Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Risposta fisiologica'
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Ceccarelli, Enrico. "Effetto del citral sulla risposta fisiologica di Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14137/.
Full textMagnani, Michael. "Effetto di composti d'aroma sulla risposta fisiologica di Listeria monocytgenes." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11515/.
Full textHadaoui, Samira. "Effetto di condizioni di stress sulla risposta fisiologica di Lactobacillus Sakei." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16819/.
Full textPanzariello, Salvatore. "L’interazione tra lo stile di attaccamento evitante e l’espressione di ritiro emotivo predice la reattività fisiologica dei bambini in risposta ad un compito stressante." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/278040.
Full textSACCHI, ANGELA. "ASSESSING EFFECTS TO ACQUATIC ORGANISMS OF CONTAMINANTS EXPOSURE ACROSS LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISATION, IN THE FRAME OF WFD 2000/60/EC." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/977.
Full textAquatic ecosystems are the final sink for most of contaminants introduced in the environment, especially persistent organic pollutants coming from different human activities. Most of the freshwater and coastal organisms are exposed simultaneously to different classes of chemicals, and their physiology may be affected by toxic chemical even at low environmental concentrations with a cascade event on population dynamics. Identifying ecotoxicological effects requires descriptors that are sensitive to changes in exposure and thus can indicate information at different levels of biological organisation (i.e. communities, sub-individual level). The present work aims to investigate biochemical biomarkers and bioindicators in aquatic invertebrates able to detect biological effects and predict risk of toxicity, with a special focus paid to the requirements of current EU regulation. Therefore, the present work faced on different kinds of approach identified to be efficient tools within the context of the WFD requirements (Water Frame Directive, 2000/60/EC), for investigative and operational monitoring. Work include the SPEAR approach as trait based indicator descriptor of freshwater aquatic macroinvertebrates communities, able to diagnose pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Further diagnostic approaches in environmental status are included, as assay representing biological responses for different enzymes involved in the aerobic (CCO) and antioxidant responses, (SOD, and CAT), behavioural endpoints, and genotoxicity biomarker associated with micronuclei frequency in bivalve species (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria).
SACCHI, ANGELA. "ASSESSING EFFECTS TO ACQUATIC ORGANISMS OF CONTAMINANTS EXPOSURE ACROSS LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISATION, IN THE FRAME OF WFD 2000/60/EC." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/977.
Full textAquatic ecosystems are the final sink for most of contaminants introduced in the environment, especially persistent organic pollutants coming from different human activities. Most of the freshwater and coastal organisms are exposed simultaneously to different classes of chemicals, and their physiology may be affected by toxic chemical even at low environmental concentrations with a cascade event on population dynamics. Identifying ecotoxicological effects requires descriptors that are sensitive to changes in exposure and thus can indicate information at different levels of biological organisation (i.e. communities, sub-individual level). The present work aims to investigate biochemical biomarkers and bioindicators in aquatic invertebrates able to detect biological effects and predict risk of toxicity, with a special focus paid to the requirements of current EU regulation. Therefore, the present work faced on different kinds of approach identified to be efficient tools within the context of the WFD requirements (Water Frame Directive, 2000/60/EC), for investigative and operational monitoring. Work include the SPEAR approach as trait based indicator descriptor of freshwater aquatic macroinvertebrates communities, able to diagnose pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Further diagnostic approaches in environmental status are included, as assay representing biological responses for different enzymes involved in the aerobic (CCO) and antioxidant responses, (SOD, and CAT), behavioural endpoints, and genotoxicity biomarker associated with micronuclei frequency in bivalve species (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria).
CORDA, GIULIA. "VGF precursore ed eterogenei VGF-peptidi e loro risposta ad aspetti nutrizionali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/249590.
Full textMordenti, Alice. "Consilienza nella risposta di adattamento sensoriale periferico." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25388/.
Full textUNTERHOLZNER, LUCREZIA. "Vivere al limite: risposte anatomiche e fisiologiche di specie legnose sottoposte a condizioni estreme." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3447661.
Full textHeat-limited environments are facing significant climatic changes since they are warming at higher rate than the global average. This has already evident but heterogeneous effects on vegetation communities. At high-elevation long-lived woody species often operate at their physiological limit, and for this reason a deep understanding of their climate responses to changing conditions is of key importance when predicting future scenarios or taking forest management decisions. In fact, plants may adjust their traits spanning within the range of their plasticity and, when required performance to cope with external conditions exceed this threshold, plant is likely to lose fitness or die. In this context, this thesis aims to give new insight on spatial and temporal variability of the climatic responses of conifers, the dominant taxa of all the high-elevation belt of southern Europe, with both erect and prostrate growth form, growing at the limit of their distribution. To this end I applied both dendroanatomical and physiological approaches. Juniperus communis is a typical shrub species at high elevation on Alps and is the conifer with the widest distribution range in the Northern Hemisphere. It was found to have a strong drought-resistant and conservative hydraulic performance independently from phenotypical and genotypical differences or from environmental setting. However, despite this species is likely to well cope to future more xeric conditions, populations at the northernmost limit might be the first to be hydraulically impaired. In addition, common juniper seemed to benefit from anticipated snowpack melt in term of growth, though, in case of prolonged snow-cover, it seems able to offset shorter vegetative season through physiological adjustments likely aimed to maximize growth rate. Nonetheless, considering the remarkable acclimation speed, the effects of changed snow-melt timing weaken over years and highlighted the importance of considering temporal variability when making future predictions on tundra vegetation. A low intra-specific variability emerged also looking at the climate sensitivity of Pinus cembra’s anatomical traits in the Alps and Carpathians, despite distance and environmental differences of these two regions. In general, cool and wet conditions induce larger cells with thin cell wall and, on the opposite, warm and dry conditions, that are predicted to occur in the next future, tent to produce smaller and thicker walled cells. Lastly, high temperature seems to enhance radial growth. All these associations seemed not absolutely stable and from the 80s this species is less and less limited by both temperature and precipitation, especially in the Carpathians. Yet, despite the potential benefit of warming, Pinus cembra might be further restrained to high-elevation patches due to its low competitive advantage with other species that are advancing upward. For tree life at the upper forest limit not just the growing season conditions are crucial, but also winter ones. In fact, conifers at treeline commonly suffer of drastic loss of conductivity, mainly due to frost-drought induced embolisms, but they recover in late winter when soil and xylem portions are still frozen. Larix decidua and Picea abies are demonstrated to absorb water, likely from melting snow, through branches and redistribute it within the crown. In this case climate change may have twofold effects since it is likely to favour hydraulic recovery but also to reduce embolism recovery decreasing snow amount on branches. These results contributed to understand how conifers deal with extreme growing conditions in heat-limited areas and which is the spatial and temporal variability of their climatic responses, likely supporting future predictions and management decisions on such vulnerable systems.
Perra, Alessia. "Alterazione di risposte fisiologiche nei mitili Mytilus galloprovincialis esposti a caffeina, contaminante emergente dell'ambiente marino." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6478/.
Full textScapin, Cristina. "Risposta cellulare allo stress e proteine dello stress nei tessuti muscolari striati. Ruolo di Grp94." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425588.
Full textMattioli, Mattia. "Alterazione di risposte fisiologiche in invertebrati marini esposti nella Baia di Cadice (Spagna) come indici della qualità dell'ambiente." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2108/.
Full textAccorsi, Mattia. "Risposte morfofunzionali allo stress salino in accessioni cilene di quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1363/.
Full textLOI, ANDREA. "La risposta cardiocircolatoria all’attivazione dei metaboriflessi muscolari nella sclerosi multipla." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266653.
Full textInzolia, Federica. "Alterazione di risposte fisiologiche nei mitili Mytilus galloprovincialis esposti a residui ambientali di farmaci che interferiscono con i meccanismi serotoninergici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2837/.
Full textBALZAROTTI, STEFANIA. "Immedesimazione vs. distanziamento: strategie di rivalutazione di eventi contestualizzati ad alto impatto emotivo. Analisi delle risposte esperenziali, comportamentali e fisiologiche." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/310.
Full textThe present research program investigated emotion regulation analyzing the complex interaction between variables concerning individual regulatory strategies and variables concerning the eliciting stimulus. To this purpose, the research program was structured into three studies. In Study 1, a set of questionnaires assessing individual stable emotion regulation and coping strategies was administered to a sample of 198 nursing students who participated to Study 3 and to a control sample of 416 undergraduate students. A preliminary Italian validation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) was conducted. Study 2 aimed at measuring the emotional impact of eliciting stimuli: a set of emotion-generating films were constructed according to the manipulation of appraisal criteria and administered to 420 undergraduate students who were asked to rate their emotional experience. In Study 3, 163 nursing students watched the same surgery clip included within different contextual scenarios provided by the film stimuli tested in Study 2. The main goal was the investigation of the short-terms outcomes of two types of reappraisal when the individual is confronted with a contextualized high-impact emotional event: to this purpose, participants were asked to adopt a detached vs. immersed point of view. Three systems of emotional response were analyzed as indicated by emotion literature: behavioural, physiological and experiential.
BALZAROTTI, STEFANIA. "Immedesimazione vs. distanziamento: strategie di rivalutazione di eventi contestualizzati ad alto impatto emotivo. Analisi delle risposte esperenziali, comportamentali e fisiologiche." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/310.
Full textThe present research program investigated emotion regulation analyzing the complex interaction between variables concerning individual regulatory strategies and variables concerning the eliciting stimulus. To this purpose, the research program was structured into three studies. In Study 1, a set of questionnaires assessing individual stable emotion regulation and coping strategies was administered to a sample of 198 nursing students who participated to Study 3 and to a control sample of 416 undergraduate students. A preliminary Italian validation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) was conducted. Study 2 aimed at measuring the emotional impact of eliciting stimuli: a set of emotion-generating films were constructed according to the manipulation of appraisal criteria and administered to 420 undergraduate students who were asked to rate their emotional experience. In Study 3, 163 nursing students watched the same surgery clip included within different contextual scenarios provided by the film stimuli tested in Study 2. The main goal was the investigation of the short-terms outcomes of two types of reappraisal when the individual is confronted with a contextualized high-impact emotional event: to this purpose, participants were asked to adopt a detached vs. immersed point of view. Three systems of emotional response were analyzed as indicated by emotion literature: behavioural, physiological and experiential.
MAURI, PIERCARLO. "MODULAZIONE DELL'AROUSAL MEDIANTE LA STIMOLAZIONE ELETTRICA TRANSCRANICA A FREQUENZE RANDOM." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10724.
Full textThe thesis analyzed the role of the arousal as a psychophysiological index of activation, and the application of non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) technique with the aim to modulate this index. In this work we investigated if the application of tES could increase the performance of healthy young subjects during cognitive tasks. The thesis is based on 2 main studies for a total of 4 experiments with the recording of behavioural (reaction times, accuracy) and psychophysiological (skin conductance, pupil diameter) indeces. The results showed that it is possible to modulate arousal with bursts of tES, administered during the presentation of salient stimuli for the subject. This modulation resulted in a reduction of reaction times and an increase of the skin conductance response. These data support the possibility to use this protocol of stimulation with patients with attentional and other cognitive deficits in a rehabilitative context.
MAURI, PIERCARLO. "MODULAZIONE DELL'AROUSAL MEDIANTE LA STIMOLAZIONE ELETTRICA TRANSCRANICA A FREQUENZE RANDOM." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10724.
Full textThe thesis analyzed the role of the arousal as a psychophysiological index of activation, and the application of non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) technique with the aim to modulate this index. In this work we investigated if the application of tES could increase the performance of healthy young subjects during cognitive tasks. The thesis is based on 2 main studies for a total of 4 experiments with the recording of behavioural (reaction times, accuracy) and psychophysiological (skin conductance, pupil diameter) indeces. The results showed that it is possible to modulate arousal with bursts of tES, administered during the presentation of salient stimuli for the subject. This modulation resulted in a reduction of reaction times and an increase of the skin conductance response. These data support the possibility to use this protocol of stimulation with patients with attentional and other cognitive deficits in a rehabilitative context.
MEZZETTI, MATTEO. "Nuove indagini sul metabolismo e la risposta immunitaria dalla messa in asciutta all'avvio di lattazione." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/59476.
Full textImmune system is made of a variety of cells, molecules and biological processes that interacts to prevent microbial invasions, recognize foreign molecules and eliminate existing sources of cellular injuries to restore tissues to their normal functions once problem has been solved. Innate immunity is the primary defense line against pathogens invasions. Its functioning typically undergoes severe alterations during transition period (TP) of dairy cows. An impairment of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) functions related to reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) production, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, chemotaxis and phagocytosis has been reported in this phase. Bovine PMN have an altered abundance in mRNA transcripts encoding for such functions between -1 and 2 weeks from calving, in comparison to the level found at 4 weeks after calving for the same genes. The exact cause of immune dysfunctions occurring in peripartum has never been clearly identified. Reduced immune competence could arise from the interaction of different factors affected from the typical peripartum trends (i.e. changes in endocrine asset, limitations of maternal immune responses against the allogeneic conceptus, alterations in energy balance and oxidative stress status). Nevertheless, its duration could be modified when peripartal changes exceed the control of homeorhetic and homeostatic mechanisms, leading to the physiological imbalance (PI) condition. Such a condition could also trigger the inflammatory-like status. It consists in a prepartal raise of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) levels, that is linked to a raise in body temperature at calving, and that typically affects liver metabolism, implying severe losses in hepatic functions and a shift of anabolic priority of the organ in early lactation. The liver produces more α-globulins, known as positive acute phase proteins (APP), i.e. haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and serum amyloid alpha (SAA). Conversely, it reduces the synthesis of albumin, retinol binding protein, paraoxonase (PON) and lipoproteins, known as negative APP and sequesters minerals, as zinc and iron, from blood flow. Inflammation lead to the activation of PMN, while the reduced immune competence commonly reported in TP has been associated to an opposite effect on leukocytes. Thus, these should be considered as two distinct phenomena, but they could arise from a common cause with a different magnitude and duration. Nutritional strategies to optimize dairy cow’s immunity during TP should be focused on reducing the PI degree related to calving, as this condition could be referred as a common denominator between immune dysfunction and diseases causes. Among such nutritional strategies, the correct management of energy sources to fit with altered requirements should be considered. Furthermore, fatty acids profile of lipid sources administered could also modify immune functions. Finally, the administration of supplementary products exerting antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activities, as well as methyl donors species, could be beneficial for dairy cows immunity in TP. In a wider perspective, although feed additives and nutritional strategy could be effective in mitigate immune alterations, we can conclude that adoption of proper management practices aimed to avoid PI condition in peripartal period of dairy cows could be the most effective strategy to prevent dysfunctions. Three experiments have been designed to elucidate the linkage between sudden changes occurring in peripartum and immune alterations in dairy cows. Throughout such experiments Holstein dairy cows were housed in tied stalls and monitored regularly for body condition score (BCS), body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield (MY) and rumination time. Blood samples were collected regularly to assess a wide hematochemical profile and to test white blood cell functions through ex-vivo challenges. Furthermore, PMN diapedesis has been tested in-vivo through a carrageenan-skin test and rumen samples were collected at 30 days from calving (DFC). The first experiment was aimed in investigate the main causes of metabolic changes occurring at dry-off and the contribution of MY in such alterations. In fact, dry-off is related to deep changes in feeding behavior, gastro intestinal adaptations, metabolism and immune parameters in high-yielding cow’s career. Indeed, the release of cortisol, signals of systemic inflammation and altered redox balance have been reported immediately after milking interruption, and high MY have a role in aggravating such conditions. In our study, a group of 13 Holstein dairy cows were dried off at 55 days from expected calving day, and regularly monitored from -7 to 34 days from dry-off (DFD). Animals were retrospectively divided in two groups according to their average MY in the last week of lactation, assuming a cut-off of 15 kg*d-1: low MY (6 cows) and high MY (7 cows). Data were submitted to ANOVA using a mixed model for repeated measures including MY at dry-off, time and their interaction as fixed effects. Increased fiber amounts of dry ration reduced DMI and increased rumination time. Leukocytes migration into mammary gland to contribute in the involution phase decreased their abundance in blood at dry-off, and their activity. Such activation of leukocytes at mammary site increased the abundance of nitrogen species in plasma and triggered a systemic inflammation in all the animals, as reflected from increased concentrations of positive and reduced concentrations of negative APPs. Such inflammation impaired liver functions, as suggested from the increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations. Both the production of nitrogen species and the systemic inflammatory status contributed in the depletion of antioxidant system in blood (thiol groups -SHp-, tocopherol, β-carotene, ferric reducing antioxidant power -FRAP- and oxygen reactive antioxidant capacity -ORAC-). Animals with higher MY at dry-off showed the worst condition, likely for the deeper metabolic changes they faced at milking interruption, and to the greater amount of mammary parenchyma to be reabsorbed. This study highlights the dry-off as a thorny point to manage dairy cows’ health and depose for a relationship between dry-off and immune alteration that typically occurs at calving. The second experiment was aimed in investigate changes occurring in the immune system prior to ketosis onset to elucidate their role in disease occurrence. Thus, a group of 13 Holstein dairy cows were monitored from -48 to 35 DFC and retrospectively divided into 2 groups basing on their plasma BHB levels: lower (CTR; 7 cows) or higher than 1.4 mMol/L (KET; 6 cows). Data were submitted to ANOVA using a mixed model for repeated measures including health status, time and their interaction as fixed effects. KET cows had a greater activation of the immune system prior to calving (higher plasma concentrations of PICs, myeloperoxidase and oxidant species, and greater interferon gamma responses to Mycobacterium avium) impaired liver functions (higher blood concentration of GGT) and lower plasma minerals. High plasma NEFA, BHB and glucose levels in KET cows suggest an insulin resistance status and a marked mobilization of body fat occurring during dry period. They were also associated to reduced DMI around calving and worse negative energy balance in early lactation. This caused in turn reduced MY and increased fat mobilization in early lactation. Impairment of liver function and activation of leukocytes during the dry period accentuated the acute phase response in KET cows after calving (greater concentrations of positive APPs and lower concentration of retinol binding protein), further impairing liver function (higher blood concentrations of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase -AST-GOT- and bilirubin). Leukocytes of KET cows had reduced inflammatory functions after an ex vivo stimulation assay (lower production of PICs and greater production of lactate). These alterations on WBC could be driven by the combined action of metabolites related to the mobilization of lipids and of anti-inflammatory actions aimed to prevent over exuberant inflammation. This suggests that prepartal trends of immune parameters be highly related with the likelihood of developing diseases in early lactation. The third experiment consisted in the administration of Omnigen-AF (OAF), an immune stimulant that is effective in increasing leukocytes functions in immunosuppressed animals and in reducing incidence of infectious diseases in early lactating dairy cows. Its mode of action has never been elucidated, and a wider perspective of its metabolic effect could highlight its effectiveness in facing metabolic disorders of transition period also. Thus, a group of 10 Holstein dairy cows were divided into 2 groups: treated group (TRT; 5 cows) received 32.5 g of Omnigen-AF® (Phibro Animal Health Corporation) twice a day (65 g d-1) as top-dress on the morning and afternoon feeds, while control group (CTR; 5 cows) did not receive any supplementation. From -62 to 42 DFC animals were monitored regularly. Data were submitted to ANOVA using a mixed model for repeated measures including treatment, time and their interaction as fixed effects. Administration of OAF at dry-off did not affect BW, BCS, milk yield, milk and rumen fluid composition, and neither affected blood neutrophils concentrations. Nevertheless, it increased rumination time and improved the energy metabolism after calving (lower NEFA and BHB concentrations). TRT cows had an increased lymphocytes abundance at blood level, and their leukocytes had greater efficiency in facing biological stressors during the peripartum (lower lactate production and lower glucose consumption after a challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharides). Despite these positive effects on immune cells, OAF did not affect the positive APPs concentrations after calving. A reduced abundance of albumin, PON and antioxidants also occurred with OAF after calving, suggesting some impairment of hepatic functions to occur. Nevertheless, the lack of any effect on main biomarkers related to liver function (bilirubin) and liver damage (GGT, AST-GOT, ALP) dismisses a real impairment of liver activities to occur with OAF. Positive effects in favoring the recovery of rumen functions, reducing mobilization of body fats after calving suggest OAF to be an effective strategy in preventing metabolic disorders of transition period.
MEZZETTI, MATTEO. "Nuove indagini sul metabolismo e la risposta immunitaria dalla messa in asciutta all'avvio di lattazione." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/59476.
Full textImmune system is made of a variety of cells, molecules and biological processes that interacts to prevent microbial invasions, recognize foreign molecules and eliminate existing sources of cellular injuries to restore tissues to their normal functions once problem has been solved. Innate immunity is the primary defense line against pathogens invasions. Its functioning typically undergoes severe alterations during transition period (TP) of dairy cows. An impairment of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) functions related to reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) production, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, chemotaxis and phagocytosis has been reported in this phase. Bovine PMN have an altered abundance in mRNA transcripts encoding for such functions between -1 and 2 weeks from calving, in comparison to the level found at 4 weeks after calving for the same genes. The exact cause of immune dysfunctions occurring in peripartum has never been clearly identified. Reduced immune competence could arise from the interaction of different factors affected from the typical peripartum trends (i.e. changes in endocrine asset, limitations of maternal immune responses against the allogeneic conceptus, alterations in energy balance and oxidative stress status). Nevertheless, its duration could be modified when peripartal changes exceed the control of homeorhetic and homeostatic mechanisms, leading to the physiological imbalance (PI) condition. Such a condition could also trigger the inflammatory-like status. It consists in a prepartal raise of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) levels, that is linked to a raise in body temperature at calving, and that typically affects liver metabolism, implying severe losses in hepatic functions and a shift of anabolic priority of the organ in early lactation. The liver produces more α-globulins, known as positive acute phase proteins (APP), i.e. haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and serum amyloid alpha (SAA). Conversely, it reduces the synthesis of albumin, retinol binding protein, paraoxonase (PON) and lipoproteins, known as negative APP and sequesters minerals, as zinc and iron, from blood flow. Inflammation lead to the activation of PMN, while the reduced immune competence commonly reported in TP has been associated to an opposite effect on leukocytes. Thus, these should be considered as two distinct phenomena, but they could arise from a common cause with a different magnitude and duration. Nutritional strategies to optimize dairy cow’s immunity during TP should be focused on reducing the PI degree related to calving, as this condition could be referred as a common denominator between immune dysfunction and diseases causes. Among such nutritional strategies, the correct management of energy sources to fit with altered requirements should be considered. Furthermore, fatty acids profile of lipid sources administered could also modify immune functions. Finally, the administration of supplementary products exerting antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activities, as well as methyl donors species, could be beneficial for dairy cows immunity in TP. In a wider perspective, although feed additives and nutritional strategy could be effective in mitigate immune alterations, we can conclude that adoption of proper management practices aimed to avoid PI condition in peripartal period of dairy cows could be the most effective strategy to prevent dysfunctions. Three experiments have been designed to elucidate the linkage between sudden changes occurring in peripartum and immune alterations in dairy cows. Throughout such experiments Holstein dairy cows were housed in tied stalls and monitored regularly for body condition score (BCS), body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield (MY) and rumination time. Blood samples were collected regularly to assess a wide hematochemical profile and to test white blood cell functions through ex-vivo challenges. Furthermore, PMN diapedesis has been tested in-vivo through a carrageenan-skin test and rumen samples were collected at 30 days from calving (DFC). The first experiment was aimed in investigate the main causes of metabolic changes occurring at dry-off and the contribution of MY in such alterations. In fact, dry-off is related to deep changes in feeding behavior, gastro intestinal adaptations, metabolism and immune parameters in high-yielding cow’s career. Indeed, the release of cortisol, signals of systemic inflammation and altered redox balance have been reported immediately after milking interruption, and high MY have a role in aggravating such conditions. In our study, a group of 13 Holstein dairy cows were dried off at 55 days from expected calving day, and regularly monitored from -7 to 34 days from dry-off (DFD). Animals were retrospectively divided in two groups according to their average MY in the last week of lactation, assuming a cut-off of 15 kg*d-1: low MY (6 cows) and high MY (7 cows). Data were submitted to ANOVA using a mixed model for repeated measures including MY at dry-off, time and their interaction as fixed effects. Increased fiber amounts of dry ration reduced DMI and increased rumination time. Leukocytes migration into mammary gland to contribute in the involution phase decreased their abundance in blood at dry-off, and their activity. Such activation of leukocytes at mammary site increased the abundance of nitrogen species in plasma and triggered a systemic inflammation in all the animals, as reflected from increased concentrations of positive and reduced concentrations of negative APPs. Such inflammation impaired liver functions, as suggested from the increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations. Both the production of nitrogen species and the systemic inflammatory status contributed in the depletion of antioxidant system in blood (thiol groups -SHp-, tocopherol, β-carotene, ferric reducing antioxidant power -FRAP- and oxygen reactive antioxidant capacity -ORAC-). Animals with higher MY at dry-off showed the worst condition, likely for the deeper metabolic changes they faced at milking interruption, and to the greater amount of mammary parenchyma to be reabsorbed. This study highlights the dry-off as a thorny point to manage dairy cows’ health and depose for a relationship between dry-off and immune alteration that typically occurs at calving. The second experiment was aimed in investigate changes occurring in the immune system prior to ketosis onset to elucidate their role in disease occurrence. Thus, a group of 13 Holstein dairy cows were monitored from -48 to 35 DFC and retrospectively divided into 2 groups basing on their plasma BHB levels: lower (CTR; 7 cows) or higher than 1.4 mMol/L (KET; 6 cows). Data were submitted to ANOVA using a mixed model for repeated measures including health status, time and their interaction as fixed effects. KET cows had a greater activation of the immune system prior to calving (higher plasma concentrations of PICs, myeloperoxidase and oxidant species, and greater interferon gamma responses to Mycobacterium avium) impaired liver functions (higher blood concentration of GGT) and lower plasma minerals. High plasma NEFA, BHB and glucose levels in KET cows suggest an insulin resistance status and a marked mobilization of body fat occurring during dry period. They were also associated to reduced DMI around calving and worse negative energy balance in early lactation. This caused in turn reduced MY and increased fat mobilization in early lactation. Impairment of liver function and activation of leukocytes during the dry period accentuated the acute phase response in KET cows after calving (greater concentrations of positive APPs and lower concentration of retinol binding protein), further impairing liver function (higher blood concentrations of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase -AST-GOT- and bilirubin). Leukocytes of KET cows had reduced inflammatory functions after an ex vivo stimulation assay (lower production of PICs and greater production of lactate). These alterations on WBC could be driven by the combined action of metabolites related to the mobilization of lipids and of anti-inflammatory actions aimed to prevent over exuberant inflammation. This suggests that prepartal trends of immune parameters be highly related with the likelihood of developing diseases in early lactation. The third experiment consisted in the administration of Omnigen-AF (OAF), an immune stimulant that is effective in increasing leukocytes functions in immunosuppressed animals and in reducing incidence of infectious diseases in early lactating dairy cows. Its mode of action has never been elucidated, and a wider perspective of its metabolic effect could highlight its effectiveness in facing metabolic disorders of transition period also. Thus, a group of 10 Holstein dairy cows were divided into 2 groups: treated group (TRT; 5 cows) received 32.5 g of Omnigen-AF® (Phibro Animal Health Corporation) twice a day (65 g d-1) as top-dress on the morning and afternoon feeds, while control group (CTR; 5 cows) did not receive any supplementation. From -62 to 42 DFC animals were monitored regularly. Data were submitted to ANOVA using a mixed model for repeated measures including treatment, time and their interaction as fixed effects. Administration of OAF at dry-off did not affect BW, BCS, milk yield, milk and rumen fluid composition, and neither affected blood neutrophils concentrations. Nevertheless, it increased rumination time and improved the energy metabolism after calving (lower NEFA and BHB concentrations). TRT cows had an increased lymphocytes abundance at blood level, and their leukocytes had greater efficiency in facing biological stressors during the peripartum (lower lactate production and lower glucose consumption after a challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharides). Despite these positive effects on immune cells, OAF did not affect the positive APPs concentrations after calving. A reduced abundance of albumin, PON and antioxidants also occurred with OAF after calving, suggesting some impairment of hepatic functions to occur. Nevertheless, the lack of any effect on main biomarkers related to liver function (bilirubin) and liver damage (GGT, AST-GOT, ALP) dismisses a real impairment of liver activities to occur with OAF. Positive effects in favoring the recovery of rumen functions, reducing mobilization of body fats after calving suggest OAF to be an effective strategy in preventing metabolic disorders of transition period.
Pascoli, Francesco. "Welfare assessment in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) reared under organic aquaculture." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422078.
Full textNegli ultimi anni, il benessere dei pesci o “fish welfare” sta ricevendo crescente attenzione nel pubblico e quindi nel mondo della ricerca, dell'industria e dei governi. In acquacoltura, i pesci sono spesso esposti a condizioni di stress, a causa di pratiche di allevamento come la manipolazione, la selezione, l’alta densità di allevamento, il trasporto, le condizioni di pre-macellazione e i metodi di macellazione. Al fine di ridurre questo stress e per aumentare sia il benessere dei pesci sia le esigenze di produzione, si sta cercando di introdurre i principi dell'agricoltura biologica nell’acquacoltura tradizionale. L'acquacoltura biologica è un concetto ancora relativamente nuovo nel mondo dell’acquacoltura. I consumatori si aspettano che i produttori biologici seguano standard più elevati per quanto riguarda il benessere animale. In questo studio, il benessere dei pesci è stato valutato in branzini (Dicentrarchus labrax) allevati secondo disciplinare biologico in un allevamento commerciale. Contemporaneamente, gli stessi parametri sono stati studiati in branzini allevati in un parallelo allevamento convenzionale. All'inizio della sperimentazione, la differenza principale tra i due sistemi di allevamento riguardava il mangime utilizzato nella dieta. Il benessere è stato valutato attraverso parametri immunologici e di stress, oltre alle performance di crescita. In particolare, la risposta allo stress è stata valutata attraverso l'analisi di cortisolo sierico e muscolare e lo stress ossidativo è stato studiato con un approccio sia istochimico (conteggio dei centri melanomacrofagici e relativo contenuto in pigmenti) sia immunoistochimico, utilizzando un anticorpo anti-HNE (un marker della perossidazione lipidica), oltre all’analisi del glutatione totale. Inoltre si sono investigati parametri ematologici e immunitari, come l’ematocrito, il leucocrito e l'attività lisozimatica del siero. Gli obiettivi dello studio hanno riguardato sia la valutazione di eventuali differenze nel benessere dei pesci tra i due sistemi di allevamento sia lo studio delle variazioni stagionali dei parametri ricercati. Per quanto riguarda le differenze tra i sistemi di allevamento, questo studio ha evidenziato un diverso trend di crescita, per il quale i pesci allevati in modo convenzionale hanno mostrato un accrescimento maggiore sia in termini di peso che di lunghezza rispetto a quelli biologici. D'altra parte, lo stress e i parametri immunologici non hanno evidenziato particolari differenze significative, se non in alcuni campionamenti, suggerendo che condizioni più severe sarebbero necessarie per incidere su questi indicatori. Dal momento che questo è stato uno studio di monitoraggio su una azienda ittica a fini commerciali e non un allevamento sperimentale di ricerca, eventuali differenze nei parametri indagati potrebbero essere state mitigate, considerando anche che i due sistemi non differivano in modo pronunciato. Per quanto riguarda la stagionalità, tutti i parametri indagati hanno mostrato un trend stagionale, probabilmente correlato alla temperatura dell'acqua e al fotoperiodo o alla loro combinazione.
ROSSI, MARIA CATERINA. "Linfociti Th17: ruolo nella fisiologia e nella fisiopatologia delle risposte immuni." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1031730.
Full textGiusi, Giusi, Bruno Tota, and Rosa Maria Facciolo. "Ruolo neuroprotettivo del sistema istaminergico e delle HSPs nella risposta allo stress ambientale nell’encefalo del Teleosteo Thalassoma pavo." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10955/467.
Full textAt date, a plethora of evidence regarding adverse morpho-functional and neurobiological aspects provoked by environmental stressors has been considered. Following exposure to stress factors, the activation of both specific neurosignaling mechanisms and molecular pathways account for the modulation of complex adaptative processes in animal targets. In this context, the aim of the present work is to analyze the neuroprotective role of histaminergic system and heat shock proteins towards environmental neurotoxicants such as heavy metals and pesticides in the Teleost Thalassoma pavo. Such environmental stressors account for significative alterations on motor and feeding behaviors, which are tightly correlated to neurodegenerative processes in key brain regions. In this work, the molecular characterization of H2R and H3R permits to demonstrate a conservation of specific sequences, which appear to be determinant for the function of such subtypes in phylogenetically distant Vertebrates. Moreover, the inactivation of H2R and H3R, via the application of selective antagonists (Cimetidine and Thioperamide, respectively), induces in Thalassoma pavo abnormal behaviors and trascriptional alterations, suggesting a clear physiological role of this neuronal system in our model. The expression pattern of histaminergic system results to be highly modified following exposure to environmental stressors in a region-dependent manner. In particular, the heavy metals induce downregulations of H2R mRNA in some brain regions such as mesencephalon, which is involved in the regulation of motor activities. On the other hand, both heavy metal and pesticides account for an increasement of H3R trascriptional levels in hypothalamic and telencephalic areas. From the concomitant exposure to histaminergic antagonists and environmental stressors, it was possible to demonstrate that H2R blockade is responsible for enhanced stressors-dependent neurotoxic effects. On the contrary, the inhibition of H3R activities accounts for an amelioration of both abnormal motor behaviors and neuronal damage induced by such environmental stressors. Consistent with the effects on histaminergic system, heavy metals and pesticides also promote the activation of cellular defence processes through the stimulation of heat shock proteins trascription, i.e. HSP90 e HSP70. The histaminergic antagonists are able to influence heat shock proteins expression, inducing a heterogeneous pattern of HSP90 trascription levels, while in the case of HSP70 an enhanced expression is typical of all encephalic areas. The results of the present work demonstrate, for the first time in an aquatic Vertebrate, a possible interactions between histaminergic system-dependent neurosignaling activities and HSPs network, which could be represent an important neurophysiological mechanism operating during neuronal stress conditions.
Università della Calabria
Amelio, Daniela, and Bruno Tota. "Il cuore e il rene di "Protopterus dolloi" come modello del riarrangiamento strutturale e molecolare in risposta all'estivazione." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10955/364.
Full textCantafio, Patrizia, Marcello Canonaco, and Tommaso Angelone. "<> catestatina migliora la risposta Frank-Starling in cuori di ratto normotesi e ipertesi agendo come attivatore fisiologico del pathway trasduzionale ossido nitrico-dipendente." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10955/1470.
Full textThe myocardial response to mechanical stretch (Frank-Starling law) is an important physiological cardiac determinant. Modulated by many endogenous substances, it is impaired in the presence of cardiovascular pathologies and during senescence. Catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372), a 21-amino-acid derivate of Chromogranin A (CgA), displays hypotensive/vasodilatory properties and counteracts excessive systemic and/or intra-cardiac excitatory stimuli (e.g., catecholamines and endothelin-1). CST, produced also by the myocardium, affects the heart by modulating inotropy, lusitropy and the coronary tone through a Nitric Oxide (NO)-dependent mechanism. This study evaluated the putative influence elicited by CST on the Frank-Starling response of normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and hypertensive (SHR) hearts by using isolated and Langendorff perfused cardiac preparations. Functional changes were evaluated on aged (18-month-old) WKY rats and SHR which mimic human chronic heart failure (HF). Comparison to WKY rats, SHR showed a reduced Frank-Starling response. In both rat strains, CST administration improved myocardial mechanical response to increased end-diastolic pressures. This effect was mediated by EE/IP3K/NOS/NO/cGMP/PKG, as revealed by specific inhibitors. CST-dependent positive Frank-Starling response is paralleled by an increment in protein S-Nitrosylation, AKT/eNOS/nNOS and PLN phosphorylations. Our data suggested CST as a NO dependent physiological modulator of the stretch-induced intrinsic regulation of the heart. This may be of particular importance in the aged hypertrophic heart, whose function is impaired because of a reduced systolic performance accompanied by delayed relaxation and increased diastolic stiffness.
Università della Calabria