Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rive gauche'

Istanbul rive gauche est envisagé comme référence au Quartier latin, considérant que Beyoğlu en est arrivé à incarner un mythe au moins aussi puissant que son équivalent parisien. Ce travail entend donc analyser la relation privilégiée qu'entretiennent Istanbul et Paris depuis les débuts de la modernisation de l'Empire ottoman. Outre l'ample mouvement de traduction de littérature française, le voyage à Paris se présente comme la condition première pour élaborer un nouveau paysage urbain dans la prose turque et confirmer l'existence d'une Bohème locale qui deviendra la marque distinctive de Pera/Beyoğlu. Dans la vie comme en littérature. Au cours du XXe siècle, ce mythe de la Grande ville a connu des phases successives de désenchantement et de décadence (vues par trois générations d'auteurs) avant de permettre l'émergence d'une littérature nationale plus autonome<br>The Istanbul Left Bank is meant as a reference to the Latin Quarter since Beyoğlu has come to embody a myth at least as powerful as its Parisian equivalent. The present study aims at analyzing the special relationship linking Istanbul to Paris since the early days of modernization in the Ottoman Empire : in addition to the vast translation movement from French authors, the journey to Paris stands as the first and foremost condition for authors prone to establish a new urban landscape in Turkish fiction and to confirm the local brand of Bohemia as a distinctive aspect of Pera / Beyoğlu. Both in life and literature. Ali along the XXth century, that dominant Big City mythology has gone through the successive phases of disillusionement and decadence which three generations of writers express in their novels and short-stories. Eventually, this shift has allowed for a more autonomous Turkish literature to emerge

Au XVIIIe siècle l'un des éléments essentiels du tissu urbain parisien était sa densité de communautés régulières. La rive gauche en comptait 27, celles-ci occupaient environ 8 pourcent de la superficie intra-muros. La plupart de ces communautés prirent part à l'expansion urbaine qui commença au XVIIIe siècle et continua, non sans à-coups, tout au long du XVIIIe siècle. L'on peut estimer à 240 le nombre d'immeubles locatifs qui appartenaient aux communautés d'hommes implantés sur la rive gauche. Leur gestion soigneuse, rigoureuse et très souvent avisée fit de ces établissements des agents privilégiés dans le développement urbain et par conséquent leurs archives nous permettent de dresser des états très détaillés de nombreux quartiers<br>An essential element of the parisian Left Bank in the 18th century was its dense monastic settlement : 27 men's religious communities covered over 8 percent of the inner city's surface area. A majority of these communities took part in the Parisian real-estate boom which began in the early 17th century and continued, albeit with certain lulls, throughout the 18th century. Over 240 buildings on the Left Bank belonged to monastic or kindred communities. The monasteries' careful, rigorous and usually coherent management of their resources has bequeathed us with detailed descriptions of certain neighborhouds. The basic conclusion is that 16 out of the 27 communities drew over 50 percent of their earnings from rental properties within the city. A listing of these real-estate holdings and their percentage in the overall earnings for each community is compiled

L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier le processus de formation des installations conventuelles des principaux ordres mendiants à Paris en relation avec les phases de développement de la structure urbaine au moyen âge. La première partie de la thèse est une mise en contexte historique et méthodologique qui introduit à la seconde partie, dédiée à l'étude de l'évolution des couvents, dans laquelle nous explorons certains des complexes caractères de celle-ci entre le XIIIe et le XVe siècle et l'important rôle des frères mendiants dans l'organisation de vastes secteurs urbains. Le patrimoine architectural des mendiants est presque totalement perdu et ceci nous a amené à formuler la troisième et dernière partie de la thèse en reparcourant les deux derniers siècles d'histoire urbaine à travers l'analyse des plans historiques de Paris, a la lumière des textes qui en racontent la transformation. L'observation de la forme des anciennes implantations, vues en transparence sur la carte du Paris actuel, permet d'intéressantes nouvelles estimations<br>The goal of this work is to examine the development of the convent buildings of the main mendicant orders with relation to the development of the medieval urban structure. The first part of the thesis provides a historical and methodological context whereas the second part analyses the development of convents in the 13th and 15th centuries and the important role of mendicant friars in the organization of large urban areas. The architectural patrimony of the mendicants has been almost completely lost. For this reason in the last part of the thesis we have analyzed the last two centuries of urban development using the ancient maps of Paris with the support of historical documents. The observation of the ancient structures in transparency through the present map of Paris leads to new interesting observation

Au niveau de la moyenne vallee du fleuve senegal, les formes traditionnelles d'organisation ont ete ebranlees par l'introduction de nouvelles formes d'organisation. Ceci a abouti a la legitimation de la logique productiviste avec comme soubassement des reformes foncieres qui portent prejudice a la gestion communautaire des terres au sein des structures lignageres. La nouvelle politique agricole, qui resulte d'un constat d'inefficacite des pouvoirs publics, est a l'origine de plusieurs contraintes au niveau des perimetres intermediaires. Les problemes poses par l'organisation, la gestion, l'encadrement et la participation des structures paysannes prouvent que la responsabilisation des populations doit etre regie par une dynamique interne. L'etude de la cuvette de kaskas s'inscrit dans cette optique. Les multiples pesanteurs ont conduit a une reflexion axee, entre autres, sur le desengagement de l'etat, la dynamisation des organisations paysannes, l'intervention des ong et la formation des populations et ce afin de creer les conditions objectives d'un developpement endogene.

En 3 4 de siecle, la region du rif oriental a connu des bouleversements profonds en matiere agraire. Le passage d'une economie de subsistance a une economie marchande et d'un systeme agro-pastoral a l'agro-industrie s'est effectue par le biais d'une forte intervention de l'etat du maroc independant. La politique agricole nationale et le projet de developpement regional (irrigation) interferent et leurs effets se croisent pour assurer la realisation des objectifs prometteurs tant au niveau national (fourniture des aliments de base) qu'au niveau regional (croissance economique). Mais ici comme ailleurs, l'intervention de l'etat souleve certains problemes qui ralentissent le processus de modernisation rurale et par consequent le developpement local. Le rif oriental demeure un pays de contrastes entre des plaines riches et le reste de la region qui vit dans des modes de vie ancestraux, entre l'aisance de certaines familles et la pauvrete de l'infrastructure locale et enfin, entre les populations fort nombreuses et les ressources naturelles qui restent limitees. L'objet de cette etude est de mesurer les effets des amenagements hydroagricoles et de voir dans quelle mesure on peut preconiser des solutions a la "crise" de cette societe dans sa relation avec l'espace. A cet egard, seule une "politique integree et equilibree" assurant une participation reelle et rationnelle des citoyens est capable de relancer le processus de developpement dans cette region<br>In 3 4 of century, the eastern rif region has known deep upheavals in the field of agriculture. The change from an economy of subsistence to an economy of market and from an economy based on agriculture and breeding to the agro-industry was carried out by a strong intervention of the independent moroccan government the national farm policy and the regional development project (irrigation) connect and theirs effects cross to assure the realization of promising aims at a national level (providing indispensable food) as well as at a regional level (economic growth). But here like anywhere else, the intervention of government raises some problems which slow down the process of the rural modernization, and therefore the local development. The eastern rif remains a country of contrasts with its rich plains and the rest of the region where people live in ancestral way of life, with the contradiction of the ease of some families and the poverty of the local infrastructure and finaly with the overpopulation and the limited natural resources. The purpose of this research is to value the effects of the hydro-agricultural development and to find out how to preconize some solutions to the "crisis" of this society and its relation to the space. Concernig this, only a "complete and balanced policy" - which would engage the citizen to participate really and rationa

Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse des pratiques participatives des deux projets, la ZAC Paris Rive Gauche à Paris, l'aménagement du Gwanghwamun Square à Séoul. Alors que la « participation » dans le projet urbain est souvent annoncée comme l'objectif idéal, ce terme laisse une marge de traduction à chaque personne qui l'utilise. Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre le rôle de participation dans la fabrication de l'espace. Nous entamons d'abord l'étude du déroulement de ces deux projets urbains et de ses acteurs pour montrer leur place dans la démarche du projet. Ensuite, nous analysons la structure des dispositifs participatifs et leur fonctionnement. Il s'agit d'étudier la place des citoyens dans le projet urbain qui apparaissent à travers ces dispositifs et le lien qu'ils nouent éventuellement avec les acteurs. Qui sont-ils ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous analysons les figures des citoyens qui émergent lors de la participation. Nous avons retenu trois critères : 1) l'intensité de la participation, 2) l'intérêt qu'ils portent au projet et à l'espace, 3) la reconnaissance des savoirs citoyens. À partir de cette analyse sur la figure des citoyens, nous étudions comment des citoyens peuvent revendiquer leur présence dans la démarche du projet, et être reconnus par les acteurs ou non. Ce processus implique la mise en cause de la légitimité du projet et de l'autorité déléguée des acteurs. Si les acteurs du projet résistent à la réduction de leur portée dans la démarche du projet, qu'apporte la présence des citoyens dans l'aménagement de l'espace et à l'action publique collective ? Notre recherche montre que la dynamique participative n'est pas totalement malléable, malgré les difficultés de la prise de place des citoyens dans le jeu d'acteurs et de la reconnaissance de celle-ci. Nous avons essayé d'identifier les conditions de participation comme la possibilité de modifier la configuration des échanges, le partage des savoirs et la formation pour la participation<br>This thesis focuses on the analysis of participatory practices of two urban projects - the ZAC Paris Rive gauche in Paris and the creation of Gwanghwamun Square in Seoul. “Participation” in the urban project is often announced as the ideal objective. Its signification is disputable. The object of this thesis is to understand the role of participation in the making of spaces. For this, we start by describing the progress of these two urban projects as well as their stakeholders, to clarify their position in the project process. Then, the structure of the participating organizations and their functions are analyzed. By doing so, the place of citizens in the urban project as it appears in their relations with these organizations and their relations themselves with the stakeholders will be examined. Who are they? We analyze the types of citizens who emerge through citizen participation. Three criteria are selected: 1) the intensity of participation, 2) participants' interests, 3) recognition of citizens' knowledge. From these criteria, we research how citizens can claim their presence in the project, and be recognized by the stakeholders or not. If the stakeholders of the project resist the weakening of their influence in the project process caused by participation, what can the presence of these citizens bring to the space and to the public collective action? Our research shows that the dynamics of participation are not totally malleable, in spite of the citizens' difficulties in taking their place among stakeholders, and the recognition of their place. This research identifies the conditions of participation as the possibility of modifying the discussion situation, the knowledge sharing, and the learning to participate

L'histoire confessionnelle de la rive gauche du Rhin est indissociable de l'histoire politique des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Cet espace dominé par le protestantisme connaît de profonds bouleversements religieux après 1648 en raison de la politique d'occupation de Louis XIV et de changements propres aux dynasties princières : occupations, héritages et conversions ouvrent la voie au renouveau catholique. La phase de bouleversements des deux dernières décennies du XVIIe siècle s'achève avec le traité de Ryswick (1697) qui avalise au regard du droit international les nouveautés religieuses favorables au catholicisme ; les fondements de la paix d'Osnabrück (1648) doivent alors cohabiter avec une nouvelle règle confessionnelle qui reconnaît le culte public aux catholiques. Le XVIIIe siècle apparaît alors comme une longue phase de normalisation religieuse et d'approfondissement des identités confessionnelles qui se renforcent dans l'opposition mais qui coexistent également au quotidien<br>The denominational history on the left bank of the Rhine is indissociable from the political history of the 17th and 18th centuries. This period, which was dominated by Protestantism, knew deep religious upheavals after 1648, because of the policy of occupation led by Louis XIV, and because of the changes emerging from princely dynasties : occupations, heritages and conversions opened the way to the catholic revival. Some other upheavals that took place during the 17th century were ended by the treaty of Ryswick (1697), which endorsed the religious innovations favorable to Catholicism, taking international law into consideration. The bases of the peace of Osnabrück (1648) had then to cohabit with a new denominational rule which recognized the public worship with the Catholics. That's why the 18th century seems to be a long phase of religious standardization which witnessed the deepening of denominational identities, both reinforced in opposition and coexisting in everyday life

Durant la première moitié du XIXe siècle, la ville de Düren située entre Aix-la-Chapelle et Cologne vécut un bouleversement fondamental de ses structures socio-économiques. Conquise par l’armée française en 1794, elle fut intégrée à la France en 1801. Après la chute de l’Empire napoléonien, la partie septentrionale des territoires français de la rive gauche du Rhin fut attribuée à la Prusse. Face au conservatisme prussien, les acquis politiques de la période française, bien que le fruit d’une occupation étrangère, furent élevées au rang de particularités rhénanes qu’il s’agissait de défendre contre la politique de Berlin. La Province rhénane devint alors un berceau actif du libéralisme prussien et occupa une place particulièreau sein de l’Etat prussien jusqu’en 1848. A Düren, les gouvernements consécutifs allaient générer de nombreux transferts qui aboutirent soit à une modification des structures existantes ou initièrent un processus de transformation. Cette analyse interculturelle se concentre sur l’organisation administrative et l’économie. En raison de traditions historiques et économiques et de caractéristiques confessionnelles spécifiques, la ville de Düren constituait un contexte d’accueil particulier pour les transferts dans ces deux domaines. Ainsi la proclamation des lois françaises mit fin au système corporatif médiéval. Les anciennes structures furent intégralement remplacées par de nouvelles qui favorisèrent une communauté protestante déjà économiquement active et qui continua son ascension sous le gouvernement prussien dans un contexte transnational de modernisation et d’industrialisation<br>During the first half of the 19th century, the city of Düren, situated between Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne experienced a major disruption of its social and economic structures. Conquered by the French army in 1794, it was annexed to France in 1801. After the fall of the Napoleonic Empire, the southern part of the French territories on the left bank of the Rhine was allotted to Prussia. Compared to the Prussian conservatism, the political benefits of the French period, although they were a legacy of foreign occupation, became particular Rhenish features worth fighting for. The Rhine Province then became a cradle of Prussian liberalism and took a special position within the until 1848. The consecutive governments generated many transfers which led to alterations in existing structures or initiated a process of transformation. This study concentrates on the organization of the administration and the economy. Due to historic and economic traditions and specific denominational characteristics, the city was a particular context of reception for the transfers in these two areas. Thus, the proclamation of the French laws terminated the medieval guild system. The old structures were entirely replaced by new ones, to the advantage of a protestant community. This community had already been economically active and could now continue its advancement under the Prussian government in a transnational context of modernisation and industrialisation

Cette recherche a pour objet d'analyser, par dela l'oeuvre de denazification et de reeducation, les interactions entre l'action culturelle menee par l'occupant francais sur la rive gauche du rhin (sarre exclue) et l'etat de la politique allemande de la france. Ainsi, si la fondation d'une universite rhenane a mayence, a pu s'inscrire dans le cadre des projets de separation des territoires cisrhenans du reste de l'allemagne, les realisations ulterieures (ecole d'administration de spire et d'interpretariat a germersheim, ouverture de centres d'etudes francaises a mayence et treves, implantation du kaiser-wilhelm-institut de chimie, de l'institut d'histoire europeenne et de l'academie des sciences et des lettres a mayence) visaient davantage a doter le land de rhenanie-palatinat d'un reseau solide d'institutions culturelles, et par la-meme a lui assurer une certaine viabilite. Les autorites francaises concentrerent leurs efforts-et leurs credits pour faire de mayence la capitale politique et culturelle de la rive gauche du rhin et le centre privilegie de l'influence francaise en allemagne<br>This dissertation examines the interaction between the cultural politics-denazification and reeducation - of the french military governement on the left bank of the rhine (saarland excluded) and the state of french policy towards germany as a whole. If the founding of a rhenish university in mainz could be regarded as part of a scheme to cut off the left bank from the rest of germany, yet the later fruits of this cultural politics (college of administration in speyer; college of interpreters in germersheim; centers for french studies in mainz and trier; and the kaiser-wilhelm institute of chemistry, the institute of european history and the arts and sciences academy, all in mainz) were aimed much more at giving the land of rheinland-palatinate a solid network of cultural organisations, thus securing for it a relative viability. The french authorities concentrated their efforts - and funds - so as to make of mainz the political and cultural capital of the left bank of the rhine and the hub of french influence in germany

L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier l’insertion des agro-industries dans les territoires et surtoutleur contribution au développement local et régional. Nos recherches ont été effectuées dansle Delta et la basse vallée du fleuve Sénégal (région de Saint Louis du Sénégal). L’étude desentreprises (CSS, SOCAS et GDS) situées dans notre zone d’étude a mis en évidencecertains lieux stratégiques : le Delta et la basse Vallée (espace de production), la région deDakar et l’international comme espace d’approvisionnement et de commercialisation. Cesentreprises contribuent très peu au développement du Delta et de la basse Vallée. Le rôleprépondérant de Dakar au détriment de Saint Louis, les incohérences des politiquesfoncières et de développement régional ainsi que le contexte international et sous-régional(concurrence et fraude) sont autant de facteurs qui expliquent l’impact limité des agroindustriesdans notre zone étude. Notre étude révèle aussi que les prises de terrescristallisent particulièrement des tensions entre les agro-industries et les populations hôtes.D’où la nécessite pour les entreprises d’adopter la politique de RSE, mais aussi pour l’État,de réformer le foncier. La prise en compte des agro-industries dans les plans dedéveloppement local et régional est également une piste à explorer par les élus locaux<br>This thesis aims to examine the integration of agricultural industries in the areas andspecifically assess then contribution to the local and regional development. Our research hascovered the Delta and the lower Valley of the Senegal River (the region of Saint Louis ofSenegal). The study of societies (CSS, SOCAS, GDS) located in this area has highlightedcertain strategic places: The Delta and the lower Valley (production area), the region ofDakar and the international market as supplying and marketing area. These societiescontribute very little to the development of the Delta and of the lower Valley. Among thefactors that account for the limited impact of these agricultural industries one can mention theparamount role played by Dakar to the detriment of Saint Louis, the inconsistencies of landand regional development policy as well as the regional an intercontinental context(competition, smuggling). This investigation has also revealed that the appropriation of landsparticularly causes time conflicting relations between agricultural societies and the localpopulations, hence the necessity for these companies to adopt the social responsibility ofcompany’s policy and to reform the land policy. The local councillors should also considertaking into account the agricultural companies in their local and regional development plan

Le projet urbain, en tant qu’action coordonnée et globale sur un territoire donné, représente une opportunité pour construire des villes économes en énergie et sans carbone. En effet, la revue de la littérature scientifique met en évidence des leviers urbains et architecturaux pouvant être activés lors d’un projet urbain. Nous avons choisi dans cette thèse d’explorer les pratiques aujourd’hui à l’œuvre en matière d’énergie dans les projets urbains. Nous procédons de manière inductive et comparative à l’étude de trois cas parisiens, Paris Rive Gauche, Paris Nord Est et Clichy-Batignolles. Notre analyse s’appuie sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec les acteurs de ces trois projets urbains, et sur l’ensemble des documents techniques auxquels nous avons pu accéder. Après avoir décrit comment les enjeux de l’énergie sont pris en compte dans chacun des trois projets, nous comparons les procédures et les actions mises en place pour y répondre. Nous observons que les enjeux énergétiques sont faiblement intégrés à la stratégie urbaine. Les actions ciblent majoritairement la demande en énergie des bâtiments, négligeant d’autres économies d’énergie potentielles. L'enjeu de production d'énergies renouvelables et de récupération modifie le rôle des acteurs du projet urbain, le territoire étant dorénavant considéré non plus comme un lieu de consommation énergétique mais comme un lieu de production potentielle d’énergies. Cette étude conduit à nous interroger sur l’échelle adaptée à la définition et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie énergétique ainsi qu’à l’acteur le mieux placé pour coordonner cette action<br>Urban development projects provide an excellent opportunity to design energy and carbon efficient cities since they consider the relationship between a set of urban objects consuming and producing energy. Indeed, urban and architectural levers can be activated during an urban project. In this thesis, we compare three urban large-scale projects led by the City of Paris: Paris Rive Gauche, Clichy-Batignolles and Paris Nord Est. Through a qualitative and comparative approach, we seek to understand actor interactions, to highlight the spatio-temporal logics and identify the design parameters used to ensure energy quality. Our analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with the actors of these three urban projects, and all the technical documents we could access. After describing how energy issues have been taken into account in each of the three projects, we compare the procedures and actions that have been implemented. We observe that energy issues are not considered as strategic elements of the urban development process. Actions set up mainly focus on the reduction of building energy demand, ignoring other potential energy savings. The energy performance of buildings is ensured through a relatively conventional environmental quality approach. However, covering the energy needs of new districts with local renewable energy constitutes an important factor of change in urban development practices. Urban developers now need to consider urban areas as potential energy producers instead of energy consumers. This study leads us to question the appropriate scale to define and implement an energy strategy for the urban fabric as well as the best actor to coordinate it

La thèse porte sur l'analyse comparative des politiques et des outils destinés au traitement des friches industrielles dans deux contextes nationaux différents. Le travail aborde, dans la première partie, les conditions générales et les stratégies étatiques de reconversion, soulignant l'importance des approches interministérielles et la gestion coordonnée de dépollutions. La partie suivante traite les reconversions comme composante des politiques du développement local et montre les problèmes concernant le foncier à recycler. La troisième partie est consacrée à l'analyse des outils juridiques, applicables à la gestion des opérations de reconversion. Les possibilités de transposition des procédures françaises, notamment de la ZAC, dans le milieu tchèque, sont étudiées. Les études de cas de la dernière partie reprennent les thèmes abordés dans les parties précédentes, analysant l'efficacité des démarches appliquées aux différentes échelles administratives et territoriales<br>The thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the policies and instruments used to redevelop the abandoned land in both countries, within their national framework. The first part focuses on the origins of the state strategies of regeneration. The integrated aproach and the linkage between remediation and urban regeneration are discussed with particular attention. The next part shows the regeneration as an element of local development policies. The third part focuses closely on legal instruments used for the urban planning and to manage the redevelopment projects. The french instruments, specially the ZAC, are studied with the aim to offer some principles that could be adopted into the Czech conditions. The case studies in the fourth part deal with the issues discussed in the previous part. Its aim is to evaluate the efficiency of studide instruments in the redevelopment process undertaken on different scales and administration levels

L'étude porte sur des lacs et leur environnement dans l'hydrosystème deltai͏̈que, à l'aide des outils de la télédétection et du SIG. La région lacustre rive gauche du Delta Intérieur du Niger au Mali présente les caractéristiques physiques d'une plaine très basse. Les déficits pluviométriques persistants ont réduit de manière sensible les superficies inondées et les ressources naturelles disponibles. Après le retrait des eaux d'inondation, les lacs sont les seuls milieux humides qui demeurent en eau et offrent une végétation verte et un stock halieutique, ils deviennent des objets de convoitise pour les différentes activités économiques. Dans le cadre d'un SIG visant à évaluer les risques environnementaux pour la région, l'apport d'un MNT comme base de données altimétriques permet de modéliser plusieurs types d'inondation, et de localiser les zones favorables aux différentes activités économiques. Pour être efficace comme outil d'analyse spatiale, le MNT doit être adapté et rendre compte des variations altimétriques. Il a donc été réalisé par numérisation de fonds topographiques de cartes IGN au 1/200000è. Cet outil d'aide à la gestion et à la prévision se révèle fonctionnel pour rendre compte des relations de 1'homme à son espace dans la région lacustre. Les résultats obtenus donnent des informations pour un aménagement et une gestion dont la prise en compte contribue au mieux-être des populations rurales.

Le lancement en 1964 de l'"opération 30 000 ha" dans le delta et le développement à grande échelle de l'irrigation dans la région du fleuve Sénégal, avec le programme de l'OMVS, apparaissaient comme une réponse politique à une crise écologique qui frappait cette partie du pays poussant ses populations à émigrer. Ce projet soutenu par une idéologie qualifiée par ses inspirateurs de socialisme africain et conduit selon les règles de celle-ci par une société étatique (SAED) n'a pas répondu aux attentes. Ni à celles de l'état qui comptait résorber ses importations d'autant plus importantes que la population du pays s'accroit plus vite que la production vivrière ; ni à celle des paysans qui espéraient trouver en la riziculture une alternative aux cultures traditionnelles en net recul. Les dysfonctionnements de la SAED et les difficultés économiques du pays au milieu des années quatre-vingts conduiront au désengagement de l'état au profit des organisations paysannes et des acteurs privés. L'irrigation privée s'est développée depuis 1987 de manière rapide mais anarchique. Malgré les dispositions juridiques, administratives et financières, plusieurs incertitudes subsistent quant à l’avenir du secteur, notamment la capacité des organisations paysannes à maintenir à un niveau technique de productivité les aménagements transférés par la SAED, et celle des privés à conserver le patrimoine foncier<br>The launching at 1964 of the "operation 30 000 ha" in the Senegal delta and the development at large scale of the irrigation in the Senegal river area, with the OMVS program, seem like a reply politic at an ecological crisis who felling this part of the country nudging his population to emigrate. This plan sustained by an ideology qualified by her inspiratory as African socialism and leads in accordance with the rules of this ideology by the state's control -SAED- have not answered at waiting. Neither at these on state who allowed to resorb his importing all the more considerable so since the state's population increasing more swiftly than the food-producting, or at these on farming who hoped to get in the rice growing an alternative at his traditional growing at a distinct recession. The SAED's dysfunction and the state's economics difficulty in the middle of the eighties leaded to the state's disengagement to profit from the farming's organizations and the private sec, tor. The private irrigation has developed since 1987 at rapid but anarchical way. In spite of the legal, administrative and financial steps, exist some doubt as the future of the sector, notably the farming's organization's capacity to keep at a technical level of productivity the perimeter moved by SAED, and these private to retain the land patrimony

Without improved water management the global population could be facing serious water shortages. River flow discharge rates are one factor that could contribute to improving water management, being able to predict a forecasted river flow value would provide support in the management of water resources. This research investigates the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) to create a model that predicts river flow gauge values. The Driel Barrage monitoring station on the Thukela river in South Africa was used as a case study. The research makes use of data from the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) and weather forecast data from the European Center For Medium- Range Forecasts (ECMWF) to train the predictive model. An evaluation of the ANN model identified that the model is highly sensitive to selected weather parameters and is sensitive to the initial weights used in the ANN. These were overcome using an ANN ensemble and selective scenarios to identify the best weather parameters to use as input into the ANN model. Five weather parameters and a correlation coefficient cut-off value produced the most accurate prediction by the ANN. The research found that ANNs can be used for predicting river flow gauge values but to improve the results a greater ensemble, additional data and different ANN structures may create a better performing model. For the ANN model to be used in practice the research needs to be extended to evaluate the whole catchment area and a range of rivers in South Africa.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology<br>MSc<br>Unrestricted

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2014.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 66-67).<br>Communities in the downstream region of the Manafwa River Basin in eastern Uganda experience floods caused by heavy precipitation upstream. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has partnered with the Red Cross to develop a Flood Early Warning System (FEWS) that will alert downstream communities of imminent flooding. The first step in the development of the FEWS is to determine if the placement of a river gauge upstream from the existing gauge at Busiu Bridge will be capable of providing an early flood warning. A hydrologic model was developed using HEC-HMS software to determine if this warning is feasible and, if so, to facilitate the optimum placement of a gauge. The HEC-HMS model relates precipitation upstream to river flow downstream. Using an historical precipitation event, the model was calibrated to accurately predict the peak hydrograph caused by the precipitation event. The historical storm is characterized by precipitation evenly distributed over the entire watershed that produced a widespread rise in river height, as opposed to a defined flood wave that moves downstream. This storm served the purpose of calibrating the model, and the analysis of this storm concluded that a gauge upstream of Busiu Bridge will not provide flood warning for a storm characterized by precipitation evenly distributed over the watershed. The calibrated model was then used to predict the watershed response to a theoretical storm that is characterized by precipitation concentrated upstream. This upstream precipitation event is more likely to produce an upstream flood wave, and is common in the Manafwa River Basin. It was found that, for a storm with precipitation concentrated upstream, an upstream river gauge could be used to provide a flood warning. This study shows that the ability of an upstream river gauge to issue flood warnings is sensitive to the nature of a storm. The developed model produces hydrographs that can be used in a downstream hydraulic model to determine the optimum location for a river gauge in the Manafwa watershed, and the river conditions that would warrant a flood warning.<br>by Joel Alan Kaatz.<br>M. Eng.

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 52-53).<br>Flooding of the Manafwa River in Eastern Uganda causes significant damage in the district of Butaleja, and often occurs without advance warning. In 2012, the American Red Cross in Uganda requested MIT to develop a flood early warning system (FEWS) that can be used to expedite disaster response in the event of imminent flooding. A minimum flood warning lead time of 2 hours was requested by the American Red Cross. Although there is an existing river gauge situated upstream of Butaleja, at Busiu Bridge, it was not known whether flood warning thresholds from Busiu Bridge could provide an adequate lead time for emergency responses to reach Butaleja. The purpose of this study was therefore (1) to determine the travel time for a flood wave to reach an area of interest in Butaleja (defined by the Red Cross) from Busiu Bridge, (2) to determine the water level at Busiu Bridge that corresponds to subsequent overbank discharge in that region of Butaleja, and (3) to use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to integrate stakeholder input with hydrologic and hydraulic modeling results in order to determine the optimal location for an additional river gauge on the Manafwa River upstream of the current gauge at Busiu Bridge. The hydraulic model HEC-RAS was used to simulate the flow of the Manafwa River through Butaleja. Based on flow data from a storm event in 2006 when precipitation was fairly widespread across the watershed, the HEC-RAS results indicated that the travel time for a flood wave at Busiu Bridge to reach Butaleja is 3.4 hours, which provides sufficient warning based upon the Red Cross criteria. It was determined that if the stage at Busiu Bridge reaches 1.90 m, over 70% of the river in the defined area of interest in Butaleja will experience bank-full stage and overbank discharge 3.4 hours later. Given a precipitation event concentrated in the Bududa highlands, the flood wave travel time can diminish to 2.5 hrs if incoming flows increase; therefore upstream gauges were considered to support the gauge at Busiu Bridge. Hydrologic analyses performed by Kaatz (2014) suggested that upstream gauges can be adequately used to forecast floods provided that the precipitation and river conditions are suitable for a slow-moving flood wave. By integrating the hydrologic and hydraulic analyses with stakeholder input, installing another river gauge upstream of Busiu Bridge at the Bridge near Bubulo Red Cross (BBRC) would provide additional accuracy and lead time for the flood early warning system. Water level monitoring efforts implemented in Butaleja would validate modeled flooding thresholds reported here.<br>by Joyce Cheung.<br>M. Eng.

Recent events such as the New Orleans floods and the Japanese tsunami of 2011 have highlighted the uncertainty in the quantification of the magnitude of natural hazards. The research undertaken here has focussed on the uncertainty in evaluating storm surge magnitudes based on a range of statistical techniques including the Generalised Extreme Value distribution, Joint Probability and Monte Carlo simulations. To support the evaluation of storm surge frequency magnitude relationships a unique hard copy observed sea level data set, recording hourly observations, was acquired and digitised for Devonport, Plymouth, creating a 40 year data set. In conjunction with Devonport data, Newlyn (1915-2012) tide gauge records were analysed, creating a data set of 2 million data points. The different statistical techniques analysed led to an uncertainty range of 0.4 m for a 1 in 250 year storm surge event, and 0.7 m for a 1 in 1000 storm surge event. This compares to a 0.5 m uncertainty range between the low and high prediction for sea level rise by 2100. The Geographical Information system modelling of the uncertainty indicated that for a 1 in 1000 year event the level uncertainty (0.7 m) led to an increase of 100% of buildings and 50% of total land affect. Within the study area of south-west England there are several critical structures including a nuclear licensed site. Incorporating the uncertainty in storm surge and wave height predictions indicated that the site would be potentially affected today with the combination of a 1 in 1000 year storm surge event coincident with a 1 in 1000 wave. In addition to the evaluation of frequency magnitude relations this study has identified several trends in the data set. Over the data period sea level rise is modelled as an exponential growth (0.0001mm/yr2), indicating the modelled sea level rise of 1.9 mm/yr and 2.2 mm/yr for Newlyn and Devonport, will potentially increase over the next century by a minimum of 0.2 m by 2100.The increase in storm frequency identified as part of this analysis has been equated to the rise in sea level, rather than an increase in the severity of storms, with decadal variations in the observed frequency, potentially linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The identification as part of this study of a significant uncertainty in the evaluation of storm surge frequency magnitude relationships has global significance in the evaluation of natural hazards. Guidance on the evaluation of external hazards currently does not adequately consider the effect of uncertainty; an uncertainty of 0.7 m identified within this study could potentially affect in the region of 500 million people worldwide living close to the coast.

O presente estudo aborda a obra narrativa da escritora argentina Silvina Ocampo, propondo uma leitura crítica dos contos em que a autora retrata a figura e os costumes do habitante da pampa rio-platense – o gaucho – a partir de estratégias de representação que rompem com a tradição mimética. Estabelecida como um sistema literário desde as últimas décadas do século XIX, a narrativa de temática gauchesca produzida nos países da região platina retoma, ao longo de sua tradição canônica, uma série de elementos simbólicos a partir dos quais foi elaborada a imagem literária do gaucho. Dentre esses elementos, três merecem destaque: o processo de identificação entre o ser humano e o cavalo, a relação que o indivíduo pampeano mantém com o sujeito feminino e com a esfera da família e o jogo de aproximação e distanciamento que o protagonista da literatura gauchesca estabelece com os polos da dicotomia “civilização e barbárie”. Tendo em vista essas questões, o objetivo central desta análise é demonstrar como a narrativa de Ocampo problematiza e reconfigura tais elementos simbólicos, operando uma ruptura no cânone da gauchesca por meio de uma escrita fortemente marcada por questões de gênero. Para tanto, este trabalho apropria-se do referencial teórico que permeia as diferentes correntes da crítica feminista contemporânea, em especial as discussões levantadas por Simone de Beauvoir, Elizabeth Grosz, Ynestra King, Luce Irigaray, Alison Jaggar, Hélène Cixous, Elaine Showalter, Teresa de Lauretis, Debra Castillo e Gloria Anzaldúa, dentre outras. Além disso, assumem igual relevância para esta análise alguns conceitos diretamente ligados à literatura gauchesca, principalmente as ideias discutidas por autores como Richard Slatta, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Angel Rama, Juan Carlos Ghiano, Josefina Ludmer e Sandra Contreras. Com base no arcabouço teórico delineado, é realizada uma leitura crítica dos contos “El impostor”, publicado na obra Autobiografía de Irene, de 1948; “Azabache” e “La última tarde”, que constam no livro La furia, de 1959; “La hija del toro” e “El moro”, presentes em Las invitadas, de 1961; e “La muñeca”, de Los días de la noche, de 1970, com uma atenção especial aos aspectos estéticos e temáticos desses textos. Paralelamente, tendo em vista as características da narrativa de Ocampo e das obras canônicas da literatura gauchesca, este trabalho aproxima os textos de autoria feminina e masculina, a fim de apontar a relevância que a escritora estudada assume junto a esse sistema literário, em especial como forma de revisão e alargamento de tal cânone.<br>This study addresses the narrative work of Argentinean writer Silvina Ocampo, proposing a critical reading of the tales in which she portrays the figure and customs of the man from the Pampa – the gaucho – by means of strategies of representation that disrupts the mimetic tradition. Established as a literary system since the last decades of the nineteenth century, the canonical Gauchesca narrative produced in the countries of the River Plate region resumes a series of symbolic elements from which was drawn the literary image of the gaucho. Among these elements, three stand out: the identification between the human being and the horse, the relationship the pampa’s gaucho has with the female subject and the domestic realm and convergences and differences the gaucho as protagonist establishes with the dichotomy “civilization and barbarism”. Given these issues, the main objective of this analysis is to demonstrate how Ocampo’s narrative discusses and reconfigures such symbolic elements, operating a rupture in the canon of Gauchesca by means of a writing strongly marked by gender. Therefore, this work appropriates theoretical frameworks present in currents feminist criticism, in particular the discussions raised by Simone de Beauvoir, Elizabeth Grosz, Ynestra King, Luce Irigaray, Alison Jaggar, Hélène Cixous, Elaine Showalter, Teresa de Lauretis, Debra Castillo and Gloria Anzaldúa, among others. Besides, some concepts directly related to Gauchesca literature assume equal importance to this analysis, especially the ideas discussed by authors such as Richard Slatta, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Angel Rama, Juan Carlos Ghiano, Josefina Ludmer and Sandra Contreras. Based on the theoretical framework outlined, this paper makes a critical reading of the tales “El impostor”, published in Autobiografía de Irene (1948); "Azabache" and " La última tarde", published in La furia (1959); "La hija del toro" and "El moro", published in Las invitadas (1961); and “La muñeca”, published in Los días de la noche (1970), with special attention to the aesthetic and thematic aspects of these texts. In addition, considering the characteristics of Ocampo’s narrative and the canon of Gauchesca literature, this paper approaches texts of masculine and feminine authorship, in order to argue for the relevance that Silvina Ocampo assumes in this literary system, particularly in terms of revising and extending such a canon.<br>Este estudio aborda la obra narrativa de la escritora argentina Silvina Ocampo, y propone una lectura crítica de los cuentos en que la autora retrata la figura y las costumbres del habitante de la Pampa platina – el gaucho – a partir de estrategias de representación que rompen con la tradición mimética. Establecida como un sistema literario desde las últimas décadas del siglo XIX, la narrativa de temática gauchesca producido en los países platinos retoma, a lo largo de su tradición canónica, una serie de elementos simbólicos de la cual se ha elaborado la imagen literaria del gaucho. Entre esos elementos destacan tres: el proceso de identificación entre el ser humano y el caballo, la relación que el individuo pampeano tiene con el sujeto femenino y el ámbito familiar, y el juego de proximidad y separación que el protagonista la literatura gauchesca establece con los polos de la dicotomía "civilización y barbarie". Teniendo en cuenta estas cuestiones, el objetivo principal de este análisis es demostrar cómo la narrativa de Ocampo discute y reconfigura dichos elementos simbólicos, y opera una ruptura en el canon de la gauchesca por medio de una escritura fuertemente marcada por el género. Por lo tanto, este trabajo se apropia del referencial teórico que permea las distintas corrientes de la crítica feminista contemporánea, en particular las discusiones planteadas por Simone de Beauvoir, Elizabeth Grosz, Ynestra King, Luce Irigaray, Alison Jaggar, Hélène Cixous, Elaine Showalter, Teresa de Lauretis, Debra Castillo e Gloria Anzaldúa, dentre outras. Por otra parte, algunos conceptos directamente relacionados con la literatura gauchesca asumen la misma importancia a este análisis, principalmente las ideas discutidas por autores como Richard Slatta, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Angel Rama, Juan Carlos Ghiano, Josefina Ludmer e Sandra Contreras. A partir del marco teórico esbozado, se realiza una lectura crítica de los cuentos “El impostor” publicado en el libro Autobiografía de Irene, 1948; “Azabache” e “La última tarde”, del libro La furia, 1959; “La hija del toro” e “El moro”, del libro Las invitadas, 1961; y “La muñeca”, de Los días de la noche, 1970, con especial atención a los aspectos estéticos y temáticos de los textos. Teniendo en cuenta las características de la narrativa de Ocampo y de las obras canónicas de la literatura gauchesca, este trabajo también compara textos de autoría femenino y masculino para señalar la relevancia que dicha escritora asume en este sistema literario, en particular como una forma de revisión y expansión de dicho canon.

La navigation sur l’arc atlantique à l’époque romaine est un sujet immense qui pâtit encore trop souvent de l’avis sceptique de chercheurs obnubilés par la Méditerranée. Il a donc fallu détricoter le mythe de l’océan infranchissable par l’étude approfondie des éléments interdépendants constitutifs de la navigation fluvio-maritime et moteurs de l’économie de l’arc atlantique, à savoir : l’amer, le navire et le port. Aussi l’étude de l’organisation du commerce atlantique sur les voies fluviales et maritimes, de La Corogne à Boulogne-sur-Mer, a-t-elle abouti à l’établissement d’une typologie « atlantique » tripartite<br>Navigation in the Atlantic arc – enlarged to the English Channel and the North Sea – in Roman period, is a vast topic that, too often, still suffers from the sceptical opinion of researchers obsessed with the Mediterranean. It has been necessary to unravel the myth of the impassable Ocean, by means of a deep study of the mutually dependent elements forming the maritime and fluvial navigation and driving force of the Atlantic arc economy: the landmark, the vessel and the harbour. Moreover, the study of the organization of the Atlantic trade through the maritime and fluvial routes, from A Coruña to Boulogne-sur-Mer, have result in the establishment of a three-party ‘Atlantic’ typology

This thesis presents a method for calibrating regional scale hydrologic models using the upper South Saskatchewan River watershed as a case study. Regional scale hydrologic models can be very difficult to calibrate due to the spatial diversity of their land types. To deal with this diversity, both a manual calibration method and a multi-basin automated calibration method were applied to a WATFLOOD hydrologic model of the watershed. Manual calibration was used to determine the effect of each model parameter on modeling results. A parameter set that heavily influenced modeling results was selected. Each influential parameter was also assigned an initial value and a parameter range to be used during automated calibration. This manual calibration approach was found to be very effective for improving modeling results over the entire watershed. Automated calibration was performed using a weighted multi-basin objective function based on the average streamflow from six sub-basins. The initial parameter set and ranges found during manual calibration were subjected to the optimization search algorithm DDS to automatically calibrate the model. Sub-basin results not involved in the objective function were considered for validation purposes. Automatic calibration was deemed successful in providing watershed-wide modeling improvements. The calibrated model was then used as a basis for determining the effect of altering rain gauge density on model outputs for both a local (sub-basin) and global (watershed) scale. Four de-clustered precipitation data sets were used as input to the model and automated calibration was performed using the multi-basin objective function. It was found that more accurate results were obtained from models with higher rain gauge density. Adding a rain gauge did not necessarily improve modeled results over the entire watershed, but typically improved predictions in the sub-basin in which the gauge was located.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>水利及海洋工程學系專班<br>100<br>ABSTRACT Detailed measurements of flow velocities were presented. Emphasis is given to the relation between the surface velocity and averaged velocity. The experiments comprised measurements of flow velocities for three types, including surface velocity by a noncontact measurement (SVR), surface velocity by a contact measurement (Price current meter) and averaged velocity by a contact measurement (Price current meter). In additions, apply correction tests for SVR was conducted in two laboratory flumes. The measurement equipment error analysis and test procedures have been carried out. The SVR test had uncertainty error in the conditions of low flow velocities due to the low display precision of SVR. It is shown that a significant reduction of the uncertainty error by increasing the flow velocity. Generally, the SVR are used in measurement of surface velocity during high flow condition. Therefore, the uncertainty error could be ignored in the practical engineering. The conversion coefficients for surface velocities measured by SVR and averaged velocities are ranging from 0.5 to 0.6, which are much lower than the theoretical value of 0.86. As a result, the measured data are deviated the rating relation during the high flow condition. Using a SVR as velocity measuring equipment needs to be careful while the surface velocities are high. The conversion coefficients for surface velocities measured by Price current meter and averaged velocities are ranging from 0.82 to 0.99, which are close to the theoretical value of 0.86. However, the rating relations are deviated in low and high flow conditions. The data of high velocities need more attentions in the future researches. Keywords: Surface Velocity, Averaged Velocity, SVR, Price Current Meter.