Academic literature on the topic 'River channels Bathymetric maps'
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Journal articles on the topic "River channels Bathymetric maps"
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Falkowski, Tomasz, Piotr Ostrowski, Marek Bogucki, and Dariusz Karczmarz. "The trends in the main thalweg path of selected reaches of the Middle Vistula River, and their relationships to the geological structure of river channel zone." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0044.
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Abstract Research carried out by the authors’ team in the valleys of many rivers in the Polish Lowlands has shown that the contemporary morphodynamics of channel zones is highly influenced by protrusions of erosion-resistant sub-alluvial bedrock. The article presents the results of analysis of two reaches of the Middle Vistula: near Solec nad Wisłą (km 330-340) and Gołąb (km 382-388), where such protrusions have been found. At each of them, two series of bathymetric measurements were carried out during medium and low water levels in the river channel. The measurements were made using hydrographic sets integrated with a GNSS receiver. The first series of measurements was carried out in July 2004, and the second one in September 2016. In parallel with the bathymetric surveys, low-altitude aerial photographs were taken in 2016 to document the morphology of the channel zone and the condition of the river engineering structures. A comparison of the obtained bathymetric maps shows a high correspondence between the thalweg line from 2004 and that observed twelve years later. This phenomenon proves the significance of the bedrock relief beneath the modern alluvial deposits for the water flow process in the channel. The relief causes the flow to concentrate in specific zones so strongly that it contributes to the damage of river engineering structures that put limits on the channel processes. This trend of concentrating the main thalweg is also accompanied by the diversity of depositional environments of river channel facies, identified along the studied reaches.
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Yepez, Santiago Paul, Alain Laraque, Carlo Gualtieri, Frédéric Christophoul, Claudio Marchan, Bartolo Castellanos, Jose Manuel Azocar, Jose Luis Lopez, and Juan Alfonso. "Morphodynamic change analysis of bedforms in the Lower Orinoco River, Venezuela." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 377 (April 16, 2018): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-377-41-2018.
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Abstract. The Orinoco River has the third largest discharge in the world, with an annual mean flow of 37 600 m3 s−1 at its outlet to the Atlantic Ocean. Due to the presence of the Guiana Shield on the right bank, the lower reach of the Orinoco has a plan form characterized by contraction and expansion zones. Typical 1–1.5 km wide narrow reaches are followed by 7–8 km wide reaches. A complex pattern of bed aggradation and degradation processes takes place during the annual hydrological regime. A series of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) transects were collected on an expansion channel in the Orinoco River, specifically over a fluvial island, representative of the lower Orinoco. In this study, temporal series of bathymetric cartography obtained by ADCP profiles combined with Differential Global Position System (DGPS) measurements (with dual-frequency), were used to recover the local displacement of bed forms in this island. The principal aims of this analysis were: (1) to understand the dynamics and evolution of sand waves and bars at this section and (2) to quantify the volume (erosion vs. accretion) of a mid-channel bar with dunes by applying DEM of Difference (DoD) maps on time series of bathymetric data. This required sampling with ADCP transects during the months of: May 2016; November 2016 and April 2017. Each bathymetric transect was measured twice, 1 day apart and on the same trajectory obtained by a GPS receptor. The spatial analysis of these ADCP transects is presented as a novel tool in the acquisition of time series of bathymetry for a relatively deep section (∼20 m) and under variable flow conditions.
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Arnaud, Fanny, Lalandy Sehen Chanu, Jules Grillot, Jérémie Riquier, Hervé Piégay, Dad Roux-Michollet, Georges Carrel, and Jean-Michel Olivier. "Historical cartographic and topo-bathymetric database on the French Rhône River (17th–20th century)." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 1939–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1939-2021.
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Abstract. Space and time analyses of channel changes, especially within large rivers subject to high levels of human impact, are critical to address multiple questions about rivers in the Anthropocene era. The reconstruction of long-term (> 150 year) evolutionary trajectories permits an understanding of how natural and anthropogenic factors impact hydromorphological and ecological processes in rivers, helps with the design of sustainable management and restoration options, and may also help in the assessment of future changes. However, the reconstruction of channel changes can be challenging: historical data are often scattered across many archives, and the quantity and accuracy of information generally decreases as one goes back in time. This data article provides a historical database of 350 cartographic and topo-bathymetric resources on the French Rhône River (530 km in length) compiled from the 17th to mid-20th century, with a temporal focus prior to extensive river training (1860s). The data were collected in 14 national, regional, and departmental archive services. A table describes the properties of each archived data item and its associated iconographic files. Some of the historical maps are available in a georeferenced format. A GIS layer enables one-click identification of all archive data available for a given reach of the French Rhône River. This database provides substantial new material for deeper analyses of channel changes over a longer time period and at a finer time step compared with previously available data. The database has several potential applications in geomorphology, retrospective hydraulic modelling, historical ecology, and river restoration, as well as permitting comparisons with other multi-impacted rivers worldwide. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.922437 (Arnaud et al., 2020a). Iconographic extracts of the 350 archived items are available at http://photo.driihm.fr/index.php/category/52 (last access: 2 May 2021).
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Atallah, M'hamed, Abdelkrim Hazzab, Abdelali Seddini, Abdellah Ghenaim, and Khaled Korichi. "Inundation maps for extreme flood events: Case study of Sidi Bel Abbes city, Algeria." Journal of Water and Land Development 37, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0021.
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Abstract Hydrodynamic modelling is used to analyse the inundation behaviour of Sidi Bel Abbes city (North-West of Algeria) during extreme flood events. The study reach, 5.4 km in length, is a section of Wadi Mekerra through Sidi Bel Abbes city. Land and bathymetric surveys were used to create a digital terrain model (DTM) of the river channel and the floodplain. By coupling the geometry with hydrologic data, a two dimensional hydrodynamic model was built. The model is based on integrating Saint-Venant shallow waters (depth averaged) equations through Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin numerical scheme. It was calibrated in terms of roughness coefficients on measured values of water surface elevation and discharge registered in the Sidi Bel Abbes gauging station. The objective is to draw the flood maps under extreme river flood event. The results are helpful for local authorities in order to take the appropriate defence measures in the future.
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Chemagin, Andrey Aleksandrovich. "LOCALITY OF FORMING WINTERING RIVERBED DEPRESSION IN IRTYSH RIVER." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry 2020, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2020-4-7-21.
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The article describes a new locality of the formed wintering riverbed depression discovered in the erosion zone of the isthmus of conjugate meanders of the Irtysh river for the rational use and effective protection of aquatic biological resources in places of their concentration in the Irtysh river basin (Western Siberia, the Russian Federation. The morphology of the riverbed depression was mapped (relief and bathymetric maps). The maximum depths in the channel depression exceeded 27 m. The channel depression and 4 control river sections were studied. The analysis
of hydroacoustic surveys showed that in the wintering riverbed depression there is, according to the statistical data, higher fish density compared to the control areas: in the water area of the riverbed depression the average fish density made 4 524 species/ha, in the control sections 245-2091 sp./ha. The cluster analysis based on the fish density and the size-taxonomic composition of the ichthyofauna has revealed that the riverbed depression is being separated into a cluster, but at the same time goes to the control section No. 4, which is located downstream, where further erosion of the river channel is registered. In this regard, the minimum protection zone of the wintering channel depression should include the water area of the channel depression and the water area of control section No. 4. In the water areas of the riverbed depression and control sections in the spring period, cyprinids dominate - up to 65% of the total number of fish, percids are represented to a lesser extent - 36.76%, coregonids and pikes - up to 18.18, sturgeons - up to 9.31%. The given locality of the wintering riverbed depression must be included in the list of protected river sections of the Fishing Rules for the West Siberian fishery basin for developing the effective strategy for the protection, restoration and rational use of aquatic biological resources, including rare and endangered fish species of the Irtysh River and the whole Ob-Irtysh basin
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Pacina, Jan, Zuzana Lenďáková, Jiří Štojdl, Tomáš Matys Grygar, and Martin Dolejš. "Dynamics of Sediments in Reservoir Inflows: A Case Study of the Skalka and Nechranice Reservoirs, Czech Republic." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040258.
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A wide variety of geographic information system tools and methods was used for pre-dam topography reconstruction and reservoir bottom surveying in two dam reservoirs in the Ohře River, Czech Republic. The pre-dam topography was reconstructed based on archival aerial imagery and old maps. The benefits and drawbacks of these methods were tested and explained with emphasis on the fact that not all processed archival data are suitable for pre-dam topography modeling. Bathymetric surveying of a reservoir bottom is presently routine, but in this study, we used a wide combination of bathymetric mapping methods (sonar, ground penetration radar, and sub-bottom profiler) and topographic survey tools (LiDAR and photogrammetry), bringing great benefits for bottom dynamic analysis and data cross-validation. The data that we gathered made it possible to evaluate the formation of the inflow deltas in the reservoirs studied and assess the sediment reworking during recent seasonal drawdowns. A typical inflow delta was formed in the deeper of the two studied reservoirs, while the summer 2019 drawdown caused the formation and incision of a temporary drawdown channel and erosive downstream transport of approximately 1/10 of the delta body thickness in approximately 1/10 of the delta transverse size. No inflow delta was formed in the shallower of the studied reservoirs, but unexpectedly extensive sediment reworking was observed in the inflow part of the reservoir. Both the studied reservoirs and the pre-dam river floodplain have accumulated historical contamination by risk elements such as As, Hg, Pb; thus, the enhanced erosion of existing sediment bodies expected in the future, owing to more frequent droughts and global climate change, will endanger the ecological quality of the water and solids outflowing from the reservoirs.
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Stateczny, Andrzej, Wioleta Błaszczak-Bąk, Anna Sobieraj-Żłobińska, Weronika Motyl, and Marta Wisniewska. "Methodology for Processing of 3D Multibeam Sonar Big Data for Comparative Navigation." Remote Sensing 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192245.
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Autonomous navigation is an important task for unmanned vehicles operating both on the surface and underwater. A sophisticated solution for autonomous non-global navigational satellite system navigation is comparative (terrain reference) navigation. We present a method for fast processing of 3D multibeam sonar data to make depth area comparable with depth areas from bathymetric electronic navigational charts as source maps during comparative navigation. Recording the bottom of a channel, river, or lake with a 3D multibeam sonar data produces a large number of measuring points. A big dataset from 3D multibeam sonar is reduced in steps in almost real time. Usually, the whole data set from the results of a multibeam echo sounder results are processed. In this work, new methodology for processing of 3D multibeam sonar big data is proposed. This new method is based on the stepwise processing of the dataset with 3D models and isoline maps generation. For faster products generation we used the optimum dataset method which has been modified for the purposes of bathymetric data processing. The approach enables detailed examination of the bottom of bodies of water and makes it possible to capture major changes. In addition, the method can detect objects on the bottom, which should be eliminated during the construction of the 3D model. We create and combine partial 3D models based on reduced sets to inspect the bottom of water reservoirs in detail. Analyses were conducted for original and reduced datasets. For both cases, 3D models were generated in variants with and without overlays between them. Tests show, that models generated from reduced dataset are more useful, due to the fact, that there are significant elements of the measured area that become much more visible, and they can be used in comparative navigation. In fragmentary processing of the data, the aspect of present or lack of the overlay between generated models did not relevantly influence the accuracy of its height, however, the time of models generation was shorter for variants without overlay.
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Legleiter, Carl, and Brandon Overstreet. "Measuring the Morphology and Dynamics of the Snake River by Remote Sensing." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 34 (January 1, 2011): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2011.3859.
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The Snake River is a central component of Grand Teton National Park, and this dynamic fluvial system plays a key role in shaping the landscape and maintaining a diversity of habitat conditions. The riverâs inherent variability and propensity for change complicate effective characterization of this important resource, however; conventional, ground-based methods are not adequate for this purpose. Remote sensing provides an appealing alternative that could facilitate resource management while providing novel insight on factors influencing channel form and behavior. This study evaluates the potential for using optical data to measure the morphology and dynamics of a large, complex river such as the Snake. More specifically, we assessed the feasibility of estimating flow depth from multispectral satellite images acquired in September 2011. Our initial results indicate that reliable maps of river bathymetry can be produced from such data. We are also examining channel changes associated with a prolonged period of high flow during the 2011 snowmelt runoff season by comparing these satellite images with digital aerial photography from August 2010. An extensive field data set on flow velocities provides some hydraulic context for the observed morphodynamics. More sophisticated hyperspectral and LiDAR data sets are scheduled for collection in 2012, along with additional field measurements.
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Karczmarz, Dariusz, Przemysław Mądrzycki, Henryk Szkudlarz, Wojciech Puchalski, Joanna Gorczyca, Marcin Ciepliński, Tomasz Falkowski, and Piotr Ostrowski. "Evaluation of the possibilities to use imagery reconnaissance sensors to identify the geological-engineering conditions in lowland river channels." Journal of KONBiN 48, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2018-0052.
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Abstract The article concerns the issue of using imagery reconnaissance sensors for the identification of geological-engineering conditions in river channels, in the aspect of evaluating the forcing of a water obstacle. It discusses the issues associated with using air platforms (manned and unmanned) in remote sensing surveying of selected fragments of the Vistula and Bug river channels and the correct interpretation of the obtained results, through their verification using bathymetric tests conducted directly in the river channels.
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Dos Santos, Vanessa Cristina, and José Cândido Stevaux. "GÊNESE DE BARRAS DE SOLDAMENTO E SUAS CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS: ALTO RIO PARANÁ, BRASIL / Attachment Bars Genesis and Morphological Features: Upper Paraná River, Brazil." Geographia Meridionalis 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/gm.v2i1.8102.
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O rio Paraná, em seu trecho natural, é caracterizado por canais secundários de diferentes ordens de tamanho, separando diversas ilhas e barras fluviais. As barras fluviais apresentam grande porte e suas formas mudam constantemente conforme a magnitude do fluxo. Este estudo apresenta a caracterização morfológica de uma barra de soldamento e suas adjacências, situadas junto à ilha Santa Rosa, no alto rio Paraná. Para tanto, a morfologia da barra foi comparada em dois momentos hidrológicos distintos através de levantamentos com aparelho de batimetria. Os resultados evidenciam que a morfologia da barra estudada está diretamente influenciada pelas oscilações da vazão do rio Paraná. No período de águas altas há maior retrabalhamento da forma, e preservação parcial em período de águas médias. A análise da distribuição das formas adjacentes à barra de soldamento permitiu constatar que o canal principal possui mais energia, já que apresenta formas íngremes e profundas, e o canal secundário indica menor energia de fluxo por apresentar formas mais suaves.AbstractThe Paraná River, in its natural reach is characterized by secondary channels of different size orders, which separates several islands and bars. Fluvial bars are large and their forms change constantly due to the flow. This study presents the morphological characterization of an attachment bar and its adjacencies, located nearby the island Santa Rosa, in the upper Paraná River. Therefore, the morphology of the bar was compared in two distinct hydrological moments through surveys with bathymetry equipment. The results indication that the morphology of the studied bar is directly influenced by fluctuations in the flow of the Paraná River. In the period of high water level there is more reworking of the forms and partial preservation in average water level. The analysis of the distribution of forms adjacent to the attachment bar allowed establishing that the main channel is more energetic, as it presents abrupt and deep forms and the secondary channel indicates lower energy flow by presenting smoother forms.Keywords:Paraná River, Fluvial Geomorphology, Morphology, Attachment Bar
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "River channels Bathymetric maps"
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Doeser, Anna. "Refining biological monitoring of hydromorphological change in river channels using benthic riverfly larvae (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25238.
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Rivers and their catchments are under mounting pressure from direct channel modification, intensification of land use, and from a legacy of decades of channelisation. Recent legislation, in the form of the EU Water Framework Directive, places a greater emphasis on the management of water bodies as holistic systems, and includes the explicit consideration of hydromorphological quality, which describes the hydrologic and geomorphic elements of river habitats. These are defined specifically as hydrological regime, river continuity and river morphology. This appreciates that sediment and flow regimes, along with the channel structure, provides the 'template' on which stream ecological structure and function is built. Invertebrate fauna contribute significantly to the biodiversity of rivers, and often form the basis of monitoring river health. However much of the fundamental ecological knowledge base on the response of invertebrates to hydromorphological change needed to make informed decisions and accurate predictions, is either lacking, inadequate or contradictory. This thesis addresses some of the key potential shortcomings in recent bio-assessment that others have alluded to, but which have rarely been explored in the context of direct channel manipulations. By using two case studies of, realignment in a natural upland catchment, and flood protection engineering in an urban stream, this study investigates the sensitivity of hydromorphological impact assessment methods that rely on biodiversity patterns of benthic riverfly (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) larva. This work employed widely used biomonitoring indices of benthic riverfly larva abundance, species richness, alpha and beta diversity, and community composition, applied over a range of spatial scales, in combination with spatially contemporaneous physical habitat data, to describe and explain community changes in response to disturbance, and patterns of natural variation. The effects of restoration were investigated using a high degree of sample replication within channels and across the wider catchment, as well as contrasting spring and autumn seasons. To assess change in a small urban channel, approaches that explicitly consider spatial elements of community data, using spatial eigenvectors analysis, were applied to spatially detrend community data and directly investigate spatial patterns. Restoration of the Rottal Burn was found to be successful in restoring habitat diversity and geomorphic processes, and in turn increasing reach scale species richness and beta diversity through the gradual arrival of rare and specialist taxa into novel habitats. Catchment scale replication revealed high variation in diversity indices of modified and undisturbed streams, and a strong temporal pattern related to antecedent flow conditions. Channels with greater habitat heterogeneity were able to maintain high gamma diversity during times of high flow stress by providing a number of low flow refuges along their length. The urban Brox Burn had surprisingly high riverfly richness and diversity driven by small scale hydraulic heterogeneity, created by bed roughness resulting in a range of microhabitats. Riverfly community responses to direct channel dredging could not be detected by measurements of average richness and diversity, however distinct changes were seen in gamma diversity, the identity of community members and their arrangement among sample patches. Impacts of sediment pollution release due to engineering were short lived and apparently had little detrimental impact on biodiversity. Strong spatial patterns of community assembly on the stream bed were uncovered, relating to longitudinal, edge and patchy patterns. Significant habitat drivers of community composition were confounded by high amounts of spatial autocorrelation, especially hydraulic variables. Due to the strongly physical and spatial nature of hydromorphological disturbance, turnover of species between sample locations at a range of scales, and the spatial arrangement of habitats and communities is of more use for detecting these types of subtle changes compared to mean richness or diversity. These findings have implications for the targeting of resources for monitoring of restoration, or engineering disturbances, in order to be sensitive to hydromorphological change. Efforts should target the main area of natural variability within the system, either replicating sampling in time or space to distinguish effects of impact. Spatial patterns, measures of beta diversity and species identity can be better exploited to identify systems with functioning geomorphological processes. Channel typologies proved misleading, and quantification of habitat and selection of control sites using multiple pre-defined criteria should be carried out. Studies of restoration operations and engineering impacts provide considerable opportunities for advancing our knowledge of the mechanisms that drive community response under a range of conditions to improve impact detection.
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Merwade, Venkatesh Maidment David R. "Geospatial description of river channels in three dimensions." 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3143430.
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Merwade, Venkatesh. "Geospatial description of river channels in three dimensions." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1274.
Full textBooks on the topic "River channels Bathymetric maps"
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Craig's ABC key to River St. Lawrence channels: A complete guide and charts of the improved deep waterways of the United States and Canadian Governments' systems, showing aids to pilots in all the principal channels through the Thousand Islands and rapids of the River St. Lawrence to Montreal, Que. Toronto: T.J. Craig, 1996.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "River channels Bathymetric maps"
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Teixeira, Priscila Pereira, Wanderley Camargo Russo, João Luiz Torralbo Quintana, and Ricardo Hoff. "Protection of Pipelines Uncovered in Crossing River: A Case Study." In ASME 2013 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2013-1932.
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To ensure the integrity of pipelines in failure mode Geotechnical, TRANSPETRO and the TBG perform underwater inspections of pipelines in the main crossings of rivers, lakes, dams, canals and permanently flooded areas. The inspections are designed to locate guideline and measure the covering the pipelines from the margins and underwater depth, identify any exposure of the pipelines, map the occurrences of blocks of rock or debris on the channel and evaluate the anthropic influence on stability of the sections inspected. Among the crossings rivers inspected, in the Atibaia V, with approximately 27.3 m in length, was observed a high erosive potential, which resulted in the loss cover of 3 (three) pipelines of crossing river, besides the fiber optic cable. The lengths uncovered resulted in approximately 33.0 m, with suspended pipes, damage in the concrete jacket and presence of blocks of rocks in the channel. The pipeline in the most critical situation went vain of 6.0 m, with gap up to 0,2 m in relation the background. The crossing river was studied with bathymetric survey and designed cover the pipelines with mechanical protection and anti-erosive. The pipes were supported with sacks of granular material, sequentially, the margins and pipelines were protected with geotextile filled with concrete, installed with the help of divers. The working conditions of 4.0 m depth, currents of up to 0.8 m/s, temperature and low visibility waters were challenges overcome during execution, in which the divers took turns in short periods. Due to the characteristics of the bedrock, the blankets went stylized and stitched on the field by the team, with dimensions taken on site. After positioning the blankets in the background began the underwater concreting, which occurred in stages monitored by the volume pumped and divers strategically placed. The crossing river was re-inspected approximately 1 (one) year after their stabilization and was found in good conditions. The occurrence improved the procedures for geotechnical monitoring and treatment of pipelines uncovered in crossings rivers, being who the efficiency and safety of the work performed currently serve as a reference for the design of similar works.
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Chernov, Alexey V. "SMALL-SCALE MAPPING OF FLOODPLAIN AND RIVERBED COMPLEXES." In Treshnikov readings – 2021 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-08-2-2021-236-238.
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The article deals with the specifics of making small-scale maps of riverbeds and floodplains. Rivers are linear objects that do not form continuous contours. This makes it difficult to map them and makes it difficult to find new ways to map them. The article shows new ways of mapping rivers and their implementation in the preparation of maps of river channels and floodplains of General purpose, thematic channel maps and channel maps in Atlases.
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Solomon, Steven M., Donald F. Forbes, Paul Fraser, Brian Moorman, Christopher W. Stevens, and Dustin Whalen. "Nearshore Geohazards in the Southern Beaufort Sea, Canada." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64349.
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Proposed development of a gas pipeline southward from the Mackenzie Delta and the presence of known accumulations of gas and oil in the southern Beaufort Sea suggest that construction of pipelines and associated infrastructure in the nearshore are likely to be proposed in the future. Recent surveys undertaken by Natural Resources Canada and its partners have focused on the shallow, poorly mapped nearshore region of the Mackenzie Delta (<6 m water depth) that extends ∼50 km offshore and lies largely within the landfast ice zone. Ice-keel scouring, strudel scour and nearsurface ice-bonding are being investigated. High resolution sidescan sonar and multibeam bathymetry systems were used to map the seabed over three consecutive years and show that ice keel scouring of the seabed is extensive. The maximum scour depth measured was 0.6 m in 6 m water depth with an average scour depth of 0.2 m. The same scours were visible in repeat surveys indicating that sedimentation was sufficiently low during the study, so that the scours were not infilled. Strudel drainage and associated seabed scour occurs when spring-melt river water overflows onto the surface of the landfast and bottomfast ice once discharge exceeds under-ice channel capacity, then drains back through the floating landfast ice via cracks and holes. Although common offshore of small deltas on the Alaska and Yukon coast, these features were first documented in the Mackenzie Delta area during field surveys in 2006 and 2007 that revealed strudel drainage (radial drainage patterns) features on the ice surface. A total of three strudel scours were later identified using swath-survey equipment in 1.2 m of water. The largest scour was 20 m wide with a maximum depth of 0.8 m below the surrounding seabed. Extensive surveys in Alaska have identified strudel scours exceeding 3 m below the seabed. Nearsurface ice-bonding and permafrost are known to occur in shallow water where sea ice freezes to the seabed. A combination of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), ground penetrating radar (GPR) and multi-year ground temperature measurements have been used to map the horizontal and vertical extent of nearsurface ice bonding in extensive shoals found off the front of the Mackenzie Delta. In the shallowest water depths permafrost extends to 22 m below the seabed with an active layer of less than 1.2 m. In deeper water, permafrost disappears but seasonal frost can form in the upper 2–3 m of the seabed.
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Keaton, Jeffrey R., and Roy L. Steelman. "Geotechnical Characterization of the Weber River Crossing, Utah, for HDD Feasibility for the 2003 Kern River Pipeline Expansion." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27253.
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The 2003 Kern River Pipeline Expansion will loop 635 miles of 36-inch high-pressure natural gas pipeline between southwest Wyoming and southern California and 82 miles of 42-inch pipeline in southern California. The Weber River near Coalville in Summit County, Utah, will be crossed using horizontal directional drilling (HDD) techniques. The original Kern River Pipeline was constructed across the Weber River using conventional open-cut methods in 1991, but environmental factors and the close proximity to other pipelines made HDD a reasonable option to consider. The Weber River floodplain is approximately 3500 feet wide at the pipeline crossing, and contains Interstate Highway 80, US Highway 189, and a paved frontage road. Geometry of the slopes above the floodplain results in an overall HDD horizontal length of 4750 feet with an elevation difference of 88 feet. The geologic setting of the Weber River crossing consists of Cretaceous marine and non-marine sedimentary rocks and Quaternary alluvial and colluvial deposits. The rocks are chiefly sandstone, siltstone, and claystone, with local limestone and coal. Sedimentary beds dip to the west at 10 to 30 degrees, and fractures dip at 60 to 80 degrees. The siltstone and claystone are soft to moderately soft, whereas the sandstone and limestone are moderately hard to hard. The alluvial deposits consist of silty sand to sandy gravel, and the colluvial deposits consist of silty clay to silty sand. A north-trending, west-dipping normal fault shown on published maps nearly coincides with Interstate 80. Geotechnical conditions at the proposed HDD crossing were evaluated by drilling six borings to depths ranging from 100 to 150 feet, and collecting ground penetrating radar (GPR) data at 11 profile lines covering 2170 feet of floodplain. The GPR profile lines were interrupted by channels of the Weber River, canals, and Interstate 80. A 25 MHz antenna was used to obtain radar penetration to effective depths of 50 feet or more. The contact between alluvial deposits and bedrock was detected at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet. Local relief of the alluvial/bedrock contact was found to be on the order of 10 feet. DrillPath 2 and DrillMud programs were used for a preliminary evaluation of the HDD feasibility. A maximum HDD installation depth of approximately 105 feet was used, and fracture pressures were evaluated for a pilot hole and four stages of back-reaming. Locations of frac-out concern were identified. Final HDD design was performed by others.