Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Risques et aléas sismiques'
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Solaymani, Azad Shahryar. "Evaluation de l'aléa sismique pour les villes de Téhéran, Tabriz et Zandjan dans le NW de l'Iran : approche morphotectonique et paléosismologique." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20041.
Full textThe Mosha fault is one of the major active faults in the southern Central Alborz between Longitudes E 50° 45' and E 52° 30'. This 190 kilometres long, N110°E trending fault is described as the source of several strong historical earthquakes, and is characterized by an outstanding morphological signature. Situated for its closest part, just 12 km at the north-eastern vicinity of the Tehran capital (15 million peoples with suburbs areas), the Mosha fault represents a potential source for strong earthquake that would certainly damage the Iranian metropolis. In order to better assess the seismic hazard associated to the Mosha fault, we carried out a morphotectonics and paleoseismological study, that we focused on the eastern and central parts of the fault (between Tar valley in the east and Lavasanat region in the west), where are observed clear evidences of a recent activity. The northwest of Iran is characterized by high level of historical seismicity and population density. To better evaluate the seismic hazard in NW Iran, we focused our studies on two regions (Tabriz and Zandjan). In the Tabriz region, twelve destructive historical earthquakes have been recorded since 858 AD. , most of them were associated to the North Tabriz strike slip Fault. On the SE segment of the fault (west of Bostanabad) the last macroseismic event occurred in 1721 AD and hit strongly the Tabriz city (present population more than 1200000). Along this segment, we observed in the morphology many evidences of nearly pure right lateral strike slip movements and we dug four trenches. The first results show that since 33. 5 K years this place experienced at least four major (M=7. 2-7. 4) seismic events including the last one in 1721. According to interseismic measurements (Masson et al. , 2006; Vernant et al. , 2006), long-term slip rate of the North Tabriz Fault could reach 5-6 mm/y. On the other hand, paleoseismological studies (Hessami et al. , 2003 and the present study) show an important difference concerning fault seismic behaviour between NW and SE segments. Based on the results of mentioned studies; the amount of large seismic events along NW segment of the fault is significantly greater than along the SE segment. This observation could indicate that fault slip rate along the Tabriz fault decreases from NW to SE. According to historical seismicity catalogues, the Zandjan region can be considered as a seismic gap even if a few low (M<5. 5) magnitude earthquakes have been recorded in the last century. Based on Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), satellite images and aerial photo interpretations together with detailed field investigations, we have discovered a major active fault network. It is mainly constituted by several thrust faults with right lateral slip components trending NW-SE to N-S and it can be divided into three major fault zones affecting Zandjan city (present day population over 510000) and part of the Zandjan-Mianeh basin more to the west. Based on fault geometrical characteristics (fault length,. . . ) and kinematics, Zandjan fault system can produce moderate to large earthquakes and serious damages in surrounding areas. The study of these faults is, then, of major interest for seismic hazard assessment in Zandjan province where total population exceed 1. 5 million but also to better understand present day geodynamic of NW Iran
St, Fleur Sadrac. "Estimation des mouvements sismiques à Port-au-Prince (Haïti) : mesures des amplifications locales et simulations numériques." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4099/document.
Full textIn order to help estimating the seismic ground motion expected in the Port-au-Prince area (Haiti), we characterize local site effects, pointing out the seismic waves trapped in the loose layer of Cul-de-Sac basin, and provide realistic synthetic accelerograms for an hypothetical future earthquake.To this end, we propose to analyze signals from 78 earthquakes that occurred between March 2010and February 2013, by applying two methods of spectral ratios : The H/V earthquake method and the classical spectral ratio (SSR). A strong spatial variability was observed in the measured amplifications, which is quite consistent with the heterogeneous surface geology of the area. We notice in particular strong amplification on marine sediments close to the coast. In the foothills of the Massif de la Selle the reflection of the seismic waves lead to the concentration of the wave fields that strongly amplify seismic ground motion at the top of the hills. In addition, an increase of the signal duration due to the presence of surface waves was also highlighted on some stations of the plain. For the generation of synthetic accelerograms, we first use Empirical Green functions (EGF) method. The results show that the strongest acceleration is expected in Quaternary sediments near the coast and on the ridge of south hills of Port-au-Prince. Then, a hybrid simulation method combining complex transfer functions (amplitude and phase) and the EGF simulation on bedrock was set up and validated from testing on instrumented sites in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince
Haghshenas, Ebrahim. "Conditions géotechniques et aléa sismique local à Téhéran." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10099.
Full textA seismological campaign including installation of 13 temporary seismological stations on the different representative geotechnical sites was conductel from February to June 2002 in Tehran (Iran). Ln addition the ambient noise was recorded in more than 60 point of the city. The principal part of this thesis is consisted of analysis oh data recorded during this campaign in relation with the geotechnical conditions by various experimental techniques to estimate the site effect on amplification and prolongation of seismic movements. The results put in evidence an important site effect as weil as in amplitude as duration of sei smic movements on the majority of the studied sites, contrasting with the moderate values (factor 2 to 3) predicted in the preceding studies by 1 D the approach. Moreover, the thesis also comprises a systematic comparison of the information deduced from the ambient noise and those deduced from the recording earthquakes, adding of the other data coming from more than 150 European sites. This comparison shows the capacity of HN method in approximately 80% of the cases, there are however the failures, especially in the case of Teheran where HN curves remain flat for the majority of the sites. The last part of the present work concerned with the simulation of the strong ground motions with the method ofempirical Green function. Four different scenarios, concerning the occurrence ofstrong earthquakes on the faults of Mosha, North-Alborz and Garrnsar were simulated. The resulted maximum accelerations are rather significant and of the simulated response spectra exceed sometimes the proposed response spectrum of the actually Iranian Building Code
Brax, Marleine. "Aléa et microzonage sismiques à Beyrouth." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU050.
Full textLebanon is one of the countries that have not suffered from large destructive earthquakes foralmost two centuries. It is however lying on the 1000 km long, left lateral Levant fault thatseparates the Arabic plate in the east from the African plate in the west. Its main branches inLebanon are the Yammouneh fault that crosses the country from south to north, the Serghayaand Rachaya faults in its Eastern part, the Roum and Mount Lebanon Thrust faults in itsWestern part. These faults have generated destructive earthquakes in the long known historyof the area. The largest events are: The July 551 earthquake on the Mount Lebanon Thrustfault, the May 1202 earthquake on the Yammouneh fault, the October 1759 on the Rachayafault and the November 1759 on the Serghaya fault. From all above, one can conclude thatLebanon is exposed to a significant seismic hazard. Assessing the local seismic hazard andrisk is therefore of primary importance for the whole country.The objective of the work undergone in this PhD is to take advantage of the latest advancesachieved worldwide to promote rather inexpensive, though reliable, seismic hazardassessment tools, to try to apply them in Lebanon starting with the big cities and specificallythe capital Beirut. These studies will help to understand the Lebanese seismic risk andsubsequently to start to elaborate seismic policies and codes that may help reducing this risk.A temporary seismological network consisting of 10 stations has been installed in Beirut anda part of its suburbs. Several tens of local and regional earthquakes could be recorded, andallowed to estimate the site response at selected sites in Beirut through the standard site toreference spectral ratio method ("SSR") on earthquakes, compared to the horizontal tovertical ratio ("H/V") calculated on earthquakes and on ambient noise. The same recordingscould also be used via the empirical Green Function’s technique ("EGF") to predict theseismic ground motion corresponding to a Mw7.5 on the Yammouneh fault. However, due tolimitations in near-field applications of the EGF technique, this prediction exercise wasperformed in two steps and with two complementary techniques: a weak event recording wasfirst used to simulate a Mw6.5 earthquake on the Yammouneh fault, while several, carefullyselected ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) were used to perform a comparativeprediction for the same earthquake. This EGF/GMPE comparison then allowed tuning theGMPE prediction of ground motion at various sites within Beirut for the target Mw7.5 event.The results were then extended in view of proposing a framework for a future microzonationviimap. A comprehensive campaign of ambient noise measurements was achieved for 615 sitesof Beirut municipality and close suburbs, the H/V processing of which allowed to derive arobust map of resonance frequency for the whole area. In addition, active and passive seismicmeasurements were conducted on different geological units near the 10 formerlyinstrumented sites, which provided quantitative estimates of the shallow S-wave velocitythrough the Rayleigh wave dispersion curves. These geophysical measurements permitted toprovide direct estimates of the shear waves velocity, which prove much more reliable thanthe highly scattered estimates derived from the compilation of the availablegeological/geotechnical parameters and the use of existing correlations equations betweenSPT N-value and S-wave velocity Vs
Helms, John A. "Aléa sismique naturel et sismicité induite du projet géothermique européen RCS (Roche Chaude Sèche) de Soultz-sous-Forêts (Bas-Rin, France)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR13145.
Full textBottelin, Pierre. "Caractérisation des phases pré-et post-rupture d'éboulements rocheux de taille intermédiaire : apport des enregistrements sismiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU015/document.
Full textMid-size rockfalls (103-105 m3) represent a substantial hazard in mountainous areas, because of relative high rate of occurrence and destructive power. Consequently, few protection means can be applied, emphasizing the need for monitoring techniques and early warning prior to the collapse. After the rupture, quantitative information on the rockfall propagation phase is scarce, owing to their suddenness and location in steep and rugged slopes. In this thesis work, an experimental approach is proposed to derive valuable information from seismic records during rockfall pre-rupture and post-rupture phases. The first part of this work aims at testing the applicability of the ambient vibration technique to monitor unstable rock compartments dynamic response in the pre-rupture phase. This technique (commonly employed in civil engineering for structural health monitoring) reveals the resonant frequencies of a structure, a decrease in frequency revealing potential damage. A previous case study of an unstable limestone compartment brought to light a #30% decrease in fundamental resonant frequency (f1) two weeks before the collapse. Following this innovative work, we selected and instrumented four prone-to-fall medium-size rock compartments located in the Occidental Alps, showing various geological contexts (limestones, argillite and shale-sandstone series), deformation patterns and failure mechnisms. Ambient vibrations recorded on-site revealed caracteristic seismic noise features. Spectral peaks were observed and attributed to resonant frequencies of the rock compartments, the fundamental resonant frequency (f1) showing clear polarization parallel to the line of maximum slope gradient, and perpendicular to the main bounding fracture observed at most of the sites. Similar findings were made for an unstable rock compartment located in a volcanic caldera, characterized by rapid morphological changes and intense rockfall activity. The dynamic response of the rear fracture network was explored, showing that spectral content of seismic noise is controlled by the caldera structure in the 0.5-5 Hz range. The direction of vibration is polarized perpendicularly to the fractures, while vibration amplitudes are linked to compartment uncoupling from the rock massif. In this case, the physical origin of seismic noise amplification may be due to complex 2D or 3D resonance effects. For the four alpine sites, the fundamental frequency f1 was monitored over more than one year, showing fluctuations clearly correlated with temperature oscillations. The thermal control over f1 is highly complex, showing both positive and negative correlations, depending on site morphology and destructuration, as well as on the studied oscillations periods (daily or seasonal). No change in fundamental frequency resulting from damage was observed over this time span. One site, characterized by intense rock fracturing and a deep-open rear fracture, showed high f1 sensitivity to temperature changes. Thermo-mechanical numerical simulations revealed that both material contraction-dilation and thermal dependancy of the elastic modulus control f1 fluctuations. In addition, high amplitude seasonal f1 oscillations were explained by ice formation in the rear fracture. A criterion was developped to separate thermal-induced f1 fluctuations from damage effects, under the hypothesis that thermal sensitivity of a rock compartment increases towards failure. The second part of this work relates to the post-rupture phase of rockfalls. The seismic records generated by two mid-size rockfalls {one natural, one provoked{ that occured in the same place were analyzed, showing complex enveloppe and spectrogram features. Both events showed close magnitude, duration and spectral content. The seismic signals of the provoked event were calibrated using video shots, allowing estimation of fallen material velocity during the successive propagation phases
Mathey, Marguerite. "Quantification haute résolution du champ de déformation 3D des Alpes occidentales : interprétations tectoniques et apports à l’aléa sismique Seismogenic potential of the High Durance Fault constrained by 20 yr of GNSS measurements in the Western European Alps." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU033.
Full textThe Alpine range is one of the first monitored mountain belts worldwide, both by seismic networks and space geodesy (GNSS), in particular due to its moderate but steady seismicity. Permanent GNSS measurements demonstrated that uplift is the main signal characterizing the current deformation in the European western Alps, reaching up to 2 mm/yr, while no shortening is observed across the belt. Based on the incredible amount of geodetic and seismic data available today, it now appears possible to constrain a new high resolution crustal strain field in the western Alps. This 3D field, made of surface deformation measurements and of the seismic deformation characteristics, is of primary importance in order to decipher the links between horizontal, vertical and seismic deformations. We rely for the present work on a multidisciplinary approach that aims at integrating 25 years long seismic records, 20 years of GPS measurements, and 4 years of Sentinel-1 satellite acquisitions, in order to establish the corresponding 3D strain rate field.For the first time in the western Alps, the spatial variability of the style of seismic deformation is robustly assessed, thanks to the analysis of the Sismalp (ISTerre Grenoble) database. New focal mechanisms computation along with principal stresses inversions have led to establish new orientations for the extensive deformation component, which occurs mainly in the center of the belt. As for the highly resolved 3D field of style of deformation, provided by Bayesian interpolations of focal mechanisms both at the surface and at depth, it reveals a vast majority of dextral strike-slip deformation occurring at the periphery of the belt, associated, in one specific area, with compression. These results bring new insights in the dynamics of the western alpine belt.Four GPS surveys (conducted in 1996, 2006, 2011 and 2016), along with the data provided by the permanent RENAG network, allowed us to increase the spatial resolution of the surface velocity and strain rate fields at the scale of the western Alps. These high resolution geodetic fields reveal that the amplitude of the extensive signal is at the highest in the Briançonnais area, while its kinematics appear consistent with interseismic deformation accommodated on at least one fault (the High Durance Fault). Longer-term seismic records show that, at least at the local scale, seismic and geodetic deformation patterns seem consistent within their uncertainty bounds in terms of kinematics and amplitude. At the regional scale of the entire western Alps though, geodetic strain rates appear one order of magnitude higher than the seismic ones, the latter comprising both instrumental and historical seismicity.Finally, four years of Sentinel-1 acquisitions appear to be the minimum time span required in order to derive long-term velocity maps in the satellite line of sight at the scale of the western Alps. The interferometric processing of the corresponding data allowed for the first time to get rid of the effects of snow and vegetation in a consistent way. The results feature short scale spatial variations in the uplift pattern, which are spatially correlated to crystalline external Alpine massifs as well as to the uplift patterns predicted by several isostatic adjustment models.This multidisciplinary work enabled us to increase the spatial resolution both of horizontal and vertical surface deformations and of seismic crustal deformation. The related 3D strain rate field sheds new lights on the various processes from which seismicity and deformation can originate. This 3D strain rate field moreover brings new constraints on several primary inputs to seismic hazard assessment models
Sansorny-Kohrs, Carine. "Modélisation de la source sismique et sommation de petits séismes pour l'évaluation des mouvements forts : application à une meilleure estimation de l'aléa sismique dans le sud-est de la France." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653557.
Full textOksuz, Hilal. "Comparaison des estimations d'aléa sismique probabiliste avec les observations (accélérations et intensités)." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU010/document.
Full textPSHA calculations rely on several models and assumptions in its components, such as the characterization of seismic sources, the establishment of recurrence laws in magnitude, and the choice of ground-motion prediction equations. The final output of a PSHA study is the hazard curve that gives annual rates of exceedances of different acceleration levels. All steps of the PSHA calculation bear uncertainties. Understanding the impact of these uncertainties on the final output of the PSHA is not straightforward. Until recently, little attention has been paid to testing the final output of PSHA models against observations. Acceleration datasets and intensity databases, partially independent from the PSHA calculations, can be used, as proposed in a handful of recent papers (Stirling & Gerstenberger 2006, Stirling & Gestenberger 2010, Albarello & D'Amico 2008). This study is aimed at testing PSH models in France (MEDD2002, AFPS2006 and SIGMA2012) and also in Turkey (SHARE), developing a quantitative method for comparing predicted and observed number of sites with exceedance over the lifetime of the network. This method builds on the studies of Stirling & Gerstenberger (2010) and Albarello & D'Amico (2008). All sites are sampled, observation time windows are stacked, and the PSHA is evaluated over a large geographical area at once. The objective is to understand the possibilities and limits of this approach, as observation time windows are short with respect to the return periods of interest in earthquake engineering. Results show that the AFPS2006 PSH model is consistent with the observations of the RAP accelerometric network over the acceleration range 40-100 cm/s2 (or 50-200 years of return periods). The MEDD2002 PSH model over-predicts the observed hazard for the return period of 100 years. For longer return periods (475 and 975 years), the test is not conclusive due to the lack of observations for large accelerations. No conclusion can be drawn for acceleration levels of interest in earthquake engineering. The proposed method is applied to Turkey. The PSH model can be tested using longer observation periods and higher accelerations levels than in France. The PSH model is tested for different selections of accelerometric sites, minimum inter-site distance and total observation period. For accelerations between 0.1 and 0.4g, the model is consistent with the observations for all tests. At lower acceleration levels, the agreement between the model and the observations varies depending on the decisions taken. Finally, the PSHA models in France are evaluated using the macroseismic intensity database (SISFrance). Completeness time windows are estimated from statistics on the intensity data (I≥5, MSK). Twenty-five sites are selected, with completeness time periods for I≥5 extending between 66 and 207 years, located in the highest active zones in France. At 100 years return period, MEDD2002 models predicts more sites with exceedances than the observed number of sites. At return periods higher than or equal to 475 years, both models AFPS2006 cannot be discriminated as both are consistent with observations. Considering the uncertainties on the selection of sites, on the determination of completeness time periods, and on the equation selected for converting intensities into accelerations, the results based on macroseismic intensities should be considered very carefully
Quenet, Grégory. "Les tremblements de terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : la naissance d'un risque /." Seyssel : Champ Vallon, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399722281.
Full textAl, Ashkar Abeer. "Tectonique active de la région d'Oulan Bator, Mongolie : analyse morpho-tectonique et paléosismologique des failles actives de Sharkhai et Avdar." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH014/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the active tectonic of two new faults: the Sharkhai fault and the Avdar faults. Both faults were discovered in 2011 from HR satellite images at tens kilometers from the capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar.Morpho-tectonic, geomorphological and paleoseismological approaches using high resolution Pleiades satellites images and field investigations allowed: 1) to map the both faults in details; 2) to describe their geometry and segmentation; 3) to identify their kinematic; 4) to document their recent activity and their seismic behavior (co-seismic and cumulated displacements, the time of the last earthquakes, slip rate). The Sharkhai fault extends 46 km with an average direction between N42°E and N72°E, and a dip between 72° and 66° either to south-east, between E106.31°/N47.352° and E106.53°/N47.485°, or sub-vertical between E106.474°/N47.473° and E106.75°/N47.57°. The fault is characterized by a linear and simple geometry. It is a left lateral strike slip with a normal vertical component. The paleoseismological investigations show evidences for three earthquakes: the EQ3 earthquake occurred before 3850±120 calBP, the EQ2 earthquake between 2400±70 calBP and 2030±40 calBP, and the most recent earthquake (MRE) between 1090±84 calBP and before the age of recent soil. The minimum return period of strong earthquakes on the fault Sharkhai is 1195 ± 157 years, which implies a maximum slip rate between 0.6±0.2 and 2.14±0.5 mm/year. Several segmentation scenarios of the fault where proposed indicating that the fault is capable to produce an earthquake of magnitude between 6 and 7. The maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA at rock) generated at Ulaanbaatar is 0.12 g, 0.28 g at the new airport, and 0.17 g at the city of Zuunmod. These values correspond to intensity between VI and X at rock sites. The Avdar fault, 47 km length, have an average orientation between N26°E and N88°E and a dip between 40° and 55°. The southwestern part of the fault is characterized by a simple and linear geometry while the architecture of the surface rupture is complex in the northeastern part. The measured offsets indicate that the fault is left lateral with a normal component. The paleoseismic trenches attest its seismic activity during the Quaternary. The fault can be divided into several segments suggesting earthquakes of a magnitude ranging from 5.8 to 7. The most important values of PGA (at rock site) would be 0.1 g at Ulaanbaatar, 0.18 g for the new airport and 0.19 g for Zuunmod city. These values indicate an intensity between VI and X. Paleoseismic trench shows that the last earthquake occurred on the fault since 5665± 85calBP. All these results should be considered in estimating the seismic hazard in the region of the capital Ulaanbaatar especially as, alone, it contains more than the half of the country population. Situated in a sedimentary basin, it is the commercial and industrial center of Mongolia and contains many vulnerable buildings. Also, the city is growing with a new airport construction near the fault Sharkhai area where the city will extend very quickly
Lemaire, Jean. "Un modèle d'évaluation de la vulnérabilité sismique du bâti existant selon l'Eurocode : essai méthodologique et application sur un territoire." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100010/document.
Full textThe seismic risk is a subject of multidisciplinary study which is the object of numerous research works. For a long time, it was studied in terms of hazard and it is only in the middle of the 20th century that we became interested in the vulnerability of the exposed elements. In spite of the multiplicity of the studies on the seismic risk, none of them adopts a global approach by using the earthquake-resistant regulations. Within the framework of thesis, we support the hypothesis that it possible to estimate the vulnerability of dwellings on the scale of several buildings by using the European standard, Eurocode 8. Using these regulations has the advantage reducing the time to study physical vulnerability by assessing the seismic resistance of a single building, where the latter represents a population of several buildings used as collective dwellings. The proposed methodology, illustrated on the example of the Mulhouse-Basel conurbation, consists of two phases. The first one consists in studying the seismic hazard of the urban area of Mulhouse and Basel through the bibliographical studies of some authors. This phase also consists in examining the compatibility of the European and Helvetian seismic regulations. Finally, a diagnosis of the existing structures and of the population is made to assess the vulnerability of these two urban territories, after a division of both cities into historic-geographical sectors. A second phase consists in proposing a simplified model of deterministic and probabilistic assessment of the vulnerability of the built, based on the new European regulation and the mechanics of the structures, to evaluate the seismic resistance of buildings. The probability aspect allowed to refine the proposed model to integrate certain uncertainties. A case study feigning an important earthquake of magnitude Mw equal to 6 on the Richter scale, integrating the phenomena of site effects as recommended by Eurocode 8, validated the application of the envisaged model. The proposed evaluation model is intended to provide a tool for assessing the vulnerability of the built without performing mechanical calculations. Thus, it aims to be accessible to all (geographers, engineers, seismologists, etc…). More generally, this model aims to provide a decision-making tool in the approach of prevention which the public authorities owe to the population, because they allow to determine the more or less big vulnerability of the studied areas
Garcia, Zuniga Fredy Fortunato. "Applications des images satellitaires et des modèles numériques d'élévation à l'analyse des processus et aléas volcaniques. Exemples aux Philippines et au Pérou." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066203.
Full textRoyan, Rosan. "La perception des risques volcaniques et sismiques en Guadeloupe et en Martinique, îles à hauts riques naturels." Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA070105.
Full textGuéguen, Philippe. "Interaction sismique entre le sol et le bâti : de l'interaction sol-structure à l'interaction site-ville." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10154.
Full textBottard, Sylvie. "Gestion du risque sismique, développement d'une méthodologie probabiliste pour l'évaluation de l'aléa sismique en France : application aux données de sismicité historique et instrumentale." Paris 9, 1995. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1995PA090009.
Full textYousaf, Zahida. "Analyse des aléas gravitaires et des vulnérabilités et résiliences territoriales dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4011.
Full textThis study was conducted within Alps-Maritimes located SE of France, where Le Bar-Sur-Loup was pilot study area to test multidisciplinary approach to analyze hazard, vulnerability and resilience under risk domains. The principal aim of this study was to use an integrated approach and methodology to identify and analyze shallow landslides evolution in response to different ground water rise scenarios due to regional climate variability, and predicts territorial vulnerabilities of different territorial elements exposed to shallow landslides hazard with combine approach of territorial resilience. Conceptual model of territorial vulnerability and territorial resilience were developed based on identified territorial elements. Results were presented as maps of hazard, territorial vulnerability, and territorial resilience and risk
Roussillon, Pierre Boutin Claude. "Interaction sol-structure et interaction site-ville aspects fondamentaux et modélisation /." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2007. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=roussillon.
Full textRoussillon, Pierre. "Interaction sol-structure et interaction site-ville : aspects fondamentaux et modélisation." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0008/these.pdf.
Full textWe present a dimensional and parametric analysis of soil structure interaction effects, using simple representative models of structure and closed form impedances of cone model. The effect of a dense urban environment on seismic motions is investigated thanks to macroscopic analytical models: as a first approach, the effect of buildings is described by a mean impedance on the soil-city interface. This enables to identify a mechanical soil-city coupling parameter which governs the magnitude of the interaction, and to determine a characteristic time of the soil-city response. A second more refined model based on approximated wave fields radiated by each building lead to introduce a boundary layer to describe the multiple interactions effect. This work highlights the main mechanisms and governing parameters of single and multiple interaction phenomenon
Beck, Elise Weber Christiane Granet Michel. "Approche multi-risques en milieu urbain Le cas des risques sismiques et technologiques dans l'agglomération de Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin) /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/643/01/Beck2006.pdf.
Full textBeck, Elise. "Approche multi-risques en milieu urbain : Le cas des risques sismiques et technologiques dans l'agglomération de Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/BECK_Elise_2006.pdf.
Full textVarious disciplines have focused on risk for many years. For a long time, risk has been analysed mainly through its dangerous component, hazard. It is only in middle of the XXth century that researchers have taken an interest in the study of the vulnerability of exposed elements. Among the multiple studies of risks, only a few of them deal with a multi-risks approach. However, it is necessary to consider risks in a global approach, as the chances of observing “dominos effects” are high. In this research, we develop a multi-risks and integrated approach to study the interactions between seismic and technological risks, considering both the hazard and the vulnerability of the exposed elements. This methodology is then applied to the urban area of Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin, France). The methodology follows two steps: 1: evaluation of hazards, vulnerability and risks, i. E. Evaluation of site effects, characterization of technological hazard by taking into account the cumulative effects of different scenarios, evaluation of physical and functional vulnerability of buildings and vulnerability of people. The objective of the second step is to simulate an important earthquake (MW = 6. 0) in order to identify the potential interactions between both risks. All the data are then integrated into a GIS, which tends to be a decision support system for the authorities in charge of the prevention of risks through urban planning and crisis management. The results show 1/ site effects all over the studied area; 2/ accelerations reaching 0. 25 g in the urban area of Mulhouse, according to a MW = 6. 0 earthquake simulated on the Illfurth fault; 3/ technological hazard affecting half of the studied area; 4/ a low cognitive representation of risks by the population; 5/ potential interactions between seismic and technological risks on one of the two industrial sites; 6/ many potential interactions between technological risks on both sites
Brun, Michael Reynouard Jean-Marie Jézéquel Louis. "Contribution à l'étude des effets endommageants des séismes proches et lointains sur des voiles en béton armé approche simplifiée couplant la dégradation des caractéristiques dynamiques avec un indicateur de dommage /." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2004. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/docinsa/these/2002/brun/index.html.
Full textLiégeois, Marie. "Des aléas et des hommes : élaboration d'une méthode de diagnostic de la vulnérabilité à l'aléa érosion." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSF0031.
Full textSabourault, Philippe. "Du microzonage à la prédiction de mouvements forts : confrontation de mesures de terrain, de simulations numériques et de modélisations sur modèles réduits centrifugés." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MARN0075.
Full textTisserand, Pierre-Jean. "Modélisation et calcul de ponts en maçonnerie assisée soumis aux aléas naturels." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST064.
Full textThe railway network is composed of infrastructure components, in which masonry bridges are among the oldest and most numerous. These are aged and suffer from steadily increasing traffic and loadings. In addition, natural hazards, such as seismic hazards, represent important risk factors for rail transport and users.In order to build effective and coherent risk management policies, it is necessary to understand the behavior and degradation of running bond masonry bridges under natural hazards loadings.The modeling of masonry bridges first requires a material model to represent running bond masonry under complex cyclic loadings. It is based on orthotropic elastic relationships and a damage model decomposed on three orthogonal planes, coupled with internal sliding.Then a methodology and tools for modeling masonry bridges are presented. After, computation strategies for masonry bridges under different natural hazards loadings, overall under seismic ones, are determined. A first development shows the application of modal-based computation to determine the behavior and degradation of running bond masonry bridges under seismic loadings. A simple oscillator model is formulated in order to represent the behavior of a masonry bridge under modal loadings. A second development shows how other natural hazards loadings can be considered.Finally, the computation of fragility is explained, which illustrates potential engineering use
Brun, Michael. "Contribution à l'étude des effets endommageants des séisme proches et lointains sur des voiles en béton armé : approche simplifiée couplant la dégradation des caractéristiques dynamiques avec un indicateur de dommage." Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0085/these.pdf.
Full textThe study intends to compare the damaging effects of a great variety of seismic ground motions included in a large data base. First of all, a low-rise shear wall is modelled by means of local models of concrete and steel materials. A simplified model, based on a original coupling concept of the fundamental frequency decrease with a simple non-cumulative damage indicator, is derived. Finally, the validity of the simplified approach is extended to two others structures, with the same geometry, but different reinforcement ratios. Owing to the drastic reduction of computation times, the simplified model allows to assess the damage undergone by the reinforced concrete shear wall submitted to a large data base. The relevance of seismic parameters as potential indicators of the earthquake destructive effects, is assessed by computing their degree of correlation with the damage issued from the simplified model of wall. A spectral intensity, taking into account the degradation of the fundamental frequency during seismic excitation, allows to improve significantly the correlation with the damage with respect to the widely used seismic parameters. On the other hand, the spectral intensity provides a relevant homogeneous tool for estimating the damage potential of low-magnitude near-field earthquakes as well as greater and further ones. Eventually, the representativeness of synthetic strong motions is scrutinised by comparing their damage statistical characteristics generated on the shear wall under consideration, with those issued from the real strong motion data base
Votsi, Irène. "Evaluation des risques sismiques par des modèles markoviens cachés et semi-markoviens cachés et de l'estimation de la statistique." Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2058.
Full textThe first chapter describes the definition of the subject under study, the current state of science in this area and the objectives. In the second chapter, continuous-time semi-Markov models are studied and applied in order to contribute to seismic hazard assessment in Northern Aegean Sea (Greece). Expressions for different important indicators of the semi- Markov process are obtained, providing forecasting results about the time, the space and the magnitude of the ensuing strong earthquake. Chapters 3 and 4 describe a first attempt to model earthquake occurrence by means of discrete-time hidden Markov models (HMMs) and hidden semi-Markov models (HSMMs), respectively. A nonparametric estimation method is followed by means of which, insights into features of the earthquake process are provided which are hard to detect otherwise. Important indicators concerning the levels of the stress field are estimated by means of the suggested HMM and HSMM. Chapter 5 includes our main contribution to the theory of stochastic processes, the investigation and the estimation of the discrete-time intensity of the hitting time (DTIHT) for the first time referring to semi-Markov chains (SMCs) and hidden Markov renewal chains (HMRCs). A simple formula is presented for the evaluation of the DTIHT along with its statistical estimator for both SMCs and HMRCs. In addition, the asymptotic properties of the estimators are proved, including strong consistency and asymptotic normality. In chapter 6, a comparison between HMMs and HSMMs in a Markov and a semi-Markov framework is given in order to highlight possible differences in their stochastic behavior partially governed by their transition probability matrices. Basic results are presented in the general case where specific distributions are assumed for sojourn times as well as in the special case concerning the models applied in the previous chapters, where the sojourn time distributions are estimated non-parametrically. The impact of the differences is observed through the calculation of the mean value and the variance of the number of steps that the Markov chain (HMM case) and the EMC (HSMM case) need to make for visiting for the first time a particular state. Finally, Chapter 7 presents concluding remarks, perspectives and future work
Montoya, Noguera Silvana. "Evaluation et réduction des risques sismiques liés à la liquéfaction : modélisation numérique de leurs effets dans l’ISS." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC023/document.
Full textStrong ground motions can trigger soil liquefaction that will alter the propagating signal and induce ground failure. Important damage in structures and lifelines has been evidenced after recent earthquakes such as Christchurch, New Zealand and Tohoku, Japanin 2011. Accurate prediction of the structures’ seismic risk requires a careful modeling of the nonlinear behavior of soil-structure interaction (SSI) systems. In general, seismic risk analysisis described as the convolution between the natural hazard and the vulnerability of the system. This thesis arises as a contribution to the numerical modeling of liquefaction evaluation and mitigation.For this purpose, the finite element method (FEM) in time domain is used as numerical tool. The main numerical model consists of are inforced concrete building with a shallow rigid foundation standing on saturated cohesionless soil. As the initial step on the seismic risk analysis, the first part of the thesis is consecrated to the characterization of the soil behavior and its constitutive modeling. Later on, some results of the model’s validation witha real site for the 1D wave propagation in dry conditions are presented. These are issued from the participation in the international benchmark PRENOLIN and concern the PARI site Sendaiin Japan. Even though very few laboratory and in-situ data were available, the model responses well with the recordings for the blind prediction. The second part, concerns the numerical modeling of coupling excess pore pressure (Δpw) and soil deformation. The effects were evaluated on the ground motion and on the structure’s settlement and performance. This part contains material from an article published in Acta Geotechnica (Montoya-Noguera andLopez-Caballero, 2015). The applicability of the models was found to depend on both the liquefaction level and the SSI effects.In the last part, an innovative method is proposed to model spatial variability added to the deposit due to soil improvement techniques used to strengthen soft soils and mitigate liquefaction. Innovative treatment processes such as bentonite permeations and biogrouting,among others have recently emerged.However, there remains some uncertainties concerning the degree of spatial variability introduced in the design and its effect of the system’s performance.This added variability can differ significantly from the inherent or natural variability thus, in this thesis, it is modeled by coupling FEM with a binary random field. The efficiency in improving the soil behavior related to the effectiveness of the method measured by the amount of soil changed was analyzed. Two cases were studied: the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation under cohesive soil and the liquefaction-induced settlement of a structure under cohesionless loose soil. The latter, in part, contains material published in GeoRisk journal (Montoya-Noguera and Lopez-Caballero, 2015). Due to the interaction between the two soils, an important variability is evidenced in the response. Additionally, traditional and advanced homogenization theories were used to predict the relation between the average efficiency and effectiveness. Because of the nonlinear soil behavior, the traditional theories fail to predict the response while some advanced theories which include the percolation theory may provide a good estimate. Concerning the effect of added spatial variability on soil liquefaction, different input motions were tested and the response of the whole was found to depend on the ratio of PHV and PHA of the input motion
Makhoul, Nisrine. "Risque sismique des bâtiments : méthode multidisciplinaire en analyse de décision et renforcement des structures." Paris, ENSAM, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENAM0026.
Full textA multidisciplinary approach is needed to solve the urgent problem of strengthening existing buildings, in order to limit damages due to likely earthquakes. Such approaches, specific to each existing building, as the methodology PBEE, « Performance Based Earthquake Engineering » developed at PEER, « Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center », have greater chance to be implemented, because it considers in addition to civil and seismic engineering fields, decision analysis and risk management fields. For this purpose, we have chosen, referring to the structure analysis field to study a specific hotel in California, with respect to earthquakes threats of 10% in 50 years hazard level. We have studied the structure using innovative simulations (using static and adaptive pushover analysis, dynamic analysis and incremental dynamic analysis, etc. . . ) that consider the inelastic analysis of the structure. We have proposed a solution to strengthen the building, we have compared the structure behavior before and after the strengthening, and we compared the model to the real behavior of the building while facing Northridge earthquake. We have deduced that the strengthened structure behave well facing earthquakes threats of 10% in 50 years hazard level, and the proposed model have predicted well the real behavior of the structure while facing Northridge earthquake. Then we have proposed referring to the decision analysis field to improve the decision analysis model used in PEER PBEE, using a multiattribute approach, considering the preferences of the decision maker. For this purpose we have innovated by elaborating a non parametric method to elicit, under uncertainty, a probability weighting function associated to the elicited multiattribute utility function. Finally we have proposed a more flexible management strategy that can be applied in France, it helps implement projects of strengthening structures. We propose the possibility to use an Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation on a case by case basis, based on the financial capacities of the owner, depending on the regions seismicity and buildings classes
Punongbayan, Jane. "Contributions à l'étude de la faille Philippine et de l'aléa sismique de l'archipel Philippin." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13115.
Full textLacambre, Anne. "Aléas et risques naturels en montagne : apports et limites d'un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG) : application au haut bassin versant du Drac (Hautes-Alpes, France)." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040068.
Full textErosional forms and processes are studied in the two alpine valleys which constitue the Drac springs (Orcières and Champoléon communes, Hautes-Alpes, France). In addition to the inventory of the areas concerned by the numerous hazards and risks (avalanches, floods, debris flows, landslides), the population perception of these risks is analysed. But, to understand the functionning of the erosional processes, and especially their setting off causes, a Geographical Information System (GIS) is created. The greatest number of the natural environment parameters are to be considered, thanks to thematic maps (topographic, climatic, lithologic, biogeographic data). The intersection of all these data is done to create hazards and risks maps. Finally remarks are carried out on the developped methodology. Although the GIS contains a few weak points, this method remains an essential tool to deal with development questions and particularly natural hazards and risks in mountainous valleys where man is confronted with numerous erosional processes
Kohrs-Sansorny, Carine. "Modélisation de la source sismique et sommation de petits séismes pour l'évaluation des mouvements forts: application à une meilleure estimation de l'aléa sismique dans le sud-est de la France." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011682.
Full textPour s'affranchir de la connaissance du milieu de propagation, nous utilisons la technique des fonctions de Green empiriques. Les mouvements du sol sont alors reconstruits par la sommation des enregistrements de plusieurs petits séismes décalés dans le temps de manière à reconstituer le processus de rupture du gros séisme. La principale problématique de cette étude est la mise en place d'un schéma de sommation efficace permettant de générer des accélérogrammes réalistes dans le domaine temporel et en bon accord avec les lois d'échelles (loi de similitude et modèle en w-2) dans le domaine fréquentiel.
Grâce à l'intégration de méthodes statistiques, nous évitons les problèmes majeurs rencontrés classiquement dans ce type d'étude. Nous aboutissons finalement à deux nouvelles méthodes de simulations: une méthode purement stochastique nécessitant la connaissance de seulement deux paramètres concernant le séisme cible (moment sismique et chute de contrainte) et une méthode stochasto-cinématique permettant de reproduire certaines propriétés cinématiques de la rupture sismique sur le plan de faille.
Ces deux méthodes sont testées avec succès sur des données réelles (Mexique et Italie). La méthode stochastique est ensuite appliquée pour simuler les mouvements du sol susceptibles d'être produits par deux séismes de magnitude modérée dans la région niçoise: un séisme de magnitude 5.7 à terre (10 km au nord de Nice) et un séisme de magnitude 6.3 en mer (25 km au sud de Nice). Ces simulations mettent en évidence trois points importants: (1) les forts effets d'amplifications sur certains sites à Nice, (2) l'importance des mouvements du sol susceptibles d'être produits par un séisme de magnitude 5.7 à terre et (3) le rôle majeur joué par la valeur de la chute de contrainte du séisme potentiel.
Schoenenwald, Nicolas. "Les tempêtes en France et dans les îles Britanniques : des aléas aux événements." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010563/document.
Full textThrough France and the British Isles belong to the « temperate » zone, they both experience a lot of weather hazards. Among those hazards, winter storms are some of the most destructive ones, but in the same time they contribute to the thermal energy transfer from the tropical zone to the mid-latitudes. As a result, they play a major role in the world's thermal balance. In order to better understand the climatology of these meteors, a storm chronology has been established from the daily weather maps that are available since the end of 1864. More than 2400 cases have been identified which has allowed to measure the year-to-year and seasonal variability. Pressure data collected from the maps and their analysis show a deepening trend of their core pressures over the period. Wind directions displayed on the maps for different weather stations have been used to generate wind roses for a selection of Irish, British and French weather stations. The climatological study ends up in the calculation of the periodicity of storms as well as their link with the NAO. This study focuses then on a few storms that have been considered has events, either for the meteorologists or for the entire population of the country hit by the storm. Thus is highlighted the different stages of the meteorological understanding of wind storms in Europe. Moreover, the selected storms as social events underline economic and social evolutions as well as changes in the risk management of storms. These storms also show how a risk culture has emerged and how the risk memory has been re-activated
Beaussart, Grégory. "Vivre avec les aléas naturels : ruptures et crises socio-environnementales dans le Japon contemporain." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20086.
Full textJapanese archipelago has the advantage of a rich environment, full of natural resources : halieutic resources, a diversified climate, large forests blessed with a rich wildlife and flora. In the other hand, Japanese populations suffer from violent and geophysical hazards, from common earthquakes, hurricanes and huge floods to more dangerous tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Thus, population of Japanese archipelago early developed advanced strategies to overcome the influence of natural disasters cycles over centuries, building their very own cindynic paradigm. However, in the edge of the 20th century, new danger like technologic risks rose from industrial societies like Japan’s, America’s and so on. In such changing social, economical and political context, a mega-quake, followed by a huge tsunami, stroke the northern coast of Japan, in 2011, march the 11th. The day after the tsunami hit the Fukushima nuclear power plant, a nuclear disaster alert were released by Japanese government and foreign governments around the world. The years passing by, the social, environmental, political, and health crisis that expanded from this event revealed new environmental issues, encompassing this type of disaster that redefines and question the traditional Japanese cindynic paradigm. In order to grab the dynamic underlying traditional cindynic paradigm and the reason why it revealed itself to be unable to successfully overcome the crisis that Japan faces today,I chose to move the focus to a field away from Fukushima’s nuclear issues, while keeping an eye on it. The fieldwork of this Ph.D thesis is located in Kii peninsula, a small piece of land standing south of Kyōto. Kii is the landing place of powerful tsunamis, unleashed by mega-quakes produced by the Nankai trough, every 90 to 150 year period. It is also on the usual route of violent hurricanes and torrential rains, that strike from summer to autumn, causing heavy flooding damage. This thesis approaches the problem from multiple angles, crossing exploration of direct experience, memory of disasters, knowledge, religious and political issues. Through this method, I try to enlighten underlying dynamics that made Japanese population able to live in their dangerous environment
Ducic, Vesna. "Tomographie de l'ionosphère et de la troposphère à partir des données GPS denses : applications aux risques naturels et amélioration de l'interférométrie SAR." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077057.
Full textSalameh, Christelle. "Vibrations ambiantes, contenu spectral et dommages sismiques : nouvelle approche adaptée à l’échelle urbaine. Application à Beyrouth." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU008/document.
Full textIt has been observed repeatedly in post-seismic investigations that structures having frequencies close to foundation soil frequencies exhibit significantly heavier damages (Caracas 1967, Mexico 1985, Pujili, Ecuador 1996; L’Aquila 2009). However, these observations are generally not taken directly into account neither in present-day seismic regulations (small scale), nor at large-scale seismic risk analysis. We thus encounter frequently an incoherent precision level between hazard studies that are capable of reliably mapping the ground frequency, the actual possibilities of analyzing the dynamic behavior of the building, and the final vulnerability and risk maps. A comprehensive numerical analysis to investigate the effect of coincidence between soil and building frequencies is performed. A total of 887 realistic soil profiles are coupled with a set of 141 elastoplastic oscillators with a single degree of freedom and their combined (non-linear) response are computed both for linear and non-linear soil behavior, for a large number (60) of input signals of various PGA levels and frequency contents. The associated damage is quantified on the basis of the maximum displacement as compared to both yield and ultimate post-elastic displacements, according to the RISK-UE European project recommendations (Lagomarsino and Giovinazzi, 2006), and compared with the damage obtained in the case of a similar building located on bedrock. The correlation between this soil/rock damage increment and a number of simplified mechanical and loading parameters is then analyzed using a neural network approach. The results emphasize the key role played by the building/soil frequency ratio even when both soil and building behave non-linearly; other important parameters are the PGA level, the soil/rock impedance contrast and the building ductility. A specific numerical investigation based on simulation of ambient noise for the whole set of 887 profiles also indicates that the impact of soil/rock impedance contrast may be satisfactory replaced using the amplitude of H/V ratio. Moreover the effect of coincidence appears to be an important observation not only in the linear site analysis response but also in the nonlinear site response: in spite of a large nonlinearity level reached spectral coincidence occurs, however at a shifted frequency ratio towards lower values. The elaborated method allows a very easy implementation, using ambient vibration measurements both at ground level and within buildings. A very illustrative example application is shown for the city of Beirut (Lebanon)
Djamour, Yahya. "Contribution de la géodésie (GPS et nivellement) à l'étude de la déformation tectonique et de l'aléa sismique sur la région de Téhéran (montagnes de l'Alborz, Iran)." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20148.
Full textMosnier, Claire. "Adaptation des élevages de bovins allaitants aux aléas de prix et de climat : Approches par modélisation." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005178.
Full textAvagyan, Ara. "Estimation des vitesses de déplacement et des périodes de retour des forts séismes sur le système de Faille de Pambak-Sevan-Sunik (Arménie) : segmentation et relations avec l'activité volcanique." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20149.
Full textBlanc, Judite. "Évènement sismique de 2010 en Haïti et psychopathologies : facteurs de risques pré, péri et post-traumatiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD070/document.
Full textShort-term, mid-range and long-term psychological evaluation of earthquake survivors reveals that certain psychiatric symptoms frequently exist in these populations, specifically PTSD and Depression. The principal objectives of this work were to address current gaps in scientific knowledge related to potential relationships between specific pre, peri and post-traumatic variables and the development of posttraumatic psychopathology in vulnerable groups following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Study no 1- Objective : This study examines associations between religious beliefs regarding the origin of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti and posttraumatic symptomatology as well as resilience among survivors. The severity of depressive symptoms was associated with a score <80 on the CD-RISC (x2 = 7.49, df = 1,p <0.01) and were more prevalent among Voodoo Adherents than among their counterparts with different belief systems (x2 = 9.05, df = 1, p <0.01).Study no 2- Objective : This study, conducted one year after the 2010 earthquake, assessed the effect of a psycho-social intervention implemented among children residing in a displacement camp in Port-au-Prince compared with a control group. The two groups were homogeneous in terms of the intensity of the peritraumatic distress they experienced. No significant difference was noted between the experimental and control group in their endorsement of PTSD symptoms or in their scores on a depression scale. In three out of the four sub-scales of the Child Behavior Check-List, there was no significant difference noted either. Study no 3- Objective : In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of a Haitian Creole version of the PTSD checklist among 364 mothers exposed to the 2010 earthquake and the prevalence of PTSD symptoms among them, 3 years after the event. Our findings included that 22,3% of our sample would possibly meet the criteria for PTSD even three years after the earthquake. The creole version of PCL-S is a reliable measure of PTSD symptoms among female creole speakers. Study no 4- Objective : This study investigated the prevalence of autistic behaviors in a cohort of young children (n-364) who were exposed in utero to the devastating 2010 earthquake in Haiti, 3 years after theevent. A significant minority (2.2%) of our sample met criteria for severe autistics behaviors. Study no 5- Objective : This study, conducted 3 years after the 2010 Haiti earthquake targeted women who were pregnant during the earthquake and their offspring who were in utero at the time of the event. Specifically, the study assessed the association between maternal exposure to the earthquake with autistic, behavioral, and emotional symptoms of the offspring at age three. Current maternal PTSD symptoms was an independent predictor of the offspring’s autistic behaviors (=. 370, p<. 001) as well as behavioral and emotional problems (=. 467, p<. 001). Study no 6- Objective: This study comprised a qualitative analysis of a single mother and child dyadscreened in the quantitative survey. In addition to displaying symptoms of autism, the young child also suffers from recurrent seizures. Maternal history of physical and psychological trauma has implications forco-morbidity of autism and epilepsy offspring who were in utero at the time of the trauma and such dyadsshould be targeted for therapeutic intervention and follow-up in the future
Van, Welden Aurélien. "Enregistrements sédimentaires imbriqués d'une activité sismique et de changements paléoenvironnementaux : Etude comparative de différents sites : Golfe de Corinthe (Grèce), Lac de Shkodra (Albanie), Golfe de Cariaco (Vénézuela)." Chambéry, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00261605.
Full textSince several tens of years, the assessment of local to regional seismic hazard - mainly based on seismology and tectonic analysis - is reinforced by paleoseismic data yielded by recent sedimentary archives. Based on the expertise acquired by the LGCA on the Sea of Marmara (North-Anatolian Fault) and on the South-Caribbean Plate boundary (Boconó Fault), the present work aimed to : 1. Bring a methodological contribution to the assessment of earthquake-related deposits, 2. Separate the paleo-environmental information (climate, human impact) from the paleoseismic ones, 3. Contribute to the understanding of tectono-sedimentary systems on a regional scale. Two main sites have been elected along the Egean Arc. The Corinth Gulf (Greece) and the Shkodra Lake (Albania/Montenegro boundary). A preliminary high resolution seismic reflection survey of the Cariaco Gulf (north-eastern Venezuela) is added. The two sites were chosen in order to compare two sedimentary accumulations undergoing similar historical seismicity (close to 7 in magnitude, 2 to 3 major events per century), but very different with respect to depositional depth, sedimentary processes, and accumulation rates. The records are lasting respectively 20 kyr (Corinth) and 10 kyr (Shkodra) back from Present. The use of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility was developed. For each site, the search of sedimentary traces of historical earthquakes preceded the possible extrapolation of the results back to longer periods. The Shkodra site (very shallow) did not yield significant paleoseismic archive, but well a marked climatic signal since more than 7000 years. For the Corinth site, the frequency of layers possibly related to earthquakes is compatible with regional historical data and show enhanced exportation in the depth by mass wasting during the lacustrine phase. Eustatic fluctuations effect on sedimentation were also identified. The Cariaco site displays few co-seismic disturbances visible at seismic imagery scale. Nevertheless, our results enabled to define faults systems present in the Gulf and also propose a very first chronological framework for the sedimentation
Magalhães, Alexandra de Oliveira. "Aléas et risques naturels (inondations, mouvements de terrain) dans le Nordeste du Brésil : une approche géographique appliquée à la Région du Cariri (Crato et Barbalha, Ceará)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC058.
Full textIn the Southern countries as elsewhere, the increasing seriousness of the consequences of natural disasters illustrates the essential part of an increasing vulnerability of populations, property and infrastructures, linked with demographic growth, poverty, social disparities and insufficient planning. In Brazil, legislative and operational responses followed the disasters which had occurred between 2008 and 2011 in several regions. Geographers should play an essential part in the preparation of such measures. This is the scope of this thesis, which is based upon a geographical approach of the question in the Cariri region of Northeast Brazil. This work also includes a comparative approach, in order to analyze lessons from the French experience in the domain of risk management and prevention, and to study the possibilities of transposing them in the Brazilian context. The analysis of local geographical factors (types of hazards, population and property at risk) is followed by that of information obtained about floods which occurred in the study area during the time of our research work and before. It also includes original data on mass movements at various scales which were identified from field work. Risk perception and management are investigated by the means of a questionnaire submitted to residents neighbouring rivers identified as dangerous. Part of these data are transcribed in the form of maps, in an attempt to draw a zonation of hazards, population and property at risk at local scale, in order to provide useful elements for an urban planning including risk management and prevention. This work is put in perspective through a review of disasters and risks at national scale, and of the measures that were taken at federal and more local scales. This review is used as a basis for a comparative study which bears on the management of natural disasters in France (Draguignan). Although the needs in delimitation of areas at risk are the same in both countries, the consequences which are drawn are different since, until now, there is no equivalent of the regulatory zoning of the French « PPRI », at least in the study area. However, if lessons can be transposed from one country to the other, this is mainly in this regulatory domain. Future orientations that can be retained from this work are mainly found in improvements that can be expected from wider and better organized interdisciplinary collaborations
CHARDON, ANNE CATHERINE. "Croissance urbaine et risques "naturels", évaluation de la vulnérabilité à Manizales, Andes de Colombie." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10157.
Full textIris, Julien. "Contribution de la méthodologie et de la technologie géodécisionnelle pour l'aide à l'évaluation des risques naturels dans le secteur de l'assurance en France." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00383306.
Full textGoulet, Audrey. "Développement et application d'un modèle géomécanique intégré pour une exploitation minière sous hautes contraintes et sujette à la séismicité." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34171.
Full textTjahjono, Boedi. "Etude géomorphologique du volcan Sunda-Tangkuban Parahu (Java-Indonésie) et évaluation des aléas volcaniques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20012.
Full textThe tangkuban parahu volcano (2084 m) is a nested strato-cone which developed in the caldera of the sunda volcano in west java (indonesia). It is situated 17 km north of bandung, a city with 2. 5 millions inhabitants in 1995. Sunda-tangkuban parahu is an andesitic volcano belonging to the medium and high alkaline series and is the sole active volcano in the quaternaire volcanic chain, the so-called sunda complex. The geomorphological evolution of this region is marked by the subsidence of the sunda complex, the debris avalanches along the axis of the sunda complex, the plinian/ignimbritic eruptions of sunda-tangkuban parahu, and the reactivation of the west part of the lembang fault. The first event (0. 51-0. 105 ma) formed the basin and the fault scarps of lembang in the south of the complex, but it folded and thrusted up the northern footslopes, forming the mountain, the basin and the broken fold scarps of tambakan. The second event (between 0. 51 and 0. 105 ma, but after the subsidence) left numerous horseshoe morphologies. The third event (about 105 and 50 ka) created the calderas in the summit and the ignimbritic plateaus around the volcano. By these major eruptions, the most part of this region was covered by ash deposits; they are now deeply weathered. The javanesse equatorial climate allows erosion to incise the deposits in the uplands, forming the deep superimposed valleys in the plateaus, and the aggradation in the lowlands, forming the alluvial plains. The fourth event (about 24 ka) uplifted the old fault scarps that were buried by ash and pumice deposits, forming a new one the so-called composite fault scarps. During the 2 last centuries phreatic eruption has predominated on tangkuban parahu. The hazard and the risk of a future eruption are supposedly from phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions, but the recurrence of plinian/ignimbritic eruptions is possible. The pyroclastic flows and surges are considered as the most direct hazard
Sanchez, Guillaume. "Chronologies et évolution de la déformation de la croute moyenne à la surface dans un prisme collisionel en décrochement : impacts sur l'aléa sismo-gravitaire : exemple des Alpes Sud-occidentales." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4093.
Full textThis PhD thesis presents a multidisciplinary approach, structural, petrologic, geochronologic (Ar-Ar, fission tracks, (U-Th)/He and 10Be dating) allowing to constrain the tectonic processes (burial, exhumation, active fault…) from the mid-crustal depth to the surface in the South-Western Alps. Ar-Ar and thermobarometry in shear zones show that the Argentera-Mercantour massif and its attached Permian cover underwent a similar tectono-metamorphic history with a burial peak of 15-18 km at around 34 Ma due to underthrusting below the internal metamorphic unit. The exhumation path (0. 8mm/an) of the massif took place in a transpressive, followed by a transtensive, regimes between 26 Ma and 5 Ma and between 5 and 0 Ma, respectively. Transpression is ascribed to Ivrea mantle body indentation while transtension is related to rotational movement of the Adriatic plate. The sedimentary cover is shortened and transported southward during the Miocene period (23-7Ma). This displacement is directly linked to the exhumation of the Argentera-Mercantour crystalline massif. The resulting slope of the basement-cover interface due to this uplift led to decoupling and downsliding of the overlying sedimentary cover. Further, the metamorphic gap between the crystalline massif and the sedimentary cover and their structural relationship lead to propose a model of basement substitution. Since 8 Ma, cover-basement decoupling ceased as featured by similar AFT ages in both cover and basement rocks. The recent/brittle tectonic regime is characterized by a main network of N140°E strike slip faults, and a minor N-S extensional component. Tectonic displacement along both these faults led to the opening and development of the Embrunais-Ubaye pull-apart system. The initiation age of the pull-apart is dated at 4-5 Ma by AHe ages below the Camp des Fourches fault. This fault system still active (seismicity and landslide activity) accommodating 40-60% of counterclockwise rotation of the Adriatic plate. It resulted in offsets of the Holocene glacial morphologies, dated by 10Be on quartz at 12-13 ka, while fault surfaces are dated at 11-8 ka, and gravity features at 10 to 2 ka
Brenguier, Florent. "Imagerie sismique de haute résolution pour la prévention des risques volcanique et sismique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011546.
Full textNOTRE TRAVAIL FAIT PARTIE D'UN PROJET DONT L'OBJECTIF EST EN PARTICULIER D'ETUDIER LE VOLCAN DE LA SOUFRIERE DE GUADELOUPE DANS LE BUT DE PREDIRE SON COMPORTEMENT FUTUR. NOUS NOUS SOMMES FOCALISES SUR UNE EXPERIENCE PRELIMINAIRE D'IMAGERIE HAUTE RESOLUTION D'UN EDIFICE VOLCANIQUE SITUE DANS LE CHAINE DES PUYS EN AUVERGNE DANS LE BUT DE PREPARER UNE CAMPAGNE DE PLUS GRANDE ENVERGURE AUX ANTILLES. NOS TRAVAUX APPORTENT DES INFORMATIONS PRIMORDIALES POUR LA MODELISATION DE LA DYNAMIQUE D'UNE ERUPTION ET DONC POUR LA PREVENTION DES RISQUES VOLCANIQUES.
NOUS NOUS INTERESSONS PAR AILLEURS A LA CARACTERISATION SISMIQUE DES FAILLES SISMOGENES ET ETUDIONS LA FAILLE NORD-ANATOLIENNE EN TURQUIE. NOUS AVONS MENE UNE CAMPAGNE DE SISMIQUE REFLEXION A TRAVERS CETTE FAILLE. NOS TRAVAUX PRESENTENT DEUX PRINCIPALES APPLICATIONS, LA CONTRAINTE DES MODELES DE RUPTURE DE FAILLE ET L'EVALUATION DU RISQUE SISMIQUE ACCRU DANS LES ZONES DE FAILLE.
CE TRAVAIL NOVATEUR CONFIRME LA PUISSANCE DE LA SISMOLOGIE ACTIVE BASEE SUR L'UTILISATION DE RESEAUX DENSES DE CAPTEURS ET DE SOURCES. CE TRAVAIL CONSTITUE UN APPORT CRUCIAL POUR L'EVALUATION DES RISQUES VOLCANIQUE ET SISMIQUE.
Ernst-Vintila, Andreea. "Dynamique de la représentation sociale d'un risque collectif et engagement dans les conduites de réduction du risque : le rôle des pratiques, de l'implication et de la sociabilité." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05H031.
Full textIndividuals who experienced earthquake build a more functional social representation of risk, and exhibit more negative emotions. This representation is more structured and enables higher recognition and use of a more diversified risk-related information especially for practical purposes (risk mitigation collective behaviour). Pending on risk-related practices, the same structural effects were found in individuals who are highly concerned with seismic risk (high personal implication). Furthermore, individuals who are the most likely to engage in collective risk mitigation behaviour are those who feel having a higher capacity to act towards risk and who are already members of associations. This research is based on experimental studies that were conducted within the structural approach to soacial representations. It identified general psychosocial processes in a specific case of collective risk. On a theoretical level, this research shows the effects of prior risk-related experience and of on the dynamics of social representations of risk. On a practical level, it recommends several strategies to encourage public engagement in risk mitigation behaviour
Mondielli, Philippe. "Contribution à la connaissance de l'aléa sismique en Principauté de Monaco." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00424190.
Full textL'analyse géomatique de la déformation révèle l'importance des accidents N100-110°E dans la structuration de l'arc de Nice, dont le rôle était jusqu'alors insuffisamment pris en compte dans les modèles sismotectoniques régionaux.
Le calcul de l'état de contrainte et l'analyse des champs de déformation ont mis en évidence un changement récent de la dynamique du sud des Alpes maritimes franco-italiennes. Elles paraissent désormais en extension suivant une direction ENE-OSO alors qu'elles étaient en raccourcissement subméridien depuis le Paléogène.
Les paramètres du séisme de référence à prendre en compte à Monaco pour l'application de la réglementation parasismique ont été affinés et les résultats du microzonage précisés. L'analyse des archives monégasques a permis de définir, sur Monaco, une intensité macrosismique de 6 EMS-98 pour le séisme ligure de 1887 et a mis en évidence la vulnérabilité du bâti ancien.
Cette mise à jour de l'état de la connaissance de l'aléa sismique en Principauté ouvre des pistes nouvelles pour une meilleure prise en compte du risque sismique en Principauté de Monaco.