Academic literature on the topic 'Rivers – Environmental aspects – Botswana'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rivers – Environmental aspects – Botswana"
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., Omo Ohiokpehai. "Nutritional Aspects of Street Foods in Botswana." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2, no. 2 (February 15, 2003): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2003.76.81.
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Arifjanov, Aybek M., Tursunoy A. Apakhujaeva, and Dušan Húska. "Sediment Movement Mode in rivers of Uzbekistan – Environmental Aspects." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 21, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2018-0003.
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Abstract Central Asian rivers are rich in sediments that affect the construction of hydrotechnical constructions. In this article the influence of sediments on water quality and amelioration conditions of agricultural fields was analyzed and information was given on possibilities of controlling the sediment flow.
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Clifford, S. "Meaendering: nature, culture and rivers." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0499.
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Alongside science we need a parallel capability of exploring meaning so that intangible, uncountable aspects of our relationships with rivers, especially those understood by local communities, can be expressed. Common Ground has offered the concept of Local Distinctiveness and gives examples from England, including recent projects which they have initiated.
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Misra, Supriya, Haitisha T. Mehta, Evan L. Eschliman, Shathani Rampa, Ohemaa B. Poku, Wei-Qian Wang, Ari R. Ho-Foster, et al. "Identifying “What Matters Most” to Men in Botswana to Promote Resistance to HIV-Related Stigma." Qualitative Health Research 31, no. 9 (March 25, 2021): 1680–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10497323211001361.
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Despite a comprehensive national program of free HIV services, men living with HIV in Botswana participate at lower rates and have worse outcomes than women. Directed content analysis of five focus groups ( n = 38) and 50 in-depth interviews with men and women with known and unknown HIV status in Gaborone, Botswana in 2017 used the “what matters most” (WMM) and “structural vulnerability” frameworks to examine how the most valued cultural aspects of manhood interact with HIV-related stigma. WMM for manhood in Botswana included fulfilling male responsibilities by being a capable provider and maintaining social status. Being identified with HIV threatened WMM, which fear of employment discrimination could further exacerbate. Our findings indicate how cultural and structural forces interact to worsen or mitigate HIV-related stigma for urban men in Botswana. These threats to manhood deter HIV testing and treatment, but interventions could capitalize on cultural capabilities for manhood to promote stigma resistance.
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Tsyplenkov, Anatoly, Sergey Chalov, Markus Eder, and Helmut Habersack. "Large Rivers Hydrology And Sediment Transport." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 15, no. 4 (January 18, 2023): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2022-020.
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This paper provides a short overview of the large river research topics discussed during the 4th World’s Large Rivers Conference and submitted to the Geography Environment Sustainability special issue. The various aspects of hydrology, sediment transport and river morphology issues are presented based on case studies from Eurasia and Africa.
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Vaikasas, Saulius, and Mindaugas Stankevičius. "SOME ASPECTS OF MODELING BED PROCESSES IN TRAINED RIVERS." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2004): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2004.9636812.
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Physical modeling of sediment transport and morphology in rivers as well as wastewater dilution processes are closely related to the modeling of macro turbulent fluctuations. The physical modeling of hydraulic macro turbulent fluctuations is complicated and underestimated. The study of turbulent flow structure and verification as well as model calibration is required in this case. Some methods of model verification by means of kinematics and turbulent coefficients scaling αKa, α x and αkare presented in the paper. Experience in hydraulic modeling of bed processes in the Neris and Nemunas rivers contributed to the viable results. As laboratory tests showed, after the scales of the Nemunas bed had been distorted 12 times, the turbulence of modeled flow increased causing 3 times more intensive wastewater dilution processes in a physical model of the Nemunas bed. When modeling the bed processes of the Neris in Vilnius in a hydraulic model with the scale distorted 6,7 times, it was determined that a more intensive turbulence caused a 25 % thinner bed soil layer and nearly 3 times higher velocity of vertical turbulent flow. This was considered when calculating the results obtained in a model into natural ones and when choosing proper means for designing riverbed hydraulic structures.
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Oromeng, Kopo V., Eliot A. Atekwana, Loago Molwalefhe, and Goabaone J. Ramatlapeng. "Time-series variability of solute transport and processes in rivers in semi-arid endorheic basins: The Okavango Delta, Botswana." Science of The Total Environment 759 (March 2021): 143574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143574.
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Denneman, W. D., A. de Pree, G. A. O. Reininga, and J. van der Braak. "Environmental aspects of the restoration of river ecosystems in The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 8 (April 1, 1995): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0283.
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In The Netherlands, an integrated policy concerning the restoration of river ecosystems has been developed by the National Government. For these rehabilitation projects, TNO was asked by the Dutch government to investigate the environmental problems these project will face during realization. To reach this goal, a PC meta-information system called MIMIKRI has been developed. An example for the nature rehabilitation project “Gelderse Poort”, one of the priority projects along the Dutch rivers Rhine and Waal (Walloon) will be given.
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Mmereki, Daniel. "Current status of waste management in Botswana: A mini-review." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 7 (June 4, 2018): 555–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18772097.
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Effective waste management practices are not all about legislative solutions, but a combination of the environmental, social, technical, technically skilled human resources, financial and technological resources, resource recycling, environmental pollution awareness programmes and public participation. As a result of insufficient resources, municipal solid waste (MSW) in transition and developing countries like Botswana remains a challenge, and it is often not yet given highest priority. In Botswana, the environment, public health and other socio-economic aspects are threatened by waste management practices due to inadequate implementation and enforcement mechanisms of waste management policy. This mini-review paper describes the panorama of waste management practices in Botswana and provides information to competent authorities responsible for waste management and to researchers to develop and implement an effective waste management system. Waste management practices in Botswana are affected by: lack of effective implementation of national waste policy, fragmented tasks and overlapping mandates among relevant institutions; lack of clear guidelines on the responsibilities of the generators and public authorities and on the associated economic incentives; and lack of consistent and comprehensive solid waste management policies; lack of intent by decision-makers to prepare national waste management plans and systems, and design and implement an integrated sustainable municipal solid waste management system. Due to these challenges, there are concerns over the growing trend of the illegal dumping of waste, creating mini dumping sites all over the country, and such actions jeopardize the efforts of lobbying investors and tourism business. Recommendations for concerted efforts are made to support decision makers to re-organize a sustainable waste management system, and this paper provides a reference to other emerging economies in the region and the world.
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Nama, Ala Hassan, Ali Sadiq Abbas, and Jaafar S. Maatooq. "Field and Satellite Images-Based Investigation of Rivers Morphological Aspects." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 1339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-07-03.
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Worldwide and especially in less developed regions, process-based evaluations and/or geomorphological information on large-scale rivers are still scarce. Such investigation become of urgent need due to the climate change and expected occurrence of extreme floods and drought which may threaten the safety of nearby and downstream cities, especially in regions that are highly sensitive and affected by climatic changes. The Tigris River, in Iraq, is one such river that has undergone significant alteration to its flow and morphologic aspects due to climate change and the construction of many dams. However, morphology and its change for many reaches of this river are still uninvestigated. To this end, field and satellite-based investigations into the morphology of a reach located between Makhool District and Tikrit City have been conducted. In addition to the cross-sectional survey-based determination of the reach geometrical aspects, a sinuosity indices-based evaluation of the reach planform was implemented, utilizing a satellite indices-based approach. Furthermore, the characteristics of bed material were identified through field sampling. Investigation results show that the reach has a steep bed slope and many islands of low altitude with an elongated shape. The reach has a mild sinuosity with alternating bars. The dominant particle sizes of the bed material are coarse and medium gravel with a dominant particle shape of disc particles. Moreover, the satellite-based change detection indicated the fading out and disappearance of some secondary channels, the growth of many islands, and the movement of some bends downstream. The percentage of changing parts for the period 1975–2021 is 14%. Most of this change, 11%, occurred after the construction of the Mosul Dam. This reveals the sensitivity of reach morphology to flow change due to the construction of dams. The conducted fieldwork and the applied methodology contribute to supporting efforts to add knowledge worldwide about uninvestigated rivers. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-07-03 Full Text: PDF
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rivers – Environmental aspects – Botswana"
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Msukwa, Chimwemwe Kanyamana. "Strategic interests in transboundary river cooperation in Southern Africa – the case of the Okavango." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5239.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water is life. Its availability and quality directly relates to what is possible in agriculture as well as human health. In Southern Africa, water issues have become an important political agenda as a result of the droughts that the region has been experiencing. The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), in its water protocol advises its member states to set up river basin organisations to manage transboundary rivers in Southern Africa. The aim is to encourage the sustainable use of international rivers. Sharing international rivers has proven to be a very difficult issue as shown by the voting patterns on the UN Convention on the Law of Non Navigational Uses of Transboundary Rivers and the subsequent failure of entry into force of this convention. While strategic interests on the global levels manifest themselves in voting patterns in forums like the UN Assembly, the situation is trickier at the regional level. These strategic interests are ever present as a result of states’ need for recognition of their sovereignty and the inability of states to accept any hierarchical enforcement. This study investigates the impact of these interests at the basin level on the structure of cooperation. With the use of a case study, namely the Okavango River Basin Commission, and guided by regime theory, the study looks at the process of regime formation and maintenance in the basin. It concludes that states use cooperative arrangements (international water cooperation regimes) as tools for the strategic protection of their sovereignty.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water is lewe. Die beskikbaarheid en kwaliteit het direk te betrekking op wat moontlik toeneemed is in landbou so wel as menslike gesondheid. Water as ʼn noodsaaklike bron in suider-Afrika word meer en meer beskou as ʼn belangrike kwessie op die politieke agenda as gevolg van droogte wat in die streek ondervind word. ʼn Hoë vlak van belangrikheid word aan die bestuur van water binne die streek geheg. Die SAOG (Die Suider – Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings gemeenskap), het in sy water protokol aan sy lid state beveel om rivier kom organisasies te stig om beheer uit te oefen oor riviere in Suider- Afrika wat oor grense heen vloei. Die doel is om lidstate aan te moedig om die volhoubare gebruik van internasionale riviere te bevorder . Die vedeling van internasionale riviere is ‘n komplekse kwessie soos wat VN stempatrone aandui ten opsigte van die Wet op die Verbod teen Navigasie op Oorgrensende Riviere en die daaropvolgende versuim van die inwerkingtreding van die Konvensie aandui. As gevolg van state se behoefte vir erkenning van hul soewereiniteit en hul strategiese belange bly die deel van rivierkomme ‘n moeilike internasionale probleem. Hierdie studie ondersoek die impak van die bogenoemde belange op die kom vlak op die struktuur van samewerking. Met die gebruik van ʼn gevallestudie, naamlik die Okovango Rivier Kom Kommissie, en aan die hand van regime teorie, ondersoek die studie die proses van regime formasie asook die problematiek rondom die instandhouding van die Komissie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat state koöperatiewe reëlings (internasionale water samewerking regimes) as instrumente vir die beskerming van hul strategiese soewereiniteit en eie belange gebruik.
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Lesley, Michael Patrick. "The fluxes and fates of arsenic, selenium, and antimony from coal fired power plants to rivers." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180307/unrestricted/lesley%5fmichael%5fp%5f200312%5fms.pdf.
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Mengwe, Moses Seargent. "Towards social impact assessment of copper-nickel mining in Botswana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1443.
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This research study is more of an initiative towards Social Impact Assessment of copper-nickel mining in Botswana. The specific objectives of the study were centred on the assessment of the social impacts of copper-nickel mining in Botswana from the initial mining stage of exploration, surveying and mine site development to mine closure. The study was carried out under the broad hypotheses that mining influences population movement that impact on areas of mining; mining activities have both economic benefits and deleterious social impacts on the local communities found in the areas where mining is taking place; and mine closure has far reaching socio-economic, investment and developmental implications over and above the obvious interests of project owners. To achieve the broad aim as summarised above, the research study used a multi-disciplinary methodology and approach that required several kinds of expertise and sources of information. Hence it used both primary and secondary sources centred on interactive informative interviews, site visits and observations, questionnaires, census data records, mining companies’ publications, published textbooks and journal articles. The research study comprised of three different mines operated by three different mining companies in three varied socio-cultural and ethnic regions of Botswana. First was a detailed Social Impact Assessment of the initial phase of exploration, surveying and mine site development represented by Mowana mine project operated by African Copper in the rural areas of Dugwi and Mosetse. This case study yielded results showing that the social impacts of mining in the area are diverse and extensive. The findings suggest that the impacts relate not only to the possible economic benefits of foreign exchange, employment, the optimal use of available mineral resources and the possible development of Dugwi and Mosetse villages, but extends to the deleterious social impacts. The results also indicated that the social impacts have just begun in the two communities. Hence they point towards a possible disruption within the socio-cultural system of the local people if serious mitigation measures are not put in place; thus suggesting that the early stages of exploration and mine site development results in the most conflict between the mine and the local people. Second was a comprehensive Social Impact Assessment of Tati-Nickel Phoenix mining project in the peri-urban areas of Matshelagabedi and Matsiloje areas representing the mining stage of mine production and expansion. The results from this case study suggest that during vi mine production and expansion, many people were relocated. However, the overriding impression gained from the case study was Tati-Nickel Mining Company’s elaborate corporate policies that suggested good corporate governance and best practices that promote sustainable development. A notable milestone on good corporate governance and best practice that the other two case studies (mining company) could benchmark on is Tati-Nickel’s corporate social responsibility programme that has been designed to ensure that the communities within a fifty kilometre mine radius benefit from the mine. The results from the case study also distinguished the mining stage of production and expansion from the other two because it is associated with the deep entrenchment of the social impacts into the communities near to mining areas. Third was a detailed Social Impact Assessment on Bamangwato Concession Limited mine in the industrial town of Selebi-Phikwe. The case study represented the stage of mine closure. Through the findings of this case study, it became apparent that the economic dependence of Selebi-Phikwe on mining has seen the town developing into a mining town, increasing its vulnerability at mine closure. The results from the case study further suggest that mine closure will degrade the socio-economic sector of the town with ever far reaching socio-economic implications as many people lose their gainful employment, hence suggesting that a possible complete mine closure will be the most traumatic phase leading to major social conflict within the area. Thus the results suggest that at mine closure, the deleterious social impacts will overspill to other areas in Botswana with disastrous effects for the economy of the country. The results yielded through this study established in clear and passionate language that copper-nickel mining in Botswana influences population movements that lead to positive and negative impacts on the communities found in mining areas. Another major finding of the study is that copper-nickel mining activities have both economic benefits and deleterious social impacts on the local communities, hence the recommendation that the copper-nickel mining companies should embrace the concept of sustainable mining for sustainable development to avoid most of the negative impacts of their operations on the local communities.
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Keatimilwe, Kagiso P. "Consequences of modernisation in Botswana : lessons and alternatives for the livestock sector." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30010.
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the effects of post-independence modernisation policies within the cattle sector in Botswana and to suggest alternative ways of dealing with the challenge of development.
The study pursues four research objectives which are:
1. to examine the environmental effects of cattle production by discussing the impacts of policies on disease control as well as changes in rangeland condition;
2. to discuss the social impacts of the modernisation approach to development by examining data on the distribution of cattle, the financial returns that accrue to owners, and the level of subsidies which the sector receives from the government;
3. to determine the degree of vulnerability of the Botswana cattle sector to decisions made outside the country by investigating the influence of the EEC and certain environmental groups on the beef industry.
4. to suggest a set of principles aimed at making development more ecologically sensitive, more beneficial to most people, and more self-reliant in terms of economic and political decisions.
Modernisation theory according to Hirschman and Rostow contends that
inter-dependence with capitalist economies is a prerequisite for development
(primarily defined as economic growth and not addressing environmental issues);
that the accumulation of wealth will lead to the reduction of poverty; and that
all countries can benefit from the development process. By contrast, Dependency theory according to authors including Prebisch, Frank, Amin, and Sunkel has argued that inter-dependence with capitalist economies retards development; that the national accumulation of wealth does not lead to improved living conditions for much of the population; and that there is little prospect for economic growth in the peripheral countries.
The analysis of policies and measures adopted by the Botswana government involving land reform, disease control, pricing and marketing policies and the use of subsidies reveals that economic growth and access to markets have been attained at the expense of both environmental quality and equity. Future policy for the livestock sector cannot ignore criticism of these impacts without jeopardising the beef trade which has largely been determined by the EEC. This European Community influence raises questions about the extent to which Botswana is in control of her development policy.
Drawing largely from the work of Gardner, the thesis addresses the above concerns by suggesting a set of policy guidelines which identify both the ends and means of decision-making. This framework recognises that the goals of development must include ecological sustainability and economic and political self-reliance in addition to material benefits. Although it recognises the magnitude of the development problems, the thesis concludes by suggesting specific issues which should be investigated to improve living conditions in the country.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Mmualefe, Lesego Cecilia. "Sample preparation for pesticide analysis in water and sediments a case study of the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005006.
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This thesis presents a first ever extensive analysis of pesticides in water and sediments from the Okavango Delta, Botswana, employing green sample preparation techniques that require small volumes of organic solvents hence generating negligible volumes of organic solvent waste. Pesticides were extracted and pre-concentrated from water by solid phase extraction (SPE) and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) while supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) were employed for sediments. Subsequent analysis was carried out on a gas chromatograph with electron capture detection and analytes were unequivocally confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometric detection. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trans-chlordane, 4,4′-DDD and 4,4′-DDE were detected after optimized HS-SPME in several water samples from the lower Delta at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 61.4 μg L-1 that are much higher than the 0.1 μg L-1 maximum limit of individual organochlorine pesticides in drinking water set by the European Community Directive. The same samples were cleaned with ISOLUTE C18 SPE sorbent with an optimal acetone/n-hexane (1:1 v/v) mixture for the elution of analytes. No pesticides were detected after SPE clean-up and pre-concentration. HCB, aldrin and 4, 4‟-DDT were identified in sediments after SFE at concentration ranges of 1.1 - 30.3, 0.5 – 15.2 and 1.4 – 55.4 μg/g, respectively. There was an increase of pesticides concentrations in the direction of water flow from the Panhandle (point of entry) to the lower delta. DDE, fatty acids and phthalates were detected after PFE with optimized extraction solvent and temperature. The presence of DDT metabolites in the water and sediments from the Okavango Delta confirm historical exposure to the pesticide. However their cumulative concentration increase in the water-flow direction calls for further investigation of point sources for the long-term preservation of the Delta. The green sample preparation techniques and low toxicity solvents employed in this thesis are thus recommended for routine environmental monitoring exercises.
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Wong, Wing-sze, and 黃穎詩. "Water chemistry in the Kam Tin basin, natural and authropogenic influences." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38605843.
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Madzwamuse, Masego S. "Adaptive livelihood strategies of the Basarwa: a case of Khwai and Xaxaba, Ngamiland district, Botswana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005286.
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This thesis looks into the land use and natural resource management systems of Basarwa communities in Ngamiland in the northwest of Botswana. The study specifically focuses on Basarwa communities living in and on the edges of the Okavango Delta. The link between these communities and their natural resources is explored using the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework and the Adaptive Renewal Cycle. The core assumption in this thesis is that livelihood strategies are constantly renewed and adapted to promote resilience in ecological and social systems. Fieldwork data collected between May 2000 and July 2001 and secondary data is used to deliberate on this point. The thesis confirms that the Basarwa’s livelihood strategies were adaptive only in as far as traditional livelihoods are concerned. The thesis traces the changes that the Basarwa have experienced as a result of policy restrictions through the different phases of the adaptive renewal cycle. The period following Independence in Botswana saw a policy shift which resulted in the Basarwa becoming landless. With mainly land-based livelihood strategies, the Basarwa were faced with new forms of crises and vulnerability which their traditional adaptive strategies were not designed for. It comes to the conclusion that the Basarwa are currently stuck in a reorganisation phase; however, the CBNRM Draft Policy of Botswana offers a glimpse of hope as it provides an opportunity for the Basarwa to progress through the full cycle of reorganisation, renewal, conservation and release.
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Dwyer, Brian James, University of Western Sydney, College of Social and Health Sciences, and School of Natural Sciences. "Aspects of governance and public participation in remediation of the Murray-Darling Basin." THESIS_CSHS_NS_Dwyer_B.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/776.
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This thesis addresses the question “What is the essence of the Murray Darling river system conundrum that is usually posed as an issue of environmental remediation?”- following perceptions of problems in catchment strategy formulation regarding project selection and public consultation. The question is initially seen as having four facets – governance, public, participation and remediation. An initial literature review indicated that previous examination of these topics seemed insufficiently radical or comprehensive for the enquiry’s purposes, seeming not to attribute full humanness to members of the public. A fieldwork program of quasi-anthropological nature was conducted. Interpretation of the fieldwork reports focuses primarily on the lack of attribution of full humanness to members of the public. Interpretive techniques including a phenomenological-style process was applied and found that the district houses a number of unrecognised people “nexors’ occupying linking or nexus roles who exercise personal skills and initiatives to underpin effective remediation outcomes. Towards the end of the fieldwork program, further literature indicated that the initial four-facet nature of the enquiry should be reformulated, to include the overall nature of western society as it appears in the district (in place of participation), to reconstitute the concept of remediation more radically. Governance as a topic is broader than the ways in which it appears in the examined district, and suitable hybridizing of competing world view concepts remains unresolved in this thesisDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Fagbayigbo, Bamidele Oladapo. "Perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the Plankenburg (Stellenbosch) and Diep (Milnerton) Rivers, and potential remediation using vitis vinifera leaf litter." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2668.
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Thesis (DTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.This study represents the first monitoring campaign to assess the seasonal trend of nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in surface water and sediment from the Plankenburg and Diep Rivers in the Western Cape, South Africa. An analytical protocol was developed and validated for qualitative and quantitative routine determination of nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), in water and sediment samples using Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quadrupole time of flight (UPLC-QTOF-MS). This method was applied to determine levels of PFOA and PFOS in environmental samples. Samples were collected along the Diep (Milnerton) and Plankenburg (Stellenbosch) Rivers respectively. Samples were pre-treated, cleaned-up and extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) C-18 cartridges. Seasonal variation and distribution of PFCs in surface water and sediment was also investigated. Levels of PFCs were monitored in four seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring) to establish their trend in the environment. The removal of PFOA and PFOS from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomass of Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter was also studied. Activated carbons were produced from the biomass and chemical activation achieved with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for the modification of the carbons’ (AC-H3PO4 and AC-KOH respectively). Activated carbons were characterized using Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) in order to understand the removal mechanisms of the contaminants by activated carbons. The effects of solution concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and the temperature were optimized for evaluation of the removal efficiency of the activated carbons. Adsorption isotherm models were used to analyze the equilibrium data obtained and kinetic models were applied to study sorption mechanisms. A fixed bed column study was conducted using: AC-H3PO4 adsorbent. Experimental parameters such as initial concentration of the solution, column bed height, flow rate and initial concentrations of the influent were optimized to establish the best adsorption efficiency parameters of the column system. Breakthrough curve and exhaustion time were predicted using Adam-Bohart, Yoon-Nelson, and Thomas models for the fixed bed column under varying experimental conditions.
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Mutingwende, Nhamo. "Identification of agricultural and industrial pollutants in the Kat River, Eastern Cape and their effect on agricultural products found along the river banks." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020242.
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There is growing concern that commonly used Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and pesticides are entering and contaminating drinking water supplies. The use of targeted quantitation of PPCP has been well established but there is an emerging trend to also screen for and identify unexpected environmental pollutants. Chemicals like pesticides hormones and antibiotics are especially of interest because of proven endocrine disrupting effects and a possible development of bacterial resistance. Powerful screening methods are required to detect and quantify the presence of these compounds in our environment. PPCP encompass a wide range of pollutants, including Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC), pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, x-ray contrast agents and drinking water disinfection by-products to name a few. In order to properly assess the effects of these compounds on our environment, it is necessary to accurately monitor their presence. The diversity of chemical properties of these compounds makes method development challenging. LC/MS/MS is able to analyse polar, semi-volatile, and thermally labile compounds covering a wide molecular weight range. The new AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS was used to profile environmental samples for unexpected pollutants, to identify and characterise the chemical composition and structure of the pollutants, and to quantify (based on intensity) the concentration in collected water samples. Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/ MS) is able to analyse polar, semi-volatile, and thermally labile compounds covering a wide molecular weight range, such as pesticides, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, x-ray contrast agents, drinking water disinfection by-products etc. More recently there is a growing interest from environmental researchers to also screen for and identify non-targeted compounds in environmental samples, including metabolites and degradates, but also completely unexpected pollutants. The new AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS system is capable of performing highly sensitive and fast MS scanning experiments to search for unknown molecular ions while also performing selective and characteristic MS/MS scanning for further compound identification and, therefore, is the instrument of choice for this challenging task. General unknown screening workflows do not use a target analyte list and compound detection is not based on any prior knowledge, including retention times and information on possible molecular and fragment ions. Therefore, acquired chromatograms are very rich in information and can easily contain thousands of ions from both any compounds present in the sample as well as from the sample matrix itself. Thus, powerful software tools are needed to explore such data to identify the unexpected compound. Water samples were collected both upstream and downstream of two WWTPs (Seymour and Fort Beaufort) and were directly injected on the AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS after being filtered. 15 sample points along the Kat River, ranging from a point as close to the source as possible to a point just before it joins the Great Fish River were used. The samples collected from the source were used as the control in each of the experiments, the assumption being the closer you get to the source, the less contaminated the water would be for the analysis of pesticides. Points were selected where the Kat River crosses the R67 or on farms where the river was accessible using farm roads. Samples were collected from October 2013 to November 2014.The Peak view software and Analyst software were used in the analysis of PPCPs. The XIC Manager allows you to manage large lists of compounds and perform automatic extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) calculations and review results operations. The results were displayed in the chromatogram pane and the XIC table (see results). The results reported here in this thesis indicate that there is contamination in the Kat River water due to both pesticides and PPCPs. The results also indicate that the food products are also contaminated and hence both the Kat River agricultural produce and its water need to be closely monitored for both pesticide and PPCPs contaminants. Further studies to investigate the quantitative levels of pesticides and PPCPs in the Kat river water to determine if the concentration levels of the detected pesticides are below the reported Maximum Residues Limits will be explored in the future.
Books on the topic "Rivers – Environmental aspects – Botswana"
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Brookes, Andrew. Channelized rivers: Perspectives for environmental management. Chichester: Wiley, 1988.
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W, Arntzen Jaap. A profile of environment and development in Botswana. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Institute for Environmental Studies, Free University, 1986.
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Executive, Scotland Parliament. Rivers,Lochs,Coasts: The future of Scotland's waters. [Edinburgh]: Scottish Executive, 2001.
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M, Flanagan Sarah, Robinson Keith W, Geological Survey (U.S.), and National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), eds. Water quality of selected rivers in the New England Coastal Basins in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, 1998-2000. Pembroke, N.H: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.
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Prowse, Terry Donald. Impacts of flow regulation on the aquatic ecosystem of the Peace and Slave Rivers. Edmonton: Northern River Basins Study, 1996.
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J, Gilliom Robert. Pesticides in the nation's rivers, 1975-1980, and implications for future monitoring. [Washington]: U.S.G.P.O., 1985.
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Gilliom, Robert J. Pesticides in the nation's rivers, 1975-1980, and implications for future monitoring. [Washington]: U.S.G.P.O., 1985.
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Stoett, Peter J. Atoms, whales, and rivers: Global environmental security and international organization. Commack, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 1995.
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Michael, Collier. Dams and rivers: A primer on the downstream effects of dams. Tucson, Ariz: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Rivers – Environmental aspects – Botswana"
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Tayie, Mohamed Salman. "The Legal Aspects of the International Rivers: The Nile River as a Case Study." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 655–715. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2016_111.
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Clark, P., D. Palmer, P. Joyce, and R. Pether. "Environmental aspects of the hydraulic design of the twin rivers diversion for Terminal 5, Heathrow Airport." In Environmental Hydraulics and Sustainable Water Management, Two Volume Set, 847–52. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16814-140.
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Prescott, Michaela F. "River-Edge Relationships." In River Cities in Asia. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463721851_ch07.
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Although the poor condition of rivers in Indonesian cities is significant, there is limited documentation and comparison of river improvement projects specific to socio-spatial factors. Furthermore, there is a need for practical examples of projects to support policy-making, design, and implementation. This chapter describes a comparative analysis of qualitative aspects of river improvement in Indonesia, based upon fieldwork documenting material evidence of the reconfiguration of the edges of four urbanized rivers. This evidence was classified based on aspects of the physical environment influencing the river-edge relationship. The findings illustrated the potential of neighborhood-centered projects to have positive environmental impacts. The chapter concludes with a series of forward-looking recommendations for the design of river-city relationships.
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Martin, Randall. "Localism, Deforestation, and Environmental Activism in The Merry Wives of Windsor." In Shakespeare and Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199567027.003.0006.
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Poisoned towns and rivers, species extinctions, and now climate change have confirmed many times over how modern dreams of limitless growth combined with relentless technological exploitation have compromised planetary life at every level. In response to such degradation, the integrity of local place has been a major orientation for environmental ethics and criticism. The origins of localism are conventionally traced to late-eighteenth-and nineteenth-century critiques of urban industrialization, and Romanticism’s corresponding veneration for rural authenticity and wilderness spaces. Mid-twentieth-century environmentalism revived this ‘ethic of proximity’ in denouncing the release of pollutants and carcinogens into local soils, waters, and atmospheres by civil offshoots of military manufacturing and industrial agriculture. Those releases did not stay local, but soon penetrated regional water systems and wind patterns to become worldwide problems. Such networks of devastation continue to grow, especially in developing countries eager to mimic the worst aspects of Western consumer culture. In response to these developments, ecotheorists have partially revised locally focused models of environmental protection. Planetary threats such as rising global temperatures, melting polar ice sheets, and more intense storms have made it imperative to update the famous Sierra Club slogan and to act globally as well as locally. Localism has also been reshaped by conservation biology’s new recognition that geophysical disturbances and organic change are structural features of all healthy ecosystems. Within these more complicated ecological paradigms, the cultivation of relatively balanced and genuinely sustainable local relationships nonetheless remains an important conservationist worldview. In early modern England it was the leading life experience out of which responses to new environmental dangers were conceived. In this chapter I shall discuss Shakespeare’s representations of one of the three most significant of these threats—deforestation—in The Merry Wives of Windsor. (The other two, exploitative land-uses and gunpowder militarization, will be the subjects of Chapters 2 and 3 respectively). Early modern English writers and governments treated deforestation as a national problem, even though its impacts were concentrated mainly in the Midlands and the south-east.
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Hamill, Chad S. "The Earth Is (Still) Our Mother." In Transforming Ethnomusicology Volume II, 115–25. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197517550.003.0007.
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As many large-scale protests by Indigenous people have articulated, lands inhabited by Indigenous communities (such as desert margins, small islands, lakes and rivers, high-altitude zones, and the circumpolar Arctic) are particularly vulnerable to the dramatic shifts in climate currently underway. The delicate ecosystems upon which Indigenous communities rely are in flux, and the accelerating rate of climate change—outpacing the direst scientific projections—amounts to a crisis that is every bit as threatening as the legacy of European colonialism. Fortunately, for millennia Indigenous communities have cultivated an intimate awareness of their ecology and have remained, throughout the era of world-wide industrial devastation, adept at adapting to environmental change. This awareness and adaptive power has been discussed within the framework of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). Using traditional stories and songs in Indigenous communities as a touchstone, this chapter will explore three interrelated aspects of TEK: (1) its role in assisting Indigenous communities in adapting to the effects of climate change; (2) its potential to inform and influence Western-generated climate science; and (3) its promise as a unifying thread tying Indigenous communities together, strengthening global self-determination.
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Corredor, Mauricio, and Amalia Muñoz-Gómez. "Pharmaceutical Antibiotics at a Significant Level in Nature: From Hospitals, Livestock, and Plants to Soil, Water, and Sea." In Emerging Contaminants. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95368.
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Antibiotics were the world’s great therapeutic hope after the Second World War, but today, unmonitored use has become one of the greatest risks for humanity. Without overestimation, one of the last scientific books on antibiotics was entitled: Antibiotics, the perfect storm. Before to environmental contamination by antibiotics, the pathogens got resistant to them. Because of the radical changes that antibiotics have brought about, they can generate new resistant bacteria in the environment that were previously harmless. These microorganisms will be exposed to concentrations of antibiotics never reached or will be exposed to unknown molecules that, for many of them, in certain environments, have never been exposed before. Initially, many of these antibiotics did not penetrate soils with high agricultural production, but in the following decades, they were even interspersed into crops. Nowadays, hundreds of tons of antibiotics are dumped into rivers and the sea. Many hospitals have water treatment facilities to prevent significant contamination, but not all companies, farms, and hospitals in developed, emerging, or poor countries apply wastewater treatment. Antibiotics are incorporated into wild microorganisms and plants, triggering a broad “unnatural” resistance, which will rapidly incorporate this information into the genome of other pathogenic microorganisms by horizontal transfer. On the other hand, antibiotics could be incorporated into drinking water and water intended for human or agricultural consumption that travels without being detected or monitored. This review covers the most important aspects of environmental pollution by antibiotics.
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Paliou, Eleftheria, and Andrew Bevan. "Computational Approaches to Minoan Settlement Interaction and Growth." In Minoan Architecture and Urbanism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793625.003.0020.
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Several recent approaches to Minoan urbanism have revisited the kinds of formal models and analyses first developed in fields such as urban studies or statistical physics. The goal of such applications is usually to better capture and understand the relationship between people, paths, places, and cultural interaction in terms of nodes, networks, and flows. This emphasis first appeared in Aegean Bronze Age archaeology at least thirty years ago, for example via isolated attempts to interpret built spaces using graph-based methods (Yannouli 1992). More recently, however, the idea that networks of human interaction are a key generator of urban development and social change has been progressively gaining ground in Minoan studies for several different spatial scales of analysis (see also Hacıgüzeller and Thaler 2014; Letesson 2009, 2014). At the macro-scale (many settlements in a landscape or multiple Aegean islands for instance), various forms of ‘spatial interaction model’ have been used to explore settlement evolution, population movement, the transmission of cultural traits, socio-political organization, and interregional trade (Bevan and Crema 2014; Bevan and Wilson 2013; Knappett, Evans, and Rivers 2008; Knappett, Rivers, and Evans 2011; Paliou and Bevan 2016). Central to these works have also been concerns about how best to identify and model environmental and spatial factors influencing past human interactions and settlement attractiveness and how to make effective use of material culture evidence in the model-building process. In this chapter, we reflect on this trend and draw upon previous experience in applying simulations of settlement interaction in the Cretan landscape to revisit some of these issues. In particular, we describe briefly computational models that aim to explore the emergence of place and path hierarchies at the island level, examine the links between cultural transmission and geographic distance, and look into the benefits of combining settlement and artefact data to approach aspects of socio-political organization. The growth, decline, and interaction of Bronze Age Cretan settlements have long been part of wider discussions about socio-political organization in the second millennium BC, not least with regard to different notions of Minoan palatial territoriality and political geography.
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Kemmerer, Lisa. "A Fishy Business." In Eating Earth. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391844.003.0007.
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Oceans cover the majority of the planet and are home to a vast quantity of diverse yet interconnected ecosystems. The volume of living space provided by the sea is 168 times greater than that provided by the earth’s landscapes (Clark et al. 5). Given the wealth of creatures living in the seas, as well as those in lakes, swamps, and rivers, and given the much-touted health aspects of aquatic flesh and the environmental nightmare linked with animal agriculture, should we turn to a diet of pollock, shrimp, and salmon? In the 18th and 19th centuries, a mercury wash was used to produce felt hats. In the process workers were exposed to and absorbed bits of the substance and developed mercury poisoning. As a consequence, those who were employed in the felt hat industry often stumbled about “in a confused state with slurred speech and trembling hands” and “were sometimes mistaken for drunks” (“Mad as a Hatter”). Mercury poisoning “attacks the nervous system, causing drooling, hair loss, uncontrollable muscle twitching, a lurching gait, and difficulties in talking and thinking” (“Mad as a Hatter”). From this comes the term made famous in Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland, “mad as a hatter.” Between 1973 and 1997, fish consumption rose from 45 to 91 million metric tons (Delgado 1). The American Heart Association recommends eating fish at least twice a week for heart health (“Omega-3 Fatty Acids”). The National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition accepted “thousands of dollars from the fishing industry” to promote a recommendation that pregnant women eat “at least 12 ounces of fish per week” (“Fishy Recommendations” 23). Fish flesh is touted as “healthy meat” in comparison with the flesh of terrestrial animals. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are credited with helping everything from heart disease to diabetes, but fish flesh also contains deadly mercury (as well as “dioxins . . . and poly-chlorinated biphenyls”—PCBs) (“Omega-3 Fatty Acids”). Longer-living predator fish such as tuna, marlin, shark, mackerel, and swordfish “can have mercury concentrations that are hundreds or thousands of times, possibly even a million times, greater than concentrations in the water in which they swim” (Smith and Lourie 151).
Conference papers on the topic "Rivers – Environmental aspects – Botswana"
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Alema´n, Miguel A´ngel, Ramiro Bermeo, Andre´s Mendiza´bal, and Wong Loon. "Successful Social Environmental Management Model, Implemented in Ecuador to Overcome Impacts From a Heavy Crude Oil Spill." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31179.
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On February 25, 2009, OCP Ecuador S.A. faced its first incident; an oil spill consisting of 11,700 barrels of heavy crude oil in an area of high biodiversity in eastern Ecuador. An earth movement caused stress in the pipeline causing its breakage. The temporarily impacted area covered 30 hectares of soil and gravel along 180 kilometers of three rivers that form the high watershed of the Amazon River; these rivers are the Santa Rosa, Quijos and the Coca. During the emergency, while workers rallied to contain the spill and clean the affected area, other workers took safety precautions regarding the health of the inhabitants of the area. Consequently, 1,258 residents from the Gonzalo Pizarro and Orellana cantons received medical assistance in order to rule out patients with pathologies related to the oil spill. OCP executed a joint effort with the Emergency Operations Committee (COE) stationed in Coca in order to supply water for the citizens that reside in the affected area. OCP responded to the requirements claimed by residents, all of which were approved by the COE. Communities affected by the event participated in cleaning efforts through the creation of temporary jobs for them. OCP strictly adhered to the regulations passed by the Ministry of the Environment and those of internationally accepted best practices for these types of events. The media and the citizenry were kept continuously abreast of developments. In addition, all corresponding works and reliability tests were performed on March 4 in order to restart pumping activities. On September 30th, 2009, and following a rigorous process of cleaning and remediation (L&Rr—in Spanish) activities, all tasks were completed in all affected areas prior to an inspection and a walking tour of the area performed by governmental authorities, community members and independent observers. For the collective benefit of affected communities, the environment and OCP, local authorities and international auditors recognized the model established during the event. OCP created a taskforce charged with the execution of the Environmental Remediation Program (PRA—in Spanish) and environmental authorities prepared and approved this program. The Environmental Remediation Taskforce (UPRA) covered the following aspects related to the incident: legal, environmental, cleaning and remediation technical aspects, as well as social, environmental, financial, insurance, internal and external communication aspects, along with a rigorous oversight of contractors. The model implemented is the first of its kind deployed in Ecuador. National and international regulations in force validated the methodology used to remediate the soil, riverbanks and surface water contaminated with the oil caused by the incident. The application of this methodology, aptly deployed in response to the distress situation present at the various affected areas, allowed a reduction in a short period, of the total hydrocarbon concentrations established in the environmental standard, to equal or lower values than those previously indicated for sensitive ecosystems. OCP developed and implemented a technical, environmental and economic matrix that allowed the Company to choose and justify the remediation methods used in affected areas.
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Al-Ani, Ibrahim, Hayder Al-Thamery, and Wan Mohtar,. "Multi Criteria Decision Making to Optimize the Best Runoff Control Measure Contributing to Haditha Dam Reservoir." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.217.
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In Iraq, the two dominating surface water sources are Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in which some dams constructed on both of them forming reservoirs. Haditha Dam reservoir is one of the most essential sources of drinking, irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation in Anbar State, Western Part of Iraq. Besides, the reservoir is a unique habitat with a wide spectrum of biodiversity. The objective of this study is to investigate and monitor the water quality in Haditha Dam reservoir and introduce the Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) to highlight the best runoff control measure depending on selected criteria and criteria weights. Experts were interviewed for the selection of criteria and for the assignment of the weight factor and scores. Four criteria from three categories such as technical, economic and environmental aspects were selected. Results from this study indicated that a distinguished difference in TSS and Turbidity between the dry and wet seasons and necessitates the installation of runoff control measures. It was found that the soil binders, sediment basin and diversion channel are the best alternatives for controlling erosion, sediment and drainage respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed very strong decision made by the experts for the technical, economic and environmental criteria.
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Ting, Yang, Li Guang Sheng, Li Zeng Fen, Peng Yue, and Hu Jian. "Study on Effects of Environment Conditions on Essential Service Water System of Nuclear Power Station." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66189.
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For nuclear power stations, the main function of Essential Service Water System (ESWS) is to discharge the waste heat from reactor core and spent fuel pool to the environment controllably, which is directly related to the safety and economy of nuclear power stations. Usually ESWS use open water from sea, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, as heat transfer medium. Extremely harsh environmental conditions may disable system functions and even lead to ESWS failure, directly reduce the safety and economy of nuclear power stations, and cause serious nuclear accidents. Failure of ESWS is one of the main reasons that lead to the Fukushima nuclear accident because of the loss of electricity after the earthquake and tsunami. Based on the typical ESWS configuration and conditions of serving nuclear power stations in China, the influence of environmental conditions on the function of water system is studied, and the corresponding measures are analyzed. These conditions can be divided into three categories: temperatures, water levels, and physical and chemical characteristics. Temperatures affect cooling characteristic of ESWS mainly. Nuclear power stations in tropical areas need to focus on cooling capacity might be reduced by high temperature. Those in cold region need attention to excessive cooling and freezing problems caused by low temperature. The influence of water levels is mainly fluid transport capacity and selection of equipment to ESWS. When the range of natural water level is too wide, designers shall consider measures to narrow it, such as the construction of highly reliable reservoir. Inland nuclear power stations shall try to ensure the reliability of ESWS; prevent water level changes beyond the scope of design caused by drought and flood disasters. The effects of physical and chemical properties are derived from the open water characteristics, including high salinity, high chloride ion concentration, carrying solid particles, suspended solids, and aquatics, and so on. These characteristics will cause the equipment and pipeline eroded or even damaged, aqueducts of intake and output jammed, heat exchangers of the final heat sink weakened and other negative effects, resulting in ESWS performance decline. Some of these factors are the characteristics of station site natural environment, some others are changes caused by human activities. Some factors are sustained, long-term; some others may be sudden, temporary. Influence on these factors need to be taken measures from many aspects, including structure, biological disinfection, special materials and equipment, environmental protection measures around the nuclear power station, and so on. On the whole, the environmental factors that affect ESWS in the nuclear power stations are wide, and the influence mechanism is more complex. These factors ultimately act on ESWS, but most of them cannot be banished inside of ESWS or the final heat sink system. Against the negative effects from environmental conditions, it has to be considered from all steps in the engineering of nuclear power stations, including design, construction and operation. All the measures shall be suitable to local conditions, in order to ensure the safety and economy of nuclear power stations.