaches of club rules, and positive off-field activities (i.e., charitable activities).
An experiment (Study 2) tested three news’ article stimuli developed from the behaviours identified in Study 1 in a between-subjects design. A measure of Identification with the Team was used as a covariate variable in the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance analysis. Social identity theory suggests that when an individual identifies with a group, their attitudes and behaviours towards both in- and out-group members are modified. Use of Identification with the Team as a covariate acknowledges that respondents will evaluate behaviours differently according to the attribution of those behaviours to an in- or out-group member.
Findings of the research suggest that the news’ article stimuli have significant, large effects on evaluations of athlete off-field behaviour and athlete Likability. Consistent with pretest results, charitable fundraising is regarded as extremely positive; the athlete, correspondingly, is likable. Assault is evaluated as extremely negative, and the athlete as unlikable. DUI scores reveal that the athlete’s behaviour is very negative; however, the athlete’s likability was evaluated as neutral. Treatment group does not produce any significant effects on team or sponsor variables.
This research also finds that Identification with the Team has significant, large effects on team variables (Attitude toward the Brand and Corporate Image).
Identification also has a significant large effect on athlete Likability, but not on Attitude toward the Act. Identification with the Team does not produce any significant effects on sponsor variables.
The results of this research suggest that sponsor’s consumer-based objectives are not threatened by newspaper reports linking athlete off-field behaviour with their brand.
Evaluations of sponsor variables (Attitude toward the Sponsor’s Brand and Corporate Image) were consistently positive. Variance in that data, however, cannot be attributed to experimental stimuli or Identification with the Team. These results argue that respondents may regard sponsorships, in principle, as good.
Although it is good news for sponsors that negative evaluations of athletes will not produce correspondingly negative evaluations of consumer-based sponsorship objectives, the results indicate problems for sponsorship managers. The failure of Identification with the Team to explain sponsor variable variance indicates that the sponsor has not been evaluated as a linked entity in a relationship with the sporting team and athlete in this research. This result argues that the sponsee-mediated affective communication path that sponsors aim use to communicate with desirable publics is not necessarily a path available to them.
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Nannyambe, Edgar Boniface. "Relationship between participation in physical activity and health risk behaviours among youth in high schools in Mtwara region, Tanzania." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2602_1242700080.
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Physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors for major non-communicable diseases, which contribute substantially to the global burden of chronic diseases, disability and death. The burden of disability, morbidity and mortality, attributable to non-communicable diseases, is currently enormous in the developed countries and is increasingly growing in the developing countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between participation in physical activity and health risk behaviours among high school students in the Mtwara region, Tanzania. The objectives of this study were to identify the physical activity levels among high school students in Mtwara region, Tanzania, to identify health risk behaviours among the above mentioned high school students, to identify the factors that influenced them to engage in health risk behaviours and to establish the relationship between physical activity and health risk behaviours.
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Tavitian-Exley, Isabel. "The relevance of polydrug use in HIV risk and associated injecting and sexual risk behaviours among people who inject drugs." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/55175.
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HIV transmission has effectively been reduced in many countries by focusing on high transmission foci with interventions tailored to key populations groups and high risk behaviours. However people who inject drugs (PWID) still accounted for significant proportions of new HIV and Hepatitis C infections in several regions in 2014 . Among PWID, as in other populations, risk behaviours are not distributed equally. Polydrug use (using multiple drugs) in particular has increasingly been cited as a source of harm and possibly greater HIV infection risk but remains under-researched. In this thesis, I assessed the epidemiological significance of polydrug use on HIV and HCV risk behaviours among PWID, using several methods, and data sources from different settings. Multiple methodological challenges were faced, related to inherent difficulties in studying PWID, including stigmatised behaviours, comparatively small sample sizes and the absence of sampling frame for PWID. I established that polydrug use was frequent among PWID, in contrast with the common assumption that PWID mainly inject heroin, and considerable proportions of injectors across locations had recently injected or used multiple drugs (chapter 2). I generated new evidence on the biological and behavioural risks associated with injecting certain drugs and drug combinations in three stages. First, in the meta-analysis, HIV incidence rates were consistently higher among PWID injecting cocaine, amphetamine (ATS) or combinations of heroin and stimulants, compared to those not injecting or not injecting the drug(s). Wide confidence intervals and inconsistent reference categories however, limited conclusions (chapter 3). Second, I identified differences in injecting risk and HIV status between ATS and opiate injectors (chapter 5), and greater injecting and sexual risk among polydrug- than single-drug injectors in Russia and Estonia (chapter 6). Finally, using a generic polydrug typology developed in latent variable modelling, I found significant differences in HIV-related injecting and sexual risk behaviours between polydrug classes (chapter 7). The results of this work fill important research gaps by establishing that polydrug use is frequent and associated with substantial heterogeneity in HIV risk among PWID. My thesis examines the implications of these findings and proposes a polydrug use typology to help tailor drug and HIV prevention and treatment interventions to high risk PWID sub-groups to prevent the spread of new HIV and HCV infections.
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Salamonson, Yenna, University of Western Sydney, College of Social and Health Sciences, and School of Applied Social and Human Sciences. "Health-enhancing behaviours in first myocardial infarction survivors." THESIS_CSHS_ASH_Salamonson_S.xml, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/267.
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The adoption of health behaviours is essential if coronary heart disease patients are to optimise their chance of survival and reduce the likelihood of recurrent coronary events. However, this behavioural change may not ensue following an acute myocardial infarction(AMI). This study on first AMI subjects sought firstly to examine the psychometric properties of five scaled instruments used for assessing health behaviours. Secondly, the study assessed the prevalence of health-enhancing behaviours at the time of the first AMI and 6 months after this event.Thirdly, the magnitude of health behavioural change was then examined. Fourthly, sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial predictors of health-enhancing behaviours were explored.These health-enhancing behaviours included non-smoking behaviours, normal body mass index (BMI), adequate physical activity, medication adherence and low dietary fat intake. Finally, the study examined relationships between sociodemographic , psychosocial and modifiable lifestyle factors, based on Antonovsky's hypothesis on sense of coherence(SOC), stress and adaptive coping. The study highlights that some modifiable risk factors, for example, being overweight or obese and physical inactivity were more resistant to change following an AMI.This finding, and the relationship between stress and increased dietary fat suggest a need for individualised programs to support the specific needs of AMI patients to change their modifiable cardiac risk factors.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)(Health)
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Banks, Matthew David. "Organizational citizenship behaviours in high risk industries: an investigation into effects on occupational safety." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6708.
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This study examined the relationship between helping (organizational citizenship behaviours) and workplace safety. It is the second study in a sequence, building on an initial study by Burt and Williams (2012). The aims of the current study are three-fold. Firstly, further evidence was sought to support the argument put forth by Burt and Williams (2012) suggesting that there are situations in which helping behaviours can lead to an increase in safety risk. Additionally, based on findings from Burt and Williams (2012), the following two situations were investigated: I) why do helpers often not tell the target of help that help has been given; and, II) in the instance where help inadvertently leads to a safety risk increase for the target, why does the target fail to communicate this risk increase back to the helper. The personality traits of humility and agreeableness were hypothesised to positively relate to the first and second situations, respectively. The sample consisted of 79 participants across a variety of high risk occupations. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire, containing measures of job risk, negative outcomes of helping behaviours, humility, agreeableness, single item measures to assess situation I and II, and subsequent measures to further investigate these two situations. The results showed clear evidence that helping can be associated with safety risks. Both of the personality-based hypotheses failed to reach significance. However, the results suggest that helpers often fail to tell the target of help that help has been given, through a lack of understanding regarding the importance of communicating one’s helping behaviours, and a lack of time or opportunity. Additionally, results suggest that the instance where help inadvertently leads to an increased safety risk for the target (but the target fails to inform the helper of this risk increase), occurs through the target wanting to protect the helper’s confidence, and not wishing to be seen as ungrateful. The results provide valuable information to significantly add to the limited literature regarding helping behaviours and occupational safety. The findings from this study potentially allow organizations to decrease the negative safety outcomes of such behaviours. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Kristjánsson, Sveinbjörn. "Skin cancer prevention : readiness to change sun-related behaviours /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-895-5/.
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Durigon, Monica Anna. "British Columbia's youth in custody : gender differences in sexual and substance use risk behaviours." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31565.
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• To characterize the profile of British Columbia's youth in
custody
• To describe risk taking behaviour among male and female
youth in custody
• To estimate prevalence of sexual and substance use risk
behaviours among male and female youth in custody
• To determine if there are differences in sexual and
substance use risk taking behaviour between male and
female youth in custody
• To explore the mechanisms through which gender may
impact on sexually transmitted infections (self report) and
injection drug use (self report) outcomes
From January to August 2006, youth aged 14-19 years residing in
or entering into British Columbia's three youth custody centers
(Prince George, Victoria, Bumaby) were invited to participate. A
confidential interviewer-administered questionnaire collecting
demographic and risk factor information was completed on 414
youth; with known gender and whose anonymity was maintained.
Descriptive statistics were utilized to characterize British
Columbia's Youth in Custody while prevalence estimates were
calculated for risk behaviours. Odds ratios with 95% confidence
intervals were utilized as a measure of effect size of gender on
sexual and substance use risk taking behaviour. Logistic regression
modeled the association between select risk behaviours, gender,
age and ethnicity, on self report of sexually transmitted infections
and injection drug use outcomes.
This exploratory study provides documentation suggesting sexual
and substance use health risk behaviours are found in high
proportions among British Columbia youth in custody. Gender
differences and patterns exist, with females disproportionately
carrying the greater burden of risk taking behaviour.
Such risk behaviours render youth in custody vulnerable to not only
the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections and blood borne
viruses, but also to obstacles impeding healthy adolescent
development. Identification o f risk factors and behaviours
addressing specific determinants of health can be utilized to develop
and inform current public health efforts to address the needs of
British Columbia's vulnerable youth in custody.Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate
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Chakraborty, Kokila. "Understanding diabetes treatment behaviours : health risk decisions of Asian sub-groups and White people." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435202.
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Daniels, Karin Elizabeth. "Hookah pipe use : comparing male and female university students' knowledge, risk perceptions and behaviours." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5109.
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Magister Artium - MAHookah pipe use is widely viewed as a safe alternative to cigarette smoking rather than a potential health-risk. In fact, for young people hookah pipe use may represent an initial stage of later addiction and the transition to cigarette smoking. Furthermore, studies conducted abroad, suggest that the use of the hookah pipe firstly started as a cultural phenomenon, and secondly, as with cigarette smoking, the hookah pipe has become a social phenomenon. Despite these challenges, studies provide sufficient evidence that hookah pipe use is a potential health risk. The primary aim of the study was to compare male and female university students’ knowledge, risk perceptions and behaviours concerning hookah pipe smoking. A quantitative methodological approach, with a cross-sectional design, was used to conduct the research study. A final self-selected sample of 389 participants voluntarily participated in this study. The final sample included 64% females and 36% males with a mean age of 22.2 years; with the mean age for first-time hookah pipe smoking was 15.7 years. The instrument used was a self-administered questionnaire constructed from The College Health Behavior Survey (2010-2011) which was developed at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Descriptive quantitative results were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20) and presented. The results suggest 70% of hookah pipe users daily smoke the hookah pipe with more than 20% smoking on campus. This was similar for males and females. Users perceived the hookah pipe to be less harmful and less addictive than cigarette smoking. Furthermore, smoking the hookah pipe is considered socially acceptable and is also smoked in the family home. Implications for policy are stated.
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Lambourne, Judith. "Modifying optimism bias in smokers bypreventing downward social comparisons andselective focus on risk reducing behaviours." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505102.
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van, der Linden Sander. "The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions, intentions and behaviours : a national study." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/896/.
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Although human-caused climate change is one of the greatest societal challenges of the 21st century, insights from social and environmental psychology remain underrepresented in the mitigation debate. This is surprising given that the collective potential for reducing national carbon emissions through changes in individual lifestyles and behaviours has clearly been demonstrated. Accordingly, this PhD thesis aims to provide a more systematic and detailed understanding of individual mitigation behaviour. It does so specifically by examining the social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions, intentions and behaviours using a longitudinal UK national survey (N = 808, wave 1) and (N = 501, wave 2). In total, three separate analyses were conducted using the national survey data. In the first analysis (chapter 4), a social-psychological model of climate change risk perceptions is advanced. The model proposes that public risk perceptions of climate change are influenced by three key psychological dimensions, namely; (i) cognitive, (ii) experiential and (iii) socio-cultural factors. Results confirm the model’s validity and show that nearly 70% of the variance in risk perception can be explained by the model’s components. Main findings also provide empirical support for a distinction between personal and societal risk judgements and highlight important differences in their psychological antecedents. The second analysis(chapter 5) specifically investigates the interrelation between personal experience with extreme weather, affect and risk perception and situates their conceptual relationship within the cognition-emotion debate. Results provide strong support for a dual-process model, where risk perception and affect mutually influence each other in a stable feedback system. In the third analysis (chapter 6), a domain-context-behaviour (DCB) model is advanced. The purpose of the model is to causally conceptualize and systematically organize the social-psychological determinants of climate change mitigation behaviours. A key aspect of the DCB model is the notion that environmental values (i.e. the “domain”) and climate change cognitions, norms and emotions (i.e. the “context”) do not influence specific mitigation intentions and behaviours (e.g. energy conservation) directly. Rather, they influence a broad and general orienting intention to help reduce climate change. This general intention in turn activates and predicts specific mitigation intentions directly as well as indirectly via behaviour-specific determinants. Important differences emerge between high-impact and low-impact behavioural changes. Overall, results from this thesis have important implications for public policy, risk communication and behavioural change interventions.
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Almalki, S. A. "The associations between risk-taking behaviours, peer influence and traumatic dental injuries among Saudi adolescents." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1473229/.
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Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are one of the most common body injuries and constitute an important public health problem. These injuries are considerably more common among adolescents, and can lead to pain, physical impairment, emotional distress and negative impact on the quality of life. Theories link most types of injuries to individual behaviours within a complex matrix involving both the physical and social environments. However, most of the aetiological studies on TDIs focus on proximal risk factors and overlook the underlying more distal determinants. This PhD thesis aimed to assess whether certain behavioural and psychosocial determinants were associated with the prevalence of TDIs among adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with a particular focus on the role of their risk-taking behaviours and peer influence. Methods: A stratified two-stage cluster sample of 902 students (461 boys and 441 girls) was randomly selected from adolescents attending 1st and 2nd years of public and private secondary schools in Riyadh, using a self-weighting design for both sexes and school types. Data were collected through clinical examination and questionnaire. TDIs were clinically diagnosed using a modified version of the WHO classification for epidemiological studies. The clinical examination also included assessment of overjet and lip coverage. The questionnaire was based on the WHO Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children questionnaire and the CDC Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance System, assessing exposures risk-taking behaviours and peer influence, as well as demographics, socio-economic status and physical activity. The differences in prevalence of TDIs between the different groups of the covariates and exposures were calculated. Then, Poisson regressions with a robust error variance were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (relative risks) of TDIs between the different exposures to provide sequential adjustment for confounding factors. The models were further checked for interactions between the main exposure and the peer influence variables. Results: Overall, 42.6% of adolescents had TDIs to their anterior teeth (Boys: 59.4%; Girls: 24.9%). After adjusting for age, sex, father’s education, nationality, physical activity and overjet >3mm, smoking was significantly associated with TDIs among girls (RR 2.50; 95% CI 1.42–4.41), and the same was the case among boys for fights (RR 1.46; 95% CI 1.19–1.79), for spending time with friends after school on more than three days a week (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.07–1.46) and for having peers who carried weapons (RR 1.19; 95% CI 1.01–1.40), compared to their counterparts. TDIs were also significantly associated with both boys and girls who carried weapons (RR 1.36; 95% CI 1.12–1.66), had multiple risk-taking behaviours (RR 1.44; 95% CI 1.20–1.72) and had less than three close friends (RR 1.19; 95% CI 1.00–1.42) compared to their counterparts. The risk of TDIs was intensified among adolescents who carried weapons and had multiple risk-taking behaviours when they lacked peer support (RR 2.18; 95% CI 1.05–4.57 and RR 2.18; 95% CI 1.05–4.57, respectively) compared to their counterparts who had supportive peers (RR 1.28; 95% CI 1.01–1.62 and RR 1.36; 95% CI 1.11–1.68, respectively). Conclusions: Adolescents in Riyadh, particularly boys, had a very high prevalence of TDIs. Risk-taking behaviours (smoking, fights and carrying weapons) and negative peer influence (having peers who carried weapons) indicated an increased risk of TDIs among those adolescents independent of their age, socioeconomic status, physical activity and incisor overjet level. Negative peer influence (lack of peer support) intensified the association between risk-taking behaviours and TDIs.
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Botha, Adriaan. "Financial behaviours of customers as determinants for risk aversion and insurance consumption in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64886.
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The aim of this research is to determine if there are significant relationships between individual level financial behaviours of customers and the demand for life insurance. The research addresses the gap in the academic literature on the understanding of which financial behaviours of individuals may be useful in determining risk aversion behaviours as assessed by the demand for life insurance.
South African life insurance data is used to develop three logistic regression models that predict take-up, lapse and cancellations of insurance respectively. Ten predictor variables were developed to measure the effect of income, savings and debt on the propensity to take-up, lapse or cancel life insurance.
The results showed that income, savings and debt were significant predictor variables and provide evidence that these measures may be useful to understanding customer preferences concerning insurance demand. The results show an increase in insurance consumption among low income consumers which is a finding unique to the South African context. The results also confirm that low income customers are at risk of both lapsing and cancelling their life insurance. Low levels of savings and debt may indicate an increase in the demand for life insurance but are also associated with increased risk of lapse.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
pa2018
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Johnson, Dylan. "The Relationship Between Profiles and Transitions of Problem Behaviour in Elementary-School Children and Engagement in Health-Risk Behaviours in Early Adolescence." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37710.
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Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), a nationally representative and prospective cohort, was used to explore patterns of problem behaviour in elementary school aged children across time and their association to adolescent health-risk outcomes. Latent profile analyses identified four profiles of problem behaviour: (1) low on all problem behaviours, (2) moderate on all problem behaviours, (3) high on all problem behaviours, and (4) high on hyperactivity/inattention and internalizing. This measurement invariant trend was observed at ages 6/7, 8/9, and 10/11. Transition patterns between these profiles of problem behaviour from ages 6/7 to 10/11 were also identified (n=8,266). The association of these profiles and transition patterns with health-risk outcomes were computed using logistic regression modelling. While patterns of persisting problem behaviour were associated with suicidal thoughts, substance use, and delinquency, they did not differ from the profile at age 10/11 years, where the “Moderate all” and “High all” profiles of problem behaviour predicted the most health-risk outcomes in adolescence. The most recent assessment of problem behaviour in adolescence was as good of a predictor of adolescent health-risk outcomes relative to patterns of problem behaviour across time.
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Bratberg, Grete Helen. "Pubertal timing - antecedent to risk or resilience? : epidemiological studies on growth, maturation and health risk behaviours : the Young HUNT Study, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway." Doctoral thesis, Trondheim : Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT Research Centre, 2007. http://www.diva-portal.org/ntnu/abstract.xsql?dbid=1713.
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Aitken, Lisa. "The influence of HIV knowledge, beliefs, and religiosity on sexual risk behaviours of private school adolescents." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Despite the rapid increase of HIV infections among South Africa's adolescent population, many teenagers continue to partake in sexually risky behaviours. The theory of planned action accounts for the low correlation between information and behaviour by identifying the strong influence of behavioural intentions, attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived control in determining behaviour change. This research primarily aimed to assess the levels of sexual risk-taking behaviours, HIV-related knowledge, beliefs, and religiosity of private school adolescents, as well as to determine the nature of the relationships between these variables.
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Chigali, George M. "Assessment of the factors associated with HIV risk behaviours amongst women in Livingstone, Southern Province, Zambia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2551_1189600940.
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The aim of this study was to assess the factors associated with HIV risk behaviours in women in Livingstone, Zambia. A cross-sectional analytical survey using a structured questionnaire was carried out in two sites in Livingstone, which were selected on the basis of differences in socio-economic status. Married women and women in the urban community are at high risk of contracting HIV and every effort should be made to ensure that HIV/AIDS programmes help to reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.
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Pitt, Daniel David Allan. "Risk factors associated with lead in Toronto tapwater and residents' tapwater use behaviours, a pilot study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ51553.pdf.
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Hughes, Karen. "Studies on the epidemiology and prevention of harms related to contemporary risk behaviours in young people." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536134.
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Kavalidou, Aikaterini. "The role of physical and mental health multimorbidity in the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviours." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30677/.
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Background: The effects of physical illness and psychiatric disorders have been extensively investigated in fatal and non-fatal suicidal behaviour. Although different study designs have focused on the independent roles of physical and mental illness in suicidality, few studies have examined the relationship between co-occurring physical and mental health conditions (multimorbidity) and suicide risk. Considering the paucity of research, the present doctoral programme of research aimed to investigate if populations with physical/mental multimorbidity have an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviours, compared to those with neither physical nor mental health conditions, and further investigate if this effect is stronger than either of the health conditions alone. Methods: Based on the well-established terms of comorbidity and multimorbidity, the effect of co-occurring health conditions in the risk of suicidality was investigated by undertaking an overview of reviews and a systematic review. Four empirical studies of existing datasets were conducted in order to explore if suicidality (suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts) varies as a function of physical/mental multimorbidity. Two national mental health surveys from the United Kingdom (National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2000, n = 8575; Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007, n = 7389) and one cohort study carried out in Scotland (West of Scotland Twenty-07 study, n = 4510) were used and both cross-sectional and prospective study designs were employed. Results: Findings indicated that those with physical/mental multimorbidity are more likely to have suicidal thoughts and attempt suicide, compared to those with neither physical nor mental health conditions. The results were consistent: having both physical and mental health conditions did not increase risk of suicidal thoughts or attempts, beyond the risk conferred by mental illness alone. Having only physical health conditions was not associated with either suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts. Conclusions: Overall, the findings suggest a potential risk of suicidality for populations with physical/mental multimorbidity. Although multimorbidity was a predictor of suicidality, it did not increase the risk of any suicide-related outcome more than mental health conditions alone. The current findings highlight that health care professionals should focus on populations who have reached services for non-mental health issues, but subsequently develop mental illness, as this pattern of multimorbidity could potentially be a risk factor for suicidal thoughts and behaviours. Further research is needed to better understand the risk of suicide in individuals with physical/mental multimorbidity.
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Ramafikeng, Matumo. "The prevalence of health risk behaviours among high school learners in the city of Maseru, Lesotho." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11238.
Full textAbstract:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This study was the first of its nature in Lesotho. Engagement in health risk behaviours is a public health concern, due to the consequences thereof. Concurrent engagement in risk behaviours has severe consequences on health and occupational abilities of the youth. The aim of the study was to establish and document the prevalence of risk behaviours among high school learners in the city of Maseru, Lesotho.