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Albuquerque, C. M. Sousa, V. D. Franco, C. P. Ferreira O. Albuquerque, and C. P. Baptista Mota. "Risk Behaviours in Adolescence: Prediction Cognitive and Psychosocial." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70941-1.
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This investigation's main goal was to determine if some psychosocial (self-concept, control locus, assertiveness and satisfaction towards social support) and cognitive variables (health beliefs and attitudes towards health) were associated to health related behaviours. The sample was constituted by 829 teenagers, 382 male and 447 female, whose average age is 14.66 years old, who attended the 9th grade of the public and daily schools in the district of Viseu, Portugal.Results:1.Study on the association between health and risk behaviours and psychosocial variables: The better the self-concept, the better the behaviours; The higher the satisfaction with social support, the better the behaviours; The higher the assertiveness, the better the behaviours; The association between control locus and healthy and risk behaviours is not significant.2.Study on the association between health and risk behaviours and cognitive variables: The more favourable the attitudes towards health, the better the behaviours; The more adequate the health beliefs, the better the behaviours.3.Study on the psychosocial variables interaction effects with cognitive variables in health and risk behaviour prediction: The interaction variable was revealed as the best health and risk behaviour predictor is the variable resulting from Factor 1 - behavioural aspect (Self-Concept) and Factor 4 - preventive attitude (Attitudes Towards Health) interaction, with a determination coefficient (R2) of .409. The patterned coefficient analysis Beta (beta=.427) indicates that the higher this interaction effect (F1 - behavioural aspect * F4 - preventive attitude) the better the behaviours.
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Alzahrani, Saeed G. "Patterns of lifestyle risk behaviors among Saudi Arabian school students." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211979.
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Background: Lifestyle risk behaviours initiated at a young age tend to remain in adulthood. Clustering of lifestyle risk behaviours has negative cumulative effects on health. The aim of this study was to examine patterns of clustering lifestyle risk behaviours (smoking, physical inactivity, high sugars intake, low fruits and vegetables intake, and infrequent tooth brushing) among younger and older Saudi male adolescents.Methods: A stratified cluster random sample of 1213 Saudi Arabian male school students living in Riyadh city answered adapted WHO health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) questionnaire on health-related behaviours. The patterns of clustering lifestyle risk behaviours were assessed using an observed to expected ratio (O/E) method.Results: The results showed that 10 (in older adolescents) and 09 (in younger adolescents) out of 27 combinations of lifestyle risk behaviors clustered. The combination of three risk behaviors (smoking, physical inactivity and high sugars intake) clustered with the highest O/E ratio of 3.16 among younger adolescents, while the combination of (smoking, high sugars intake and low fruits/vegetables intake) was among older adolescents with O/E: of 1.67.Conclusions: The current study identifies patterns of clustering lifestyle risk behaviours among younger and older Saudi male adolescents. Identification of these patterns is important for health promotion interventions.
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Buckley, Lisa D., and Mary C. Sheehan. "An adolescent injury intervention: selecting targeted behaviours with implications for program design and evaluation." Australian Health Review 34, no. 4 (2010): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09779.
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Objectives. This paper sought to identify the behaviour change targets for an injury prevention program; Skills for Preventing Injury in Youth (SPIY). The aim was to explore how such behaviours could subsequently be implemented and evaluated in the program. Methods and design. The quantitative procedure involved a survey with 267 Year 8 and 9 students (mean age 13.23 years) regarding their engagement in risk-taking behaviours that may lead to injury. The qualitative study involved 30 students aged 14 to 17 years reporting their experiences of injury and risk-taking. Results. Injury risk behaviours co-occurred among three-quarters of those who reported engaging in any alcohol use or transport or violence related risk behaviour. Students described in detail some of these experiences. Conclusions. The selection process of identifying target behaviours for change for an injury prevention program is described. Adolescents’ description of such risk behaviours can inform the process of operationalising and contextualising program content and deciding on evaluation methodology. The design of an effective injury prevention program involves considerable preparatory work and this paper was able to describe the process of identifying the behavioural targets for change that can be operationalised and evaluated in the injury prevention program, SPIY. What is known about the topic? Injury is a significant health concern for young people with multiple risk behaviours leading to injury. The context of such behaviour and injury is not well understood from the perspective of young people. Further, the clustering of such risky behaviours is often not examined. What does this paper add? This paper reports on a study that examines self-reported behaviours associated with injury among early adolescents and provides a qualitative perspective from the adolescents themselves about their injury and risk behaviour experiences. What are the implications for practitioners? School-based curriculum programs have the potential to deliver health promotion messages. However there are competing demands on curriculum time. Findings from this study suggest a curriculum program could effectively target change in alcohol, transport and violence risk behaviours as the behaviours co-occur and adolescents understood such behaviour and injury experiences are from the same context. School-based health promotion strategies that target many behaviours might thus provide a more efficient and accepted approach.
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W. Turton, Raistrick. "Assessing risks arising from challenging behaviours: a model and a brief review of existing resources." Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 8, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-11-2012-0005.
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Purpose – Challenging behaviours are defined in part by the risks of harm they present and the support of individuals who challenge would be improved with effective assessments of the risks posed by challenging behaviours. The purpose of this paper is to outline a model of risk assessment and review literature that provides relevant information. Design/methodology/approach – Literature review. Findings – Forensic risk assessment has a well worked-out and validated approach but tools used to assess challenging behaviours are not effective risk predictors. Applied Behaviour Assessment provides methods that can be more effectively used for risk assessment. Practical implications – There is a need to develop valid risk assessment procedures for assessing the risks presented by challenging behaviours. Originality/value – This is a fresh perspective on risk assessment in relation to challenging behaviours.
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Sheridan, Judith, and Matthew R. Sanders. "The Need for Effective Early Behavioural Family Interventions for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 13, no. 1 (May 1996): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200027371.
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AbstractThere is a pressing need for the development of effective early family intervention programs for children showing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) behaviours with Conduct Disorder (CD) or Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) behaviours. Previous research has indicated that children with ADHD are at high risk of developing comorbid CD or ODD behaviours. In addition, it has been shown that ODD or CD behaviours in childhood tend to persist and to have adverse effects on later social adjustment. However, ODD or CD behaviours are not necessary concomitants of ADHD, and it has been demonstrated that behavioural intervention can have both short- and long-term beneficial effects for children showing early signs of ODD or CD behaviours. In the short term, behavioural family interventions may be able to reduce oppositional behaviour, particularly in the preschool years. In the long term, early intervention has been shown to reduce the incidence of later antisocial behaviour in children at risk for this developmental trajectory. In this paper, it will be argued that behavioural family interventions have not been effectively utilised or promulgated in the community for children with ADHD despite the demonstrated efficacy of these types of interventons. A model of a multilevel system of intervention that can be tailored to the individual family's needs is presented.
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Koprivnikar, Janet, Chris H. Gibson, and Julia C. Redfern. "Infectious personalities: behavioural syndromes and disease risk in larval amphibians." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1733 (November 16, 2011): 1544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2156.
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Behavioural consistency or predictability through time and/or different contexts (‘syndromes’ or ‘personality types’) is likely to have substantial influence on animal life histories and fitness. Consequently, there is much interest in the forces driving and maintaining various syndromes. Individual host behaviours have been associated with susceptibility to parasitism, yet the role of pre-existing personality types in acquiring infections has not been investigated experimentally. Using a larval amphibian–trematode parasite model system, we report that tadpoles generally showed consistency in their activity level in response to both novel food and parasite exposure. Not only were individual activity level and exploration in the novel food context correlated with each other and with anti-parasite behaviour, all three were significant predictors of host parasite load. This is the first empirical demonstration that host behaviours in other contexts are related to behaviours mitigating infection risk and, ultimately, host parasite load. We suggest that this system illustrates how reliably high levels of activity and exploratory behaviour in different contexts might maximize both energy acquisition and resistance to trematode parasites. Such benefits could drive selection for the behavioural syndrome seen here owing to the life histories and ecological circumstances typical of wood frog ( Lithobates sylvaticus ) larvae.
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Wijnhoven, Trudy MA, Joop MA van Raaij, Agneta Yngve, Agneta Sjöberg, Marie Kunešová, Vesselka Duleva, Ausra Petrauskiene, Ana I. Rito, and João Breda. "WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: health-risk behaviours on nutrition and physical activity in 6–9-year-old schoolchildren." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 17 (July 1, 2015): 3108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015001937.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess to what extent eight behavioural health risks related to breakfast and food consumption and five behavioural health risks related to physical activity, screen time and sleep duration are present among schoolchildren, and to examine whether health-risk behaviours are associated with obesity.DesignCross-sectional design as part of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (school year 2007/2008). Children’s behavioural data were reported by their parents and children’s weight and height measured by trained fieldworkers. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed.SettingPrimary schools in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Portugal and Sweden; paediatric clinics in the Czech Republic.SubjectsNationally representative samples of 6–9-year-olds (n 15 643).ResultsAll thirteen risk behaviours differed statistically significantly across countries. Highest prevalence estimates of risk behaviours were observed in Bulgaria and lowest in Sweden. Not having breakfast daily and spending screen time ≥2 h/d were clearly positively associated with obesity. The same was true for eating ‘foods like pizza, French fries, hamburgers, sausages or meat pies’ >3 d/week and playing outside <1 h/d. Surprisingly, other individual unhealthy eating or less favourable physical activity behaviours showed either no or significant negative associations with obesity. A combination of multiple less favourable physical activity behaviours showed positive associations with obesity, whereas multiple unhealthy eating behaviours combined did not lead to higher odds of obesity.ConclusionsDespite a categorization based on international health recommendations, individual associations of the thirteen health-risk behaviours with obesity were not consistent, whereas presence of multiple physical activity-related risk behaviours was clearly associated with higher odds of obesity.
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Armstrong, Gregory, Tilahun Haregu, Eric D. Caine, Jesse T. Young, Matthew J. Spittal, and Anthony F. Jorm. "High prevalence of health and social risk behaviours among men experiencing suicidal thoughts and behaviour: The imperative to undertake holistic assessments." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 8 (May 23, 2020): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867420924098.
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Objective: We aimed to examine whether suicidal thoughts and behaviour were independently associated with a wide range of health and social risk behaviours. Methods: We conducted cross-sectional analyses of data collected from 13,763 adult males who participated in The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health. We fit generalised linear models to estimate the relative risk of engaging in a range of health and social risk behaviours across several domains by suicidal thoughts and behaviour status. Results: Men with recent suicidal ideation (relative risk range, 1.10–5.25) and lifetime suicide attempts (relative risk range, 1.10–7.65) had a higher risk of engaging in a broad range of health and social risk behaviours. The associations between suicidal thoughts and behaviour and health and social risk behaviours were typically independent of socio-demographics and in many cases were also independent of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Suicidal thoughts and behaviour overlaps with increased risk of engagement in a wide range of health and social risk behaviours, indicating the need for an alignment of broader public health interventions within clinical and community-based suicide prevention activities. The experience of suicidality may be an important catalyst for a broader psychosocial conversation and assessment of health and social risk behaviours, some of which may be modifiable. These behaviours may not carry an imminent risk of premature death, such as from suicide, but they carry profound health and social consequences if left unaddressed.
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Xiang, Hui, Mingjing Li, Meng Xiao, Min Liu, Xiaoshan Su, Dashu Wang, Ke Li, et al. "Factors associated with risk behaviours towards hepatitis B among migrant workers: a cross-sectional study based on theory of planned behaviour." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (September 2022): e056452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056452.
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ObjectivesRural-to-urban migrant workers are susceptible to hepatitis B because of lack of self-protection awareness and social support. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing risk behaviours for hepatitis B among migrant workers based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).DesignA cross-sectional survey.SettingChongqing, ChinaParticipantMigrant workersPrimary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were the TPB variables. The secondary outcomes were factors explored by logistic regressions which were associated with hepatitis B related risk behaviours and behavioural intentions (BI).ResultsOf 1299 recruited migrant workers, 384 (29.56%) participants undertook risk behaviours related to hepatitis B virus infection in the 6 months prior to the survey, and 1111 (85.53%) migrant workers had the BI of doing so. Of 842 migrant workers who undertook sexual activities, 58.19% did not use condoms. Binary logistic regressions showed that migrant workers who were men (p<0.05), less educated (p<0.01), lacked hepatitis B knowledge (p<0.05) and of a young age (p<0.01), were more intent on conducting hepatitis B-related behaviours. Alcohol drinking (p<0.01) was also positively associated with hepatitis B risk. The scores of TPB variables, including attitude towards behaviour and subjective norms, were positively associated with BI when adjusted for sociodemographics (p<0.001). Meanwhile, experience of behaviour and regret feeling were positively associated with BI and actual behaviours (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively).ConclusionsA considerable proportion of migrant workers undertake hepatitis B-related risk behaviours, and condoms are seldom used. Health education campaigns targeting the identified TPB variables may play a significant role in improving awareness of hepatitis B prevention among migrant workers, especially for those who are men, younger, alcohol drinkers, less educated and lacking hepatitis B knowledge.
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Isles, Anthony R., Catharine A. Winstanley, and Trevor Humby. "Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1766 (December 31, 2018): 20180128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0128.
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Our willingness to take risks, our ability to wait or the speed with which to make decisions are central features of our personality. However, it is now recognized that impulsive and risk-taking behaviours are not a unitary construct, and different aspects can be both psychologically and neurally dissociated. The range of neurochemicals and brain systems that govern these behaviours is extensive, and this may be a contributing factor to the phenotypic range seen in the human population. However, this variety can also be pathological as extremes in risk-taking and impulsive behaviours are characteristics of many neuropsychiatric and indeed neurodegenerative disorders. This spans obsessive–compulsive disorder, where behaviour becomes ridged and non-spontaneous, to the nonsensical risk-taking seen in gambling and drug taking. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Quin, Daniel. "Levels of problem behaviours and risk and protective factors In suspended and non-suspended students." Educational and Developmental Psychologist 36, no. 01 (May 24, 2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/edp.2019.4.
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External suspension from school is a common disciplinary practice in traditionally English-speaking countries. Few studies have sought student perceptions of school suspension, as well as measures of problem behaviours and emotional problems, and known factors that influence the development of antisocial behaviour, to examine associations between these variables. Three hundred and four adolescents, aged 12–17 years, from five schools in southern Australia completed a self-report questionnaire that asked about behavioural and mental health problems, and risk and protective factors known to be associated with suspension. Seventy-four of the participants had been previously suspended from school at least once. Having been previously suspended was associated with a greater level of problem behaviours and emotions, poor family management, low school commitment, reduced supportive teacher relationships, and interactions with antisocial peers. School suspension appears likely to be applied to students who lack the ability to self-regulate their behaviours and emotional problems in the classroom. By excluding students from school, pre-existing behavioural problems may be exacerbated by diminishing school protective factors and increasing exposure to known risk factors. Adolescents most at risk of being suspended would benefit from alternative school behaviour management policies and procedures that maintain the school as a protective factor.
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Eisner-Fellay, Taslina, Christina Akre, Diane Auderset, Yara Barrense-Dias, and Joan-Carles Suris. "Far from acceptable: youth-reported risk behaviour screening by primary care physicians." Family Practice 37, no. 6 (July 7, 2020): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmaa068.
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Abstract Background Adolescence and early adulthood are periods of experimentation during which health detrimental behaviours might be acquired. Objective This study’s purpose is to evaluate physicians’ likelihood of addressing health risk behaviours with youths depending on the youths’ wishes, risk behaviours and personal characteristics. Methods Data were drawn from the third wave (2017–18) of the GenerationFRee longitudinal study carried out on a sample of 1970 youths aged 17–26 in Switzerland. Analysed risk behaviours were: eating disorders, substance use, emotional wellbeing, problematic Internet use and gambling. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, results are presented as adjusted odds ratios (aORs). Results Physicians discussed most risk behaviours with less than half of the youths. The odds of addressing risk behaviours were seldom raised when the risk behaviour was present, or when the youth wished to discuss it. Emotional wellbeing was addressed with half as many males as females (aOR 0.47), and drugs were found to be addressed more frequently with youths reporting a low family socio-economic status (aOR 6.18). When a risk behaviour is addressed it is mostly alongside an extended screening. Conclusions This study confirmed the low levels of health risk behaviours screening, regardless of the youths’ wish to discuss the topic with their physician. Despite the low levels, physicians do tend to screen systematically, especially when discussing substance use. There is a need to improve physicians training in risk behaviour screening and counselling in order to increase this practice.
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Arundell, Lauren, Kate Parker, Jo Salmon, Jenny Veitch, and Anna Timperio. "Informing Behaviour Change: What Sedentary Behaviours Do Families Perform at Home and How Can They Be Targeted?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 4565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224565.
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Home-based interventions targeting children’s sedentary behaviours have had limited and inconsistent effectiveness, possibly due to a mismatch between the behaviours targeted, the behaviours actually performed, and health-risk messages parents need to initiate change. Between October 2017–February 2018, 540 parents completed an online survey indicating their own and their child’s participation in 15 home-based sedentary behaviours (child mean age 11.1 ± 2.61 years, 52% male; parent mean age 40.7 ± 6.14, 93% female). Parents also indicated which home-based sedentary behaviours they and their child could reduce, and what health-risk messages would make them change their child’s behaviours. The most prevalent sedentary behaviours among children (particularly older children) and parents were screen-based leisure-time activities, specifically TV/video/DVD use (67.5 and 62.5 min/day, respectively) and using a tablet/smart phone for leisure (53.6 and 80.8 min/day, respectively). Importantly, these were also perceived as the most feasible behaviours parents and children could reduce. Parents reported that the following messages would help them reduce their child’s sedentary behaviour: sitting may increase the risk of poor mental health (85.2% of parents) and adversely impact future health as an adult (85.1%). These findings highlight feasible behavioural targets and intervention content for programs aiming to reduce sedentary behaviours in the home environment. Further research is needed to test these strategies.
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Wiggers, John H., and Rob Sanson-Fisher. "General Practitioners as Agents of Health Risk Behaviour Change: Opportunities for Behavioural Science in Patient Smoking Cessation." Behaviour Change 11, no. 3 (September 1994): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900005064.
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General practitioners have been suggested as occupying a position in the community that offers considerable potential for reducing the prevalence of health risk behaviours. Green, Eriksen, and Schor (1988) have proposed that if general practitioners are to effectively adopt a role in modifying patient health risk behaviours, a number of prerequisite conditions must be met. Using the model proposed by Green et al., this paper reviews the literature to describe the circumstances under which general practitioners currently practise this role. The review focuses on the circumstances relating to practitioner modification of one patient health risk behaviour: smoking. Research detailing the extent of practitioner involvement in the modification of this risk behaviour is also reviewed. The paper concludes by discussing the opportunities available for behavioural scientists to facilitate general practitioners' adoption of a role in patient smoking cessation.
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Yahaya, Ismail, Antonio Ponce De Leon, Olalekan A. Uthman, Joaquim J. F. Soares, and Gloria Macassa. "Childhood sexual abuse among girls and determinants of sexual risk behaviours in adult life in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 7, no. 2 (April 13, 2015): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-04-2014-0121.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between child sexual abuse and sexual risk behaviours as well as its potential mediators. Design/methodology/approach – This cross-sectional study used data from a cross-sectional study from 12,800 women between 15 and 49 years of age included in the 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to assess the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and sexual risk behaviours. Findings – The authors found that CSA was directly associated with sexual risk behaviours. In addition, the association between CSA and sexual risk behaviour was also partially mediated by alcohol and cigarette use. Research limitations/implications – The results show that being abused in childhood is important for the subsequent development of sexual risk behaviours in adulthood and the association is mediated by alcohol and cigarette use. Practical implications – The results may be helpful for policy makers and health care planners in designing cultural sensitive public health intervention that will reduce the burden of CSA, its long-term effects (sexual risk behaviours) and intervening mediators that increase the risks. Social implications – These findings suggest that to reduce sexual risks, interventions to address sexual abuse needs to include other social problems (smoking, alcohol) that victims result to when faced with trauma. Originality/value – The current study is the only one so far in sub-Saharan Africa to have explored the relation between CSA and sexual risk behaviours using SEM.
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Weyrich, Philippe, Elena Mondino, Marco Borga, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Anthony Patt, and Anna Scolobig. "A flood-risk-oriented, dynamic protection motivation framework to explain risk reduction behaviours." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-287-2020.
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Abstract. Private risk reduction behaviours can significantly reduce the negative impacts of flooding and flash floods. Over the past decades, researchers have used various socio-cognitive models or threat and coping mechanisms to explain individual protective behaviours. However, these models ignore the fact that people are not equally ready to act upon a danger, and they (the models) give limited insights into the effectiveness of communication strategies to foster risk reduction behaviours. Therefore, we explored the current state of homeowners' readiness to undertake risk reduction behaviours in flood risk areas by applying a dynamic protection motivation framework. We conducted a survey in an Italian municipality that experienced severe flash flooding in September 2018. The results show that people are motivated by different factors in prompting risk reduction behaviour based on their chosen types of protective measures. For example, people that undertook structural or avoidance measures are more likely to be motivated to protect themselves by increased perceptions of vulnerability and response efficacy and are less worried about expected flood losses compared to people that undertook only basic emergency measures. In this paper, we argue how these new insights contribute to targeting flood risk communication strategies to groups of individuals characterized by different readiness stages and motivations to protect themselves.
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Barimah, Antwi Joseph, Mohammed Mohammed Ibrahim, Yaw Boakye Nketiah, Bernard Opoku Amoah, Larry Agyemang, James Dumba, and Helina Gyamea. "SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOURS AND STI RISK PERCEPTION AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE SUNYANI MUNICIPALITY OF GHANA." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Research 8, no. 8 (February 2, 2022): 816–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53075/ijmsirq87965439050.
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In the ideal world scenario risky sexual behaviours are rampant. The most worrying part is the fact that teenagers and the youth are the ones with a high predisposition to indulge in risky sexual behaviours. This study assessed the risky sexual behaviour and the STI Risk Perception among senior high school students within the Sunyani municipality. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was deployed in order to get a clear picture of the relationship between risky sexual behaviour and attendant STIs. The targeted population was 250 students of the Twene Amanfo Senior High Technical School (TASTECH) in Sunyani- Ghana. In order to reduce bias, a simple random sampling was used in recruiting the 250 participants. A structured questionnaire was employed in obtaining quantitative data from the students. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 25) was used to analyze the quantitative data. The results indicated that, 110 students (44% of respondents) indulged in various forms of sexual risk behaviours. A greater majority of 147 (78.8%) had low STI risk perception which is very disheartening. Sexual risk behaviours such as early sexual initiation (OR 7.462, CI: 4.143 – 14.096), having multiple sexual partners (OR 43.669, CI: 20.825 – 91.573), non-condom use (OR 6.368, CI: 3.456 – 11.735) and the use of drugs (OR 15.523, CI: 8.226 – 29.292) were strongly associated with the likelihood of contracting sexually transmitted infections. The study, therefore, recommends that there should be a rigorous mass sensitization campaign across all Senior High schools in Ghana to create more awareness among young people on the dangers associated with indulging in risky sexual behaviours.
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Kaess, M., F. Resch, and R. Brunner. "FC27-04 - School-based professional screening of risk behaviours in European adolescents - does risk behaviour account for adolescent psychopathology?" European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73671-9.
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ObjectivesTo develop a school-based screening for adolescent risk behaviour and psychopathology and to investigate the predictive value of different adolescent risk behaviours in terms of suffering from psychopathology that requires mental health care.MethodsA two-stage professional screening was developed and constituted in the randomized-controlled prevention trial “Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE). A school-based screening consisting of a self-report screening questionnaire and a semi-structured professional interview in case of being identified as at-risk were performed in a representative sample of almost 2,000 adolescents within the SEYLE sample of about 8,000 students from 7 European countries and Israel.ResultsA very high percentage of students were detected to be at-risk by either showing risk behaviour or psychopathology or both in the first stage of the screening. From these students, only about one third came to the study center and took part in the interview. About half of of the interviewed students reached were referred to mental health care.ConclusionsRisk behaviours are very common among European adolescents and may also have increased during the last years. Nevertheless, most risk behaviours are weak predictors for suffering from psychopathology that requires mental health care compared to psychopathology or suicidal behaviour theirselves. Although they are certainly unhealthy and badly influencing adolescent development risk behaviours seem to be an ubiquitous phenomenon during adolescence and cannot simply be regarded as signs for severe psychopathology.
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Hobbs, M., M. J. Duncan, P. Collins, J. Mckenna, S. Schoeppe, A. L. Rebar, S. Alley, C. Short, and C. Vandelanotte. "Clusters of health behaviours in Queensland adults are associated with different socio-demographic characteristics." Journal of Public Health 41, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy043.
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Abstract Background The co-occurrence of unhealthy lifestyles, calls for interventions that target multiple health behaviours. This study investigates the clustering of health behaviours and examines demographic differences between each cluster. Methods In total, 934 adults from Queensland, Australia completed a cross-sectional survey assessing multiple health behaviours. A two-step hierarchical cluster analysis using multiple iterations identified the optimal number of clusters and the subset of distinguishing health behaviour variables. Univariate analyses of variance and chi-squared tests assessed difference in health behaviours by socio-demographic factors and clusters. Results Three clusters were identified: the ‘lower risk’ cluster (n = 436) reported the healthiest profile and met all public health guidelines. The ‘elevated risk’ cluster (n = 105) reported a range of unhealthy behaviours such as excessive alcohol consumption, sitting time, fast-food consumption, smoking, inactivity and a lack of fruit and vegetables. The ‘moderate risk behaviour’ cluster (n = 393) demonstrated some unhealthy behaviours with low physical activity levels and poor dietary outcomes. The ‘elevated risk’ cluster were significantly younger and more socio-economically disadvantaged than both the ‘lower and moderate risk’ clusters. Discussion Younger people who live in more deprived areas were largely within the ‘elevated risk’ cluster and represent an important population for MHBC interventions given their wide range of unhealthy behaviours.
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Hollands, Gareth J., Juliet A. Usher-Smith, Rana Hasan, Florence Alexander, Natasha Clarke, and Simon J. Griffin. "Visualising health risks with medical imaging for changing recipients’ health behaviours and risk factors: Systematic review with meta-analysis." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): e1003920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003920.
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Background There is ongoing clinical and research interest in determining whether providing personalised risk information could motivate risk-reducing health behaviours. We aimed to assess the impact on behaviours and risk factors of feeding back to individuals’ images of their bodies generated via medical imaging technologies in assessing their current disease status or risk. Methods and findings A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted using Cochrane methods. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched up to July 28, 2021, with backward and forward citation searches up to July 29, 2021. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials including adults who underwent medical imaging procedures assessing current health status or risk of disease, for which personal risk may be reduced by modifying behaviour. Trials included an intervention group that received the imaging procedure plus feedback of visualised results and assessed subsequent risk-reducing health behaviour. We examined 12,620 abstracts and included 21 studies, involving 9,248 randomised participants. Studies reported on 10 risk-reducing behaviours, with most data for smoking (8 studies; n = 4,308), medication use (6 studies; n = 4,539), and physical activity (4 studies; n = 1,877). Meta-analysis revealed beneficial effects of feedback of visualised medical imaging results on reduced smoking (risk ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.23, p = 0.04), healthier diet (standardised mean difference [SMD] 0.30, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.50, p = 0.003), increased physical activity (SMD 0.11, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.21, p = 0.04), and increased oral hygiene behaviours (SMD 0.35, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.57, p = 0.002). In addition, single studies reported increased skin self-examination and increased foot care. For other behavioural outcomes (medication use, sun protection, tanning booth use, and blood glucose testing) estimates favoured the intervention but were not statistically significant. Regarding secondary risk factor outcomes, there was clear evidence for reduced systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and improved oral health, and some indication of reduced Framingham risk score. There was no evidence of any adverse effects, including anxiety, depression, or stress, although these were rarely assessed. A key limitation is that there were some concerns about risk of bias for all studies, with evidence for most outcomes being of low certainty. In particular, valid and precise measures of behaviour were rarely used, and there were few instances of preregistered protocols and analysis plans, increasing the likelihood of selective outcome reporting. Conclusions In this study, we observed that feedback of medical images to individuals has the potential to motivate risk-reducing behaviours and reduce risk factors. Should this promise be corroborated through further adequately powered trials that better mitigate against risk of bias, such interventions could usefully capitalise upon the widespread and growing use of medical imaging technologies in healthcare.
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Brewer, Rebecca, Lucy Pomroy, Michelle Wells, and Joanne Ratcliffe. "The Short Dynamic Risk Scale (SDRS) vs START: does either have a relationship with recordings of risk?" Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 7, no. 4 (December 12, 2016): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jidob-05-2016-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide wider research evidence for the use of the Short Dynamic Risk Scale (SDRS) in risk management with individuals who have an Intellectual Disability (ID) and reside in a secure psychiatric inpatient setting. The outcomes are supportive of previous research, showing that outcomes on the SDRS are related to maladaptive behaviours recorded for individual with ID. Design/methodology/approach All participant data taken from the hospital healthcare reporting system were entered into a PASW database. The ratings for each of the SDRS and Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) items were entered and totalled, with a separate total score for the SDRS with the additional three items. In order to capture the behavioural monitoring data, average severities weightings of each of the Overt Aggression Scale-modified for neuro-rehabilitation (OAS-MNR) categories for the three weeks following completion of the individual’s SDRS were calculated and recorded. In addition, average severity weightings reflecting the presence of sexualised behaviour (St Andrew’s Sexual Behaviour Assessment (SASBA) in the subsequent three weeks following SDRS completion was included. Using the most recent START assessment completed allowed for analysis of the predictive ability of the START of the same behavioural data. Findings A series of Spearman’s correlations were run to determine the relationship between outcomes on the SDRS and engagement in risk behaviours as rated by the OAS-MNR scales. There was a moderate positive correlation between all 11-items of the SDRS and OAS-MNR recordings. A series of Spearman’s correlations were conducted to determine the relationship between outcomes on the START Vulnerability items and engagement in risk behaviours as rated by the OAS-MNR scales. There was a weak negative correlation between all individual START vulnerability item ratings and OAS-MNR recordings. Research limitations/implications The current pilot study provides wider research evidence for the use of the SDRS in risk management with individuals who have an ID and reside in a secure psychiatric inpatient setting. Originality/value This paper compares outcomes on the START and SDRS in relation to an individual’s risk recordings to support identification of whether either have practical and clinical utility. To the authors’ knowledge, this has not been completed before.
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MILLER, P. M., M. BYRNE, A. HODGES, S. M. LAWRIE, and E. C. JOHNSTONE. "Childhood behaviour, psychotic symptoms and psychosis onset in young people at high risk of schizophrenia: early findings from the Edinburgh High Risk Study." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 1 (January 2002): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004779.
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Background. Several studies suggest that many patients with schizophrenia have pre-morbid neurodevelopmental abnormalities. This study examines how behavioural abnormalities are associated with mild psychotic symptoms and later schizophrenic illness.Methods. Maternal ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) of the early behaviour of 155 subjects were obtained at entry to the Edinburgh study of people at high risk of schizophrenia. These maternal ratings were compared in those with and without psychotic symptoms and used to predict the later onset of psychosis.Results. The CBCL syndrome scores for the children prior to age 13 did not distinguish any of the study groups at entry to the study. In the ratings made for the subjects when aged from 13 to 16, delinquent behaviour and ‘other problems’ were weakly associated with these symptoms. However, with the exception of somatic symptoms and thought problems, the age 13–16 scales were significant predictors of later schizophrenic illness. This was true also for some of the ratings prior to age 13.Conclusions. Various behaviours, in particular, withdrawn and delinquent–aggressive behaviour in adolescents at risk of schizophrenia may predict later onset of the illness. These behaviours, however, are far less predictive of isolated psychotic symptoms prior to psychosis onset.
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M. R., Othman, Mohammad Roose, A.R., Abdullah S., Abdul Majid, N. N., Mohd Razali I. S., and Wan Husin W.N.I. "Use of Adolescent Problems and Risk Behaviours Inventory (IPERI) to Predict the Influence of Personal Problems on Risky Behaviour among Adolescent in Sarawak, Malaysia." Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.1060.2018.
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This study explores the use of Adolescent Problems and Risk Behaviours Inventory (IPERI)to predict the relationship of personal problems on risky behaviour among adolescence aged14 to 17. The objective of this research is to analyse the influence of personal problems suchas study problems, family support, financial problems, career indecision, peer influence,spiritual management and health condition on the development of risky behaviours amongadolescents. The risky behaviours comprise of eight (8) behaviours which include disciplineproblems, physical bulling, suicidal thoughts, free sex, tobacco consumption, alcohol abuse,drug abuse and media influence. A survey using Adolescent Problems and Risk BehavioursInventory (IPERI) is administered to three hundred and seventy-nine (379) respondents, agebetween 14 to 17. The analysis of Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Standard MultipleRegression showed the existence of significance between all the problem variables, studyproblems (r = .316), family support (r = .256), financial problems (r = .240), health condition(r = .134), peer influence (r = .189), career indecision (r = .185) and spiritual management(r = .242), with the risky behaviour variables. This research contributes to the profilingof adolescents’ risky behaviours which can guide the development of interventions in tacklingadolescent’s risky behaviours.
Keywords: Personal problem; risky behavior; adolescent; spiritual; sexual
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Turbill, Christopher, and Lisa Stojanovski. "Torpor reduces predation risk by compensating for the energetic cost of antipredator foraging behaviours." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 19, 2018): 20182370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2370.
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Foraging activity is needed for energy intake but increases the risk of predation, and antipredator behavioural responses, such as reduced activity, generally reduce energy intake. Hence, the mortality and indirect effects of predation risk are dependent on the energy requirements of prey. Torpor, a controlled reduction in resting metabolism and body temperature, is a common energy-saving mechanism of small mammals that enhances their resistance to starvation. Here we test the hypothesis that torpor could also reduce predation risk by compensating for the energetic cost of antipredator behaviours. We measured the foraging behaviour and body temperature of house mice in response to manipulation of perceived predation risk by adjusting levels of ground cover and starvation risk by 24 h food withdrawal every third day. We found that a voluntary reduction in daily food intake in response to lower cover (high predation risk) was matched by the extent of a daily reduction in body temperature. Our study provides the first experimental evidence of a close link between energy-saving torpor responses to starvation risk and behavioural responses to perceived predation risk. By reducing the risk of starvation, torpor can facilitate stronger antipredator behaviours. These results highlight the interplay between the capacity for reducing metabolic energy expenditure, optimal decisions about foraging behaviour and the life-history ecology of prey.
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Siti Zun Nurain and Intan Suhana Mohd Razelan. "STUDY OF YOUNG MOTORCYCLISTS’ RISK BEHAVIOURS TOWARDS ROAD ACCIDENTS IN KUANTAN." International Journal of Humanities Technology and Civilization 7, no. 2 (December 14, 2022): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijhtc.v7i2.8738.
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In Malaysia, the number of motorcycle-related traffic accidents has gradually climbed over time. Road traffic accidents are typically caused by a combination of individuals and environmental circumstances.Young motorcyclists had significantly over-represented number of deaths in motorcycle road accidents. Many aspects, such as inexperience, lack of riding competence, and risky riding behaviour, have been linked to road traffic crashes among young adults aged 16 to 19 years old. However, less study has been conducted to analyze these young motorcyclists (high school students) riding behaviour. Therefore, this review aims to identify secondary school student’s risk behaviours for road traffic accidents among motorcyclists in Kuantan with young motorcyclists being the main contributor to the road accidents. Most of the youngster use motorcycles as their daily mode of transportation. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional study design and a simple random sampling method. It was conducted among students in three different school in Kuantan area. This study used on-site behavioural observation survey which data observation forms are specifically designed to collect data on motorcyclists’ risk behaviours by using a video camera in the school area. Results: The findings proved that the male students had higher frequency number that contribute to break the speed limits behaviour compare to the female students. Subsequently, breaking the speed limit and riding without crash helmets, failing to keep proper side to side movement with another vehicle and tailgating with another vehicle with unsafe distance are the most influenced risk riding behaviour factors among the students. Apart from that, riding while impaired, performing stunting acts, riding against traffic and riding without headlights on & traffic violation are the behaviours that less contributed to the number of motorcycle accidents. Conclusion: Each risky riding behavior factor has a different effect on road safety among young mototcyclists, especially the students in urban areas. Other than that, the estimated number of crashes can be a reference to authority to reduce the number of accidents in Malaysia.
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Little, Helen. "“It’s about Taking the Risk”: Exploring Toddlers’ Risky Play in a Redesigned Outdoor Space." Education Sciences 12, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci12100677.
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Physically challenging, risky play is a natural part of children’s outdoor play behaviour, yet risky play is often limited by the environmental affordances as well as educators’ reluctance to allow this type of play due to safety concerns. This case study explored the influence of the redesign of the outdoor environment on 18–26-month-old children’s play behaviours and their educators’ attitudes and responses to the children’s risky play. Video recorded observations examined the children’s play behaviours and adult interactions with the children during their usual outdoor play time. Interviews with educators explored their conceptions of risk-taking and attitudes towards the risky elements included in the redesigned space, whilst their attitudes towards children’s risky play and personal risk-taking behaviours were examined using the Tolerance of Risk in Play Scale and Attitudes Towards Risk questionnaire. Findings indicate that despite initial concerns, educators were supportive of the children’s risky play in the new environment and the environment afforded opportunities for diverse play including risky play.
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Wylęgły, Kamila. "The Internet - a risk-taking space for university students." Journal of Education Culture and Society 12, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2021.1.413.425.
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Aim. The purpose of this article is to analyse risky behaviours undertaken by university students on the Internet. Theory. The concepts of “risk” and “risky behaviour” are known and often discussed in science. Krzysztof Ostaszewski (2005) defines risky behaviours as actions that contradict social norms and legal order, which at the same time pose a threat to a person's health and development. The catalogue of risky behaviours is very diverse and—more importantly—open. With the development of civilisation, new forms appear. Examples include risky behaviours on the Internet. Methodology and research results. The study population sample consisted of 241 university students. The research was conducted using an online survey questionnaire. The respondents admitted to taking risks in the virtual world. A large percentage of respondents admit to sharing private information on social networks (almost 70%). Nearly 75% of respondents ignore communications about potential threats to websites, putting themselves at risk of losing sensitive data. Moreover, 65.1% of students admit to downloading content from illegal sources. Other risky behaviours undertaken by students on the Internet include Internet addiction and online activities, aggression on the Internet, sexual and/or erotic behaviour in cyberspace. The paper also presents the answers to open-ended questions, which refer to threats on the Internet as perceived by the students. The answers given most often referred to: addiction to new technologies, loss/theft of private data, vulnerability to false/unverified information available on the Internet. Cognitive value. Online risk-taking is a global problem. The phenomenon should be further theoretically considered and analysed in a pedagogical practice.
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Notari, Lorella, Roxane Kirton, and Daniel S. Mills. "Psycho-Behavioural Changes in Dogs Treated with Corticosteroids: A Clinical Behaviour Perspective." Animals 12, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050592.
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Arousal and distress are often important factors in problematic behaviours, and endogenous corticosteroids are important mediators in the associated stress responses. Exogenous corticosteroid treatments have been reported to change behaviour in human patients and laboratory animals, with similar changes also noted in pet dogs. These behaviours not only potentially adversely impact the welfare of the dogs, but also the quality of life of their owners. Indeed, corticosteroids can bias sensitivity towards aversion in dogs. A decrease in behaviours associated with positive affective states, such as play and exploratory behaviours, together with an increase in aggression and barking have also been described in dogs. According to the available literature, human patients with pre-existing psychiatric disorders are more at risk of developing behavioural side effects due to corticosteroid treatments. It is reasonable to consider that the same may happen in dogs with pre-existing behavioural problems. In this paper, the possible behavioural side effects of exogenous corticosteroids are summarised to help inform and support veterinarians prescribing these drugs.
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Wintemute, G. J. "Association between firearm ownership, firearm-related risk and risk reduction behaviours and alcohol-related risk behaviours." Injury Prevention 17, no. 6 (June 13, 2011): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.031443.
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Tuyon, Jasman, and Zamri Ahmad. "Psychoanalysis of Investor Irrationality and Dynamism in Stock Market." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 30, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260107917697504.
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This article provides an alternative theoretical framework to explain investors’ irrational behaviours in finance theories (mainly asset pricing) based on psychoanalysis approach. This is an approach used by psychoanalysts and psychiatrists to investigate human minds. The investigation is facilitated by interdisciplinary theories, namely (a) bounded rationality theory which differentiates intuition and reasoning, (b) prospect theory which explains framing and valuation and (c) theory of mind which divides behavioural risks into cognitive heuristics and affective biases. These theories collectively explain the origin of irrational behaviours. Additionally, (d) the ABC (Activating–Beliefs–Consequences) model is also used to interpret the causes and effects of irrational behaviours on investors and market behaviour. Last theory, (e) the dual system model of preference is used to conceptualize the bounded human mind that contains both rational and irrational elements. The proposed theoretical framework provides the theoretical foundation of investors’ irrational origin, forces, causes as well as their systematic effects on investors, asset prices and stock market behaviours dynamism. The validity of the theoretical framework is supported by empirical test using a representative of emerging stock market data and behavioural risk proxies.
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Carr‐Gregg, Michael RC, Kate C. Enderby, and Sonia R. Grover. "Risk‐taking behaviour of young women in Australia: screening for health‐risk behaviours." Medical Journal of Australia 178, no. 12 (June 2003): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05381.x.
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Broderick, Gordon. "Risk‐taking behaviour of young women in Australia: screening for health‐risk behaviours." Medical Journal of Australia 180, no. 10 (May 2004): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06072.x.
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Aysun; TOPÇU, ERGÜL-TOPÇU. "Health Risk Behaviour In University Students: Prevalence And Reciprocal Nature Of Risk Behaviours." Ankara Sa 16, no. 1 (2017): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/ashd_0000000121.
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Markie-Dadds, Carol, and Matthew R. Sanders. "Self-Directed Triple P (Positive Parenting Program) for Mothers with Children at-Risk of Developing Conduct Problems." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 34, no. 3 (March 27, 2006): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465806002797.
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A self-directed variant of the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) was evaluated using 63 preschool-age children at-risk of developing conduct problems. Families were randomly assigned to either Self-directed Triple P (SD), a self-administered behavioural family intervention program, or a waitlist group (WL). The 10-unit SD program teaches parents 17 parenting skills to increase pro-social child behaviours and decrease problem behaviours in home and community settings. Using mothers' reports of child behaviour and parenting practices, mothers in the SD group reported significantly less child behaviour problems, less use of dysfunctional discipline strategies, and greater parenting competence than mothers in the WL group. On measures of parental adjustment, there was no significant difference in conditions at post-intervention based on mothers' reports of depression, anxiety, stress and conflict with partners over parenting issues. Mothers' reports at 6-month follow-up indicated that gains in child behaviour and parenting practices achieved at post-intervention were maintained.
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Ryan, Jill, Nicolette V. Roman, and Auma Okwany. "The Effects of Parental Monitoring and Communication on Adolescent Substance Use and Risky Sexual Activity: A Systematic Review." Open Family Studies Journal 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401507010012.
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Aim: The aim of the systematic study was to determine the effect of parenting practices on adolescent risk behaviours such as substance use and sexual risk behaviour. Method: Quantitative research studies were systematically collected from various databases such as Academic Search Complete, MEDLINE (Pubmed), JSTOR, Project Muse and SAGE for the duration of 2003-2013 which was within the 10 year period of relevant literature to the date of study. Results: Findings established that parental monitoring and communication prevented drug initiation, delayed alcohol initiation, and sexual debut, increased alcohol refusal efficacy, and decreased delinquent behaviour and risk taking behaviours in high risk adolescents. Conclusion: This review shows that parental practices play significant protective and promotive roles in managing adolescent risk behaviours.
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Boer, Harm, and Anupama Iyer. "Challenging behaviour and offending behaviours." Tizard Learning Disability Review 25, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-04-2020-0005.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore three main areas in relation to the interface between challenging behaviour and offending. Design/methodology/approach The first aim is to explore the labelling of behaviours as challenging or offending behaviour in the light of legal definitions, staff knowledge and beliefs and the mental capacity and mental health acts. The second is to explore challenging behaviour as a risk factor for offending in people with Intellectual Disability (ID).The third aim is to discuss the challenging behaviour as a barrier to discharge from secure services. Findings There is limited research suggesting that challenging behaviour such as physical aggression can lead to longer stay in forensic services, and this warrants further research. Originality/value This paper aims to promote discussion about the interface of offending and challenging behaviour in people with IDs and to promote best practice.
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Morton, Katherine, Lauren Towler, Julia Groot, Sascha Miller, Ben Ainsworth, James Denison-Day, Cathy Rice, et al. "Infection control in the home: a qualitative study exploring perceptions and experiences of adhering to protective behaviours in the home during the COVID-19 pandemic." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (November 2021): e056161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056161.
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ObjectivesWe sought to explore people’s experiences and perceptions of implementing infection control behaviours in the home during the COVID-19 pandemic, guided by an online behavioural intervention.DesignInductive qualitative study.SettingUK public during the COVID-19 pandemic.ParticipantsThirteen people took part in telephone interviews, and 124 completed a qualitative open-text survey. All were recruited from the public. Most survey participants were aged over 60 years, while interview participants were more distributed in age. Most reported being at increased risk from COVID-19, and were white British.InterventionOnline behavioural intervention to support infection control behaviours in the home during the COVID-19 pandemic.Data collectionTelephone think-aloud interviews and qualitative survey data.Data analysisThe think-aloud interview data and qualitative survey data were analysed independently using inductive thematic analysis. The findings were subsequently triangulated.ResultsThematic analysis of the telephone interviews generated seven themes: perceived risk; belief in the effectiveness of protective behaviours; acceptability of distancing and isolation; having capacity to perform the behaviours; habit forming reduces effort; having the confidence to perform the behaviours; and social norms affect motivation to engage in the behaviours. The themes identified from the survey data mapped well onto the interview analysis. Isolating and social distancing at home were less acceptable than cleaning and handwashing, influenced by the need for intimacy with household members. This was especially true in the absence of symptoms and when perceived risk was low. People felt more empowered when they understood that even small changes, such as spending some time apart, were worthwhile to reduce exposure and lessen viral load.ConclusionsThe current study provided valuable insight into the acceptability and feasibility of protective behaviours, and how public health guidance could be incorporated into a behaviour change intervention for the public during a pandemic.
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Waller, Rebecca, Christopher J. Trentacosta, Daniel S. Shaw, Jenae M. Neiderhiser, Jody M. Ganiban, David Reiss, Leslie D. Leve, and Luke W. Hyde. "Heritable temperament pathways to early callous–unemotional behaviour." British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 6 (December 2016): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.181503.
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BackgroundEarly callous–unemotional behaviours identify children at risk for antisocial behaviour. Recent work suggests that the high heritability of callous–unemotional behaviours is qualified by interactions with positive parenting.AimsTo examine whether heritable temperament dimensions of fearlessness and low affiliative behaviour are associated with early callous–unemotional behaviours and whether parenting moderates these associations.MethodUsing an adoption sample (n=561), we examined pathways from biological mother self-reported fearlessness and affiliative behaviour to child callous–unemotional behaviours via observed child fearlessness and affiliative behaviour, and whether adoptive parent observed positive parenting moderated pathways.ResultsBiological mother fearlessness predicted child callous–unemotional behaviours via earlier child fearlessness. Biological mother low affiliative behaviour predicted child callous–unemotional behaviours, although not via child affiliative behaviours. Adoptive mother positive parenting moderated the fearlessness to callous–unemotional behaviour pathway.ConclusionsHeritable fearlessness and low interpersonal affiliation traits contribute to the development of callous–unemotional behaviours. Positive parenting can buffer these risky pathways.
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Lian, Xinming, Tongzuo Zhang, Yifan Cao, Jianping Su, and Simon Thirgood. "Road proximity and traffic flow perceived as potential predation risks: evidence from the Tibetan antelope in the Kekexili National Nature Reserve, China." Wildlife Research 38, no. 2 (2011): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10158.
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Context The risk-disturbance hypothesis predicts that animals exhibit risk-avoidance behaviours when exposed to human disturbance because they perceive the disturbance as a predatory threat. Aims This study aimed to examine whether Tibetan antelopes (Pantholops hodgsoni) exhibit risk-avoidance behaviour with proximity to a major highway and with increasing traffic flow consistent with the risk-disturbance hypothesis. Methods Focal-animal sampling was used to observe the behaviour of Tibetan antelopes. The behaviours were categorised as foraging, vigilance, resting, moving, or other. The time, frequency, and duration of foraging and vigilance were calculated. Key results As distance from the road increased, time spent foraging and foraging duration increased while foraging frequency, time spent being vigilant and vigilance frequency decreased, indicating that there is a risk perception associated with roads. Tibetan antelopes presented more risk-avoidance behaviours during high-traffic periods compared with low-traffic periods. Conclusions Tibetan antelopes exhibited risk-avoidance behaviour towards roads that varied with proximity and traffic levels, which is consistent with the risk-disturbance hypothesis. Implications The consequences of risk-avoidance behaviour should be reflected in wildlife management by considering human disturbance and road design.
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Wise, Toby, Tomislav D. Zbozinek, Giorgia Michelini, Cindy C. Hagan, and Dean Mobbs. "Changes in risk perception and self-reported protective behaviour during the first week of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 9 (September 2020): 200742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200742.
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Efforts to change behaviour are critical in minimizing the spread of highly transmissible pandemics such as COVID-19. However, it is unclear whether individuals are aware of disease risk and alter their behaviour early in the pandemic. We investigated risk perception and self-reported engagement in protective behaviours in 1591 United States-based individuals cross-sectionally and longitudinally over the first week of the pandemic. Subjects demonstrated growing awareness of risk and reported engaging in protective behaviours with increasing frequency but underestimated their risk of infection relative to the average person in the country. Social distancing and hand washing were most strongly predicted by the perceived probability of personally being infected. However, a subgroup of individuals perceived low risk and did not engage in these behaviours. Our results highlight the importance of risk perception in early interventions during large-scale pandemics.
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Johnson, Anne M., Catherine H. Mercer, Bob Erens, Andrew J. Copas, Sally McManus, Kaye Wellings, Kevin A. Fenton, et al. "Sexual behaviour in Britain: partnerships, practices, and HIV risk behaviours." Lancet 358, no. 9296 (December 2001): 1835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06883-0.
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Edney, Sarah Martine, Su Hyun Park, Linda Tan, Xin Hui Chua, Borame Sue Lee Dickens, Salome A. Rebello, Nick Petrunoff, et al. "Advancing understanding of dietary and movement behaviours in an Asian population through real-time monitoring: Protocol of the Continuous Observations of Behavioural Risk Factors in Asia study (COBRA)." DIGITAL HEALTH 8 (January 2022): 205520762211105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076221110534.
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Background Modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases, including eating an unhealthy diet and being physically inactive, are influenced by complex and dynamic interactions between people and their social and physical environment. Therefore, understanding patterns and determinants of these risk factors as they occur in real life is essential to enable the design of precision public health interventions. Objective This paper describes the protocol for the Continuous Observations of Behavioural Risk Factors in Asia study (COBRA). The study uses real-time data capture methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of eating and movement behaviours, including how these differ by socio-demographic characteristics and are shaped by people's interaction with their social and physical environment. Methods COBRA is an observational study in free-living conditions. We will recruit 1500 adults aged 21–69 years from a large prospective cohort study. Real-time data capture methods will be used for nine consecutive days: an ecological momentary assessment app with a global positioning system enabled to collect location data, accelerometers to measure movement, and wearable sensors to monitor blood glucose levels. Participants receive six EMA surveys per day between 8 a.m. and 9.30 p.m. to capture information on behavioural risk factors including eating behaviours and diet composition movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep), and related contextual factors. The second wave of ecological momentary assessment surveys with a global positioning system enabled will be sent 6 months later. Data will be analysed using generalised linear models to examine associations between behavioural risk factors and contextual determinants. Discussion Findings from this study will advance our understanding of dietary and movement behaviours as they occur in real-life and inform the development of personalised interventions to prevent chronic diseases.
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Arrazola, Aitor, and Katrina Merkies. "Effect of Human Attachment Style on Horse Behaviour and Physiology during Equine-Assisted Activities–A Pilot Study." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071156.
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Equine-assisted activities (EAA) for human well-being and health rely on human–horse interactions for therapeutic effect. At-risk participants with mental and emotional difficulties can show poor social skills and functioning relationships, potentially leading to unsuccessful human–horse interaction in EAA. This study addresses the effect of the attachment style (AS) of at-risk adolescents on horse physiology and behaviour during an equine-facilitated learning (EFL) program. Thirty-three adolescents participated in a 10-week EFL program with nine therapy horses (the same therapy horse per adolescent throughout the program). Adolescent AS was categorized into secure (n = 7), preoccupied (n = 11), dismissing (n = 1), or fearful (n = 12) using an Experiences in Close Relationships – Relationship Structure questionnaire. Horse heart rate (HR) and behaviour (affiliative and avoidance behaviours) in response to adolescents were recorded during grooming and riding. Over time, horses with fearful AS adolescents showed consistently more affiliative behaviours compared to those with preoccupied AS adolescents during grooming, and more constant HR and avoidance behaviours compared to those with secure AS adolescents during riding. These results suggest that a more predictable and less stressful physiological and behavioural response of therapy horses toward participants in EAA with emotional and behavioural difficulties can be mediated by a human insecure attachment style.
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Ng, Kennedy YY, Wesley Yeung, Ka Lon Sou, Jie Xin Lim, Sai Liang, Ryan KJ Lee, Nigel JM Fong, et al. "Factors influencing protective behaviours during haze episodes in Singapore: A population-based study." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 50, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 514–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2020614.
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Introduction: Haze is a recurrent problem in Southeast Asia. Exposure to haze is linked to ophthalmic, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and mortality. In this study, we investigated the role of demographic factors, knowledge and perceived risk in influencing protective behaviours during the 2013 haze in Singapore. Methods: We evaluated 696 adults in a cross-sectional study. Participants were sampled via a 2-stage simple random sampling without replacement from a large residential district in Singapore in 2015. The questionnaire measured the participant’s knowledge, perceived risk and behaviours during the Southeast Asian haze crisis in 2013. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were assessed using comparative fit index (≥0.96) and root mean square error of approximation (≤0.05). We performed structural equation modelling to examine the relationship between the hypothesised factors and protective behaviours. Results: More than 95% of the individuals engaged in at least 1 form of protective behaviour. Knowledge was strongly associated with protective behaviours via direct effect (β=0.45, 95% CI 0.19–0.69, P<0.001) and indirect effect through perceived risk (β=0.18, 95% CI 0.07–0.31, P=0.002). Perceived risk was associated with protective behaviours (β=0.28, 95% CI:0.11–0.44, P=0.002). A lower household income and ethnic minority were associated with protective behaviours. A lower education level and smokers were associated with lower knowledge of haze. A higher education and ethnic minority were associated with a lower perceived risk. Wearing of N95 masks was associated with other haze-related protective behaviours (β=0.24, 95% CI 0.08–0.37, P=0.001). Conclusion: Knowledge was associated with protective behaviours, suggesting the importance of public education. Efforts should target those of lower education level and smokers. The wearing of N95 masks correlates with uptake of other protective behaviours. Keywords: Haze, knowledge, N95 mask, protective behaviour, risk perception
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Couturiaux, Danielle V. R., Honor Young, Rebecca E. Anthony, Nicholas Page, Emily Lowthian, G. J. Melendez-Torres, Gillian Hewitt, and Graham F. Moore. "Risk Behaviours Associated with Dating and Relationship Violence among 11–16 Year Olds in Wales: Results from the 2019 Student Health and Wellbeing Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031192.
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(1) Background: This study examines the associations between risk behaviours and adolescent emotional and physical dating and relationship violence (DRV) victimisation and perpetration, and how these vary by gender. The risk behaviours explored include bullying, cyberbullying, sexting, alcohol, and cannabis use; (2) Methods: Cross-sectional self-report data from the School Health Research Network (SHRN) 2019 Student Health Wellbeing (SHW) survey of 48,397 students aged 11–16 from 149 schools across Wales were analysed using single and multiple-behaviour logistic regression models to explore the associations between each risk behaviour and emotional and physical DRV victimisation and perpetration; (3) Results: Bivariate analyses revealed a statistically significant association between DRV and all risk behaviours. In multivariate analyses, students who reported bullying, cyberbullying, sexting, and substance use, compared to those that had not, had significantly higher odds of experiencing and perpetrating emotional and physical DRV; and (4) Conclusions: Future studies on DRV should consider a mixed-methods approach to explore the context in which DRV and risk behaviours interrelate. Results from this study indicate the possibility that prevention and intervention programmes in school settings that seek to develop healthy school environments and peer-to-peer relationships, could inadvertently reduce the occurrence of future DRV and associated risk behaviours.
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Hart, G. "Social context of risk behaviours." AIDS Care 12, no. 4 (August 2000): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120050123846.
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Coleman, R. M., and D. Curtis. "Risk behaviours for HIV infection." BMJ 298, no. 6686 (June 3, 1989): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6686.1522.
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Andrews, Jack L., Lucy E. Foulkes, Jessica K. Bone, and Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. "Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence: Development and Validation of a New Measure." Brain Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060397.
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In adolescence, there is a heightened propensity to take health risks such as smoking, drinking or driving too fast. Another facet of risk taking, social risk, has largely been neglected. A social risk can be defined as any decision or action that could lead to an individual being excluded by their peers, such as appearing different to one’s friends. In the current study, we developed and validated a measure of concern for health and social risk for use in individuals of 11 years and over (N = 1399). Concerns for both health and social risk declined with age, challenging the commonly held stereotype that adolescents are less worried about engaging in risk behaviours, compared with adults. The rate of decline was steeper for social versus health risk behaviours, suggesting that adolescence is a period of heightened concern for social risk. We validated our measure against measures of rejection sensitivity, depression and risk-taking behaviour. Greater concern for social risk was associated with increased sensitivity to rejection and greater depressed mood, and this association was stronger for adolescents compared with adults. We conclude that social risks should be incorporated into future models of risk-taking behaviour, especially when they are pitted against health risks.
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LIAO, C. M., S. H. YOU, and Y. H. CHENG. "Network information analysis reveals risk perception transmission in a behaviour-influenza dynamics system." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 1 (March 20, 2014): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814000430.
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SUMMARYInfluenza poses a significant public health burden worldwide. Understanding how and to what extent people would change their behaviour in response to influenza outbreaks is critical for formulating public health policies. We incorporated the information-theoretic framework into a behaviour-influenza (BI) transmission dynamics system in order to understand the effects of individual behavioural change on influenza epidemics. We showed that information transmission of risk perception played a crucial role in the spread of health-seeking behaviour throughout influenza epidemics. Here a network BI model provides a new approach for understanding the risk perception spread and human behavioural change during disease outbreaks. Our study allows simultaneous consideration of epidemiological, psychological, and social factors as predictors of individual perception rates in behaviour-disease transmission systems. We suggest that a monitoring system with precise information on risk perception should be constructed to effectively promote health behaviours in preparation for emerging disease outbreaks.
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Gullone, Eleonora, Jacqueline Paul, and Susan M. Moore. "A Validation Study of the Adolescent Risk-taking Questionnaire." Behaviour Change 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.17.3.143.
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AbstractThe Adolescent Risk-taking Questionnaire (ARQ) was developed to comprehensively assess adolescent risk-taking beliefs and behaviours. Research has shown that it is a reliable instrument with strong construct validity. The current study investigated the convergent and discriminant validity of the ARQ by comparing responses of a sample of 52 male adolescents from a juvenile justice centre and 211 school-attending male adolescents. Consistent with past research, the juvenile justice centre youth reported significantly higher levels of depression and less optimal levels of parent attachment compared to school-attending youth. Convergent validity of the ARQ was demonstrated through significant relationships between attachment and risk-taking. Specifically, those adolescents with less optimal parent attachment were more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviour and were less likely to perceive the behaviours included in the ARQ as risky compared to those with more optimal levels of parent attachment. Discriminant validity of the ARQ was demonstrated through significant differences between the two groups on risk beliefs and behaviours. Responses on the ARQ indicated that youth from the juvenile justice centre were significantly more likely to engage in risky behaviours, if given the opportunity, than school-based youth. They also perceived the behaviours to be less risky. It was concluded that the ARQ has good convergent and discriminant validity.