Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Risques urbains'
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Kleinpeter, Claire. "Des risques urbains méconnus: les risques technologiques mineurs : Exemple des stations-service à Strasbourg." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR1A001.
Full text'Environment' and 'sustainable development' are terms that appear in the mass media often to announce natural catastrophes such as inundations, explosions, or various forms of environmental pollution. According to the mass media, the world environmental equilibrium seems to be threatened in a way that future generations would not be able to benefit of today's natural resources, if nothing is done to change this situation. Researchers who have studied the question emphasize not only the importance but also the accretion of major technological hazards mainly since the industrial revolution and the consequent urban growth. Because of their amplitude the impacts of major technological hazards related to technical progress are better known today even if solutions are not always easy to find or to apply. Cities as places of great population densities have often witnessed minor hazards throughout their history. These minor and not well known technological hazards constitute the subject of this thesis. Hazards related to the location of gas stations in the city of Strasbourg (Communauté urbaine de Strasbourg) are studied, identified, classified, through their particular characteristics. The main hypothesis is that minor technological hazards correspond to activities characterized less by unanticipated impacts than by an important degree of vulnerability due to their immediate environment. An analysis of minor technological hazards using the example of gas stations has been the first step to verify this hypothesis. The second step deals with the constitution of a located data base used to define a classification of various activities according to their degree of vulnerability in a GIS with a server to be used by protection or intervention services e. G. Firemen
Djembi-Koumba, Siméon. "Gestion de l'environnement, des risques et problèmes d'aménagement urbains de Port-Gentil au Gabon." Bordeaux 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR30097.
Full textPort Gentil is an industrial and harbour town relatively young. After having been the principal way of penetration of the interior of the country during the fifteenth century, Mandji remained a long time the stronghold of wood before becoming the economic capital of Gabon thanks to and especially oil which covers more 70% of the receipt of Gabon. This industrialization involved flows of populations to meet the industrial requirements in labour. Thus, Port-Gentil ast since the years 1950, the second most populated city country, in spire of the natural conditions unfavorable to the installation of the men. The city thus developed of its site initial towards the marshy west and whose altitude of the grounds is very in lower part of the sea level. Blow, the populations are victims of the floods. In addition, the installation of industries along bay of the Cape-Lopez and especially the infrastructures oil (pipelines and gas pipelines) became spaces at the risks. Because, the current urban development largely crossed these limits. Beyond the fact that Port-Gentil always does not receive on behalf of the State the rebate which it deserves, the city is today confronted with the problems of floods, anarchistic urbanization, an insufficiency maintenance of the network cleansing, of pollution industrial, and especially of a coastal erosion. All these risks are responsible for morphodynamic urban, harm pubic health and obstruct extension continues urban fabric. The stablishment of the men and the management of environment of Port-Gentil thus imply the control of these instabilities. That implies an application of the plan; installation and cleansing, the protection of the emissary of urban drainage and, the rigorous management of waste
Sens-Zanetto, Christine. "Etude des risques associés à la valorisation des déchets urbains : cas des métaux en trace." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11029.
Full textDemoraes, Florent. "Mobilité, enjeux et risques dans le District Métropolitain de Quito (Equateur)." Chambéry, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007025.
Full textThe objective of this geography PhD thesis is to suggest a reflection on the risks incurred by the Metropolitan District of Quito -DMQ- (Ecuador) regarding the mobility issue and its vulnerabilities partly attribuable to the presence of a lot of damaging hazards (earthquakes, volcanic iruptions, floods. . . ). Inspired from previous analysis methods on risks, realised by some geographers from the University of Savoy int the towns of Nice and Annecy, this research elaborated in a way such as to be reproducible, focusing on the main urban flows at stake and on the key physical elements they rely on, suggests a reflection base that could be useful to different urban stakeholders in a preventive planning perspective ; it also provides some ways to reduce vulnerabilities and presents some orientations toward a crisis management. Finally, it suggests a conceptual reflection on the articulation of the thematic of "mobility" and "risks" from the concepts such as "vulnerability" and "accessibility". The demonstration is based on fieldwork carried out during 2 and a half years in Quito, in the framework of a research program called 'Information System and Risks within the Metropolitan District of Quito" started in 1999 by the Development Research French Institute (IRD) in partnership with the municipality of Quito. This work, methodological above all, required the constitution of a GIS databise (with its meta-data) called "Mobilité", strucutred with the help of the "Savane" software package developed by the IRD
Issaka, Hamadou. "Mise en carte et gestion territoriale des risques en milieu urbain sahélien à travers l'exemple de Niamey (Niger)." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/ISSAKA_Hamadou_2010.pdf.
Full textUrban hazard are a major concern in cities around the world and especially in those developing countries where priorities are huge and ridiculous means. The city as an area of development or place for shelter can no longer meet the needs of city dwellers, although essential. In Niamey, the hazards relate to all urban landscapes of the city. Spatialization of hazards shows that the barriers between “rich and poor” are sometimes exceeded by the hazards. However in all cases, the most vulnerable are often the most disadvantaged because of their low resilience. Hazard perception by some actors fighting for their survival does not prevent dare defy probability. Indeed, between a probable event and the harsh realities of daily life, the choice is always simple: to live with these circumstances without too much worry about tomorrow's uncertainties. The survey of 600 households showed the degree of hazard exposure throughout the city. Beyond the differentiation of individual behavior, the results show a real willingness to participate actively in the life of the city because all actors recognize their responsibility in danger for society. However, the real problem seems to be the crisis of trust between rulers and ruled. However, urban hazards in Niamey are widely due to a lack of consultation between stakeholders and coordination of actions. In short, urban hazard reveals the procrastination of a management system as unfair and inefficient. But if poverty is the bed of the risks and violence, poor governance is the cloth in which they cover themselves and their implosion is detrimental to all of society
Gusdorf, François. "L'inertie des systèmes urbains et le tempo des politiques publiques face aux risques énergétiques et climatiques." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005181.
Full textVargas, Bringas Rafael. "Modélisation hydrologique déterministe pour l'évaluation des risques d'inondation dans les grands environnements urbains : application à Mexico." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4115/document.
Full textAccording to the World Risk Report released by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security, Mexico has a vulnerability of 46% and a lack of coping capacity of 76% in terms of disaster risk. One of those disaster risks is flooding which poses a serious challenge to the development and the lives of the inhabitants of Mexico. Mexico City is facing problems of flooding in some areas at certain times of the year, causing important losses and damages on properties and residents including some casualties. Therefore, it is important to carry out a flood risk assessment in the catchment of Mexico City and estimate damages of probable flood events. However, limited data of observed discharges and water depths in the main rivers of the city are available, and this represents an obstacle for the understanding of flooding in Mexico City. For these reason, several studies have to be carried out in order to have a clear understanding of the catchment, which involve, meteorological and hydrological/hidraulic studies, rainfall distribution, runoff analysis, flood risk and vulnerability, and this studies allow the estimation of direct and indirect damages to the economy, to assets and to human life. The premise of this study is that with the limited data and resources available, the catchment can be represented to an acceptable degree by the construction of a deterministic hydrological model of the Mexico City basin. The objective of the developed tool is to provide an efficient support to management of the flood processes by predicting the behavior of the catchment for different rainfall events and flood scenarios
Estrada, Díaz Gabriela. "Mise en pratique de la politique de prévention de catastrophes au Mexique : Enjeux en milieu urbain : Le cas de la ville de Minatitlán." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1076/document.
Full textThis dissertation explores the responses developed by the Mexican government for tackling the challenges presented by natural and man-made risks. The country counts indeed with a number of strategies for managing emergencies, and it performs quite well on reconstructing infrastructures and facilities on the aftermath of the numerous natural disasters that afflict its territory every year. This is possible thanks to the financial means available for reconstruction in the national annual budget. However, the recurrence of natural and man-made disasters, indicate a lack of planning policies and practices that could actually prevent that the existing risks become real disasters, specially in urban areas.The case of study is the city of Minatitlán. This city offers an example of how the disaster prevention policy lacks effectiveness on reducing major risks. In Minatitlán, nature is harsh and inflicts recurring floods in its territory, but human groups have certainly some responsibility in the repetition of disasters since they choose a location rather inadequate for urbanization, and implemented low-resilient development patterns. When oil industry established in the area, it reinforced the characteristics of urbanization (illegal settlements) and contributed to weaken the resistance of the settlement to disasters.At the heart of this study lays an interrogation about the operational conditions of a national disaster prevention policy in Mexico, given the local conditions that intervene in its effectiveness: geographical, socio-economical, institutional and socio-cultural frames. Therefore, the study focuses on a global comprehension of urban systems and how different elements relate to produce a specific condition of vulnerability, taking into account the multi-dimensionality of the concept.The study is presented in three parts. The first one explores the theoretical framework of the following analysis. In the second part, a couple of analysis relied on the use of public information rather accessible in Mexico. The data and texts were used with a laying interrogation about the indications they could give about the risk situations in Mexican urban settlements. Finally, the third part of the dissertation focuses on exploring the socio-cultural factors of vulnerability, namely the social representation of risk, under the premise that it has a major impact on individual and social behavior in risk (and disasters) situations.The case of Minatitlán confirms the tight links among risks and urban development. In this city, the risk has historically represented an opportunity for development. The institutional framework for risk prevention emerges well after the city was a consolidated urban settlement, but it has not been able to offer substantial changes and one can conclude that the current situation arranges a number of groups that do not see any incentive for improving the prevention strategies or enforcing planning measures. Then, a transition towards more resilient scenarios, specially in a context of climate change, is not foreseeable in the coming years.Moreover, the civil protection policy in Mexico favors a top-down public intervention in disaster periods, where each government level intervenes up to their financial and physical powers. At the lowest end of this chain, are local populations, the victims of disasters, are not encouraged to participate or become actual actors of local prevention.This being the current state of affairs in Minatitlán, the public action as well as the social representation of risks and disasters, are both contributing to maintaining a situation where prevention is not the main goal of the disaster policy
Gonzva, Michaël. "Résilience des systèmes de transport guidé en milieu urbain : approche quantitative des perturbations et stratégies de gestion." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1088/document.
Full textThe vulnerability of guided transport systems facing natural hazards is a burning issue for the urban risks management. Experience feedbacks on guided transport systems show they are particularly vulnerable to natural risks, especially flood risks. Besides, the resilience concept is used as a systemic approach for making an accurate analysis of the effect of these natural risks on rail guided transport systems.The purpose of this thesis is to provide an analysis of guided transport systems’ resilience in the face of flood risks through a study of the failure mechanisms to which the components of these systems are subjected. Indeed, the urban critical infrastructures such as guided transport systems are complex systems in which the components are strongly interdependent. This interdependency may imply many failures caused by cascade effect within the system.Moreover, the qualitative methodology is linked to a probabilistic framework. Indeed, from the probability of a natural hazard occurring with a given intensity through components failures due to cascade effect, the objective is to assess the probability of degraded modes of operation. This probabilistic framework allows to shift from a qualitative approach based on dependability methods to a quantitative approach based on Bayesian networks
Maneerat, Somsakun. "Modélisation à base d'agents des risques vectoriels en milieux urbains: exemple d'Aedes aegypti, vecteur de la dengue, à Delhi (Inde)." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUEL014.
Full textIn order to fight against the transmission of dengue, signifiant resources were allocated to the process of restricting the propagation of their main vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Research on this mosquito's living areas is thus necessary to characterize more precisely the areas that need to be monitored and treated. An alternative to fiels surveys consists of evaluating the characteristics of these living areas through spatialized models. In this context, a generic simulation model of mosquito Aedes aegypti (MOMA) is developed using the Agent-Based Model (ABM) coupled with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). MOMA integrates a vast set of biological and behavioural knowledge about the mosquito in a simulation environment based on the needs and constraints specific to Aedes aegypti. The construction of this model involves a multidisciplinary collaboration particulary in entomology, computer science, geography, and mathematics. The validation and exploration of MOMA focus on the effects of local heterogeneous urban landscape on the mosquito cohort's flight distance and proliferation. The virtual experiments were carried out using survey data from urban neighbourhoods in Delhi (India). MOMA was able to identify the characteristics of the areas at risk of high mosquito concentrations. Prelminary results show that climatic factors are complementary of spatial ones. The land cover classes and their space structure play a vital role in the production of vectors. Barriers, such as walls limit the mosquito dispersal distance. Besides the ubiquity of blood and breeding sites are mosquito sedentary factors
Pico, Laurence. "Géographie et assurance : le risque sismique dans les espaces urbains mal documentés : le cas de Beyrouth." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040167.
Full textBeirut’s highly vulnerable urban fabric is threatened by a big earthquake. Faced with such a situation, insurers need to assess precisely the vulnerability of insured properties. A loss estimation model evaluates insured properties damage, which is an indicator of analytical and synthetical vulnerabilities of the city. The most original feature of our model that is adapted to the specifics of the Beirut’s context is to use the spectral acceleration converted into intensity. For that purpose, a computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered sites is utilized. One preliminary step to conduct this analysis was the gathering of geotechnical and building data. Results of our loss model show that some highly vulnerable buildings are almost uninsurable. Damage risk maps are intended to be a useful resource to fix the building that need seismic rehabilitation in priority as reducing vulnerability is required to rationalize the insurance risk management
Quéva, Stephen. "Méthode d'évaluation de la réactivité et de l'adaptabilité humaines dans le contrôle des risques : Application à la conduite de transport urbain guidé." Valenciennes, 2008. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/2e3780ab-ab18-42cd-8e6b-1ec112784e8f.
Full textUrban guided transport systems evolution places the human operator in front of dynamic control context. This thesis responds to the problematic regarding adaptability and reactivity of operating staff who have to be versatile, may pursue their task on different line, with different rolling stock, in different driving mode or in a different driving context (integral site or urban site). This study proposes a model called MAdRéH (for model of the human adaptability and reactivity) and an assessment method of the human reactivity and adaptability. The goal of the study is to improve the analysis of factors in relation with the safety of transport system operating. Validation reasoning was made. It consists in the application of the human adaptation and reaction assessment methodology to an incident database and to experimental data. These data were obtained by experimentation on a simulation platform called CoR&Gest (for railway driving and traffic control) of the LAMIH. Finally, this reasoning is able to integrate the human operator contribution in urban guided transport driving. His contribution is described as a factor of degradation or improvement of the system performance criteria such as safety, quality or workload
Angerville, Ruth. "Évaluation des risques écotoxicologiques liés au déversement de rejets urbains par temps de pluie ( RUTP ) dans les cours d'eau : application à une ville française et à une ville haïtienne." Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0034/these.pdf.
Full textThe Urban Wet Weather Effluents (UWWE) contain pollutants in dissolved or particulate form, resulting from the wash-off of the associated watershed. These effluents are generally discharged in the receiving waters, particularly in the periurban watercourses, without preliminary treatment. In some cases, this situation results in observing, in some cases, a risk of toxicity for the ecosystem of the related mediums. This study proposes 2 methodological frameworks to assess the ecotoxicological risks (EDREcotox) related to this specific scenario: an a priori framework and an a posteriori framework. The a priori framework was developed according to 3 complementary approaches to characterize the ecotoxicological effects : i) a substances approach ; ii) a substances with combined effects approach ; iii) a whole-effluent approach. This a priori framework was applied thereafter to a scenario of a French city and to a scenario of an Haitian city. In order to optimize the a priori framework, we realized firstly a study of the ecotoxicity and of the combined effects of the main pollutants found in UWWE on Daphnia magna and then on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. With regard to the whole-effluent approach, we carried out an ecotoxicological characterization of UWWE samples coming from the 2 studied sites. The a posteriori framework was based on the comparison between an ?upstream state and a downstream state, both compared to the UWWE discharge point in the stream of the French site, for 3 compartments (surface water, benthic zone and hyporheic zone) of this stream. The application of these 2 methodological frameworks led to coherent results which highlight an important risk for the organisms of the receiving stream, with an emphasizing of this risk for the organisms of the benthic and hyporheic zone. For further developments, we propose to optimize these methodologies by taking into account additonnal aspects such as bioavailability, bioaccumulation of these pollutants
Djatcheu, Kamgain Martin Luther. "Le phénomène de l'habitat précaire à Yaoundé : mécanismes internes et gouvernance urbaine." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0009.
Full textThe present thesis has as an ambition to understand the mechanisms of the production of the precarious habitat in Yaounde and the strategies of the various private and public actors to reabsorb it. It results from a methodology which combines the document retrieval, the direct observations, the investigations by questionnaire near a representative sample of the households of the districts with precarious habitat of Yaounde, and the talks at the chiefs of districts, persons in charge of associations and ONG of Yaounde, working in the improvement of the districts with precarious habitat. It comes out from this study that the districts with precarious habitat of the town of Yaounde develop primarily on the slopes of steep hills and in the funds of marshy valleys. They pose real problems which push the urban powers on the one hand to shave them (Municipality) and on the other hand to implement at it strategies and/or programs of improvement (the State through the PPAB and the PDUE; ONG, associations of the districts, individuals, etc). Indeed, the precarious habitat in the studied districts first of all occupied the slopes of steep hills, then was spread out in the marshes, zones in theory not aedificandi. These districts gather nearly 90% of the population of the city. The latter, which comes from various geographical horizons, does not have a land title guaranteeing the property to him and the land transactions are done there in the illegality. The dwellings as for them, are built by drudges who employ materials of fortune. The districts with precarious habitat of the town of Yaounde have real problems of cleansing. The evacuation of solid waste constitutes a thorny question for the households, especially in terms of access to the services of collection of quality. The distribution network of electricity present in a permanent way of the failures, and the water provision is done either in sub-renting starting from a tap pertaining to a individual, or on the terminal fountain, or with a source or in a water well. The anarchistic occupation of the slopes of steep hills and the funds of marshy valleys is in the beginning many “natural” phenomena of which erosion, landslides and floods. The strategies of treatment of the precarious habitat by the public urban powers are directed on the one hand towards the abandonment without compensation for the populations not having neither land title, nor building permit, and on the other hand towards opening-up by reorganization. Several ONG and associations of the districts contribute to the cleansing of certain districts with precarious habitat in the town of Yaounde. Also, the populations of these districts employ techniques of fortune to stabilize the occupied mediums and to thus make vis-a-vis the hydrological and geomorphological problems. The operations of reorganization of the sectors with precarious dwellings and of rehousing of the populations installed in zones at real risk, are operations of installation adapted in the socio-economic context yaoundéen. For a more effective improvement, the State must imperatively carry out normative and administrative structural changes various scales. The legislation should thus plan the option of a refitting of the precarious sectors of the districts with a long-term aim to standardize the land situation their inhabitants. The public authorities must become aware of the utility to integrate the problems of the districts into precarious habitat in the planning of the evolution of their territory
Angerville, Ruth. "Evaluation des risques écotoxicologiques liés au déversement de Rejets Urbains par Temps de Pluie (RUTP) dans les cours d'eau : Application à une ville française et à une ville haïtienne." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00446988.
Full textBocquentin, Marie. "Etude et modélisation des phénomènes d’(inter)dépendances et de défaillances en cascade au sein des réseaux techniques urbains : vers une aide à la décision pour une application à l’agglomération parisienne face à une crue majeure." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2015.
Full textThe functioning of urban area is based on technical services and networks which are always more expanded, complex, dense and sophisticated. These networks, although efficient and robust in their day-to-day management, are vulnerable to major hazards and dependent on one another. Phenomena of cascading failures can then occur within these complex systems, whether at technical or organizationel level. This propagation of system-to-system failures is done through dependencies and leads to the gradual aggravation of the impacts of the initial event and the increase of the impacted area, making recovery processes more difficult and slower. The definition and characterization of these phenomena underline their importance, their complexity, their criticality, and paradoxically the lack of information related to them. These conclusions lead us to consider the interest of their study, whether before or after their occurrence, empirically or through models, in order to help stakeholders identify and predict cascading scenarios, or to consider palliatives solutions and vulnerability reduction actions. The state of the art shows that the study and modelling approaches are very varied, due to the methodologies used but also due to the absence of common definitions and the diversity of contexts. A comparative analysis for selection and application purposes seems to be delicate for a potential leading stakeholder. First, we propose a characterization of these approaches according to parameters that may correspond to the choice criteria. We then propose a more theoretical typology of these approaches, complementary to the characterization of the modeling theories used in the literature. Faced with the challenges posed by the implementation process, we are looking into the question of choosing and developing an appropriate approach for a given context, with the aim of supporting local decision-makers. The aim is to help the leaders to build an approach capable of meeting the needs and objectives of local stakeholders, despite their constraints, to operate with potentially very diverse and imperfect data, to adapt to spatial-temporal resolutions and variable granularities, but also to take advantage of the knowledge acquired by local actors and the tools and resources available. Finally, we propose several standard profiles of approaches, characterized according to the objectives pursued and the context of implementation. An application is then carried out on the Paris metropolitan area, where the risk of major flooding is particularly likely and feared. The aim is to provide elements to improve the consideration and prediction of interdependencies and cascading failures, through an in-depth context analysis, meetings with stakeholders and a survey of network operators. Proposals are made concerning feedbacks analysis and concerning vulnerability mapping currently used. The foreseeable needs for the implementation of a more substantial approach are also identified
Beck, Elise Weber Christiane Granet Michel. "Approche multi-risques en milieu urbain Le cas des risques sismiques et technologiques dans l'agglomération de Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin) /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/643/01/Beck2006.pdf.
Full textBeck, Elise. "Approche multi-risques en milieu urbain : Le cas des risques sismiques et technologiques dans l'agglomération de Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/BECK_Elise_2006.pdf.
Full textVarious disciplines have focused on risk for many years. For a long time, risk has been analysed mainly through its dangerous component, hazard. It is only in middle of the XXth century that researchers have taken an interest in the study of the vulnerability of exposed elements. Among the multiple studies of risks, only a few of them deal with a multi-risks approach. However, it is necessary to consider risks in a global approach, as the chances of observing “dominos effects” are high. In this research, we develop a multi-risks and integrated approach to study the interactions between seismic and technological risks, considering both the hazard and the vulnerability of the exposed elements. This methodology is then applied to the urban area of Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin, France). The methodology follows two steps: 1: evaluation of hazards, vulnerability and risks, i. E. Evaluation of site effects, characterization of technological hazard by taking into account the cumulative effects of different scenarios, evaluation of physical and functional vulnerability of buildings and vulnerability of people. The objective of the second step is to simulate an important earthquake (MW = 6. 0) in order to identify the potential interactions between both risks. All the data are then integrated into a GIS, which tends to be a decision support system for the authorities in charge of the prevention of risks through urban planning and crisis management. The results show 1/ site effects all over the studied area; 2/ accelerations reaching 0. 25 g in the urban area of Mulhouse, according to a MW = 6. 0 earthquake simulated on the Illfurth fault; 3/ technological hazard affecting half of the studied area; 4/ a low cognitive representation of risks by the population; 5/ potential interactions between seismic and technological risks on one of the two industrial sites; 6/ many potential interactions between technological risks on both sites
Keïta, Mamadou. "Migration et accès aux services de santé dans le district de Bamako : une analyse par approche géomatique." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20074.
Full textThis thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of Bamako people’s access to healthcare according to their migratory status. Indeed, despite the large share of Bamako’s populations of migrant origin, we have little knowledge of their access to health services. With geographic and geomatic tools and methods, we were able to study access to health services for native and migrant populations of Bamako. While it is undeniable that health services and especially basic services are abundant and well distributed in Bamako, it should be noted that this offer suffers from several problems such as the permanent availability of qualified personnel, the quality of services offered and the dysfunctions between health structures. Despite the abundance of healthcare in Bamako, the recourse rate remains too low. This shows that access to care is not limited to the physical availability of health facilities. The renunciation of care is explained by an interweaving of factors even if the perception of the severity of the disease, the position in the household and the profession appear more. If the study did not find notorious differences in the access to the care according to the migratory status of the population, it nevertheless showed that recourse strategies and health status change with length of residence in Bamako
Merhi, Jihad. "Beyrouth : entre risque et sécurité. Une géopolitique urbaine d'une ville sous tension." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040084.
Full textStudying urban security in Beirut, a schizophrenic city of war and peace, is in itself a challenge due to its unique security vulnerabilities. In this city, characterised by politico-religious antipathies as much as inter and intra-denominational hostilities, where authority is not lodged exclusively in the general government, the socio-economic factor, usually efficient as a scale of measurement for urban and mainly social risks, proved to be quite inoperative. Based on the fact that socio-economic fluctuations did not have significant repercussions on risks and urban security in this city, a more specific and comprehensive approach unveiled the presence of more decisive « existential » risks, endogenous to the particular type of the country’s politico-spatial structure. The country’s eccentric character revealed itself in an apparently united State structure that masks a territorialisation of public space, and thus, non-united Lebanese States. A mechanism of auto-defense grew among individuals to replace the weak authority of a fragile State in which the political regime, foreign interferences and armed group play a destructive role. The approach to the study of security in this multi-politico-religious space, which must be driven by an interpretation of the territory on a micro-local scale along with an analysis of the auto-defense mechanism, helped pave the way for the introduction of a new tool for measuring security in the framework of a sub-discipline that we agreed to call « Securitarian Geography ». Unable to fit in the classical analysis of geography, Beirut, like many other weak or fragile States, tends to require advanced studies in urban sociology and micro-political studies that put forward latent factors influencing security. This new scientific tool called «Securitarian Geography », introduced by us as researchers, will be a novelty tool in the hand of geopoliticians, to better study the specificity of infra-local sub-spaces in vulnerable territories
Tijou-Traoré, Annick. "Situation de vie, risques au quotidien et risque sida chez de jeunes citadins (Daola, Côte d'Ivoire)." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR21774.
Full textLoschmann, Ronald. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'une méthode d'analyse prévisionnelle de la sécurité de systèmes à risques multiples : application à un site industriel urbain." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30050.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is in the scope of organisational safety and knowledge engineering. It contributes to the elaboration of a computerized method for the provisional analysis on safety of Urban Industrial Sites (UIS). The method consists in foreseeing the critical behaviour of UIS, given accident scenarios, by means of an hybrid model simulator. The simulator rests on the UIS and the accident conceptual models, elaborated from ontological studies and the KOD method. The UIS model renders an account of technical, human and organisational aspects. The accident model, inspired from the J. Dumaine model, permits to assess the consequences of the three industrial accident types : the release of toxic substances, fire and explosion. The conceptual models are formalized using UML-RT extended for hybrid systems and implemented with Anylogic. Our experimentations were carried out on the UIS of Marseilles St Menet
Provitolo, Damienne. "Risque urbain, catastrophes et villes méditéranéennes." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE2010.
Full textSalameh, Christelle. "Vibrations ambiantes, contenu spectral et dommages sismiques : nouvelle approche adaptée à l’échelle urbaine. Application à Beyrouth." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU008/document.
Full textIt has been observed repeatedly in post-seismic investigations that structures having frequencies close to foundation soil frequencies exhibit significantly heavier damages (Caracas 1967, Mexico 1985, Pujili, Ecuador 1996; L’Aquila 2009). However, these observations are generally not taken directly into account neither in present-day seismic regulations (small scale), nor at large-scale seismic risk analysis. We thus encounter frequently an incoherent precision level between hazard studies that are capable of reliably mapping the ground frequency, the actual possibilities of analyzing the dynamic behavior of the building, and the final vulnerability and risk maps. A comprehensive numerical analysis to investigate the effect of coincidence between soil and building frequencies is performed. A total of 887 realistic soil profiles are coupled with a set of 141 elastoplastic oscillators with a single degree of freedom and their combined (non-linear) response are computed both for linear and non-linear soil behavior, for a large number (60) of input signals of various PGA levels and frequency contents. The associated damage is quantified on the basis of the maximum displacement as compared to both yield and ultimate post-elastic displacements, according to the RISK-UE European project recommendations (Lagomarsino and Giovinazzi, 2006), and compared with the damage obtained in the case of a similar building located on bedrock. The correlation between this soil/rock damage increment and a number of simplified mechanical and loading parameters is then analyzed using a neural network approach. The results emphasize the key role played by the building/soil frequency ratio even when both soil and building behave non-linearly; other important parameters are the PGA level, the soil/rock impedance contrast and the building ductility. A specific numerical investigation based on simulation of ambient noise for the whole set of 887 profiles also indicates that the impact of soil/rock impedance contrast may be satisfactory replaced using the amplitude of H/V ratio. Moreover the effect of coincidence appears to be an important observation not only in the linear site analysis response but also in the nonlinear site response: in spite of a large nonlinearity level reached spectral coincidence occurs, however at a shifted frequency ratio towards lower values. The elaborated method allows a very easy implementation, using ambient vibration measurements both at ground level and within buildings. A very illustrative example application is shown for the city of Beirut (Lebanon)
Valy, Janique. "Croissance urbaine et risque inondation en Bretagne." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624646.
Full textKayembe, Wa Kayembe Matthieu. "Les dimensions socio-spatiales de l'érosion ravinante intra-urbaine dans une ville tropicale humide: le cas de Kinshasa (R.D. Congo)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209631.
Full textEn s’appuyant sur l’approche cartographique des données issues de la télédétection, des documents cartographiques anciens et ceux de la cartographie participative, des interviews, des enquêtes socio-économiques et des relevés (D)GPS (écoles, centres de santé et tracé des collecteurs, ravins, etc.), l’étude a montré que l’érosion ravinante est apparue avec la croissance urbaine sur des zones de fortes pentes. Ces dernières sont habitées par des populations nombreuses et de statut socio-économique modeste. Elles ont modifié les conditions du milieu en mettant le sol à nu, en concentrant les eaux de ruissellement, en construisant sans tenir compte de la morphologie du terrain. De cette manière, elles ont influencé les facteurs déclencheurs de l’érosion ravinante. Celle-ci provoque des conséquences importantes sur les infrastructures, des hommes et leurs activités et très variées selon les quartiers.
L’absence de politiques de prévention de l’érosion ravinante dans les différents plans d’aménagement de la ville serait à la base de ce phénomène (dévastateur). Les politiques des interventions publiques pour la stopper privilégient les fonctions importantes de la ville et les quartiers concentrant les populations de haut standing. Les quartiers spontanés pauvres récupérés par les ONG et/ou institutions internationales sont ceux par où passent certaines infrastructures importantes (ligne haute tension de la SNEL) ou ceux qui ont été choisis pour des raisons propres aux ONG et/ou institutions internationales. Les quartiers spontanés abandonnés par les pouvoirs publics et les ONG internationales sont les champs d’action des hommes politiques, des « riches » dont l’habitation est menacée et des missions religieuses et aussi des populations locales.
Les chefs des quartiers ont joué un grand rôle dans la sensibilisation et la communautarisation de la pratique du puits d’infiltration sur tout le versant afin que chaque ménage retienne dans sa parcelle une grande quantité des eaux des pluies. Ceci a contribué à la compréhension des causes humaines de l’érosion et à ne pas la considérer comme une fatalité.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
CHARDON, ANNE CATHERINE. "Croissance urbaine et risques "naturels", évaluation de la vulnérabilité à Manizales, Andes de Colombie." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10157.
Full textMéthot, Marcel. "Le développement local au risque de l'utopie : vers une interprétation des enjeux du développement local au 21e siècle /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Rimouski : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi ;. Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2003. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textBibliogr.: f. 363-380. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU
Lhomme, Serge. "Les réseaux techniques comme vecteur de propagation des risques en milieu urbain - Une contribution théorique et pratique à l'analyse de la résilience urbaine." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772204.
Full textMartinais, Emmanuel. "Les sociétés locales à l'épreuve du risque urbain : un siècle de gestion du danger dans deux contextes de l'agglomération lyonnaise (fin XIXème-fin XXème siècle)." Saint-Etienne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STET2071.
Full textJolibois, Boris. "Etude du risque génotoxique d'eaux usées hospitalières et urbaines." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUE04NR.
Full textBléhaut, Marianne. "Risque industriel, marché immobilier et évaluation des politiques publiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS203.
Full textThis thesis falls within the scope of urban economics, environmental economics and public policy evaluation. The first part (chapters 1 and 2) is an empirical evaluation of the impact of industrial risk perception on the housing market. More specifically, these chapters rely on quantitative methods originally designed for public policy evaluation to measure the reaction of local housing markets to two changes in industrial risk perception. Chapter 1 analyzes the consequences of the AZF accident (Toulouse, 2001), and chapter 2 the consequences of the Bachelot regulation (passed in 2003). Both chapters show that additional information on industrial risk translated into a significant housing price decrease of about 2% on average. This price effect is consistent with an initial imperfect information setting. In addition, there is some evidence of neighborhood composition changes following these changes. This first part builds on typical examples in which randomized experiments cannot be designed, which lead to questioning the properties of estimators based on propensity score estimation. This is the aim of the second part (chapters 3 and 4) of the thesis. Chapter 3 compares the performances of experimental and non-experimental estimators using the example of a job-search assistance programme. It shows that, in this particular case, matching methods cannot accurately replicate the experimental results. Chapter 4 proposes the BEAST estimator as an alternative to typical propensity score matching, and illustrates its properties on simulations and case studies
Dechamps, Yves. "Méthode d'analyse des risques majeurs liés aux immeubles de grande hauteur sur leur environnement immédiat." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209500.
Full textLa conception d'un IGH ne peut être effectuée sans une analyse des risques engendrés par la présence de tels immeubles sur leur environnement et sur le développement urbain. En effet, quand un événement indésirable y survient, un IGH peut se révéler être une menace pour ses occupants et son
voisinage immédiat. Les IGH sont des immeubles où plusieurs centaines de personnes sont présentes, ce qui engendre de nombreuses contraintes au niveau de la sécurité incendie notamment. En cas d'accident comme un incendie, diverses matières toxiques peuvent être libérées dans l'atmosphère, endommageant l'environnement de l'immeuble.
C'est ici que peut intervenir une méthode d'analyse des risques environnementaux permettant à un expert d'évaluer différentes situations envisagées pour l'immeuble même et son environnement. Le modèle proposé est une nouvelle méthode quantitative issue d'une approche semi-quantitative. Des matrices d'évaluation et une formulation quantitative permettent de quantifier le risque environnemental. Ce risque est déterminé pour différents secteurs autour de l'IGH car chaque environnement étudié est hétérogène et différent.
La méthode proposée reprend un ensemble de paramètres déterminés à l'aide de critères d'évaluation et de paramètres géométriques tels que la différence d'altitude entre les immeubles, la distance, etc. Nous verrons comment ces paramètres influencent le modèle et l'analyse de risques environnementaux. Un ensemble de simulations numériques seront effectuées sur un panel de cas d'études simples afin de valider le programme. Deux IGH actuellement détruits ont été étudiés avec pour objectif de comparer les résultats obtenus avec la réalité de la situation ainsi que les différentes propositions correctives. Pour chaque étude, des critiques et commentaires seront produits afin de se rattacher à la réalité des situations décrites.
The high-rise buildings (HRB) are symbolic constructions linked most often to scarce building lands, urban density challenges for big cities and the problematic of sustainable construction. However, an HRB is not limited to just these items alone: what risk impact does an HRB have on the environment? What analysis method of possible risk on the environment is to be considered for the presence of constructions?
HRB design cannot be done without any environmental risk assessment for such buildings on their environment or their impact on urban development. When an unwanted event occurs, an HRB can be a threat to its occupants and its immediate vicinity. The presence of large numbers of people in those building definitely generates a lot of problems at the level of fire safety, for example. Accidents such as a fire can release toxic materials, which will thus impact the environment of the building.
In such circumstances, a method of analysis of environmental risks come useful to experts to assess the different situations to be considered for the building itself. The proposed model is a new quantitative method which is the result of a semi-quantitative approach. Quantifying the environmental risk is made possible by evaluation matrices and quantitative formulation. This risk is determined for various sectors around HRB because every environment is heterogeneous and different.
The proposed method incorporates a set of parameters which were determined by means of evaluation criteria and geometrical parameters such as the difference in height between the buildings, distance, etc. We will see how these parameters affect the model and analysis of environmental risks. A set of simulations are performed on a range of simple models to validate the program. Two HRBs which have now been demolished were studied so as to compare the results obtained with the real-life of the situation and the corrective different proposals. For each study, criticism and comments will be produced to relate to the reality of the situations which has been described.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Hardy, Sébastien. "Processus de fragmentation urbaine et risques dits "naturels" dans la ville de Managua (Nicaragua)." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011930.
Full textLa marque d'unité à l'origine de la construction de Managua au milieu du XIXe siècle est ainsi sans cesse remise en cause à la fois par les manifestations constatées des risques et par les interactions des composantes socio-spatiales qui préexistent à l'endommagement. Par exemple, on constate peu d'endommagements sur les territoires urbains construits par les habitants aisés. Grâce à leurs choix socio-économiques, culturels, institutionnels, ils s'en protègent, mais les répercutent sur les territoires moins fortunés. En incriminant la nature et en refusant le principe de solidarité envers des fragments urbains déjà fortement différenciés, les nantis renforcent le processus de fragmentation urbaine, c'est-à-dire la disparition de la ville en tant que système. Paradoxalement, les risques apparaissent parfois comme des éléments de contre-fragmentation : des habitants aisés acceptent la proximité spatiale avec un quartier précaire quand ce dernier, en échange d'avantages compensatoires, joue le rôle d'amortisseur des dommages, prouvant une certaine instrumentalisation des risques dans le processus de fragmentation urbaine.
Percot, Stéphane. "Contribution des retombées atmosphériques aux flux de polluants issus d'un petit bassin versant urbain : cas du Pin Sec à Nantes." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00851955.
Full textMaillard, Daniel. "Maîtrise de l'urbanisation autour des sites industriels à haut risque." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque/documents/dessid/rrbmaillard.pdf.
Full textDollet, Cyrielle. "URBASIS-Décision - Modélisation des conséquences socio-économiques et juridiques d'un séisme à l'échelle urbaine." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALU002.
Full textAmongst the natural hazards that cause disasters, earthquakes are certainly the most devastating and unpredictable, even though they are the least frequent. In a context of growing urbanization, the economic and human losses generated by earthquakes have increased considerably, and as a result, liability represents a significant risk for local communities. This thesis aims to develop models of post-earthquake social, economic and legal losses. This will help to improve the understanding of public policies relating to seismic risk in order to deploy a better adapted natural risk prevention policy. To this purpose, we focused on moderate-to-low seismic hazard regions. The thesis work is divided into three parts: 1° definition of the decision-making variables on which a natural risk prevention policy is based; 2°proposals for improving the modelling of seismic losses; 3°introduce a new legal model quantifying the risk of administrative liability.The first approach consists in defining the decision-making variables on which seismic risk players can base their prevention policies thanks to a survey that was carried out from 2017-2018. The conclusions highlighted the need for elected officials to imagine the social and economic consequences of an earthquake on their territory and their plausible commitment of responsibility.This information allowed us to better adapt the models for predicting seismic losses according to the needs of the decision-making actors. In this second part on seismology, we focus on the exposure variables needed to modelize seismic losses. Thanks to the creation of a database of seismic consequences and the ground motion footprint provided by the USG ShakeMaps, we developed models estimating the exposed population and the exposed GDP at the date of the earthquake. Then, models estimating socio-economic losses were produced by considering the losses in relation to the exposed population and the exposed GDP, based on hazard and exposure variables. This allowed us to develop a synthetic database of global seismic losses contributing to improve seismic risk modelling. Our results contribute to the continuous improvement of the natural hazard prevention policy and to the mitigation of seismic risk.The latest natural disasters have highlighted a more pronounced judiciarization of public persons (L'Aquila,2009 ; Xynthia, (2010). In this last part, we are interested in public persons. Rules of law exist and make it possible to seek the persons responsible for the damage or participating in its realization. The quality approach, introduced in local authorities, is adapted to meet the expectations of elected representatives by building a model for quantifying the legal consequences of earthquakes, taking into account the invariant decision-making elements on which the judge relies. The model estimates the likelihood of elected officials taking responsibility on the basis of two components: the quantification of social and economic consequences (definition of the damage) and the maturity of the means of prevention put in place (definition of the causal link). Thus, liability is likely to be incurred only in the presence of damage and if a causal link between the event (earthquake) and the damage exists. It is in this original and new logic that seismology and administrative law are articulated to qualify and quantify the impact of the implementation of means of prevention and protection targeted at seismic risk.Finally, thanks to this process of estimating overall losses (social, economic and legal), it is up to public decision-makers and local authorities to prescribe the measures necessary to reduce the vulnerability of their territory to seismic hazard, while taking into account the local context (political, strategic and financial)
Rebotier, Julien. "Les territorialités du risque urbain à Caracas : les implications d'un construit socio-spatial dans une métropole d'Amérique latine." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355850.
Full textDurmaz, Nihal. "L'instrumentalisation des risques de catastrophe dans le processus d'urbanisation néolibérale de la ville d'Istanbul : une analyse à partir des quartiers de Sarigöl et Tozkoparan." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG045/document.
Full textThis work aims to shed light on how the city of today is designed by revisiting both urban practices (neoliberal approach and risk approach). Through the comparative study of two districts in Istanbul, Sarıg.l and Tozkoparan, designated at risk and subject to urban renewal projects, we analysed the objectives of the projects, their content, the beneficiaries and affected populations. On what grounds and realities are urban public policies based ? How are projects legitimized by risk ? Do they respond to the urban and social problems ? Do they cause new social problems ? The findings on the consequences of urban renewal practices have led us to focus on social issues emerging from conflictual urban dynamics. How are populations affected or will they be affected by these renovations ? The reaction of the inhabitants ?
Bouchon, Frédéric. "Kuala Lumpur, métropolisation et mondialisation au risque du tourisme : enjeux et perspecvtives." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708806.
Full textProst, Thierry Miramond Marcel. "Le risque, frontière du génie urbain identification et organisation des connaissances utiles pour l'aide à la décision dans les réseaux techniques urbains (eau potable et assainissement) /." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2000. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=prost.
Full textProst, Thierry. "Le risque, frontière du génie urbain : identification et organisation des connaissances utiles pour l'aide à la décision dans les réseaux techniques urbains (eau potable et assainissement)." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1999ISAL0107/these.pdf.
Full textDès lors qu’est assurée la satisfaction des besoins de base, la conception et la gestion des réseaux techniques urbains et des services qu’ils fournissent, activités fédérées sous le terme de génie urbain, se développent dans un contexte d’incertitudes : sur les attentes des citadins, sur les objectifs des politiques à mener, sur les effets et les impacts des solutions préconisées. Les exigences de performance environnementale et de qualité de service font que l’aide à la décision pour la gestion des réseaux techniques urbains évolue vers une aide à la gestion de risque. Dans les réseaux d’eau potable et d’assainissement, sur lesquels se concentre ce travail, la gestion des risques intervient aussi bien dans le fonctionnement quotidien des réseaux que dans leurs évolutions à long terme. Une étude bibliographique des recherches et des expériences conduites en matière de gestion dynamique des réseaux et d’élaboration des politiques de maintenance et de renouvellement des infrastructures, montre que l’analyse et la prise en compte du risque transforment aussi bien l’identification des problèmes que la définition des modèles, des critères, des indicateurs et des données qui seront utilisés. Sont également analysées les conditions dans lesquelles la gestion de risques peut garantir l’efficience des démarches d’aide à la décision, comme conduire parfois à leur blocage par l’explicitation de nouvelles responsabilités. Il apparaît que la connaissance utile à l’action est à rechercher et à construire dans des zones frontières : frontières des domaines de validité des modèles, frontières entre les différentes échelles de temps et d’espace, ou avec d’autres domaines du savoir tels que les sciences humaines et sociales. Le risque porte ainsi le génie urbain et la recherche en génie urbain aux frontières de leur champ et les place au croisement d’une standardisation sécuritaire et d’une vocation locale réaffirmée, appuyée sur l’observation, l’échange et le retour d’expériences
Batica, Jelena. "Méthodologie pour l'évaluation de la résilience urbaine face aux crues et développement des stratégies de prévention." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4006/document.
Full textFloods that happen in urban areas are governed by increased frequency. Existing flood defence structures demonstrate its downsides. One of the solutions is moving to risk culture and finding the balance between the shape of land use and urbanization through adaptation, mitigation, prevention, and response and recovery strategies. The new holistic approach is based on resilience concept give a place for new development and implementation of new approaches under existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Adding resilience to flood risk management is a first step. The Flood Resilience Index (FRI) is developed in this thesis is a unique approach for evaluation of flood resilience in urban systems with the main priority on system structure when evaluation is done on micro and meso scale and on system dimension when flood resilience is evaluated on macro scale. The main reflection is on the development of method by evaluation of existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Through evaluation, there is a possibility to notice the level of integration and implementation of crucial element of flood risk. The developed method for evaluation of flood resilience is potentially applicable to any urban system of any geographic scale. Connections and dependences between main city elements and natural hazards (in this case urban flooding process) are defined. With its implementation, social, economical, political and cultural relations between cities will be more visible and better established and flood risk management well implemented
Eljamassi, Alaeddinne. "Utilisation des systèmes d'information géographique (SIG) dans la gestion des risques routiers en milieu urbain." Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STET2088.
Full textThe integration of spatial dimension in the analysis of road accidents was less well treated before the integration of GIS (Geographical Information Systems) and their tools for spatial analysis which open a new perspective to us. The thesis aims to customize some urban accident risk models developed at the Transport Research Laboratory in England to the context of French and Arabic countries in the Middle East. Some simplification of the data collection and coding necessary for these models, is proposed in order to implement these models in an easier way for road risk management ; A fair identification and localization of the major problems of road risk in urban area is now possible through the use of GIS technology as a tool for decision-making
Nasrallah, Wafa. "Hydroclimatologie des zones urbaines dans les villes de Kairouan et de Sidi Bouzid : approche intégrée du risque inondation." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30071.
Full textIn the context of the expected climate change, the results of several studies showed that: In the coming decades (the horizons of 2030 and 2050), Tunisian cities will be threatened by the large number of extreme events (including the phenomena of floods). Our choice is focused on the study of the main cities of central Tunisia, in particular Kairouan and Sidi Bouzid, which saw in the recent history of extreme hydro-climatic phenomena. These have often caused serious consequences on the economy, population, basic infrastructure... But all the water projects that were built after the disaster of 1969 (dams, dikes ...) have given the people a sense of confidence, so that in recent decades the two cities experienced unprecedented urban extension including in already flooded areas in 1969. The question is: These arrangements would they be sufficiently effective to protect these two cities in case of exceptional rainfall episodes similar to that of autumn 1969? Indeed, the ultimate aim of this project is to answer this question and: * Present natural factors of runoff and flow in the cities of Kairouan and Sidi Bouzid. * Determine the mechanisms generating torrential rainfall and the factors which are responsible for spatial and temporal variation. * Study land use and its impact on runoff and flow. * Finally, realize a flood risk map to guide decision makers to the right choice of facilities which will be used to minimize the damage of this risk
Haidar, Mahran. "L'intégration de la sécurité routière dans l'action locale : l'influence de la hiérarchisation du réseau sur le risque routier." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1127.
Full textPlanning urban mobility dominated by networks and car travel brings up the question of the effects of network hierarchy on accident risk. This issue has not been addressed very much in the literature. It can be linked to a broader problem which aims to integrate road safety into local action. Road risks depend on the characteristics of individuals who travel in different modes using networks (with more or less risk) that are managed by public authorities. Risk analysis of accident involvement for residents of different hierarchical levels is at the heart of this thesis. It can be approached through spatial and socioeconomic dimensions generated by network hierarchy. Spatial and socioeconomic differentiation of these residents can lead to risk inequalities. The studies carried out as part of this thesis suggest a methodological approach whose main components are epidemiological, statistics and spatial analysis. Investigating the influence of network hierarchy on traffic accident risk made it possible to find the potential link between the spatial and socioeconomic dimensions and traffic risk. It also allowed to target populations that are at high risk in order to motivate elected officials to act in favour of the residents' safety while making them aware of the risk residents are exposed to rather than the accidents of roads they manage. On the other hand, it highlights the policies related to network hierarchy while considering accident risk in order to address the objective of road safety at the earliest possible stage of the decision making process in urban planning projects
Villordon, Mae Brigitt Bernadel. "Index de vulnérabilité sanitaire pour les crues urbaines : évaluation de la vulnérabilité sociale et des risques." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4145/document.
Full textAccording to the World Risk Report released by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security, the Philippines is ranked third globally in terms of disaster risk. Public health risks and understanding social vulnerability are usually overlooked and very little attention is given. Thus, this research work focuses on. This research was an exploratory step and a rapid assessment of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of the community people towards flood vulnerability and resilience and their exposure to microorganisms such as E.coli, Leptospirosis and the Dengue Fever mosquito. Appropriate community-based indicators were formulated and developed. Their socio-demographic profile, housing conditions, physical environment and governance were also included. The survey was done from March 2013 to July 2013 to capture the dry and wet season for bacterial sampling. A total of 357 household respondents from the 12 communities and 30 respondents from the LGU and NGO were surveyed. Results of the study revealed an overall Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) of 39.34%. Barangay Tabuc-tubig (53.39%) topping from all the 12 communities surveyed using the newly developed 36 community-based flood vulnerability indicators with its corresponding 5 major components namely; hydro-climatic, social, economic, socio-behavioral and the politico-administrative. It is interesting to note that FVI remains low in spite that the exposure indicators are high. The low FVI can be attributed to the community’s high resilience in its coping and adaptation strategies. In this research work, the FVI is significantly sensitive to susceptibility and flood resilience variables
Toubin, Marie. "Améliorer la résilience urbaine par un diagnostic collaboratif : l'exemple des services urbains parisiens face à l'inondation." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958279.
Full textPlattard, Odile. "Repenser l'évacuation d'une population littorale en milieu urbain dans un contexte multi-risques : le modèle STEP." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H087.
Full textThis thesis explore the issue of a pedestrian evacuation of coastal population in an urban environment in case of tsunami and seism, through the implementation of the model STEP. Studies examine two fields: Saint-Laurent-du-Var (France) and Siracusa (Italy). They provide varied configurations of disaster risk exposure and different evacuation strategies for a coastal urban population. Urban environment is the central point of this thesis. First, visibility in an urban context is evaluated through its effect on pedestrian evacuation. Second, by taking into account multi-hazard context through the impacts on buildings from a precursor earthquake and questioning the walkability of evacuation routes to safe areas. The STEP model is a hybrid modelisation combining agent-based and cellular automatons. It is implemented on Saint-Laurent-du-Var based on geographical data (topography, buildings). The tsunami is based on worst-case simulation data. Visibility in an urban context is determined by the height of safe areas and surrounding buildings; it creates “shadow-zones” where people have no line-of-sight to safe areas around them. Walkability of the urban environment is based on the probability of a building collapse according to seismic intensity. Debris may obstruct streets and force people to seek alternative routes to safe areas. According to the worst-case simulation data, three main evacuation scenarios were implemented and explored through parameters related to agents and safe areas. These three scenarios vary the visibility and walkability independently in order to better evaluate the effects of the results. The greatest impact seen within STEP simulations is determined by the location of safe areas and paying attention to seismic activity in an urban environment. This thesis shows the importance of considering specific evacuation requirements for coastal urban environments. It also demonstrates that multi-hazards should be a central concern when defining evacuation strategies for populations
Boudet, Céline. "Exposition du citadin aux particules fines en suspension : estimation de la part attribuable aux émissions automobiles : contribution à l'évaluation du risque sanitaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE18003.
Full text