Books: 'Risk of malnutrition'

1

Haajizadeh(Abinema), Foroogh. Malnutrition as a risk factor for osteoporosis in asian and caucasian elderly women. [Guildford]: University of Surrey, 1998.

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2

Sīsuwan, Prīdā. Rāingān wičhai patčhai sīang thī mī khwāmsamphan kap phāwa thupphōtčhanākān khō̜ng dek ʻāyu tamkwā 5 pī nai Čhangwat Phrǣ, pī 2538: Risk factors related to malnutrition of childrens [sic] under 5 years old in Phrae Province, 1995. Phrae]: Samnakngān Sāthāranasuk Čhangwat Phrǣ, 1996.

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3

Bhattacharya, Jay. Youths at nutritional risk: Malnourished or misnourished? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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4

The risk of malnutrition in nursing homes: Forum before the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, Washington, DC, October 22, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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5

Pacheco, Fabiola M. Concha. La desnutrición: Y sus efectos en el desarrollo del niño. Lima: Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazón, 1989.

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6

Office, International Labour, ed. Children at work: Health and safety risks. 2nd ed. Geneva: ILO, 2002.

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7

Office, International Labour, ed. Children at work: Health and safety risks. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1997.

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8

Rahman, Azizur. Malnutrition: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Outcomes. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.

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9

Rahman, Azizur. Malnutrition: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Outcomes. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.

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10

Knudsen, Johanna B. Malnutrition: Risk Factors, Health Effects and Prevention. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2012.

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11

Ng, Lauren C., and Theresa S. Betancourt. Risk and Resilience. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.28.

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Acknowledging that combat is not the primary cause of death or disability for civilians during armed conflict, this chapter outlines various ways female civilians experience harm or health risks in conflict. The chapter covers threats to safety and security; access to health care; family and community connections; and education and economic security (the “SAFE model”). Particular attention is given to risks related to the destruction of housing, reduced access to clean water, famine and malnutrition, infectious diseases, reproductive health, sexual violence, forced displacement, mental health, and widowhood. The chapter provides examples from a variety of conflict settings. It closes with a call for post-conflict reconstruction efforts to be informed by recognition of the unique, non-combat harms faced by women.

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12

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Dietary Risk Assessment in the WIC Program and United States. Food and Nutrition Service, eds. Framework for dietary risk assessment in the WIC program: An interim report. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2000.

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13

Illinois. Division of Health Assessment and Screening. Nutrition Services Section., ed. Nutrition surveillance: A special report on Cook County. Springfield, Ill. (535 W. Jefferson St., Springfield 62761): The Division, 1988.

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14

Heyland, Daren K., and Marina Mourtzakis. Malnutrition in Critical Illness: Implications, Causes, and Therapeutic Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0036.

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Malnutrition is generally defined as an inadequate intake of nutrients or calories for appropriate physiological functioning. Undernourishment specifically refers to hypocaloric intake as well as reduced macro- and micronutrient intakes relative to the calculated recommendation for a patient. This chapter discusses the undernourishment of the critically ill patient and its attendant physiological and clinical consequences. Achieving 80–90% of prescribed protein and calories is both achievable and is associated with the beneficial physiological and clinical outcomes in a significant proportion of patients. Strategies to maximize these benefits as well as minimizing the risk of enteral nutrition are essential. These should include early initiation of enteral nutrition (within 24–48 hours), adoption of second-generation feeding protocols, use of motility agents, small bowel feeding tubes, and elevation of the head of the bed. Given the encouraging results of early mobilization, it could be hypothesized that combining early mobilization and nutrition interventions would limit muscle mass loss and maintain muscle integrity and function in critically ill patients.

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15

Batra, Akshay, and John Puntis. Refeeding syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0013.

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Malnutrition is a problem in children with chronic illnesses. Aggressive nutritional rehabilitation can put them at risk of refeeding syndrome. This chapter highlights the risk factors and management of refeeding syndrome.

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16

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Nutrition support teams. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0009.

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Malnutrition 68Suggested core composition of the NST 69Roles of the NST 69There has been a considerable increase in the use of intensive nutritional support (both parenteral and enteral) in the management of children with chronic disorders. In addition, awareness of overt or potential malnutrition among hospital inpatients has increased. The identification of those with (or at risk from) malnutrition, and provision of effective nutritional intervention requires a multidisciplinary team approach since the skills required to deal with the details of assessment, prescription, administration, and monitoring of treatment frequently fall outside the remit of a single practitioner....

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17

Egreteau, Pierre-Yves, and Jean-Michel Boles. Assessing nutritional status in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0204.

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Decreased nutrient intake, increased body requirements, and/or altered nutrient utilization are frequently combined in critically-ill patients. The initial nutritional status and the extent of the disease-related catabolism are the main risk factors for nutrition- related complications. Many complications are related to protein energy malnutrition, which is frequent in the ICU setting. Assessing nutritional status pursues several different goals. Nutritional assessment is required for patients presenting with clinical evidence of malnutrition, with chronic diseases, with acute conditions accompanied by a high catabolic rate, and elderly patients. Recording the patient’s history, nutrient intake, and physical examination, and subjective global assessment allows classification of nutritional status. All the traditional markers of malnutrition, anthropometric measurements and plasma proteins, lose their specificity in the sick adult as each may be affected by a number of non-nutritional factors. Muscle function evaluated by hand-grip strength in cooperative patients and serum albumin provide an objective risk assessment. Several nutritional indices have been validated in specific groups of patients to identify patients at risk of nutritionally-mediated complications and, therefore, the need for nutritional support. A strong suspicion remains the best way of uncovering potentially harmful nutritional deficiencies.

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18

Heather, Nicky. Nutritional management of cystic fibrosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0024.

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This chapter covers the nutritional management of cystic fibrosis. This includes discussion of the risk factors for malnutrition, assessment of nutritional status, assessment of nutritional requirements, and practical management. The chapter includes a section on pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy.

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19

US GOVERNMENT. The risk of malnutrition in nursing homes: Forum before the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, Washington, DC, October 22, 1997 (S. hrg). For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1997.

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20

Gladman, Matthew, and Lorne Zinman. Symptomatic Management in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0024.

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Although ALS remains an incurable disease, there are specific treatments that can significantly improve quality of life and some that can modify survival. Patients are best followed in multidisciplinary ALS clinics where a number of medical experts can address a wide range of symptoms. Additional studies are needed to develop evidenced-based best practice guidelines to further improve care for patients with ALS. Bulbar dysfunction eventually affects the vast majority of ALS patients, and progressive dysphagia results from weakness and spasticity of the muscles involved in swallowing. Dysphagia is associated with increased risk of aspiration and choking, as well as with long-term risk of malnutrition, weight loss, and dehydration. Appropriate measures to enhance caloric intake contribute to a greater sense of well-being. Augmentative communication devices and ventilator support can also be used to reduce suffering.

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21

(Editor), R. L. Isaacson, and K. F. Jensen (Editor), eds. The Vulnerable Brain and Environmental Risks. Springer, 1994.

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22

1928-, Isaacson Robert L., and Jensen Karl F, eds. The Vulnerable brain and environmental risks. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.

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23

1928-, Isaacson Robert L., and Jensen Karl F, eds. The Vulnerable brain and environmental risks. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.

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24

Lowitt, Kristen, Katherine Gray-Donald, Gordon M. Hickey, Arlette Saint Ville, Isabella Francis-Granderson, Chandra A. Madramootoo, and Leroy E. Phillip. The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0010.

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Overweight and obesity affect over half a billion people globally and represent major public health concerns because excess weight gain is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This chapter presents an overview of global trends in obesity, considering both developed and developing country contexts. It describes how this pandemic is rooted in the “nutrition transition” taking place around the world as a result of a globalized agri-food system that is changing the quantity, types, and desirability of foods available for consumption. In some countries, this is contributing to a “double burden of malnutrition,” as the problem of undernutrition now coexists alongside an increasing prevalence of over-nutrition. An overview of key policy responses and policy instruments that governments can utilize to address obesity is provided, recognizing that a holistic food systems response is needed to address the global challenge of obesity. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the food security and obesity challenges facing the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and profiles a “farm to fork” school feeding project in the island nation of St. Kitts-Nevis that was designed to reduce obesity and improve food security among children. Implementation and key results of this integrated project are presented, including the core components of agricultural production, procurement of local produce, and children’s consumption of nutritious foods. The chapter concludes by identifying lessons for supporting “farm to school”-type projects as a possible food systems response to addressing obesity and food insecurity.

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25

Zaitchik, Benjamin F. Climate and Health across Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.555.

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Humans have understood the importance of climate to human health since ancient times. In some cases, the connections appear to be obvious: a flood can cause drownings, a drought can lead to crop failure and hunger, and temperature extremes pose a risk of exposure. In other cases, the connections are veiled by complex or unobserved processes, such that the influence of climate on a disease epidemic or a conflict can be difficult to diagnose. In reality, however, all climate impacts on health are mediated by some combination of natural and human dynamics that cause individuals or populations to be vulnerable to the effects of a variable or changing climate.Understanding and managing negative health impacts of climate is a global challenge. The challenge is greater in regions with high poverty and weak institutions, however, and Africa is a continent where the health burden of climate is particularly acute. Observed climate variability in the modern era has been associated with widespread food insecurity, significant epidemics of infectious disease, and loss of life and livelihoods to climate extremes. Anthropogenic climate change is a further stress that has the potential to increase malnutrition, alter the distribution of diseases, and bring more frequent hydrological and temperature extremes to many regions across the continent.Skillful early warning systems and informed climate change adaptation strategies have the potential to enhance resilience to short-term climate variability and to buffer against negative impacts of climate change. But effective warnings and projections require both scientific and institutional capacity to address complex processes that are mediated by physical, ecological, and societal systems. Here the state of understanding climate impacts on health in Africa is summarized through a selective review that focuses on food security, infectious disease, and extreme events. The potential to apply scientific understanding to early warning and climate change projection is also considered.

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26

Frenkel, Catherine, and Aurora Pryor. Revisional Bariatric Surgery. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0024.

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The annual volume of bariatric surgery is growing, giving rise to an increase in complications requiring complex management, including revision. Bariatric revision procedures are also becoming increasingly necessary for weight-loss recidivism and patients at the extreme of obesity. This chapter outlines clinical management pathways used to address secondary bariatric surgery. It summarizes reasons for, and outcomes with, revision of a laparoscopic gastric band, vertical banded gastroplasty, sleeve gastrectomy, or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surgical techniques used to manage weight regain or failed weight loss after bariatric surgery are also discussed. Finally, surgical solutions for bariatric surgery-induced malnutrition are described, particularly in the setting of biliopancreatic diversion, duodenal switch, or jejunoileal bypass. Overall, the chapter concludes that standardization of revisional procedures can have a significant patient impact, and guidelines must be evidence-based in order to ensure patient safety and success.

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27

Brennfleck, Shannon Joyce, ed. Worldwide health sourcebook: Basic information about global health issues, including malnutrition, reproductive health, disease dispersion and prevention, emerging diseases, risky health behaviors, and the leading causes of death ... Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2001.

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28

Timmins, Bryan. Non-prescription drugs. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0342.

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The use of non-prescription drugs is widespread and has a major impact on the health of the individual user and society. In 2006, the British Crime Survey reported that 10% of adults had used one or more illicit drugs in the preceding year, with 3% reporting using a Class A drug. Over 11 million people in the UK are estimated to have used an illicit drug at least once in their lifetime (35%). Drugs abused vary in their intrinsic potential to cause addiction and, with it, more regular and harmful use. Drug users are influenced by trends and fashions, adopting new compounds such as crack cocaine and experimenting with routes of ingestion. Some drugs may become less popular over time, such as LSD, while others, such as cannabis, experience a revival as more potent strains (e.g. Skunk) are developed. A problem drug user is best defined as a person whose drug taking is no longer controlled or undertaken for recreational purposes and where drugs have become a more essential element of the individual’s life. The true economic and social cost of drug use is likely to be substantially greater than the published figures, which are derived from a variety of health and crime surveys which may overlook vulnerable groups such as the homeless. The majority of non-prescription drugs used in the UK are illegal and covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The drugs most commonly abused gave rise in 2003–4 to an estimated financial cost in England and Wales of 15.4 billion pounds to the economy, with Class A drugs such as heroin and cocaine accounting for the majority of this. Some 90% of the cost is due to drug-related crime, with only 3% (£488 million) due to health service expenditure, which is mainly spent on inpatient care episodes. This still represents a major health pressure, which in 2006–7 amounted to 38 000 admissions, in England, for primary and secondary drug-related mental or behavioural problems, and over 10 000 admissions recorded for drug poisoning. Clinicians in all specialities can expect to encounter harmful drug use, especially those working in primary care, A & E, and psychiatric services. Presenting problems are protean, ranging from mood disorders, delirium, and psychosis to sepsis, malnutrition, and hepatitis. Blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C and HIV are widespread, as contaminated needles and syringes are shared by up to a quarter of problem drug users. Even smoking drugs such as crack cocaine can lead to increased transmission of hepatitis C through oral ulceration and contact with hot contaminated smoking pipes. Amongst the UK population, over half of IV drug users have hepatitis C, a quarter have antibodies to hepatitis B, and, by 2006, 4662 had been diagnosed with HIV. Non-prescription drug abuse is a leading cause of death and morbidity amongst the young adult population (those aged 16–35). In 2006 there were 1573 deaths where the underlying cause was poisoning, drug abuse, or dependence on substances controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act. The vast majority (79%) were male. Young men, in particular, are at greater risk of violent death through associated criminal activity such as drug supplying and from deliberate and accidental overdose. The male-to-female ratio for deaths associated with mental and behavioural disorder is 6:1.

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29

Barrett, Christopher B., and Erin C. Lentz. Food Insecurity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.438.

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Food plays an essential role in performance and well-being. Apart from its physiological necessity, food is also a source of pleasure. Since both biological needs for food and psychic satisfaction from food vary considerably among and within populations, coming up with precise, operationalizable measures of food security have proved problematic. Furthermore, the concept of food security encompasses not only current nutritional status but also vulnerability to future disruptions in one’s access to adequate and appropriate food. The complexity of the concept of food security has given rise to scores, if not hundreds, of different definitions of the term “food security.” As a result, there have also been variations in thinking about the proximate manifestations and direct and indirect causes and consequences of “food insecurity,” the complement to “food security.” Food security is commonly conceptualized as resting on three pillars that are inherently hierarchical: availability, access, and utilization. Some agencies, such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), have added a fourth dimension: stability. Food insecurity is often used interchangeably with the terms “hunger,” “undernutrition,” and “malnutrition.” Threats to food insecurity may be classified as either “covariate” or “idiosyncratic.” Based on these threats, various interventions have been implemented to promote food security by means of increasing availability (improving agricultural productivity), promoting access (economic growth and assistance programs such as food stamps or vouchers, food aid delivery, food banks, school lunch programs), or improving utilization (supplementary feeding programs, therapeutic feeding programs).

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30

Forastieri, Valentina. Children at Work: Health and Safety Risks, 2nd Edition. 2nd ed. International Labour Office, 2001.

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Books on the topic 'Risk of malnutrition'

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