Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Risque de défaut'
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Dorobantu, Diana. "Modélisation du risque de défaut en entreprise." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00257243.
Full text$sup_{\tau\in \Delta, \tau\geq 0} \esp_v\left[g(V_{\tau})\right] \hbox{~ou}~
sup_{\tau\in \Delta, \tau\geq 0} \esp_v\left[e^{-r\tau}\bar{g}(V_{\tau})\right],$
où $V$ est un processus stochastique, $g$ et $\bar{g}$ deux fonctions boréliennes, $r>0$ et $\Delta$ est l'ensemble des $\F^V$-temps d'arrêt ($\F_.^V$ étant la filtration engendrée par le processus $V$).
L'étude de ces problèmes est motivée par les applications dans plusieurs domaines comme la finance, l'économie ou la médecine.
La première partie est une mise en évidence du fait que le plus petit temps d'arrêt optimal est parfois un temps d'atteinte. C'est pourquoi, dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, on s'intéresse à la loi d'un temps d'atteinte d'un processus de Lévy à sauts ainsi qu'à quelques applications à la finance, plus précisément lors du calcul de l'intensité de ce temps d'arrêt associée à une certaine filtration $\F$. Deux cas sont présentés : quand le temps d'arrêt est un $\F$-temps d'arrêt et quand il ne l'est pas.
Blanchet-Scalliet, Christophette. "Processus à sauts et risque de défaut." Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00192209.
Full textLa seconde est consacrée à une modélisation du risque de défaut. Nous insistons sur la différence entre l'information liée au défaut de celle du marché sans défaut. Nous établissons des théorèmes de représentation prévisibles pour les martingales dans la filtration élargie.
Monter, Espinosa Maria del Rosario Cristina. "Trois essais sur le risque de défaut." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10078.
Full textThe first essay analyses the default risk related to the Mexican external debt which exhibits a structural change at the beginning of the 90’s. Different stochastic discount factors are taken into account and a comparison with market data is presented. On the second essay, credit risk is modelled by incorporating simultaneously: (a) a grace period before declaring bankruptcy (Parisian option feature), and (b) the macro economic market conditions (regime switching model). A numerical method is proposed to evaluate the model. The third essay shows how the risk of default is incorporated to the market value of assets and liabilities of a life insurance company under a regime switching model. An econometric study using life insurance data is performed, providing strong evidence of switching behaviour on the market, affecting the contingent claim valuation. Finally, a numerical method is also proposed
Merli, Maxime. "Les mesures alternatives du risque de défaut des obligations : notation, écart de rentabilité et probabilité de défaut." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1EC05.
Full textThe default risk is the most important risk for coupon bearing bonds investors. Indeed, it represents the potential non-payment of coupon or coupon and principal by the issuers. Two + tools ; are generally used by professionals in order to measure this risk. The rating is a qualitative measure allocated by agencies such as standard and poor's or moody's. The yield spread is a quantitative measure deduced from asset prices on the financial market. This work is dedicated to the construction of modelisations integrating this potential bankruptcy of the issuer and their validations using market data. Several modelisations are proposed wich use the actuarial default spread or the dynamic evolution of zero-coupon bond prices. In an actuarial approach, we propose an original two parameter model that can be easily used to construct the default probabilities term structure using the prices of long and short term debts of the issuer. With this modelisation, we demonstrate that the actuarial default spread is positively linked to the level of interest rate. This result is in opposition to the ones obtained by other theoretical approaches (for example Leland and Toft (1996)). In another part of this work, we extend the approach for pricing bonds subject to default risk proposed by Jarrow et Turnbull (1995). Our original modeling enables the description of different types of bankruptcy in a unified modelisation. From an empirical point of view, we propose alternative original measure based on the deformation of interest rate term structure which can replace the actuarial yield default spread. Then, we test these measures using various samples of French bonds. We show that the typology induced by ratings is not reproduced in the default spreads. Only four classes of risk are necessary in order to describe the risky bond market. Finally, we study the effect of bond rating change on asset prices and we show that this change is generally anticipated by the investors
Ngoupeyou, Armand Brice. "Optimisation des portefeuilles d'actifs soumis au risque de défaut." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EVRY0012/document.
Full textThe topic of this thesis is about the optimization of portfolio of defaultable assets. The subprime crisis show us that in the future, we should deal with the default risk to get the real value of the portfolio. In fact, there are so many exchanges in the markets that the financial market become a network with many connections and we should identity it to understand the real risk that we take when we deal with financial assets. In this thesis; we define a financial system with a finite number of connections and we give a model for the dynamics of the asset in such system considering the connections in the network. We deal with the jumps intensity processes to take account the correlation in the network. Using Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (BSDE), we get the price of a contingent claim and we consider the model risk to get the optimal consumption and terminal wealth in such financial network
Gaillardetz, Patrice. "Structures de dépendance en théorie du risque et pour les obligations avec risque de défaut." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ53946.pdf.
Full textDamel, Pascal. "La détection avancée du risque de défaut : l'impact de l'information comptable sur le risque de faillite et le risque boursier." Nancy 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN22001.
Full textThe problematic of this thesis is the impact of accounting information on the risk or failure and on the market risk form firms. We have showed that the financial theory is not unified about the risk of failure. We have improved the prediction of failure risk with expert system and with a new building method of discrimination model. The expert system detects some accounting handing. Therefore the statistical analysis is more reliable with the expert system. The improvement of discrimination model is the use of step by step building under two constraints (statistical and financial constraints). The risk of failure rating includes the sectorial activity and the last accounting innovation (The cash flow of R. Dornier). The model is conceived with 901 firms and tested with 5000 balance sheets belonging to SNVB customers. For firms rating on the stock exchange, we have successively realised an analytical and empirical approach to apprehend the impact of accounting information on the market risk. We pointed out in two theorical models that the evaluation of market risk may be improved by accounting variables such as the firm growth. Finally, we have showed, on a small sample (155 cases) that the impact of accounting information may be improved by mathematical fonction of jump on the share returns distributions
Bouguerra, Faiza. "L'évaluation du risque de défaillance de l'émetteur : la prime de risque de défaut et la notation." Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA131002.
Full textAll bondholders have to face many kinds of investment risks, including the risk or non paiement of the capital and interest, called default paiement risk. This kind of risk can be estimated by the market or by rating organisms. The counter value of the this kind of risk is the spread, which added to a comparable (same interest rate and maturity), gives the yield of the bond. The first part of the ressearch studies the spread which is the first tool that gives information to financial communauty about the bond default risk. What are this determinants? to answer to the question, we procede this way : in the first step, we scarch the parameters which have influence on the default risk and the corresponding spread, from the existant financial studies and researchs. Then, in a second step, we monde experimental study in order to niveal the financial raitos which have an impact on the spread. The second part of the research studies the risk default as evaluated by rating organisms. The well-known are moody's an standard & poor's estalished in the u. S. A. From about one century. After a description of the rating agencies established in france and on all aver the word, we tried, accross an empirical test to search the variables which have apredictive power of default issuers, and used by the rating organisms when they note bonds. At the end we comparaed the variables which have an impact on spreads to those found as having an impact on ratings in order to see whether or not the market and rating agencies have the same evaluation of issues default risk
Ho, Sy Hoa. "Essais sur le risque de défaut souverain dans les pays émergents." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131016/document.
Full textThis thesis on empirical results in four articles focused on the determinants of the sovereign default risk. The first chapter summarizes the state of the art of sovereign default risk and the three main approaches of determinants of sovereign default risk: the structure model, the dynamic stochastic model and the econometric models. The second chapter studies the default probability in Argentina (2002) by using a structural model proposed by Gray and Malone 2008. The third chapter provides a stochastic model to calculate the daily sovereign credit spread. Last two econometric chapters determine two sovereign default risk proxies: Sovereign CDS spread and Emerging Market Bond Index Plus. The fourth chapter focuses on the sovereign CDS spread in long-run and short-run by using three estimations of Pooled Mean Group, Mean Group and Dynamic Fixed Effect. The last chapter applies a nonliear Autoregressive Distributed Lag asymmetry model to study the long-run asymmetric effect of the current account to the EMBI+ including the explanatory variables such as the external debt and international reserves for the two typical emerging countries Turkey and Brazil
Gatfaoui, Hayette. "Évaluation et analyse du risque de défaut de paiement des actifs financiers." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010025.
Full textMinca, Andreea Catalina. "Modélisation mathématique de la contagion de défaut." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066362.
Full textThe subject of this thesis is the mathematical modeling of episodes of default contagion, by which an economic shock causing initial losses and defaults of a few institutions is amplified due to complex financial linkages, leading to large scale defaults. A first approach is represented by reduced form modeling by which defaults occur according to the arrival times of a marked point process. We propose a rigorous approach to the calibration of “top down” models for portfolio credit derivatives, using Markovian projection methods and intensity control. A second, more ambitious approach is that of structural models of default risk. Here, one models specifically the economical linkages leading to contagion, building on the representation of the financial system as a network of counterparties with interlinked balance sheets. The main types of financial distress that cause financial failure are illiquidity and insolvency. Using as underlying model for a financial network a random directed graph with prescribed degrees and weights, we derive asymptotic results for the magnitude of balance-sheet contagion in a large financial network. We give an analytical expression for the asymptotic fraction of defaults, in terms of network characteristics. These results, yielding a criterion for the resilience of a large financial network to the default of a small group of financial institutions may be applied in a stress testing framework by regulator who can efficiently contain contagion. Last, we study the magnitude and dynamics of illiquidity cascades in over-the-counter markets and assess the much-debated impact, in terms of systemic risk, of introducing a CDS clearinghouse
Margaretic, Paula. "Probabilité de défaut, informations privées et publiques." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU10048.
Full textThe first chapter focuses on three elements of bank runs in reality which combined are less wellunderstood. The first element is the fact that information about the quality of banks' long-run investments is not perfect. The second one is the fact that the quality of banks' investments may be correlated. The third one is the fact that depositors in one bank can observe when there is a run in another bank. This chapter extends the application of global games to examine how these elements affect the deposit contract that banks offer to depositors and the ex ante probability of sequential bank run.The second chapter shares with the first chapter the attention given to the fact that information about the quality of banks' long-run investments is not perfect and that this quality may be correlated. But instead of focusing on sequentiality, the second chapter focuses on the interbank market. Chapter 2 also extends the application of global games to examine this time how the combination of these three new elements affects the deposit contract that banks offer to depositors and the ex ante probability of bank run. The third chapter proposes a dynamic, rational expectation model explain the observed volatility in emerging market risk premia. The model relies on the assumption that investors update their expectations about the unobserved emerging country's capacity to service its sovereign debt if default, based on available periodic information. It then empirically tests the theoretical predictions of the model, using a monthly panel data for 17 EMs over the period 1994-2006
Minca, Andreea. "Modélisation mathématique de la contagion de défaut." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624419.
Full textCoculescu, Delia. "Evaluation d'actifs et politiques optimales de la firme en présence de risque de défaut." Paris 9, 2006. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2006PA090004.
Full textIn this dissertation we treat in three parts the valuation of assets subject to default risk. In the first part we identify the conditions leading to the unicity of prices, for both structural and reduced-form approaches. For the reduced-form modeling, we emphasize the non-unicity of the intensity process, such as it is defined in the credit risk literature. We plead for the methods using the enlargement of filtrations, which permit a more precise characterization of the default time. Finally, we propose a evaluation formula to apply when the prices of default-free assets may jump at the default time. The second part characterizes the optimal leverage and payout policies, when shareholders act to maximize an indicator of the expected performance of shares, which depends on the expected dividends, the level of the default risk and a fixed minimum return level. In this framework, we also define the upper reorganization triggers and give a measure of the agency costs induced by the dividends policy. The third part treats the evaluation when agents face imperfect information. We give a structural explanation of the default event by a state variable, and suppose that a noise continuously obscure the perception of the state variable by the investors. We prove that the (H) hypothesis holds and the default time is totally inaccessible. Lastly, we compute the default probabilities and propose evaluation formulas in presence of incomplete information
Belhaj, Riadh. "Modélisation des obligations et des options sur obligations en présence de risque de défaut." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010060.
Full textLim, Thomas. "Quelques applications du contrôle stochastique aux risques de défaut et de liquidité." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077084.
Full textThis PhD dissertation consists of three independent parts and deals with applications of stochastic control to finance. In the first part, we study the utility maximization problem in a market with defaults and total/partial information. The dynamic programming principle is used to characterize the value function. Given this characterization, we find a BSDE of which the value function is a solution. We also give an approximation of this value function. In the second part, we study BSDEs with jumps. We link BSDEs with jumps and Brownian BSDEs using the decomposition of processes in the reference filtration. With this link, we get a result of existence, a comparison theorem and a decomposition of Feynman-Kac formula. We use these techniques to work out the price of a European option in a complete market and the indifference price of a contingent claim in an incomplete market. Finally, in the third part, we use the error theory to explain the liquidity risk and to model the Bid-Ask spread. Then we solve an optimal liquidation problem for a large portfolio in discrete and deterministic time
Tchapda, Djamen Idriss. "Évaluation de flux monétaires en présence d'un ou plusieurs risques de défaut." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10164.
Full textFiore, Karine. "Industrie nucléaire et gestion du risque d'accident en Europe : du défaut d'internalisation à l'organisation de la couverture." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32064.
Full textThe production of nuclear energy creates environmental and sanitary risks among which the risk of nuclear accident. There is a twofold dimension in the management of such a risk: a preventive dimension and a compensatory one. Given its catastrophic and unpredictable character, the nuclear risk has always been managed in a specific way. In Europe, its management is unsatisfactory. The civil liability regime is beneficial to the nuclear industry as it leads to a lack of internalisation and thus to a limited coverage of potential damages. The financial cap of the nuclear operator's civil liability reduces his incentives for the prevention of accidents. By narrowing its liability, it also limits the burden tied to the coverage of the full potential damages. The organisation of the nuclear risk coverage was heavily conditioned by the civil liability regime and the financial cap it creates. Such an organisation is inefficient. The nuclear insurance market's financial capacity is not enough to compensate for all the potential victims of a major nuclear accident. Moreover, the functioning of this market is quite costly for the nuclear operator. While new electronuclear projects are being launched in Europe, the management of nuclear risks must be questioned in order to find better solutions to the necessity of internalising, preventing and compensating. Nuclear operators should be responsible for all the damages caused through an unlimited liability rule. The coverage of potential damages could also be improved by setting up a risk-sharing agreement at the European scale between operators
Lim, T. "Quelques applications du contrôle stochastique aux risques de défaut et de liquidité." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00499532.
Full textPradat, Yannick. "Retraite et risque financier." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED022/document.
Full textChapter one examines the long run statistical characteristics of financial returns in France and the USA for selected assets. This study clearly shows that the returns’ distributions diverge from the Gaussian strategy as regards longholding periods. Thereafter we analyze the consequences of the non-Gaussian nature of stock returns on default-option retirement plans.Chapter two provides a reasonable explanation to the strong debate on the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The cause of the debate is often attributed to small sample sizes in combination with statistical tests for mean reversion that lackpower. In order to bypass this problem, we use the approach developed by Campbell and Viceira (2005) who have settled a vectorial autoregressive methodology (VAR) to measure the mean reversion of asset returns.The third chapter evaluates the speed of convergence of stock prices. A convenient way to characterize the speed of mean reversion is the half-life. Comparing the stock indexes of four developed countries (US, UK, France and Japan) during the period 1950-2014, we establish significant mean reversion, with a half-life lying between 4,0 and 5,8 years.The final chapter provides some results from a model built in order to study the linked impacts of demography and economy on the French pension scheme. In order to reveal the risks that are contained in pension fund investment, we use a Trending Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process instead of the typical GBM for modeling stock returns. We find that funded scheme returns, net of management fees, are slightly lower thanthe PAYG internal rate of return
Hooper, Emma. "Essays on international finance and sustainable growth in natural resource rich countries." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2027/document.
Full textThe relationship between sustainable growth and international financial market access in natural resource rich countries has been overlooked in the economic literature. However, those issues have become more present in the public debate with the recent drop in oil prices. This thesis tries to better understand how natural resource dependent economies can deal with their external debt and how financial markets view this sovereign risk. To address those issues, this dissertation refers to dynamic optimization, as well as econometric studies. It contributes to the natural resource literature by including new dimensions, such as financial openness in a growth model with exhaustible resources, contrary to most growth models which are studied as closed economies. Concerning its empirical applications, this thesis takes into account natural resource stocks, through oil and gas reserves, whereas most of the empirical literature focuses on the natural resource price dimension. This price issue is also part of the analysis, especially with oil price returns and oil price volatility. The main results are that long-term sustainability is not feasible with a constant interest rate, but the consumption growth rate can be positive in the case of a debt elastic interest rate, before declining in the long-term. It is also shown that oil and gas reserves have a significant impact on sovereign spreads. Moreover, oil price returns are significant determinants of Venezuela's Credit Default Swaps (CDS), contrary to the case of Russia, where oil prices seem to impact CDS spreads through the exchange rate canal
Thoumin, Marc-Henri. "Analyse de la dynamique du phénomène de contagion entre les obligations souveraines européennes au cours des récents épisodes de crises financières." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM039/document.
Full textPeriods of deep risk aversion are usually marked by sizeable distortions in market prices, and substantial losses in portfolios. As observed during financial crises, a generalized debacle in financial markets is a very negative shock for the real economy. Against this backdrop, it looks relevant to explore how risk aversion tends to affect global market valuations, especially if this exercise helps make the promotion of more optimal portfolio rebalancing procedures.In this dissertation, we investigate different dimensions of risk aversion, with a focus on European Sovereign debt securities. For a given sovereign bond, the (quoted) yield to maturity has to reflect the underlying risk that the Treasury may default on its debt, before maturation of the bond. This is sovereign risk. Financial crises usually occasion an upward correction in bond yields. Since higher yields reflect larger sovereign risk and higher funding costs, national Treasuries are usually inclined to get a deeper understanding of how sovereign risk could evolve under the influence of fierce risk aversion. This is another objective of our research analysis.In Chapter I, we consider a probabilistic approach to sovereign risk exploration, with the main purpose of illustrating the non-linear reaction ensuing from a gradual deterioration in market sentiment. We consider heavy-tailed distributions, and we use the Generalised Autoregressive Score method as a means to capture the volatility momentum. The goodness of fit provided by Generalised Hyperbolic distributions is compelling, and results suggest that our approach is particularly relevant to fit periods or erratic volatility, typical of financial crises. As an attempt to simplify the model, we focus on an empirical formulation of the ‘untemporal’ volatility of each security. This estimator of the intrinsic volatility suggests that volatility tends to accelerate in a quadratic manner when it is expressed against the cumulative distribution function of the yield variations. In a second part, we extend this approach to a problem of larger dimension and we explore the dynamics of risk aversion from a bivariate point of view. Results look robust and illustrate multivariate correlations between sovereign securities. As a general conclusion, heavy-tailed distributions look remarkably efficient to replicate the distribution of times-series affected by distorted volatility and erratic price variations.Chapter II explores different ways to extract information from the model, about financial contagion and how it is supposed to propagate through sovereign securities. In particular, we explore the market reaction to a series of many shocks with gradual intensity. Results offer a high degree of granularity and we extrapolate empirical rules on the expected market dynamics, when risk aversion intensifies. Then we incorporate our estimators of volatility and market reaction (to shocks) into popular portfolio optimisation procedures and we see positive implications on the general resilience of these portfolios. Finally, we also design an in-house methodology for optimal portfolio rebalancing, based on mean reversion.In Chapter III, we explore how sovereign risk tends to affect the price of financial derivatives in a risk-off environment. We consider that risk aversion and the ensuing volatility now favour the emergence of sizeable discontinuities in market prices, that we model with stochastic jumps. The different approaches we investigate extensively rely on Hawkes processes. These stochastic processes seek to estimate the durable impact of risk aversion onto the dynamics of jumps, via the introduction of dedicated self-excited loops. We develop an original approach to the calibration, different from conventional procedures. In the end, the calculated implied volatility remains in the vicinity of the realised volatility and there is a visible capability to jump on any rise in risk aversion
Nguyen-Ngoc, Laurent. "Autour des processus de Lévy et quelques applications à des problèmes de mathématiques financières." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066239.
Full textGueye, Djibril. "Some contributions to financial risk management." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAD027.
Full textThis thesis deals with various issues related to quantitative management of financial risks. We are interested, in a first part, in the models of default time in credit risk within the framework of enlargement of filtrations theory. We propose models where the default time can coincide with some instants of economic shocks. We first extend the model of Jiao and Li (2018) in the case where the shocks are not predictable by studying the characteristics of the default time. Secondly, we present the generalized Cox model which is an extension of Lando's (see Lando, 1998). We offer a wide range of examples to ulistate our construction. The second part deals with the construction of volatility surfaces of financial assets under the condition of no arbitrage opportunity (AOA) using kriging methodologies (or Gaussian process regression). Our approach consists in learning kriging on European option prices by taking into account non-arbitrage conditions. These conditions are characterized by shape constraints on prices, namely monotonicity in the direction of maturities and convexity in the direction of strikes. Since these constraints correspond to a finite number of linear inequalities, we adopt a kriging technique under constraints of linear inequalities. For this, we use the method developed by Maatouk and Bay (2016) which is based on the finite-dimensional approximation of the Gaussian process. The Monte Carlo Hamiltonian algorithm of Pakman and Paninski (2014) will be used to simulate the Gaussian coefficients. We propose a method for calculating the Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) of the Gaussian process. We compare our method with those of constrained neural networks and SSVIs
Nichil, Geoffrey. "Provisionnement en assurance non-vie pour des contrats à maturité longue et à prime unique : application à la réforme Solvabilité 2." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0200/document.
Full textWe consider an insurance company which has to indemnify a bank against losses related to a borrower defaulting on payments. Models normally used by insurers are collectives and do not allows to take into account the personal characteristics of borrowers. In a first part, we defined a model to evaluate potential future default amounts (provision) over a fixed period.The amount of default is the key to our model. For a borrower j and an associated maturity Tj, this amount is max(Sj Tj -Rj Tj ; 0), where Sj Tj is the outstanding amount owed by the borrower and depends on the borrowed amount and the term of the loan, and Rj Tj is the property sale amount. Rj Tj is proportionate to the borrowed amount; the proportionality coefficient is modeled by a geometric Brownian motion and represents the fluctuation price of real estate. The couples (Maturity of the loan, Term of the loan) are modeled by a Poisson point process. The provision Ph, where h is the maximum duration of the loans, is defined as the sum of the random number of individual defaults amounts. We can calculate the mean and the variance of the provision and also give an algorithm to simulate the provision. It is also possible to estimate the parameters of our model and then give a numerical value of the provision quantile. In the second part we will focus on the solvency need due to provisioning risk (topic imposed by the european Solvency 2 reform). The question will be to study the asymptotic behaviour of Ph when h ! +1. We will show that Ph, well renormalized, converges in law to a random variable which is the sum of two random variables whose one is a Gaussian
Wang, Tingwei. "Three Essays on Sovereign Credit Risk." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED010.
Full textThis thesis studies sovereign credit risk and its impact on banks and industrial firms. The first essay shows that bank credit risk is linked to sovereign credit risk through common exposure to systemic risk instead of implicit bailout or excessive holding of home country bonds. In the second essay, I build a trade-off model of capital structure which predicts negative correlation between optimal leverage of big firms and sovereign credit risk due to implicit bailout. The model prediction is confirmed by empirical evidence from firms in the euro area. The third essay provides a joint pricing model of CDS and bond to disentangle the default and liquidity component in CDS spread and bond yield spread. I find a remarkable liquidity component in the CDS spreads of peripheral euro area countries and conclude that ignoring CDS illiquidity leads to overestimation of default component in bond yield
Nichil, Geoffrey. "Provisionnement en assurance non-vie pour des contrats à maturité longue et à prime unique : application à la réforme Solvabilité 2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0200.
Full textWe consider an insurance company which has to indemnify a bank against losses related to a borrower defaulting on payments. Models normally used by insurers are collectives and do not allows to take into account the personal characteristics of borrowers. In a first part, we defined a model to evaluate potential future default amounts (provision) over a fixed period.The amount of default is the key to our model. For a borrower j and an associated maturity Tj, this amount is max(Sj Tj -Rj Tj ; 0), where Sj Tj is the outstanding amount owed by the borrower and depends on the borrowed amount and the term of the loan, and Rj Tj is the property sale amount. Rj Tj is proportionate to the borrowed amount; the proportionality coefficient is modeled by a geometric Brownian motion and represents the fluctuation price of real estate. The couples (Maturity of the loan, Term of the loan) are modeled by a Poisson point process. The provision Ph, where h is the maximum duration of the loans, is defined as the sum of the random number of individual defaults amounts. We can calculate the mean and the variance of the provision and also give an algorithm to simulate the provision. It is also possible to estimate the parameters of our model and then give a numerical value of the provision quantile. In the second part we will focus on the solvency need due to provisioning risk (topic imposed by the european Solvency 2 reform). The question will be to study the asymptotic behaviour of Ph when h ! +1. We will show that Ph, well renormalized, converges in law to a random variable which is the sum of two random variables whose one is a Gaussian
Winant, Pablo. "Modèles stochastiques d'équilibre général dynamique à deux agents." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0048.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on the numerical solution and properties of dynamic general equilibrium models, in which two agents can trade in one or many assets. In the first chapter, I develop an approximation method around a « risky steady-state » which captures precautionary behavior of economic agents. In a simple two-countries models, I show that this effect stabilizes the net foreign asset position. The second chapter provides theoretical foundations to adapt classical perturbation methods in order to characterize dynamic portfolios in general or partial equilibrium. It also evaluates its precision relative to other concurring methods. The third chapter studies financial integration in the stochastic neoclassical model. By comparing quantitatively the effects of precautionary savings by risky countries with the effects of efficient capital allocation, the model is able to predict capital flow reversals a few years after integration. Counter-intuitively, the safer country benefits more from financial integration that the risky one. Last chapters links an increase in income inequalities with a debt accumulation by the 95% poorest households. The debt buildup induces in turn a rational default by bottom earners, leading to crises episodes similar to the great depression and the great recession. The debt accumulation comes from the preference for wealth by top earners that matches the observed behavior of the top 5% households. When calibrated to empirical data, the model is able to reproduce the magnitude of debt accumulation and the increase in crisis probability that were historically observed before the two historical episodes
Thieulot-Laure, Emmanuelle. "Méthode probabiliste unifiée pour la prédiction du risque de rupture en fatigue." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01199575v1.
Full textOne of the main sources of randomness in fatigue is the presence of defects in the material. So as to establish specifications about the material cleanliness, i. E. The distribution of inclusion sizes, the relation between the defect size and the risk of failure should be established. The pioneering results of Kitagawa and Takahashi have established that two domains can be distinguished: when defects are small, the endurance limit does not vary with the defect size. Endurance models are therefore expressed within the framework of continuum mechanics. On the contrary, the size of large defects should be accounted for, which is usually done within the framwork of linear elastic fracture mechanics. When the distributions of defects are wide, an accurate prediction of the failure probability requires a unified fatigue criterion in terms of defects sizes. Therefore, a non‐propagation criterion was developed. It is based on a critical elastic distortional energy around the crack tip and includes higher order terms (Tstress) of LEFM asymptotic fields, so as to be applicable to smaller defects. This criterion responds like the Dang Van criterion for small defects and like a non‐propagation threshold stress intensity factor for large defects. The probably of failure is then determined using the weakest link theory from the statistic distribution of defects sizes. However, when defects are small, their non‐propagation threshold becomes sensitive to the local environment of the defect. Therefore, the last part of this thesis concerns the fluctuation of stresses within the microstructure and its effects on the non‐propagation threshold of defects. This “microstructural” fluctuation induces a dispersion of the non‐propagation threshold, when defects have a dimension below ten grains and then vanishes progressively with the inverse of the squareroot of the defect size, when this defect size increases
Villemot, Sébastien. "Essays on Modeling the Sovereign Default Risk." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0055.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the literature on sovereign debt and default risk, building on theoretical models of strategic default and on more recent developments of the quantitative sovereign debt literature. The first contribution is to suggest a solution to the “sovereign default puzzle:” most quantitative sovereign debt models predict a default at very low debt-to-GDP thresholds, in clear contradiction with what is observed in the data. Starting from the observation that countries generally do not want to default but are rather forced into it by the markets, I present a model which can replicate the key stylized facts regarding sovereign risk. As another contribution, I establish a typology of debt crises in three categories: those crises that are the consequence of exogenous shocks, those that are self-fulfilling prophecies, and those self-enforcing crises that are the consequence of a rational tendency to over-borrow when the risk of a negative shock is high. The estimated proportion of self-fulfilling and self-enforcing crises in the data is about 10% in each case. I also study how sovereign default can be understood in the context of small open economy real business cycle models. The conclusion is that these models oscillate between two polar cases: default is either inexistent or too frequent, depending on the chosen parameter values. These models are therefore not well suited for studying sovereign risk, and default needs to be fully endogeneized in order to get meaningful results. Finally, I make a methodological contribution by presenting a new computational method for solving endogenous default models. It is shown to dramatically improve the existing speed-accuracy frontier
Jiao, Ying. "Risque de crédit : modélisation et simulation numérique." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002180.
Full textAziz, Saqib. "Three Essays on Mergers and Acquisitions and Bank Stability." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G005/document.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three essays on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity of banks and various dimensions of their stability. The first essay delves upon whether and how acquisitiveness of large European banks over an extensive period of 1990-2006 relate to their bailouts and credit ratings during the financial crisis of 2007-2009. Three important findings emerge from the performed analysis. First, the intensity of bank M&A activity positively relates to the likelihood and extent of their bailout support during the financial crisis. Second, the ex-ante acquisitiveness of banks relates in a significantly positive manner with the deterioration in bank issuer ratings – suggesting towards higher default risk of acquisitive banks during the crisis period. Third, a positive link between the external support and the joint effect of M&A activity and “too big to fail” factor substantiates that banks may pursue M&A activity to exploit safety net benefits associated with “too big to fail” status in the market. The second chapter analyzes the relation between M&A activity of large European banks and their vulnerability to the financial crisis using Merton (1974) based distance to default (DD) and the Z-score ratio as a measure of bankruptcy risk and solvency. The results suggest that a greater focus of samples banks towards acquiring investment banking operations over a time span of 1990-2006 significantly relates to the increase in their risk default (measured by DD) and insolvency (measured by Z-score) during the recent financial crisis. Moreover, relatively limited evidence indicates towards the positive stability effects of the acquisitions performed in the retail banking segment of industry by the sample banks. The third and final essay of this dissertation provides M&A centric evidence on bank deregulation, consolidation, and stability in the U.S. banking industry. We primarily analyze the effects of two significant deregulatory acts of the 1990s that permitted U.S. banks to expand across states (the Riegle-Neal act of 1994) and functions performed (the Gramm-Leach-Bliley act of 1999). We employ difference-in-difference approach over M&A activity of U.S. (treatment group) and European (control group) banks over a time span of 1990-2009 in an unbalanced panel setting. We find a significantly positive effect of deregulation in spurring M&A centric consolidation in the U.S. banking industry. However, such effects are not fully reflected in the types of diversification aimed at in the two deregulatory acts. Moreover, we also show that M&A intensity and deregulation jointly cast a negative effect on the stability of U.S. banking industry –thus substantiating “Concentration – Fragility” view over banking
Thorez, Eric. "CDS and the forecasting of bank default." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED073/document.
Full textBased on an analysis of the default of the banks and regulation through credit ratings (and rating agencies), CDS models, Basel III, bail-In and capital insurance, we find that the characteristics of CDS make them a good candidate to forecast (and ideally prevent) the potential defaults of the banks. Indeed, thanks to the economics of CDS and results of empirical studies, we show that they are a good proxy of bank risks and that they did capture information changes more quickly than the credit ratings which remained relatively constant during 2007 and 2008.So, using a specific trigger based on CDS and the appropriate action, should the trigger be activated, we could prevent the default of a bank. And the understanding of contingent capital mechanism is of great interest to reach this objective which optimizes the monitoring implemented by banks as well as regulators
Kouassi, Komlan Prosper. "Adaptation des techniques actuelles de scoring aux besoins d'une institution de crédit : le CFCAL-Banque." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAB004.
Full textFinancial institutions face in their functions a variety of risks such as credit, market and operational risk. These risks are not only related to the nature of the activities they perform, but also depend on predictable external factors. The instability of these factors makes them vulnerable to financial risks that they must appropriately identify, analyze, quantify and manage. Among these risks, credit risk is the most prominent due to its ability to generate a systemic crisis. The probability for an individual to switch from a risked to a riskless state is thus a central point to many economic issues. In credit institution, this problem is reflected in the probability for a borrower to switch from a state of “good risk” to a state of “bad risk”. For this quantification, banks increasingly rely on credit-scoring models. This thesis focuses on the current credit-scoring techniques tailored to the needs of a credit institution: the CFCAL-banque specialized in mortgage credits. We particularly present two nonparametric models (SVM and GAM) and compare their performance in terms of classification to those of logit model traditionally used in banks. Our results show that SVM are more effective if we only focus on the global prediction performance of the models. However, SVM models give lower sensitivities than logit and GAM models. In other words the predictions of SVM models on defaulted borrowers are not satisfactory as those of logit or GAM models. In the present state of our research, even GAM models have lower global prediction capabilities, we recommend these models that give more balanced sensitivities, specificities and performance prediction. This thesis is not completely exhaustive about the scoring techniques for credit risk management. By trying to highlight targeted credit scoring models, adapt and apply them on real mortgage data, and compare their performance through classification, this thesis provides an empirical and methodological contribution to research on scoring models for credit risk management
Dhima, Julien. "Evolution des méthodes de gestion des risques dans les banques sous la réglementation de Bale III : une étude sur les stress tests macro-prudentiels en Europe." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E042/document.
Full textOur thesis consists in explaining, by bringing some theoretical elements, the imperfections of EBA / BCE macro-prudential stress tests, and proposing a new methodology of their application as well as two specific stress tests in addition. We show that macro-prudential stress tests may be irrelevant when the two basic assumptions of the Gordy-Vasicek core model used to assess banks regulatory capital in internal methods (IRB) in the context of credit risk (asymptotically granular credit portfolio and presence of a single source of systematic risk which is the macroeconomic conjuncture), are not respected. Firstly, they exist concentrated portfolios for which macro-stress tests are not sufficient to measure potential losses or even ineffective in the case where these portfolios involve non-cyclical counterparties. Secondly, systematic risk can come from several sources; the actual one-factor model doesn’t allow a proper repercussion of the “macro” shocks. We propose a specific credit stress test which makes possible to apprehend the specific credit risk of a concentrated portfolio, as well as a specific liquidity stress test which makes possible to measure the impact of liquidity shocks on the bank’s solvency. We also propose a multifactorial generalization of the regulatory capital valuation model in IRB, which allows applying macro-stress tests shocks on each sectorial portfolio, stressing in a clear, precise and transparent way the systematic risk factors impacting it. This methodology allows a proper impact of these shocks on the conditional probability of default of the counterparties of these portfolios and therefore a better evaluation of the capital charge of the bank
Ma, Xiaofei. "Structural Change, Mobility and Economic Policies." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2073/document.
Full textThis thesis studies challenges for modern developped economies, including the structural change toward services, population ageing, weak labor mobility in the EMU and unconventional monetary policies after the 2008 financial crisis. The manuscript is divided into four chapters.In the first chapter, we analyze the interaction between interbank markets and default risk using a two-country dynamic general equilibrium model, with a focus on the transmission of the recent financial crisis and unconventional monetary policies.In the second chapter, we investigate the effects of fiscal devaluations on key macroeconomic aggregates and welfare using a two-country monetary-union model with endogenous varieties and endogenous tradability.In the third chapter, we study the impact of demographic factor and the growth of service sector by using a multi-sectoral OLG model, and effectuate counterfactual experiments in which the annual growth rate of young generation is ±1pp than the actual growth rate.In the fourth chapter, we study the potential interactions between financial integration and labor mobility in a currency union facing asymmetric shocks, and simulate the impacts of 2008 financial crisis under different mobility costs
Daass, Bilal. "Approches informationnelles pour une navigation autonome collaborative de robots d'exploration de zones à risques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I054.
Full textIn the recent years, there was a growing interest to provide an accurate estimate of the state of a dynamic system for a wide range of applications. In this work, we target systems built up with several collaborative subsystems integrating various heterogeneous sensors. We introduce a filter concept that combines the advantages of both Kalman and informational filters to achieve low computational load. To consider any system whose measurement covariances are incomplete or unknown, a multi-sensor fusion based on the covariance intersection is analyzed in terms of calculation burden. Three multi-sensor fusion architectures are then considered. A fine analysis of the calculation load distribution of the filter and the covariance intersection algorithm is performed on the different components of these architectures. To make the system fault tolerant, informational statistical methods are developed. They are applicable to any method based on the generalized likelihood ratio. They lead to an adaptive threshold of this ratio. The technique has been implemented considering two types of control charts for the fast detection of sensor failures. Our theoretical approaches are validated through a system of collaborative mobile robots. We integrate a diagnosis and fault detection phase, which is based on the integration of these informational statistical methods into the fusion and estimation process, the latter being composed of a Bayesian filter and the covariance intersection. The main objective is to ensure that this system provides safe, accurate and fault-tolerant autonomous navigation. Finally, we present a proof-of-concept method for nondestructive and evaluation of materials in close proximity of the robot environment. In particular, we introduce a microwave sensor to characterize the electromagnetic wave to material under test interaction. This technique, known under the name radar, had a growing interest in academic laboratories and for usual applications related to speed measurements. Nevertheless, its adaptation to collaborative mobile robots remains a challenging task to address contactless characterization of materials, especially in harsh environments. This latter consists to determine the material characteristics from embedded microwave sensors
David, Paul. "Le traitement de l'incertitude dans le contentieux des produits de santé défectueux." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB218.
Full textAt a time when healthcare-product litigation is attaining record heights, the implementation into French law of the special liability regime for defective products, which derives from the European Council Directive of 25 July 1985, has led to the emergence of several grey areas of uncertainty which have a direct impact on the outcome of claims for compensation. Areas of material uncertainty have, for the most part, been effectively dealt with through the combined application of case law and the intervention of the legislator. While classic legal tools such as presumption and alternative causality provide a means to resolve a non-negligible part of these uncertainties, judges have also endeavoured to develop new tools, such as risk/utility test and market-share liability. Still, although the development of these legal tools - better suited as they are to the specific features of healthcare products - provide an effective solution to resolving areas of material uncertainty, the treatment of scientific uncertainty, which is based on presumptions of fact, does not always provide satisfactory solutions. The study of the legal treatment of uncertainty in healthcare-product litigation provides a means to assess the benefits but also the limitations of certain tools that are now available to judges but which at times prove inadequate. Intervention on the part of the legislator, while at the same time taking into account the specific features of healthcare products, could lead to the development of a suitable compensation system that could afford relief when litigation fails
Dakkoune, Amine. "Méthodes pour l'analyse et la prévention des risques d'emballement thermique Zero-order versus intrinsic kinetics for the determination of the time to maximum rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR_ad): application to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide Risk analysis of French chemical industry Fault detection in the green chemical process : application to an exothermic reaction Analysis of thermal runaway events in French chemical industry Early detection and diagnosis of thermal runaway reactions using model-based approaches in batch reactors." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMIR30.
Full textThe history of accidental events in chemical industries shows that their human, environmental and economic consequences are often serious. This thesis aims at proposing an approach of detection and diagnosis faults in chemical processes in order to prevent these accidental events. A preliminary study serves to identify the major causes of chemical industrial events based on experience feedback. In France, according to the ARIA database, 25% of the events are due to thermal runaway because of human errors. It is therefore appropriate to develop a method for early fault detection and diagnosis due to thermal runaway. For that purpose, we develop an approach that uses dynamical thresholds for the detection and collection of measurements for diagnosis. The localization of faults is based on a classification of the statistical characteristics of the temperature according to several defectives modes. A multiset of linear classifiers and binary decision diagrams indexed with respect to the time are used for that purpose. Finally, the synthesis of peroxyformic acid in a batch and semi batch reactor is considered to validate the proposed method by numerical simulations and then experiments. Faults detection performance has been proved satisfactory and the classifiers have proved a high isolability rate of faults
Berg, Florian. "Extra-Financial Risk Factors and the Cost of Debt." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED030/document.
Full textThis thesis analyzes if and to what extent debt markets value the environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance of firms and sovereigns. The first chapter shows that negative ESG news has a negative impact on the cost of debt of firms. The news relates to environmental and social events within the industrial/utilities sector. In this sector, a sound corporate social performance acts as an insurance against the adverse impact of negative environmental events on bond prices. The second chapter reveals that ESG scores integrated into portfolios do not change the financial performance ex post. A portfolio manager can increase the average ESG rating of her portfolio by 1.5 standard deviations without incurring cost. This leaves substantial room and opportunity for ESG ratings to be combined with asset allocation or absolute return strategies. The third chapter shows how ESG performance is linked to a lower cost of debt of emerging sovereigns. Research indicates that an emerging country’s average cost of capital decreases with its positive environmental and social performance. The fourth chapter discusses how governance performance may influence the spread of debt denominated in local and foreign currency. In developed countries, the spread between a foreign currency yield and a hedged local currency yield increases with our political risk indicator, i.e. the foreign yield increases faster than the domestic one. For emerging countries, the reverse trend is true. Interestingly, the foreign currency and local currency yield spreads move significantly stronger in absolute terms with increasing foreign investment participation in both emerging countries and developed countries’ debt markets
Chen, Rui. "Dynamic optimal control for distress large financial networks and Mean field systems with jumps Optimal connectivity for a large financial network Mean Field BSDEs and Global Dynamic Risk Measures." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2019PSLED042.
Full textThis thesis presents models and methodologies to understand the control of systemic risk in large systems. We propose two approaches. The first one is structural : a financial system is represented as a network of institutions. They have strategic interactions as well as direct interactions through linkages in a contagion process. The novelty of our approach is that these two types of interactions are intertwined themselves and we propose new notions of equilibria for such games and analyze the systemic risk emerging in equilibrium. The second approach is a reduced form.We model the dynamics of regulatory capital using a mean field operator : required capital depends on the standalone risk but also on the evolution of the capital of all other banks in the system. In this model, required capital is a dynamic risk measure and is represented as a the solution of a mean-field BDSE with jumps. We show a novel dual representation theorem. In the context of meanfield BSDEs the representation gives yield to a stochastic discount factor and a worst-case probability measure that encompasses the overall interactions in the system. We also solve the optimal stopping problem of dynamic risk measure by connecting it to the solution of reflected meanfield BSDE with jumps. Finally, We provide a comprehensive model for the order book dynamics and optimal Market making strategy appeared in liquidity risk problems
Mercier-Wiart, Françoise. "Le management de l'école à l'épreuve de réalités éducatives et sociales. Entre confiance et défiance. Etude de cas." Phd thesis, Université Charles de Gaulle - Lille III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838703.
Full textBedini, Matteo. "Information on a default time : Brownian bridges on a stochastic intervals and enlargement of filtrations." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0032.
Full textIn this PhD thesis the information process concerning a default time τ in a credit risk model is described by a Brownian bridge over the random time interval [0, τ]. Such a bridge process is characterised as to be a more adapted model than the classical one considering the indicator function I[0,τ]. After the study of related Bayes formulas, this approach of modelling information concerning the default time is related with other financial information. This is done with the help of the theory of enlargement of filtration, where the filtration generated by the information process is enlarged with a reference filtration modelling other information not directly associated with the default. A particular attention is paid to the classification of the default time with respect to the minimal filtration but also with respect to the enlarged filtration. Sufficient conditions under which τ is totally inaccessible are discussed, but also an example is given of a τ avoiding the stopping times of the reference filtration, which is totally inaccessible with respect to its own filtration and predictable with respect to the enlarged filtration. Finally, common financial contracts like defaultable bonds and credit default swaps are considered in the above described settings
Barbaro, Vanessa. "Les nouveaux risques : aspects de responsabilité civile et d'assurance : étude de droit français à la lumière des droits américain et chinois." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30023.
Full textThe expression « emerging risks » is increasingly used to describe the health and environmental risks related to scientific and technical progress whenever their damaging consequences, although anticipated, are shrouded in an opaque veil of scientific uncertainty. The professionals, who created these risks, often use this uncertainty in an attempt to avoid any liability. When unable to do so, they try to have them covered by their liability insurance, even though such behavior fuels the idea that insurance promotes irresponsible behavior. This thesis is built around the question of the insurability, or to be more precise, the non-insurability of emerging risks. The aim was to study the capacity of the current products liability system, complemented by the relevant liability insurance, to meet the social goal of taking care of the victims of those « emerging risks ». The solutions provided by the French law system have been put up for a test by comparing them with those of the American and Chinese ones, while taking into account the contextual problems met by the latter. In this regard, the study of emerging risks leads us to review the concept of insurable risk, and to admit there are limits to the current system dealing with the victims’ compensation. It seems appropriate to refer back to the fundamentals of liability law and insurance law while seeking additional solutions. Appealing to national solidarity (through the setting up of a compensation fund) or to financial markets could be the solution
Nguyen-Dinh, Ngoc. "Experimental study of the trimming of carbon-epoxy composite : machinability and material integrity." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30059.
Full textTrimming is the first operation of machining after the manufacturing and demolding of the composite structures. This operation which is usually conducted with conventional process of material removal (by cutting tool) induces various forms of damage which is accompanied by the generation of harmful particles in case of dry machining. In fact, particles generated during dry machining of composite pose a dangerous threat, as they can get suspended in the air and infiltrate inside body of operators giving rise to risk of respiratory hazard. Unfortunately, the understanding of particulate emission during machining of composite is presently incomplete. In addition, the appearance of damages located on the machined surface (due the interaction tool/plies) can reduce the structural performance in service due to the formation of stress concentration zones. As a result, it is necessary to understand the underlying causes for generation of damage, and also the relationship between machining induced damage and mechanical behavior. It is important to notice that, industrially, surface roughness criterion is widely used to quantify the machined quality of the newly generated composite surface. However, so far this has been ambiguous approach. Hence, to address the problems mentioned, this thesis focuses on three main objectives. Firstly, studies on the machinability of multi-directional specimens made of carbon fiber reinforced plastics laminates (CFRPs) during trimming with PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond) cutting tools. Specifically, the influence of cutting parameters (feed speed and cutting speed), cutting distance (tool wear) on the cutting forces, machining temperature induced as well as the multi-scale characterization of the machining induced damages have been investigated. For the multi-scale characterization of the induced machining postmortem observations of the machined specimens, using different techniques such as X-ray tomography, confocal microscopy and SEM, are used. Thanks to this multi-scale characterization, the machining quality was quantified using newly proposed parameters such as crater volume ‘CV’ based on the quantification of the crater defects and maximum depth of damage (D) based on the X-ray tomography. The second objective of this thesis was focused on influence of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed speed, and radial depth of cut), cutting distance, and tool geometry on the number of harmful particles generated during trimming. The outcome of this study on the dust emission can be beneficial for the industrial community to select the safe machining condition for protecting the operators who potentially inhale the particles in the air in the machining area. The obtained results clearly highlighted that to reduce the emission of the harmful particles it is necessary to increase the radial depth of cut or the feed rate. However, this combination of cutting conditions, leads to poor machining quality. This inspired to propose a new design of cutting tool geometry in collaboration with ASAHI Company
Al-Kharaz, Mohammed. "Analyse multivariée des alarmes de diagnostic en vue de la prédiction de la qualité des produits." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/211207_ALKHARAZ_559anw633vgnlp70s324svilo_TH.pdf.
Full textThis thesis addresses the prediction of product quality and improving the performance of diagnostic alarms in a semiconductor facility. For this purpose, we exploit the alarm history collected during production. First, we propose an approach to model and estimate the degradation risk of the final product associated with each alarm triggered according to its activation behavior on all products during production. Second, using the estimated risk values for any alarm, we propose an approach to predict the final quality of the product's lot. This approach models the link between process alarm events and the final quality of product lot through machine learning techniques. We also propose a new approach based on alarm event text processing to predict the final product quality. This approach improves performance and exploits more information available in the alarm text. Finally, we propose a framework for analyzing alarm activations through performance evaluation tools and several interactive visualization techniques that are more suitable for semiconductor manufacturing. These allow us to closely monitor alarms, evaluate performance, and improve the quality of products and event data collected in history. The effectiveness of each of the above approaches is demonstrated using a real data set obtained from a semiconductor manufacturing facility
Brailovsky, Javier. "Modèles de risque de crédit à la consommation : étude du rôle de l'économie dans la probabilité de défaut." Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1779/1/M10704.pdf.
Full textLamantia, Valérie. "Le lien entre l’apoB plasmatique et le risque de diabète de type 2 chez les individus obèses : un défaut de clairance des gras diététiques." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13015.
Full textOBJECTIVE: Plasma apoB predicts type 2 diabetes in humans. Delayed TG clearance promotes lipotoxicity and insulin resistance (IR). We demonstrated ex vivo that LDL, the major form of apoB-lipoproteins, impairs human white adipose tissue (WAT) fat storage. We hypothesized that the link between plasma apoB, IR and hyperinsulinemia is mediated through delayed dietary fat clearance. METHODS/RESULTS: We examined insulin secretion (IS) and IR during a intravenous-glucose tolerance test followed by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in normoglycemic obese (N=29, 45%men, body mass index (BMI)≥27kg/m2, 45-74yrs, postmenopausal). Dietary TG clearance was measured after the ingestion of a 13C-triolein-labeled high-fat meal. The function of a fasting WAT biopsy was measured as the ability to store a 3H-TG substrate. Plasma apoB averaged 1.03±0.05g/L, and correlated with IR, 2nd phase IS, delayed dietary TG clearance and reduced WAT function. Moreover, delayed dietary TG clearance was associated with higher IR and 2nd phase IS. Correcting for dietary TG clearance or WAT function eliminated the association of plasma apoB with IR and 2nd phase IS. CONCLUSION: The association of plasma apoB with IR and IS in obese subjects is mediated by delayed dietary fat clearance and WAT dysfunction.
Fournier-Gendron, Hugo. "Sécurité informationnelle des systèmes cyberphysiques et risques à la santé et sécurité : quelle responsabilité pour le fabricant ?" Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21353.
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