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1
Galli, Michael, James M. Turner, Kristopher A. Olson, Michael G. Mortensen, Neil D. Wharton, Evertt C. Williams, Thomas F. Schmitz, et al. "Riverine sustainment 2012." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6922.
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Includes supplemental material.This technical report analyzed the Navy's proposed Riverine Force (RF) structure and capabilities for 2012. The Riverine Sustainment 2012 Team (RST) examined the cost and performance of systems of systems which increased RF sustainment in logistically barren environments. RF sustainment was decomposed into its functional areas of supply, repair, and force protection. The functional and physical architectures were developed in parallel and were used to construct an operational architecture for the RF. The RST used mathematical, agent-based and queuing models to analyze various supply, repair and force protection system alternatives. Extraction of modeling data revealed several key insights. Waterborne heavy lift connectors such as the LCU-2000 are vital in the re-supply of the RF when it is operating up river in a non-permissive environment. Airborne heavy lift connectors such as the MV-22 were ineffective and dominated by the waterborne variants in the same environment. Increase in manpower and facilities did appreciable add to the operational availability of the RF. Mean supply response time was the biggest factor effecting operational availability and should be kept below 24 hours to maintain operational availability rates above 80%. Current mortar defenses proposed by the RF are insufficient.
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Jesper, Ohlsson. "Riverine Operations : ett utvecklande koncept." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-8521.
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Climate change will most likely cause marine ecosystems and human living conditions to change in the areas bordering on the sea, rivers and its delta. As a result of these changes with significant resource shortages, there are obvious risks that conflicts arise between peoples' groups or other spheres of interest. Conflicts in which Sweden, alone or most likely in an international context, may play a vital role in ensuring that the conflicts do not escalate. It would be a political prestige loss from a Swedish perspective not having the ability, despite the political intention, to be able to contribute to an international effort with the task of dampening or preventing an escalating conflict in a water-dominating area. To be able to operate in coastal environments such as rivers and its delta, the right capabilities and material are required. The scope of the study aims to describe how an amphibious unit capabilities and technical systems affect the outcome of a Riverine operation. The scope of the study is achieved through a qualitative text analysis of research reports, articles and literature that deals with Riverine operation as a concept. The theoretical framework consists of the first theory of military technology and the Swedish Armed Forces systemic-view. The analysis tool is derived from the concept DOTLMPFI. Doctrine, Organization, Training, Leadership and education, Materiel, Personnel, Facilities and Interoperability. The study's findings and conclusions indicate that a military unit’s capabilities and technical systems that enables it to work in an area over a longer period of time, in order to achieve the purpose of the operation, are factors for success. A part of this is the ability to use unmanned crafts, sensors and a flexible organizational structure that enables a situational awareness in a complex environment such as rivers and its delta. Furthermore, the degree of interoperability of the unit is something that will also affect the outcome of a Riverine operation as it, as a concept, usually involves other branches of the military and nations.
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Allan, Caroline Elizabeth. "Nitrogen fixation in riverine wetland plant communities." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297033.
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Holland, Paul R. "Numerical modelling of the riverine thermal bar." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35644.
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A Finite-Volume discretisation of the Navier-Stokes equations is used to study various aspects of the physics and ecology of the riverine thermal bar. The classical thermal bar is a down-welling plume which is formed twice a year in temperate lakes when the shallows warm or cool through the temperature of maximum density (Tmd). The riverine thermal bar is a similar sinking plume arising at the confluence of river and lake waters which are on either side of the Tmd. The dynamics of this poorly understood riverine case may be considerably more complex due to the additional effects of river salinity and velocity on the down-welling plume. A series of deep-lake simulations forms the initial study of the riverine thermal bar in the Selenga River delta in Lake Baikal, Siberia. While the decrease in the Tmd with depth (pressure) prevents the classical thermal bar from sinking far, this study shows that a saline riverine thermal bar may be able to sink to greater depths and thus take part in Baikal's vigorous deep-water renewal. Attention then focusses on a model of the smaller Kamloops Lake in British Columbia, which is used to reproduce the only field observations of a riverine thermal bar and test the effects of coriolis forces, bathymetry, and surface heating on the resulting flow field. Plankton ecosystem models are then coupled to these validated dynamics, and results are presented which extend and test the findings of a previous modelling study on the effects of the classical thermal bar on plankton populations.
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Monk, Wendy Ann. "Scales of hydroecological variability within riverine ecosystems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36140.
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Escalating demands for sustainable water resources management, anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. channelisation and impoundment) and changing environmental conditions (for example floods and droughts) has led to an increased need to understand the influence of 'flow variability' on in-stream ecological communities. In this thesis, the importance of hydrological variability in structuring macroinvertebrate communities is explored at a range of spatial and temporal scales for rivers across England and Wales. At the reach scale (individual river reach), the influence of flow velocity variability on the seasonal distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities is examined. At the mesoscale (regional), hydrological regime variability and macroinvertebrate community data (species- and family-level) for fourteen rivers (all located within the Environment Agency, Anglian northern region) are examined over an eleven-year period (1990-2000). At the macroscale (national), the hydrological regime and family-level macroinvertebrate community data for 83 rivers across England and Wales are explored for an eleven-year period (1990-2000) to identify macroscale ecological responses using a range of 'ecologically-relevant' hydrological variables (up to 201 indices).
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Dambe, Natalia. "Riverine flooding using GIS and remote sensing." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31738.
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Floods are caused by extreme meteorological and hydrological changes that are influenced directly or indirectly by human activities within the environment. The flood trends show that floods will reoccur and shall continue to affect the livelihoods, property, agriculture and the surrounding environment. This research has analyzed the riverine flood by integrating remote sensing, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and hydraulic and/or hydrological modeling, to develop informed flood mapping for flood risk management. The application of Hydrological Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC RAS) and HEC HMS models, developed by the USA Hydrologic Engineering Center of the Army Corps of Engineers in a data-poor environment of a developing country were successful, as a flood modeling tools in early warning systems and land use planning. The methodology involved data collection, preparation, and model simulation using 30m Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) as a critical data input of HEC RAS model. The findings showed that modeling using HEC-RAS and HEC HMS models in a data-poor environment requires intensive data enhancements and adjustments; multiple utilization of open sources data; carrying out multiple model computation iterations and calibration; multiple field observation, which may be constrained with time and resources to get reasonable output.
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Freitas, Mark Treadway Braddock W. "Stygian myth : U.S. riverine operations against the guerrilla /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA295477.
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Arheimer, Berit. "Riverine nitrogen : analysis and modelling under Nordic conditions /." Linköping : Tema, Univ, 1998. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp99/arts185s.htm.
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Addison, William F. "Autonomous underway replenishment at sea for Riverine operations." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Mar%5FAddison.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Papoulias, Fotis ; Yakimenko, Oleg. "March 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53). Also available in print.
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Freitas, Mark, and Braddock W. Treadway. "Stygian myth: U.S. riverine operations against the guerrilla." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42802.
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Approved for public release, distribution unlimitedThe purpose of this thesis was to investigate the factors affecting the allowability determination of defense contractor environmental remediation costs. The primary objective of this thesis was to determine what policies and contracting cost principles the Department of Defense (DOD) should develop to address environmental costs in a consistent manner, providing a 'single face' to industry. A secondary objective was to develop an audit framework and questions to allow for consistent policy analysis and application to a contractor's proposed environmental remediation costs based upon the materiality of the situation. Background material was presented to show the amount and complexity of environmental regulations, the effects of current judicial decisions and DOD's efforts to develop a consistent policy. Research material was provided from Congress, the General Accounting Office, DOD, defense contractors, California, Washington, industry associations and environmental protection coalitions. The researcher's analysis of the material produced an environmental cost principle. This cost principle was applied to a current environmental claim, producing an audit framework and tailored list of cost and/or pricing data analysis, questions. Both the cost principle and audit framework are recommended for incorporation into DOD's final environmental cost allowability decision.
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Pattinson, Sarah N. "Denitrification within riverine systems of north-east England." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4558/.
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This study was undertaken to investigate denitrification and nitrous oxide production in sediments and the key environmental factors influencing these within selected river systems of the LOIS (Land-Ocean Interaction Study) area in North-East England and southern Scotland. Seasonal and spatial trends were evident in both environmental and denitrification data measured monthly for 1.5 years along the Swale-Ouse system from source to tidal limits. Denitrification, measured in sediment cores using acetylene inhibition and expressed by unit area of sediment, increased with distance from source down to freshwater tidal limits. Results from a supplementary survey of the freshwater tidal reaches of the Yorkshire Ouse showed a decrease from the tidal limits. Denitrification activity showed a spring (March to May) peak, particularly in the lowland sites. The highest rate (883±134 µmol N m(^-2) h(^-1)) was measured on the River Wiske, a highly eutrophic lowland tributary to the Swale. A high degree of colinearity was evident between environmental variables, although a significant relationship between denitrification, nitrate and temperature was found through multiple regression. For comparison, measurements were made in the less populated Tweed river system. The seasonal and spatial trends evident in both the environmental and denitrification data from the River Tweed, under a more limited sampling programme, were generally consistent with those observed in the Swale-Ouse system. An intensive field investigation of 50 river sites showed that both potential denitrification rate and N(_2)O production in sediment slurries were positively correlated with nitrate water concentration, sediment water content and percentage of fine (<100 µm) sediment particles. An experimental study investigating the kinetic parameters for denitrification, found that sediment cores taken along the Swale-Ouse exhibited a saturation type curve with added nitrate. Apparent affinity and estimates of apparent maximum velocity for mixed populations of denitrifying bacteria showed an increase on moving downstream and were highest on the Wiske.
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Lehmann, Katja. "The effect of pollutants on riverine microbial biofilms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711690.
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Willey, Paul F. "The art of riverine warfare from an asymmetrical approach." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Mar%5FWilley.pdf.
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Engström, Johanna. "Ice, wood and rocks : regulating elements in riverine ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-37827.
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Riparian ecosystems are of great importance in the landscape, connecting landscape elements longitudinally and laterally and often encompassing sharp environmental gradients in ecological processes and communities. They are influenced by fluvial disturbances such as flooding, erosion and sediment deposition, which create dynamic and spatially heterogeneous habitats that support a high diversity of species. Riverine ecosystems belong among the world’s most threatened systems. In rivers throughout the world, human alterations to fluvial disturbance regimes have resulted in degraded ecosystems and species loss. For example, in Sweden, watercourses of all sizes have been channelized to facilitate timber floating, but in the last 10–20 years the impacts in some of the affected rivers have been reduced by restoration actions. The objectives of this thesis are to evaluate how riverine ecosystems in general, with specific focus on riparian communities, are affected by (1) restoration of channelized reaches by boulder replacement, (2) ice formation, and (3) restoration of in-stream wood abundance in the stream channel. Objective (1) was assessed by quantifying the retention of plant propagules in channelized and restored stream reaches and by evaluating effects on riparian plant and bryophyte communities in disconnected and re-opened side channels. Retention of plant propagule mimics was highest at low flows and in sites where boulders and large wood had been replaced into the channel. Propagules are however unlikely to establish unless they can be further dispersed during subsequent spring high flows to higher riparian elevations suitable for establishment. Thus, immigration to new suitable sites may occur stepwise. Our study demonstrates that restoration of channel complexity through replacement of boulders and wood can enhance retention of plant propagules, but also highlights the importance of understanding how restoration effects vary with flow. We detected no differences in riparian diversity between re-opened and disconnected side channels, but we did observe significant differences in species composition of both vascular plant and bryophyte communities. Disconnected sites had more floodplain species, whereas restored sites had more species characteristic of upland forest. This suggests that the reopening of side channels resulted in increased water levels, resulting in new riparian zones developing in former upland areas, but that the characteristic floodplain communities have not had time to develop in response to the restored fluvial regime. Objective (2) was approached by evaluating the effect of both natural anchor ice formation and experimentally created ice in the riparian zone. Riparian plant species richness and evenness proved to be higher in plots affected by anchor ice. Plants with their over-wintering organs above the ice sheet suffered from the treatment but the overall species richness increased in ice-treated plots. Objective (3) was evaluated by studying wood recruitment and movement, channel hydraulics, propagule retention and fish abundance in streams restored with large wood. Only one stream experienced reduced velocities after large wood addition. The large size and reduced velocity were probably also the reasons why this stream proved to be the best one in trapping natural, drifting wood. Increased retention and decreased mechanical fragmentation in large wood sites will lead to decreased loss of detritus from the site and therefore higher availability of coarse particulate organic matter which can result in more species rich shredder communities. Our study did not show that the occurrence of large wood had an important role in controlling density or biomass of brown trout.
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Call, Erynn. "River birds as indicators of change in riverine ecosystems." Thesis, The University of Maine, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3663177.
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River-associated birds may be valuable indicators of environmental change in riverine ecosystems because they are predators of fishes and therefore often top predators in the aquatic food web. To evaluate the likely scope of one form of change - river restoration through dam removal and the expected return of abundant diadromous fish prey - we: 1) developed an appropriate river bird survey protocol; 2) documented the relative importance of sea-run fish in the diet of four river bird species, bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon), and tree swallow ( Tachycineta bicolor); 3) documented nest distribution and brood size of osprey; and 4) investigated the relationships between river bird abundance and various habitat parameters. We expect these measures will reflect changes to the river system post-dam removal as diadromous fish populations recover, proliferate, and integrate into the food web. Based on species accumulation curves and first-order Jacknifes, we concluded that biweekly or triweekly I5 minute surveys are sufficient to meet our objectives. Within the Penobscot River, stable isotope analysis of river bird diets indicated that marine nutrients are consumed by bald eagle, osprey, and belted kingfishers that reside below the lowermost dam, but not tree swallows. Despite greater connectivity for and abundance of spawning diadromous fishes (particularly river herring), in the Kennebec and Sebasticook Rivers as compare to the Penobscot River, osprey brood size was not significantly larger. We suspect other factors such as competition with bald eagles may be limiting the benefit of large river herring runs to nesting osprey. Finally, an ordination of 26 river bird species and 5 single-species (invertivore - spotted sandpiper, piscivore - osprey; piscivore - bald eagle; insectivore - tree Swallow; and omnivore - American black duck) generalized linear models, I revealed associations between estimated species abundance and water flow, water level, distance from the river mouth (river kilometer), site position in relation to a dam (e.g. above, below, or not at a dam), and adjacent land cover composition.
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Milne, Judith May. "Plant community ecology of a major subtropical riverine floodplain." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4057/.
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This project described the vegetation of a stretch of the Parana River and investigated which natural or human-imposed factors might be controlling its characteristics, its capacity for biodiversity support and its potential to provide an economic resource. This information is of value in the planning of management strategies aiming to conserve biodiversity and develop sustainable ways in which the floodplain resources can be utilised. Central to this study were the surveys of vegetation and environmental characteristics of aquatic, terrestrial and transitional habitats of the Parana floodplain near Porto Rico. These produced extensive data sets which helped to reveal the types of vegetation-environment relationships structuring the floodplain plant communities. To complement this investigative approach, three aspects of the functioning of floodplain vegetation were chosen for closer study. These were the impacts of livestock grazing on wetland and island vegetation, competitive interactions between pairs of free-floating aquatic plant species and the role of aquatic macrophytes in contributing carbon to aquatic food webs. Three major community types were identified in the aquatic habitats of the floodplain, one which included Eichhornia azurea in mixture with several free-floating and emergent species, a second in which E. azurea was strongly dominant and a third comprised purely of submerged species. Two strongly contrasting broad vegetation communities were identified at bank and shore environments. Polygonum and Ludwigia species were important in one group and Poaceae, creepers, woody plants and ferns in the other group. Sub-groups of these communities could also be suggested, but these are less distinct. Most of the floodplain sites supported a Poaceae-creeper community type with the remaining sites supporting a community indicated by Polygonum species. The Poaceae group was comprised of a number of sub-communities in which the importance of Poaceae relative to other species varied. The aquatic vegetation communities differed structurally with contrasting community biomass, canopy height, canopy cover, species richness and stem density. They were associated with waterbodies with different water depth and pH and different sediment nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Water flow rate category and underwent light availability also differed between the sites that tended to support the different vegetation types. The two major bank and shore vegetation communities differed in canopy cover, in the soil nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium levels with which they were associated and in the steepness of the bank on which they tended to grow. Floodplain vegetation communities contrasted in species richness and differed in the soil nitrogen and calcium levels and river systems with which they were associated.
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Reed, Caleb M. "Experiments in Real-time Path Planning for Riverine Environments." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31877.
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This work focuses on the development and implementation of an autonomous path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithm for an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) in a riverine environment. The algorithm effectively handles trap situations, which occur when the river bends away from the destination. In addition, the algorithm uses real-time sensor feedback to avoid obstacles.
A general global route is proposed based on an a priori shoreline map. Then, local paths are calculated considering both the a priori data and measurements received from an obstacle sensor. These paths roughly follow the global path. The algorithm was tested on an ASV equipped with basic navigational sensors and an omnidirectional camera for obstacle detection, and experimentation verified its effectiveness.Master of Science
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McCarthy, Sara M. "Sedimentation and Erosion Patterns in Created Freshwater Riverine Wetlands." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299610870.
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Barren, Gregory John. "Epiphytic Diatom Community Structure in a Karst Riverine System." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1474.
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The goal of this study was to assess the epiphytic diatom community structure of two host species along a karst gradient in the upper Green River, Kentucky to a gain a better understanding of the role of diatoms in the food web. The host species studied were Podostemum ceratophyllum and Cladophora. Percent cover of P. ceratophyllum and Cladophora were quantified in the four study reaches. The host species were sampled near-shore and mid-channel in each reach in September and October of 2013. After diatoms were extracted from the host and enumerated the density and diversity were quantified. Twelve genera were identified with > 91% of the community in each reach being Cocconeis. The second most abundant genus was Achnanthes or Navicula depending on the reach. The density and diversity of diatoms increased longitudinally going downstream. Exceptions to this trend occurred when high flow events disturbed the community. Within reaches there were no differences in diatom diversity in near-shore and mid-channel habitats. Diatom density in near-shore and mid-channel habitats was only different in the most downstream reach. Cladophora had a community twice as dense as P. ceratophyllum, but less diverse. The results of this study indicate that there are longitudinal differences in diatom communities in the upper Green River and host species are an important factor in determining the community composition. The importance of epiphytic diatoms in the food web, however, remains unclear.
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Bunn, Victoria Jeanne. "The effects of riparian grazing exclosures on adjacent riverine ecosystems." Thesis, Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/bunn/BunnV0811.pdf.
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In the western U.S., riparian ecosystems cover 1% of land area while supporting 70-80% of native species. 70% of this land area is available as range for livestock, who use riparian areas preferentially. Ecological concerns have led to numerous studies of the effects grazing has on these ecologically important, easily damaged ecosystems. Exclosure-based research has thoroughly examined the effects of livestock on riparian ecosystem health and function, but failed to investigate the potential for exclosures to intensify adverse effects of use at their boundaries, which could lead to overestimation of their benefits and impair their efficacy in management. This study attempts to supplement existing research by characterizing potential impacts, making exclosures a more informed and effective management strategy. Study exclosures were located on grazed public lands in southwest Montana. Riparian vegetative cover and channel morphology response variables were measured inside the exclosure and in two grazed reaches, one placed 0 to 20 m and one >50 m from the exclosure to capture differences in the spatial extent and severity of any impacts due to differences in livestock behavior caused by the exclosure's influence. Findings were that (1) results were consistent with previous exclosure studies using the same response variables to compare grazed and exclosed areas, (2) significant differences in herbaceous cover, bare ground cover, channel width, and bank angle between the two grazed subreaches were greater than corresponding grazed/exclosed comparisons, indicating that impacts to the subreach adjacent to the exclosure that are greater than corresponding improvements within, (3) spatially inconsistent impact zones within and among sites made it impossible to describe an overall impact zone adjacent to exclosures, but impacts to channel morphology, herbaceous cover, and bare ground occurred within 8 m of the exclosure, and within 2 m for bank angle, (4) data didn't support predicted relationships between impact severity and exclosure duration, size, or stocking rates, most likely due to the many other influencing factors that were not measured. Evidence supporting existence of exclosure-caused impacts should inform exclosure use and make it a more effective management tool, especially when considered in the context of how these impacts might encumber specific management goals.
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Beaver, James W. Mercado Pedro R. Bucher Andrew D. Free Jennifer M. Byers Richard W. Oliveria Tristan V. "Systems analysis of alternative architectures for Riverine Warfare in 2010." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FBeaver.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Richard Williams, Eugene Paulo. Joint authors: Pedro R. Mercado, Andrew D. Bucher, Jennifer M. Free, Richard W. Byers, Tristan V. Oliveria. "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 233-237). Also available in print.
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Bowser, Travis S., Nathan W. Hatfield, and Lasse Horvik. "Total Life Cycle Management of the Special Operations Craft Riverine." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27797.
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Naval Special Warfare Group 4 (NSWG-4) provides Special Operations Craft Riverine (SOCR) and boat crews for operational use within Special Operations Command (SOCOM). In this report, we analyze the logistics support provided for these craft. We review the literature dealing with life cycle cost, life cycle management, operational availability, and repair kitting as they relate to the logistics support for the SOCR. We create a model for determining required pre-staged inventories needed to maintain an objective availability for SOCR. We also create a simulation to analyze the impacts of parameters affecting operational availability. We use the literature review and data analysis to inform recommendations to improve logistics support for the SOCR.
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White, James C. "Quantifying riverine macroinvertebrate community responses to water resource management operations." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33559.
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Water resource management operations have significantly modified river flow regimes globally, prompting widespread lotic ecosystem responses. There is a growing need to better understand how increasingly prevalent hydrological alterations to riverine systems will affect biota dependent on specific elements of river flow regimes. This thesis examines macroinvertebrate community responses to river flow regimes modified by various water resource management operations across southwest England though four detailed investigations. The first study examines the influence of river impoundments and how macroinvertebrate communities differ between regulated and non-regulated sections of river. Findings from this investigation highlight that flow regulation alters the structure and function of faunal assemblages due to significant changes to the flow regime, rather than stream temperature modifications associated with the reservoirs. The second study focusses on groundwater dominated headwater streams transitioning from temporary (i.e. reaches periodically drying positioned furthest upstream) to perennial flow conditions which are subjected to variable groundwater abstraction intensities. The results indicate that macroinvertebrate communities respond significantly to the duration of antecedent flowing conditions and the spatial proximity of sampling sites to perennial sources; but faunal assemblages are not sensitive to groundwater abstraction. The third study examines how communities inhabiting different organic and mineralogical lotic habitats responded to multiple river flow properties (hydrological indices, anthropogenic flow alteration measures and hydraulic variables) in perennial, groundwater dominated systems. The findings highlight that faunal assemblages are most responsive to local hydraulic conditions measured at the point of sampling, rather than antecedent hydrological conditions. The influence of hydraulic properties on communities differs between lotic habitats, highlighting that mineralogical and organic characteristics of riverbeds strongly mediate how biota respond to flow. The final study presents the results of a long-term (1995-2016), region-wide (spanning Dorset, Hampshire and Wiltshire) examination of macroinvertebrate communities inhabiting groundwater dominated rivers and their responses to hydrological variability (including extreme low- and high-flow events) and anthropogenic flow alterations. The results indicate that indices characterising the proportion of discharge added to (through effluent water returns and low-flow alleviation strategies) or removed from the river (via groundwater abstraction) exert profound effects on faunal assemblages over long-term periods. These results provide empirical evidence that reductions in river discharges via groundwater abstraction of approximately 15% have no perceptible negative ecological effects on macroinvertebrate communities. The results from the four detailed investigations are used to develop conceptual models to illustrate how research undertaken within this thesis can be applied more widely. The findings and study designs presented within this thesis could inform surface and groundwater water resource management operations and underpin the development of environmental flow methodologies required to conserve riverine ecosystems globally.
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Waletzko, Evan James. "Carbon Budgets of Created Riverine Wetlands in the Midwestern USA." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1395220917.
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Oliveria, Tristan V., James W. Beaver, Pedro R. Mercado, Andrew D. Bucher, Jennifer M. Free, and Richard W. Byers. "Systems analysis of alternative architectures for Riverine Warfare in 2010." Thesis, Monterey, California, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2361.
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Student Integrated ProjectIncludes supplementary material.
This thesis analyzed the Navy's proposed Riverine Force (RF) structure and capabilities of 2006. Systems Engineering and Analysis cohort 10 (SEA10) developed a cost-effective system of systems which increased battlespace awareness and situational responsiveness for 2010. Riverine missions were decomposed into their functional, physical, and operational architectures using the detect-to-engage sequence. This analysis determined critical RF functions. Critical functions detect and engage were then physically represented by feasible force package alternatives that augmented the baseline RF. SEA10 analyzed these alternatives using agent based models to identify baseline RF capability gaps and provide insights into possible solutions. Reduction of modeling data indicated the baseline force was as effective as some upgraded force packages depending on the measure of performance (MOP) or scenario structure under scrutiny. Sensor augmentation demonstrated significant improvements to baseline performance by increasing battlespace awareness. Weapon augmentation alone did not significantly improve baseline performance by increasing situational responsiveness. Combined sensor-weapon augmentation performed well across all MOP and scenarios. The Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) was the most cost-effective alternative. Dedicated helicopter support demonstrated the best performance overall, but was the most costly alternative.
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Flores, Ricardo A. "Improving the U.S. Navy Riverine capability lessons from the Colombian experience." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FFlores.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Giraldo, Jeanne. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 18, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-104). Also available in print.
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Laptew, Walter, DeAundrae Rogers, and Jason Ross. "Improving rapid acquisition: a review of the riverine command boat procurement." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38967.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.The Naval Expeditionary Combat Command procured the riverine command boat (RCB) under a General Services Administration multiple-award schedule contract. Four factors made this acquisition successful. First, an urgent requirement was identified. The global war on terrorism precipitated the need for a fast, maneuverable, highly lethal, and globally deployable naval riverine craft. Second was the ready availability of a proven commercial product; the RCB is a successful Swedish product. Third, the cost was within a procurement threshold that allowed its rapid acquisition. Fourth, funding was available. The approvals of the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for fiscal year 2003 and the Ronald Reagan NDAA for fiscal year 2005 were the key legislative elements that enabled the RCBs swift acquisition, relaxed procurement restrictions, and allowed warfighters access to systems such as the RCB. Though this procurement satisfied immediate naval requirements, readiness shortfalls later revealed that the acquisition had failed to address the life-cycle management of maintenance and sustainability. This MBA project analyzes shortfalls in the process used to acquire the RCB and recommends improvements in life-cycle management, as it pertains to acquisition, maintenance, and sustainability.
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Li, Siqian Carol, and 李思茜. "Reenergize the living space of resettled riverine communities on the Mekong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207150.
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The Mekong River, an important transnational river in Southeast Asia, passes through six counties including China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. About 70 million people live in the Mekong Basin, and the basin provides many resources of people to make a living, and help to sustain the daily life routines of local community.
The development of mainstream dams on the Mekong River is a potential major trans-boundary geopolitical issue for the Mekong countries, placing at risk millions of people who are closely linked to the Mekong and the resource it supports. The riverbank gardens and forests are going to be inundated, facing the situation of waterfront change and the land use competition, thus communities are under threats of food security and livelihood.
This project is going to explore ways to sustain food security and to enhance the livelihood of local community, to adopt the potential changes raised by the Mekong dams as an opportunity rather than constraints, to improve the food security and enhance the benefit to local communities in terms of their livelihood by taking advantage of the water change to reorganize the riverside community, provide them space and guide the productive activities of local villagers, thus to increase the environmental and social benefit of the whole river system in a regional scale of the Mekong. Through this project a balance will be maintained in terms of the performance of river system and the livelihoods for local community.published_or_final_version
Architecture
Master
Master of Landscape Architecture
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Simmons, Sarah L. "Sources, pathways and sinks of litter within riverine and marine environments." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386562.
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This research was developed as one of the first studies to investigate riverine litter problems. Baseline assessment methods were formulated to define the scope and nature of this pollution form. Assessments were carried out in three catchments; the Taff East Lyn and Avill. The Taffwas found to be atypical regarding the extent of the litter. In all catchments plastic sheeting formed the principal litter component. The study also included an examination of the factors influencing the sources, pathways and sinks riverine litter pollution. These factors were drawn together through the development of a research model. Assessments of two quantifiable sources, sewage inputs through Storm Water Overflows (SWOs) and fly-tipping wastes, were undertaken. Greatest inputs of sewage-derived solids were introduced to the river through malfunctioning SWOs, the most numerous single component being sanitary towels. Whilst sewage-derived material constituted approximately 23% of all items on the River Taff large quantities of waste, especially plastic sheeting, originated from fly-tipping sites. Mobility of litter once introduced to the system was greatly dependent on river flow regimes. Some litter types, e.g. plastic sheeting, were more mobile than others and tended, after floods, to be stranded on vegetation. Due to its high profile within the catchments and expected longevity, plastic sheeting was chosen for river-bank degradation trials. Results indicated that photodegradation occurred within samples, but only in the initial exposure period and that any further breakdown was likely to result from physical abrasion. Marine areas were considered to be potential sinks for riverine litter, especially its more mobile components. An alternative sink for certain litter types such as cloth might be incorporation into the river-bank due to an ability to aggregate soil/sediment particles.
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Gray, Stephen C. "Leveraging Naval Riverine forces to achieve information superiority in stability operations." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5075.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan have provided an undeniable storyline: U.S. forces can conduct a conventional mission better than any in the world, but that mission, accomplished in short order, leaves behind a situation for which conventional forces and equipment are ill-prepared. This situation requires a new mission: Stability Operations. The blue-water is not where these 21st century conflicts will likely take place, and forces such as the U.S. Navy Riverines are among the many forces that provide a capability to integrate and communicate with local populations that cannot be matched by blue-water forces. While the riverine force's mission set is one that could become heavily utilized in stability operations, the ability to conduct those missions is currently hindered by a lack of implementation of information technology. The current disadvantages that greatly increase operational risk include a reduced capability to engage the population, reduced situational awareness, and limited communication reach-back capability. A riverine force properly equipped with and trained with biometric, unmanned, and information sharing systems would provide the NECC, and U.S. Navy as a whole, a more comprehensive ability to conduct stability operations in brown-water areas, something no other conventional Navy unit can currently accomplish.
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Daniels, Wiktoria M. "The distribution and fate of micro-organic contaminants in riverine sediments." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265177.
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Zhang, Zhi. "Developing video monitoring technique in riverine environment : automatic and continues detection." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN087.
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Le bois flotté joue un rôle important à la fois sur l'écologie et la morphologie d'une rivière. Par conséquent, la quantification de la quantité de bois dans les rivières est une question importante. Ces dernières années, la surveillance vidéo en bord de rivière a été introduite comme une technique pour évaluer la quantité de bois en milieu fluvial. Outre de nombreuses avancées, il reste encore de nombreuses questions à résoudre concernant cette technique. Par conséquent, dans cette étude, nous nous sommes concentrés sur trois objectifs majeurs. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la relation entre flux de bois et débit d'écoulement afin de créer un modèle de prévision du flux de bois sur une période durant laquelle la caméra ne peut enregistrer le flux vidéo. Le bois dans les cours d'eau peut présenter des caractéristiques différentes lors de certains événements critiques, comme par exemple, lors de deux crues à plusieurs pics, le flux de bois sur le premier pic de débit est supérieur au second, et en cas d'inondation après une journée venteuse plus forte, le flux de bois peut être activé par l'élévation de l'eau. En outre, le deuxième objectif majeur était la mise en œuvre et la validation de l'application d’un logiciel de détection automatique. Après avoir entrainé l’algorithme de détection, il est utilisé pour extraire automatiquement les flux de bois de manière continue. Le troisième objectif majeur était d'évaluer les incertitudes d'origine humaine dans la surveillance vidéo en raison de deux principaux facteurs. La détection manuelle est extrêmement fastidieuse et longue et nécessite ainsi d’envisager une stratégie d'échantillonnage des vidéos. Le second problème nécessitant une évaluation de l’incertitude est lié à la capacité souvent variable de l'opérateur à détecter les flottants, qui se traduit par un biais de mesure entre les différents opérateurs. Nous espérons que les résultats de cette thèse permettront de diffuser l’usage de la technique de surveillance vidéo fluviale à des fins pratiquesDrift wood plays a significant role both on the ecology and morphology of a river. Therefore, quantifying the amount of wood in rivers is an important issue. During recent years, streamside video monitoring has been introduced as a feasible technique to evaluate the amount of wood in riverine environment. Beside many advances, there are still many questions needed to be address concerning this technique. Therefore, in this study, I focused on three major objectives. Firstly, I studied the relation between wood flux and flow discharge in order to create a model for predicting wood flux on invisible period of camera sight. Wood in-stream can show some different characteristics in some critical events, such as in two multi-peak floods, wood flux on the first peak of discharge is more than second one, and in a flood after a stronger windy day, wood flux can be activated by water elevation arise. In addition, the second major objective was implementation and validation the application of an automatic detection software. After training the software, it is used to extract wood flux automatically by its own surveillance. The third major objective was evaluating human-based uncertainties in video monitoring due to two limitations, first time limitation which results in sampling the videos and second limitation in visibility of the operator which results in bias between different operators. I expect the results of this thesis develop the application of streamside video monitoring technique for practical concerns
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Tharme, Rebecca Elizabeth. "Ecologically relevant low flows for riverine benthic macroinvertebrates: characterization and application." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11040.
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Intensifying hydrologic alteration and the resultant degradation of river ecosystems worldwide have catalyzed a growing body of ecohydrological research into the relationships between flow regime attributes, physical habitat dynamics and biotic response, particularly for determining environmental flows. While invertebrate response to floods has received most attention, in this thesis the aim was to identify and characterize low flows that constituted various degrees of physical disturbance to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of perennial rivers.
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Tsai, Chih-Wei. "Riverine thermal environment and ecological function across a rural-urban gradient." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5279/.
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Farwell, Andrea J. C. "Stable isotope study of riverine benthic food webs influenced by anthropogenic developments." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0024/NQ51037.pdf.
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Irving, Katherine Sarah [Verfasser]. "Improvement of Global Change Projections for Riverine Benthic Macroinvertebrates / Katherine Sarah Irving." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214641342/34.
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Little, Sally. "The impact of increasing saline penetration upon estuarine and riverine benthic macroinvertebrates." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9737.
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Coastal and estuarine systems worldwide are under threat from future global climate change, with potential consequences including increased penetration of tidal driven salt water into estuarine surface waters. In coastal climate change research this issue has been neglected, despite increases in salinity potentially detrimentally impacting upper estuarine and riverine ecosystem function worldwide. In this research the first direct attempt is made at predicting the impact of future climate-driven increases in saline penetration upon estuarine and riverine benthic macroinvertebrate communities through the acute salinity tolerances of selected species. Two study estuary-river systems were selected based upon their perceived susceptibility to future increases in saline penetration. These estuaries exhibited dynamic tide and salinity profiles with large salinity ranges recorded over a tidal cycle and significant differences in saline penetration extents between low (summer) and high (winter) freshwater river discharge conditions. Salinity was shown to be the dominant environmental variable driving benthic macroinvertebrate species distributions in both estuaries; however additional environmental factors were shown to have locally dominant effects (i.e. sediment grain size). Laboratory and field based salinity toxicity experiments suggested that the tolerance of euryhaline-marine and brackish water species to reductions in salinity corresponded well to tolerance values in published literature. In contrast limnic derived species exhibited greater salinity tolerance under laboratory and field tidal cycle conditions than those published. For all test species, actual field distributions did not reflect distributions anticipated by saline tolerances alone, likely due to the effects of additional biotic and abiotic factors experienced under field conditions. The macroinvertebrate species salinity tolerances did not account for actual field distributions with sufficient accuracy to allow for precise prediction of future distribution patterns under projected saline penetration profiles due to the influence of additional environmental factors. Under the high greenhouse gas emissions climate scenario (SRES A1FI) for the years 2020, 2050 and 2080, projected relative sea level rise was shown to result in an increase in both the upstream extent of saline penetration and gradient of maximum salinity zones in both estuaries. However these increases were moderate even under worst-case conditions (0.32 km and 0.15 km) and unlikely to result in large-scale changes to the benthic macroinvertebrate community. However, in addition to relative sea level rise, predicted changes to freshwater river discharge (climatic and anthropogenic induced) and channel morphology could result in significant increases in the upstream extent of saline penetration predicted for projected sea level rise alone. This could result in critical consequences for estuarine and riverine ecology and ecosystem function across all trophic levels. A conceptual model exploring the potential ecological effects of both increases in saline penetration and changes to the estuarine system (anthropogenic and climatic) was developed, and implications for the future management of estuarine and riverine environments were identified.
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Shrives, Jonathan Peter. "Investigating riverine impact upon the corel reefs of Los Cayos Cochinos, Honduras." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526441.
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Allan, Ian J. "Transport and distribution of selected micro-organic contaminants in a riverine environment." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428107.
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Bates, Adam James. "The ecology and conservation of beetles (coleoptera) living on exposed riverine sediments." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7175/.
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Situated at the very juncture of the aquatic and terrestrial, exposed riverine sediments (ERS) are poorly vegetated alluvial deposits of silts, sands and gravels, which are habitat for a wide range of rare and highly specialised beetles. The thesis aimed to assess: (1) the conservation value of ERS beetles; (2) their changing habitat requirements and spatial population structure over a range of spatio-temporal scales; and (3) their vulnerability to anthropogenic threats, in particular, trampling by livestock. A database of British occurrence records was used to assess the conservation value of ERS specialist beetles. Beetle sampling implemented quadrat hand searches and modified dry pitfall traps, and spatial distribution and population structure in relation to a suite of environmental variables was analysed using correlation, SADIE analysis, and mark recapture methods. ERS beetles were found to have considerable conservation importance and their spatial distribution was related to habitat characteristics at the within-patch, patch, reach, and stream segment scales. These distributions varied temporally in response to flow level and trampling intensity, and trampling intensity was shown to reduce the conservation value of beetle assemblages. The likely responses to a variety of threats, such as regulation and channelization, mediated by varying inter-patch spatial population structure were evaluated.
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Wisaijorn, Thanachate. "Riverine border practices : people's everyday lives on the Thai-Lao Mekong border." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33733.
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Pluralities of people s crossings of the Mekong Thai-Lao border occur as locals subvert, reject, ignore, and embrace the logic of the national border. From a state-centric point of view, the everyday movements of these people, who rely mainly on a subsistence economy and have their own modes of crossing, are undocumented. I argue that people s mobility co-exists with the practice of sedentary assumption. The aim of this thesis is to promote theory related to the Third Space in Borderland Studies by the presentation and analysis of people s pluralities in border-crossings. The borderland area of Khong Chiam (Thailand)-Sanasomboun (Lao PDR) is the location of an in-between state in which spatial negotiations, temporal negotiations, and negotiations of political subjectivities contribute to the nature of mobility in the Third Space. To achieve the objective of this thesis, ethnographic methodology was used over six months of fieldwork from March to September 2016, and included participant observations, interviews and essay-readings that involved 110 participants in the borderland site. People s movements across the Mekong River border occur daily without formal state approval. From the perspective of the Thai Ban, the river is a lived space in which they catch food and use for transport. However, their interpretation of the Mekong as the state boundary does not completely disappear. This thesis examines the everyday banal pluralities of the Thai Ban s border-crossings by weaving together the three concepts of space, temporality, and negotiations of political subjectivities. The spatial and temporal negotiations involved in the border-crossings shape and are shaped by this other interpretation of the Mekong as a lived space, and different political subjectivities contribute to the pluralities of the crossings. The presentation of these pluralities of border-crossings adds to Borderland Studies specifically and the social sciences in general in the development of an understanding of the Third Space. As this thesis focuses on people s mobility at quasi-state checkpoints and in areas along the Mekong Thai-Lao border with no border checkpoints, it is suggested that future research examines the everyday practices of border-crossings at land borders.
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Kautza, Adam Robert. "Consequences of landscape change on riverine food webs and aquatic-terrestrial linkages." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408719548.
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Alzahrani, Abdulaziz S. "Application of Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Modeling in Riverine Systems Using HEC-RAS." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1493135117254329.
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Jackson, Chtaura. "Factors Influencing Macroinvertebrate Diversity and Community Composition in Riverine Freshwater Rock Pools." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2311.
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I examined a system of 378-riverine rock pools situated along the James River in Richmond, Virginia, to uncover the factors influencing their macroinvertebrate diversity and community composition. I characterized (total = 60) the physical characteristics, water quality, hydrology, and community assemblages in July 2009 for a subset of pools. I examined whether selected environmental factors (pH, nearest neighbor distance, depth, surface area and inundation height) were related to macroinvertebrate diversity and community composition. Species richness and total abundance of all taxa increased with pool pH and surface area. Ordination indicates that nearest neighbor distance (NND) and pH varied significantly among pools. My findings indicate that macroinvertebrate diversity in this rock pool system were mainly related to the surface area, pH and NND.
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Moyo, Sydney. "Aquatic–terrestrial trophic linkages via riverine invertebrates in a South African catchment." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54427.
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Rivers play a vital role in human livelihoods and are likely to undergo substantial alteration due to climate and land use changes from an increasing human population. Mitigating the pressures facing rivers in the world requires scientists and environmental managers to understand the ecological mechanisms, and ultimately the strength, of connections between ecosystems. This understanding of connections between adjacent habitats will enable environmental managers to predict the consequences of perturbing these linkages in the future. In this thesis, aquatic-terrestrial linkages in rivers were investigated using ecologically meaningful variables including abundances, biomasses, stable isotopes and fatty acids. This study is part of a larger project entitled “Connectivity through allochthony: reciprocal links between adjacent aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in South Africa”, in which a team of researchers assessed a variety of pathways connecting riverine and estuarine systems to land within a catchment in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. I conceptualised the flow of energy within a temperate southern hemisphere river (the Kowie River) within theoretical models of energy flow such as the River Continuum Concept (RCC; presents lotic systems as being longitudinally linked with food webs in shaded headwaters being principally driven by allochthonous energy, with the addition of autochthonous food as a minor carbon source in the lower reaches) and the Riverine Productivity Model (RPM; proposes consumers derive most of their energy from local production of phytoplankton, benthic algae and aquatic plants, as well as directly from riparian zones via terrestrial leaf litter). Using the RCC as a starting point, I collected macroinvertebrates (September 2012 to May 2013) along a longitudinal gradient and grouped them into functional feeding groups (FFGs). The results revealed that gatherers and filterers dominated in the Kowie River, and together represented 50 – 83% of the invertebrate assemblages. There was a general paucity of shredders (relative abundance was ≤ 10% across all sites and seasons). The changes in relative abundances of different FFGs did not follow predictions of the RCC along the longitudinal gradient, as there were no correlations of community structure with some physical attributes (stream width, canopy cover, distance of river) that changed along the river continuum. However, FFG abundances were related to water velocity, total dissolved solids and canopy cover. Broadly, the Kowie River data showed that changes in relative abundances of FFGs along the river continuum could not be explained by changes in physical attributes alone, and may be highly influenced by the availability of food and the chemistry of the stream. Analysis of stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes was used to estimate the contributions of algal and land-based production to consumers over space (six sites) and time (November 2012 to September 2013). Carbon contributions determined by the use of mixing models (Stable Isotope Analysis in R) revealed that consumers in the headwater assimilated mainly terrestrially-derived organic matter, with consumers in the middle and lower reaches assimilating autochthonous basal resources (macrophytes and algae). The findings from this river supported aspects of the RCC (at the headwaters; terrestrial organic matter made up 41% of consumer diets), but overall the data supported the predictions of the RPM (local production made the highest contributions of 50 – 86% to all FFGs across all seasons). The carbon isotopes of consumers and their food sources changed substantially every season, indicating that samples of food sources and consumers should be analysed many times throughout the year to capture that variability and to ensure that ephemeral components of the food web are not missed. To validate the findings from the isotope data, fatty acids were used as complementary tracers to determine the contributions of algal versus terrestrial organic matter to the consumers. Fatty acid tracers for terrestrial (Ʃω3/Ʃω6; 18:2ω6; 18:3ω3) vs aquatic (Ʃω3/Ʃω6; 20:5ω3) sources corroborated the findings from the isotope data set, as the mean ratio of Ʃω3/Ʃω6 in consumers was less than one at the headwaters (indicating allochthony), while middle and lower reaches were associated with Ʃω3/Ʃω6 > 1 (indicating autochthony). In addition to the tracer and FFG analyses for examining trophic connections between land and river, the bidirectional exchange of organisms between the riparian zone and the river was assessed using floating pyramidal traps (to measure emergence) and pan traps (for infalling invertebrates) placed at different sites in the river and the biomass in each trap was determined. The exchanges were variable over space and time, with emergence peaking in summer (169 to 1402 mg m-2 day-1) and declining in winter (3 to 28 mg m-2 day-1). Similarly, infalling invertebrates increased in summer (413 to 679 mg m-2 day-1) and declined in winter (11 to 220 mg m-2 day-1). Biomass measurements are indications of quantity that ignore nutritional quality, so I determined the bidirectional flow of invertebrates using absolute concentrations of physiologically important biochemical compounds (essential and polyunsaturated fatty acids). The fluxes of emergent and infalling arthropods peaked in summer (emergence = 0.3 to 18 mg m-2 day-1 and terrestrial infall = 0.3 to 3 mg m-2 day-1) and declined in winter (emergence = 0.01 to 0.51 mg m-2 day-1 and terrestrial infall = 0.01 to 0.03 mg m-2 day-1). However, during some seasons, no significant differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid flux in either direction were observed; this finding indicated the balance of reciprocal subsidisation via reciprocal flows of animals. Factors such as air temperature and algal productivity affected the reciprocal flows between adjacent habitats, with algal productivity being positively related to emergence while air temperature was positively correlated to infalling terrestrial invertebrates. This research enhances the growing body of literature on the function of riverine systems and offers some invaluable information on the flow of energy and the role played by invertebrates in translocating nutrients from terrestrial systems to aquatic systems and vice versa. This study unifies the concepts of the RCC and RPM and shows that these concepts are not limited only to large rivers, but are applicable to small southern temperate rivers too. However, some tenets of the theoretical models were challenged. For example, it challenges the proposition by the RCC that the fine particulate organic matter leaked from upstream breakdown of coarse particulate organic matter is predominantly allochthonous. Additionally, this study showed that in the headwaters, the RPM underestimated the role of autochthony. Overall, the results showed that the Kowie River and its riparian area are intrinsically connected. Once we understand the mechanisms controlling connections and subsidies across ecotones, we can then start to predict the consequences of disruptions to these connections by climate change and/or land use changes. To make predictions about future perturbations to rivers and riparian zones, studies like this, which considers the form and magnitude of subsidies, are needed to provide baseline information. Algal resources (e.g. epiphyton), macrophytes, riparian plants, terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms all contributed to aquatic and terrestrial linkages in the Kowie River; therefore, it is important to conserve the different components of these ecosystems.
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Hirasawa, Riyo. "Life-cycle of riverine fish nematodes : dynamics and maintenance of parasite population." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148601.
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Shrives, Jonathan Peter. "Investigating riverine impact upon the coral reefs of Los Cayos Cochinos, Honduras." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669973.
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Murray, Gregory P. D. "Predicting the ecological consequences of river management for a riverine cyprinid fish." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2014. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21558/.
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Current river management seeks to resolve a compromise between stakeholder interests, ecosystem services provision and conservation aims, especially in relation to assessment of ecosystem health. While management decisions should be evidenced-based, current population and habitat models fail to incorporate fish behaviour and the interactions between fish and their environment, thus limiting their ability to predict management-relevant, population responses to environmental change. In order to address these weaknesses, an individual-based model is developed and parameterised to predict the distribution and growth of roach (Rutilus rutilus), a common, generalist, freshwater fish; known to be typically dominant in heavily modified rivers. Such a model seeks to build on current management models and practices, with emphasis on improving recruitment of juvenile roach. Virtual forager parameters are derived from foraging experiments, published investigations, models of roach behaviour and bioenergetics. Data collected from field studies in a typical, highly modified, lowland river are used to describe the environment and initial fish population with subsequent data on fish population trends used to validate the IBM, under a pattern-oriented modelling approach; specifically growth rate and habitat distribution patterns. River management practices including the removal of in-stream aquatic macrophytes and regulation of flow regime for flood risk management are predicted as potentially damaging to roach recruitment, subsequent year-class strength and therefore, populations in subsequent years. Recommendations for more sympathetic management schemes are provided. The modelling framework described here can be used to produce robust predictions of roach population patterns in riverine habitats and allows the user to test the impact of environmental change on cyprinid fish, enabling the modelling system to be used to develop proactive, evidence-based management in light of current rates of environmental change.
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Clark, Kathryn Elizabeth. "Patterns and drivers of riverine particulate organic carbon transport in an Andean valley." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:caabfe4f-7499-4789-9bdc-e1dc708999a0.
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Physical erosion can mobilise particulate organic carbon (POC) from vegetation and soil, representing an export of primary productivity from ecosystems, and a lateral transfer of carbon recently-derived from the atmosphere. These carbon transfers are thought to be enhanced in mountain forests where erosion rates are high. However, the rates and controls on POC transfer remain poorly constrained, as does the impact of POC export on carbon cycling at regional and global scales. This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach to address this issue, using remote sensing, river geochemistry, river hydrology, and geomorphic mapping in the Kosñipata Valley, in the Central Andes of Peru. Its main aims are to: 1) estimate stream discharge throughout the year and to evaluate the water balance and sources; 2) quantify the source of riverine POC, accounting for POC derived from sedimentary rocks (POCfossil) to examine the POC eroded from soils and vegetation (POCnon-fossil); 3) quantify river POC yields; 4) assess the hillslope processes that erode POC; and 5) assess how POC export impacts the carbon balance of mountain forest, and how fluvial transfer impacts the wider carbon cycle. Stream flow was monitored from January 2010 to February 2011 at two newly installed river gauging stations in the Kosñipata Valley at 2250 m (Wayqecha, 48.5 km2) and 1360 m (San Pedro, 164.4 km2). Then annual water balance for the San Pedro catchment was quantified. Rainfall inputs of 3028 mm and cloud water inputs of 308 ± 97 mm were balanced by outputs via stream runoff (2721 mm) and actual evapotranspiration (907 mm), leaving a residual of -294 ± 97 mm (< ~10 % of water inputs). The source of POC in river suspended sediment samples was quantified using radiocarbon (Δ14C, ‰), stable carbon isotopes, and the nitrogen to carbon ratio. This revealed that river POCnon-fossil was sourced from very young organic carbon in the valley (Δ14C ~50 ‰) and that POCfossil comprised 43 % of total POC. Combining the hydrometric measurements with river samples, annual particulate load fluxes were quantified. The vast majority (73 % to 77 %) of the annual suspended sediment transfer and POC (both POCfossil and POCnon-fossil) occurred in the wet season over a period of 4 months. The suspended sediment yield for the valley (960 – 1200 t km-2 yr-1) was consistent with those for the Andean portion of the Madre de Dios River into which the Kosñipata River drains. The river POCnon-fossil yield was 5.2 – 6.9 tC km-2 yr-1. Landslides are likely to have played an important role in the mobilisation of POCnon-fossil. A detailed landslide mapping using 25 years of remote sensing data revealed that on average 0.09 % of the valley per year is impacted by this mass-wasting process. These landslides mobilise ~28 tC km-2 yr-1 of soil and vegetation valley-wide. The discrepancy between the landslide erosional flux and fluvial POCnon-fossil export suggests an important fraction of the POCnon-fossil harvested by landslides is either exported as coarse debris (not quantified in the fluvial POCnon-fossil flux), remains buried onsite, or is degraded and respired onsite. Landslides also played an important ecosystem function, turning over some sections of the mountain forest within ~625 years, with a 1200 year valley-wide mean. On the basin scale, the Madre de Dios River drains ~ 6 % of the Amazonian Andes. This study enables estimation of the delivery of POC to the lowland Amazon Basin. Using the observation that POCnon-fossil and POCfossil fluxes were closely linked with suspended sediment transfer, total yields of ~0.22 MtC yr-1 and ~0.17 MtC yr-1, respectively, were estimated from this section of the Andes. The export of POCnon-fossil from mountain forests by rivers represents 0.4 – 1.0 % yr-1 of the net primary productivity of Andean forest and so even if only a small portion of this is buried in sedimentary deposits, it may promote the Andes as a carbon sink. These results demonstrate the long-term influence of erosional processes in the cycling of carbon in the Amazon Basin.
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Droux, Xavier. "Riverine and desert animals in predynastic Upper Egypt : material culture and faunal remains." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6d885a7-86f9-4d51-b4d5-bb21b26d2897.
Full textAbstract:
Animals were given a preponderant position in Egyptian art, symbolism, and cultual practices. This thesis centres on the relationship between humans and animals during the predynastic period in Upper Egypt (Naqada I-IIIB, 4th millennium BCE), focusing on hippopotamus and crocodile as representatives of the Nile environment and antelope species as representatives of the desert environment. Depictions of these animals are analysed and compared with contemporary faunal remains derived from activities such as cult, funerary, or every day consumption. The material analysed covers several centuries: temporal evolutions and changes have been identified. The animals studied in this thesis were first used by the Naqada I-IIB elites as means to visually and practically express their power, which they envisioned in two contrasting and complementary ways. The responsibilities of the leaders were symbolised by the annihilation of negative wild forces primarily embodied by antelope species. In contrast, they symbolically appropriated positive wild forces, chief among them being the hippopotamus, from which they symbolically derived their power. Faunal remains from after mid-Naqada II are few, depictions of hippopotamus disappeared and those of crocodile became rare. Antelope species became preponderant, especially on D-ware vessels, which were accessible to non-elite people. However, toward the end of the predynastic period, antelope species came to be depicted almost exclusively on high elite material; they lost their individuality and became generic representatives of chaotic forces that the leaders and early rulers had to annihilate in order to maintain control and order.