Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rivers – Namibia

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Rivers – Namibia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Rivers – Namibia"

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Paillou, Philippe, Sylvia Lopez, Eugene Marais, and Klaus Scipal. "Mapping Paleohydrology of the Ephemeral Kuiseb River, Namibia, from Radar Remote Sensing." Water 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051441.

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The Kuiseb River is one of the major ephemeral rivers of Western Namibia, setting the northern limit of the Namib Sand Sea and outflowing in the Atlantic Ocean at Walvis Bay. Such ephemeral rivers are of the highest importance for the country since they are related both to recent past climatic conditions and to potential water resources. Using high-resolution radar images from the Japanese ALOS-2 satellite, we mapped for the first time the numerous channels hidden under the surface aeolian sediments: while the non-permanent tributaries of the Kuiseb River appear north of its present-day bed, a wide paleochannel system running westward, assumed by previous studies, could be clearly observed in the interdune valleys in the south. Radar-detected channels were studied during fieldwork in May 2019, which produced both subsurface ground-penetrating radar profiles and high-resolution drone-generated digital elevation models. It allowed us to confirm the existence of the “Paleo–Kuiseb” drainage system, a remnant of the Holocene history of the Kuiseb River, moving northward under the progression of the Namib Sand Sea. Our observations also contribute to the explanation of the young age of the linear dunes at the northern edge of the Namib Sand Sea, which are currently active and are pushing the Kuiseb River course toward the north.
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Miller, R. McG, C. Krapf, T. Hoey, J. Fitchett, A.-K. Nguno, R. Muyambas, A. Ndeutepo, A. Medialdea, A. Whitehead, and I. Stengel. "A sedimentological record of fluvial-aeolian interactions and climate variability in the hyperarid northern Namib Desert, Namibia." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 575–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0008.

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Abstract The aeolian regime of the 100 km wide, hyperarid Namib Desert has been sporadically punctuated by the deposition of fluvial sediments generated during periods of higher humidity either further inland or well within the desert from Late Oligocene to Late Holocene. Four new Late Cenozoic formations are described from the northern Skeleton Coast and compared with formations further south: the Klein Nadas, Nadas (gravels, sands), Vulture’s Nest (silts) and Uniab Boulder Formations. The Klein Nadas Formation is a trimodal mass-flow fan consisting of thousands of huge, remobilised, end-Carboniferous Dwyka glacial boulders, many >3 m in length, set in an abundant, K-feldspar-rich and sandy matrix of fine gravel. Deluge rains over the smallest catchments deep within the northern Namib were the driving agent for the Klein Nadas Fan, the termination of which, with its contained boulders, rests on the coastal salt pans. These rains also resulted in catastrophic mass flows in several of the other northern Namib rivers. The Uniab Boulder Formation, being one, consists only of huge free-standing boulders. Gravelly fluvial deposition took place during global interglacial and glacial events. The Skeleton Coast Erg and other smaller dune trains blocked the rivers at times. The low-energy, thinly bedded silt deposits of the central and northern Namib are quite distinctive from the sands and gravels of older deposits. Their intermittent deposition is illustrated by bioturbation and pedogenesis of individual layers. Published offshore proxy climatological data (pollens, upwelling, wind, sea surface temperatures) point to expansion of the winter-rainfall regime of the southern Cape into southwestern Angola during strong glacial periods between the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. In contrast to deposition initiated by short summer thunder storms, we contend that the silt successions are river-end accumulations within which each layer was deposited by runoff from comparatively gentle winter rains that lasted several days.
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Setti, M., A. Lόpez-Galindo, M. Padoan, and E. Garzanti. "Clay mineralogy in southern Africa river muds." Clay Minerals 49, no. 5 (December 2014): 717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2014.049.5.08.

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AbstractThe composition, morphology and crystal order of clay minerals in silt-sized sediments carried in suspensions from 25 major rivers across tropical southern Africa have been studied by X-ray diffractometry and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Our goal was to determine the spatial variability of clay-mineral associations in diverse geological settings, and in climatic conditions ranging from humid Angola and Zambia to hyperarid Namibia and the Kalahari. Specific attention was paid to the micromorphology and chemical composition of smectite particles. The relative abundance of smectites, illite/mica, kaolinite and chlorite enabled identification of regions characterized by different physical and chemical processes: (1) negligible chemical weathering is documented in Namibia, where river muds mostly contain illite/mica or smectite derived from Damara metasedimentary or Etendeka volcanic rocks; (2) kaolinite documenting intense weathering, reaches a maximum in the Okavango, Kwando and Upper Zambezi, sourced in subequatorial Angola and Zambia; (3) suspended-load muds in the Limpopo and middle Zambezi catchments display intermediate features, with varied assemblages and smectite compositions reflecting diverse parent lithologies. Clay mineralogy and chemical composition are confirmed as a most effective tool to unravel present and past climatic conditions on a continental scale.
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Botes, A., J. Henderson, T. Nakale, K. Nantanga, K. Schachtschneider, and M. Seely. "Ephemeral rivers and their development: testing an approach to basin management committees on the Kuiseb River, Namibia." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, no. 20-27 (January 2003): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.028.

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Ringrose, Susan, Wilma Matheson, Mary Seely, Lin Cassidy, Stephan Coetzee, and Thebe Kemosidile. "Aspects of floodplain deposition in semi-arid ephemeral rivers, examples from the Kuiseb river valley, central Namibia." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 69, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2014.953623.

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Douglas, Caitlin M. S., Mark Mulligan, Xavier A. Harrison, Joh R. Henschel, Nathalie Pettorelli, and Guy Cowlishaw. "Widespread dieback of riparian trees on a dammed ephemeral river and evidence of local mitigation by tributary flows." PeerJ 4 (October 27, 2016): e2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2622.

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Ephemeral rivers act as linear oases in drylands providing key resources to people and wildlife. However, not much is known about these rivers’ sensitivities to human activities. We investigated the landscape-level determinants of riparian tree dieback along the Swakop River, a dammed ephemeral river in Namibia, focusing on the native ana tree (Faidherbia albida) and the invasive mesquite (Prosopisspp.). We surveyed over 1,900 individual trees distributed across 24 sites along a 250 km stretch of the river. General linear mixed models were used to test five hypotheses relating to three anthropogenic threats: river flow disruption from damming, human settlement and invasive species. We found widespread dieback in both tree populations: 51% mortality in ana tree, with surviving trees exhibiting 18% canopy death (median); and 26% mortality in mesquite, with surviving trees exhibiting 10% canopy death. Dieback in the ana tree was most severe where trees grew on drier stretches of the river, where tributary flow was absent and where mesquite grew more abundantly. Dieback in the mesquite, a more drought-tolerant taxon, did not show any such patterns. Our findings suggest that dieback in the ana tree is primarily driven by changes in river flow resulting from upstream dam creation and that tributary flows provide a local buffer against this loss of main channel flow. The hypothesis that the invasive mesquite may contribute to ana tree dieback was also supported. Our findings suggest that large dams along the main channels of ephemeral rivers have the ability to cause widespread mortality in downstream riparian trees. To mitigate such impacts, management might focus on the maintenance of natural tributary flows to buffer local tree populations from the disruption to main channel flow.
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Moser-Nørgaard, P. M., and M. Denich. "Influence of livestock on the regeneration of fodder trees along ephemeral rivers of Namibia." Journal of Arid Environments 75, no. 4 (April 2011): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.11.009.

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Meissner, Richard, and Jeroen Warner. "Indigenous paradiplomacy and the Orokawe hydroelectric dam on the Kunene River." Regions and Cohesion 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2021.110103.

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English Abstract: What role can non-diplomats play in managing and altering power relations in transboundary river basins? We answer this by investigating the lobbying efforts of indigenous peoples to stop the construction of the planned Orokawe (Baynes) dam on the Kunene River. The Kunene River forms part of the border between Angola and Namibia with several concluded treaties in place. These treaties set the context of bilateral state diplomacy concerning the allocation and management of a transboundary water resource. The theoretical foundation of our investigation are ideational power conceptualizations and practice theory. We discuss the employment of ideational power in transboundary rivers with numerous practices, such as lobbying and transnational network development. This article argues that actors consciously practice power during transboundary water diplomacy.Spanish Abstract: ¿Qué papel desempeñan los no-diplomáticos en la gestión y modificación de las relaciones de poder en las cuencas fluviales transfronterizas? Respondemos investigando los esfuerzos de cabildeo de los pueblos indígenas para detener la construcción de la presa Orokawe (Baynes) en el río Kunene, entre Angola y Namibia. La asignación y gestión de este recurso hídrico transfronterizo, cuenta con varios tratados concluidos que establecen el contexto de la diplomacia estatal bilateral. La base teórica de esta investigación son las conceptualizaciones del poder ideacional y la “teoría de la práctica”. El empleo del poder ideacional en ríos transfronterizos se refleja en prácticas como el cabildeo y el desarrollo de redes ransnacionales. Este artículo sostiene que los actores practican conscientemente este poder durante la diplomacia del agua transfronteriza.French Abstract: Quel rôle les non-diplomates peuvent-ils jouer dans la gestion et la modification des relations de pouvoir dans les bassins fluviaux transfrontaliers? Nous répondons à certe question en enquêtant sur les efforts de lobbying des peuples autochtones pour arrêter la construction du projet du barrage d’Orokawe (Baynes) sur le fleuve Kunene. Le Kunene forme une partie de la frontière entre l’Angola et la Namibie, pays entre lesquels plusieurs traités sont en vigueur. Ces traités définissent le contexte de la diplomatie bilatérale des États concernant le partage et la gestion de la ressource en eau transfrontalière. Les fondements théoriques de notre enquête reposent sur les conceptualisations du pouvoir idéationnel et la théorie de la pratique. L’article aborde les nombreuses pratiques du pouvoir idéationnel dans les cours d’eau transfrontaliers, telles que le lobbying et le développement de réseaux transnationaux. Il soutient que les acteurs exercent consciemment le pouvoir dans le cadre de la diplomatie transfrontalière de l’eau.
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Zimmermann, M. "Water resources management in central northern Namibia using empirically grounded modelling." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.090.

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In this paper, a new methodology for the analysis and assessment of water supply regimes is presented. The problems of water supply management in developing countries are multidimensional and interdependent. Conventional methods, which only deal with separated and isolated issues, are not appropriate to deal with these problems. The method presented here, however, can comprehend the whole system. Therefore, using this method, conclusions for the management of adapted institutional and technological transformations can be drawn. In this study, relevant system variables of a problem context are identified, and their interdependencies are assessed and interpreted. This is done by using a method of qualitative interview analysis (grounded theory) and a cybernetic modelling approach (sensitivity analysis). In doing so, it is possible to identify outstanding variables which are essential to understand the system. These variables reveal the weakest links, driving forces, systemic stabilisers and the sustainability indicators of the system. The case study area is the Cuvelai-Etosha-Basin in central northern Namibia where a large-scale water supply system has been established. The water supply in the region is determined by the dependence on external water resources, high precipitation variability, absence of perennial rivers, saline groundwater, population growth and urbanisation.
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Dollar, Evan S. J. "Palaeofluvial geomorphology in southern Africa: a review." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 22, no. 3 (September 1998): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339802200302.

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This article presents an overview of palaeofluvial geomorphology research in southern Africa. For the purposes of this article this includes South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana. Although interest in fluvial systems has a long history in southern Africa, the scientific study of rivers was initiated by the discovery of the first alluvial diamond along the banks of the Orange River in 1867. Since then, significant progress has been made in unravelling the fluvial history of southern Africa from the early Archaean Ventersdorp Contact Reef River to modern channel process studies. The development of an understanding of palaeofluvial systems has occurred along two main lines. The first was alluvial diamond exploration work undertaken by the large mining houses. The second line was of a more ‘academic’ interest and included determining the impact of superimposition, tectonics, base level and climate changes. The review suggests that southern Africa fluvial systems have shown large-scale changes in drainage pattern, discharge and sediment yield and that these can be related to a complex set of causative factors including the geological template, the Jurassic rifting of Gondwana, tectonic episodes and climate change.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rivers – Namibia"

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Sarma, Diganta. "Assessment of sustainable groundwater utilization with case studies from semi-arid Namibia." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5649.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The thesis addresses sustainability of groundwater utilization in arid and semiarid regions of Namibia. Recharge in this hydrogeological setting occurs as discrete events to aquifers that are bounded in extent. Case studies involving fractured hardrock and alluvial aquifers with aquifer-ephemeral river interaction were considered. The nature of recharge to arid region bounded aquifers was explored. In arid region aquifers, roundwater storage is depleted during extended dry periods due to pumping and natural discharge. Steady state conditions are rarely achieved. With lowering of the water table, evapotranspiration is reduced thus decreasing aquifer discharge. However, depletion of ephemeral river flow is the primary source of water to boreholes. Physical constraints such as river bed and aquifer hydraulic properties set a limit to the degree of natural replenishment possible during flow events. An approach to assessing sustainable yield of a fractured rock aquifer associated with ephemeral river flow is discussed using a case study from rural semi-arid Namibia. Limited data required the simulation results to be verified against geological and hydrogeological constraints. The aquifer’s gain in storage is estimated through numerical simulation. It provides a basis for groundwater scheme management that rely on limited data in semi-arid conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. Aspects related to ephemeral river flow and groundwater recharge to strip alluvial aquifers was addressed in the second case study. The processes controlling infiltration, significance of surface water and groundwater losses, and possible artificial recharge options were investigated through numerical simulation. It was concluded that recharge processes in arid alluvial aquifers differ significantly from those in humid systems. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources require artificial augmentation of aquifer recharge due to constrains in natural infiltration rates. The study provides a reference for sustainable management of alluvial aquifer systems in similar regions. It is seen from the study that high rates of groundwater exploitation deplete surface water resources needed downstream while failure to capture surface flow during flood events cause loss of potential recharge. It is concluded that as water demand in Namibia increases, basin wide combined surface water and groundwater resource evaluation and management have become a necessity.
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De, Almeida Louise. "The effect of sewage effluent from De Beers marine diamond mining operations on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) and vitellogenin (vtg)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009440.

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Sewage effluents disposed into the marine environment from De Beers Marine Namibia diamond mining vessels have the potential to cause endocrine disruptive effects in marine organisms. Endocrine disruption refers to the alteration of the normal functioning of the endocrine system and various chemicals have the ability to mimic hormones, effecting endogenous hormone synthesis, transport, receptor interaction and intracellular signaling. The potential endocrine disruptive effects, caused by the release of different types of sewage effluents into the ocean, on fish species is a concern due to the commercial importance of fish species found in the mining area e.g. hake, sole, horse mackerel. Increased awareness of marine environmental degradation due to the presence of chemical contaminants has resulted in research being done on early warning systems, in the form of biomarkers. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A (CYP1A) and vitellogenin (vtg) are important proteins found in fish liver and blood, that have been used as biomarkers for the detection of pollutants in fish. CYP1A is a subfamily of the P450 superfamily of enzymes and catalyzes the oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction of exogenous and endogenous compounds (phase I reactions) and thus has the capacity to regulate the metabolism of several organic contaminants. CYP1A expression is altered by exposure to planar xenobiotic compounds e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Vtg is an important precursor for egg yolk proteins and plays a role in the growth and development of an oocyte. Expression of this protein is altered upon exposure to estrogenic compounds. The aim of this project was to isolate CYP1A from fish liver by differential centrifugation and optimize conditions for the CYP1A-mediated ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase (EROD) assay and western blot analysis (to assess CYP1A expression). Another aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of biologically disruptive chemicals from sewage effluents, discharged into the marine environment, on the expression of CYP1A in two species of hake, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus (Cape hake). CYP1A in Cape hake is approximately a 60 kDa protein and the highest EROD activity was detected in the microsomal fraction after differential centrifugation. Optimal EROD assay conditions were observed at pH 7.5, a temperature of 25 °C, 10 μl of sample and a reaction time of 30 seconds. Enzyme stability assays indicated a drastic decrease in enzyme activity after 30 seconds. The EROD assay was not NADPH dependent but was limited by NADPH supply, with an increase of 300% in EROD activity being observed with the addition of 0.1 M exogenous NADPH. The addition of dicumarol (40 μM), a phase II enzyme inhibitor, showed a 232% increase in EROD activity. This is because dicumarol inhibited enzymes with the capacity to metabolize the product (resorufin) of the EROD reaction. With regard to western blot analysis, the optimal primary (rabbit antifish CYP1A peptide) and secondary (anti-mouse/rabbit antibody-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (POD)) antibody dilutions were determined to be 1:1000 and 1:5000, respectively. The comparison of CYP1A expression in Cape hake samples from De Beers Marine mining area and reference sites showed higher EROD activity (16.29 ± 0.91 pmol/min) in fish samples from the mining area in comparison to the reference site (10.42 ± 2.65 pmol/min). Western blot analysis was in agreement with the EROD assay results and a higher CYP1A expression was observed in fish from the mining sites. The increased CYP1A expression observed in fish from the mining area is not definitively an indication of a pollutant effect in the environment, as several environmental and biological factors (e.g. photoperiod and age) must also be considered before reaching this conclusion. Another aim of this study was to purify vtg from Cape hake blood samples. Cape hake vtg was purified from fish plasma by selective precipitation with MgCl2 and EDTA. Precipitated sample was subjected to anion exchange chromatography using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Vtg eluted as two broad peaks and had a molecular weight above 200 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis also resolved smaller molecular weight proteins below 70 kDa, which were thought to be vitellogenin cleavage proteins, lipovitellin and phosphovitins. Western blot analysis was performed; however, it did not produce any conclusive results. The purification of vtg enables further studies in characterizing this protein and developing assay aimed at detecting estrogenic pollutants in the marine environment
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Krapf, Carmen. "Ephemeral river systems at the Skeleton Coast, NW-Namibia sedimentological and geomorphological studies on the braided river dominated Koigab Fan, the cenozoic succession in the Uniabmond area and comparative studies on fluvio-aeolian interaction between ephemeral rivers and the Skeleton Coast erg /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968609740.

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Matengu, Brian Munihango. "Groundwater assessment and sustainable management of the coastal alluvial aquifers in Namib Desert, Namibia: Omdel Aquifer as case study." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7852.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The study addressed the groundwater assessment and sustainable management of the coastal alluvial aquifers in Namib Desert, the Omaruru River Delta Aquifer (Omdel Aquifer) was used as a case study. Sustainable utilization of groundwater in parts of hyper-arid Sub-Saharan Africa, like the Namib Desert, is always a challenge due to lack of resources and data. Understanding of hydrogeological characteristics of the Omaruru Delta Aquifer System is a pre-requisite for the management of groundwater supply in the Central Namib area (Namib Desert). For the Omdel Aquifer in the Omaruru catchment, Namibia, issues to investigate include the lack of information on the geology and hydrogeological setting, the hydraulic properties and geometry of the aquifer at the inflow and outflow sections, groundwater recharge conditions upstream of the aquifer, and the impact of artificial recharge.
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Jobst, Petra. "Investigating water problems of F. albida along the Kuiseb river, Namibia." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25898.

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Spaggiari, Renato Igino. "Sedimentology of plio-pleistocene gravel barrier deposits in the palaeo-Orange River mouth, Namibia : depositional history and diamond mineralisation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004636.

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The largest known marine diamond placer, the Namibian mega-placer, lies along the Atlantic coast of south-western Africa from the Orange River mouth 1,000 km northwards to the Namibian-Angolan border. The most economically viable portion of the Namibian mega-placer (>75 million carats recovered at >95% gem quality) comprises onshore and offshore marine deposits that are developed within ∼100km of the Orange River outfall. For much of the Cainozoic, this long-lived fluvial system has been the main conduit transporting diamonds from kimberlitic and secondary sources in the cratonic hinterland of southern Africa to the Atlantic shelf that has been neutrally buoyant over this period. Highly energetic marine processes, driven in part, by southerly winds with an attendant northward-directed longshore drift, have generated terminal placers that are preserved both onshore and offshore. This study, through detailed field sedimentological and diamond analyses, investigates the development and mineralisation of gravel barrier deposits within the ancestral Orange River mouth area during a major ∼30 m regional transgression ('30 m Package') in the Late Pliocene. At that time, diamond supply from this fluvial conduit was minimal, yet the corresponding onshore marine deposits to the north of the Orange River mouth were significantly diamond enriched, enabling large-scale alluvial diamond mining to take place for over 75 years. Of the entire coastline of south-western Africa, the most complete accumulation of the '30 m Package' is preserved within the palaeo-Orange River mouth as barrier spit and barrier beach deposits. Arranged vertically and laterally in a 16m thick succession, these are deposits of: (1) intertidal beach, (2) lagoon and washover, (3) tidal inlet and spit recurve and (4) storm-dominated subtidal settings. These were parts of larger barrier features, the bulk of which are preserved as highstand deposits that are diamond-bearing with varying, but generally low grades (<13 stones (diamonds) per hundred tons, spht). Intertidal beach and spit recurve deposits have higher economic grades (12-13 spht) due to the energetic sieving and mobile trapping mechanisms associated with their emplacement. In contrast, the less reworked and more sandy subtidal, tidal inlet and washover deposits have un-economic grades (<2 spht). Despite these low grades, the barrier deposits have the largest average stone (diamond) size (1-2 carats/stone, cts/stn) of the entire Namibian mega-placer, given their proximity to the ancestral Orange River outfall. This study demonstrates that barrier shoreline evolution at the fluvial/marine interface was controlled by: (1) a strong and coarse fluvial sediment supply that sustained shoreline growth on a highly energetic coast, (2) accommodation space facilitating sediment preservation and (3) short-duration, high-frequency sea-level cycles superimposed on the∼30 m regional transgression, promoting hierarchal stacking of progradational deposits. During these sea-level fluctuations, diamonds were 'farmed' from older, shelf sequences in the offshore and driven landward to accumulate in '30 m Package' highstand barrier deposits. In spite of the large supply of diamonds, their retention in these deposits was poor due to an incompetent footwall of ancestral Orange River mouth sediment and the inherent cobble-boulder size of the barrier gravels. Thus the principal process controlling diamond entrapment in these barrier deposits was kinetic sieving in a coarse-grained framework. Consequently, at the marine/fluvial interface and down-drift for ∼5 km, larger diamonds (1-2 cts/stn) were retained in low-grade (<2 spht), coarse-gravel barrier shorelines. Smaller diamonds (mostly < I cts/stn) were rejected into the northward-driven littoral sediments and further size-sorted along ∼95 km of Namibian coast to accumulate in finer, high-grade beach placers (> 100 spht) where bedrock footwall promoted such high concentrations. The gravel-dominated palaeo-Orange River mouth is considered to be the ' heart' of the Namibian mega-placer, controlling sediment and diamond supply to the littoral zone further north. Although coarse gravel is retained at the river mouth, the incompetence of this highly energetic setting to trap diamonds renders it sub-economic. This ineffectiveness at the fluvial/marine interface is thus fundamental in enriching the coastal tract farther down-drift and developing highly economic coastal placers along the Atlantic coast of south-western Africa.
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Nakashole, Albertina Ndahafifwa. "Heavy minerals in the palaeo and modern Orange River and offshore southern Namibia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20057/.

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Linking the erosional record of drainage basins with the depositional record of sedimentary basins is a major challenge in geosciences. Thick diamondiferous gravel terrace deposits along the lower Orange River and their coeval downstream offshore deposits provide a rare opportunity for understating source-to-sink relationships. Two distinct gravel terrace deposits are recognised, based on clast and heavy mineral assemblage analysis at Boom, Lorelei, Sendelingsdrif, Daberas, Auchas Major, Auchas Lower and Arrisdrif, referred to as the Proto and Meso Orange River deposits. These are compared to offshore sample sites. The Proto Orange River deposits are coarser and characterised by a dominance of Karoo Supergroup shale and sandstone clasts whereas the younger Meso Orange River gravels exhibit a banded iron formation dominance. Differences in clast assemblage between the Proto and Meso deposits are ascribed to a more powerful river system during Proto-Orange River time, driven by a changing drainage basin geomorphology, rather than reworking of older deposits or changes in clast provenance. This is accompanied by an increase in local bedrock sources, including amphibole-epidote in the heavy mineral assemblages. The fluvial and marine gravels have similar detrital heavy mineral assemblage derived from the Namaqua Metamorphic Complex and Gariep Belt. Offshore, the eastern regions show a higher amphibole-epidote content similar to that of the Meso Orange River gravel. Therefore, offshore amphibole-epidote distribution is a function of the relative amount of Namaqua Metamorphic Complex derived sediments and also decay of these two minerals over time and is neither a function of northward longshore drift nor geomorphology of the seabed or sea level. Diamond indicator minerals derived from kimberlites do not persist into the heavy mineral assemblage of the study area. In Atlantic 1, a weak positive correlation of coarse magnetite with diamond grade for gravels that are closer to the Orange River mouth could be explained by their hydrodynamic similarities.
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Kamwi, Innocent Silibelo. "Fitting extreme value distributions to the Zambezi river flood water levels recorded at Katima Mulilo in Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The aim of this research project was to estimate parameters for the distribution of annual maximum flood levels for the Zambezi River at Katima Mulilo. The estimation of parameters was done by using the maximum likelihood method. The study aimed to explore data of the Zambezi's annual maximum flood heights at Katima Mulilo by means of fitting the Gumbel, Weibull and the generalized extreme value distributions and evaluated their goodness of fit.
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Van, der Merwe Schalk. "Is commercial livestock farming environmentally viable within the Orange and Fish River catchment area (OFCA) of Southern Namibia?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4811.

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Includes bibliographical references.
There are neither historical nor current baseline information relating to the productivity of the OFCA veld and a definite link between the current crisis and the possibly that it is suffering from the effects of having farmed the OFCA veld into a state of durable suboptimal productivity remains to be conclusively established. This current study has been undertaken in order to investigate such a possible link, and to reach a more definite conclusion with regards to the contribution of negative environmental feedback which may have arisen from commercial farming. Specifically, the study investigates the relationship between commercial livestock grazing regimes, possible associated resource degradation (losses in veld productivity and adverse structuring of botanical communities due to livestock grazing effects), and the current productive crisis within the sector.
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Jacobson, Peter James. "An ephemeral perspective of fluvial ecosystems: Viewing ephemeral rivers in the context of current lotic ecology." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30582.

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Hydrologic and material dynamics of ephemeral rivers were investigated in the Namib Desert to assess how hydrologic regimes shape the physical habitat template of these river ecosystems. An analysis of long-term hydrologic records revealed that the variation in mean annual runoff and peak discharge were nearly four times higher than the global average, rendering the rivers among the most variable fluvial systems yet described. Further, a pronounced downstream hydrologic decay characterized all of the rivers. The high spatio-temporal variability in flow was reflected in patterns of material transport. Retention of woody debris increased downstream, in contrast to patterns typically reported from more mesic systems, largely attributable to hydrologic decay. Woody debris piles were the principal retentive obstacles and played an important role in channel dynamics. They were also key microhabitats for various organisms, forming "hotspots" of heterotrophic activity analogous to patterns reported from perennial streams. Large amounts of fine particulate and dissolved organic matter (FPOM and DOM) deposited in the lower reaches of the rivers serve to fuel this heterotrophic biota. As a result of the hydrologic decay, sediment concentration (both organic and inorganic) increased downstream and the lower reaches of these rivers acted as sinks for material exported from their catchments. FPOM and DOM concentrations were among the highest reported for any aquatic system, and, contrary to patterns reported from more mesic systems, FPOM dominated the total organic load transported in these rivers. Inorganic solute concentration also increased downstream, resulting in a downstream increase in soluble salt content in floodplain soils. Soils within the river's lower reaches served as effective long-term integrators of hydrologic variability. The mean extent of floods entering the lower river was defined by an alluviation zone, evident from the convexity exhibited in the lower section of the rivers' longitudinal profiles. A downstream increase in the proportion of silt within floodplain soils is associated with increased sediment deposition. Silt deposition had a positive influence on moisture availability, plant rooting, and habitat suitability for various organisms, including fungi and invertebrates. In addition, a strong positive correlation was observed between silt, organic matter, and macronutrients. Thus, the hydrologic control of transport and deposition patterns has important implications for the structure and function of ephemeral river ecosystems. Finally, an examination of the influence of elephants upon riverine vegetation highlighted the importance of these systems as isolated resource patches interspersed in an arid and hostile landscape. Further, it illustrated that flooding was a key ecological process and that hydrologic alterations would affect the fluvial ecosystem as well as the regional landscape they drain.
Ph. D.
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Books on the topic "Rivers – Namibia"

1

Jacobson, Peter J. Ephemeral rivers and their catchments: Sustaining people and development in western Namibia. Windhoek: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, 1995.

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Julian, Fennessy, Schneider Stephanie, Desert Research Foundation of Namibia., and Gobabeb Training and Research Centre., eds. Hoanib River catchment study, northwestern Namibia: Water. Windhoek: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, 2001.

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Julian, Fennessy, Schneider Stephanie, Desert Research Foundation of Namibia., and Gobabeb Training and Research Centre., eds. Hoanib River catchment study, northwestern Namibia: Fauna. Windhoek: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, 2001.

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Julian, Fennessy, Schneider Stephanie, Desert Research Foundation of Namibia., and Gobabeb Training and Research Centre., eds. Hoanib River catchment study, northwestern Namibia: Soil. Windhoek: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, 2001.

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Julian, Fennessy, Schneider Stephanie, Desert Research Foundation of Namibia., and Gobabeb Training and Research Centre., eds. Hoanib River catchment study, northwestern Namibia: Vegetation. Windhoek: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, 2001.

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Ward, J. D., Ph. D. The Cenozoic succession in the Kuiseb Valley, central Namib Desert. Windhoek: Geological Survey of South West Africa/Namibia, 1987.

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J, Abbott. The 2002 joint frame survey of fisheries on the Upper Zambezi River (Namibia/Zambia). Windhoek, Namibia: Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 2003.

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New approaches to the study of surface palaeolithic artefacts: A pilot project at Zebra River, Western Namibia. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011.

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Fisch, Maria. Die Kavangojäger im Nordosten Namibias: Jagdmethoden, religiös-magische Praktiken, Lieder und Preisgedichte. Windhoek: Namibia Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, 1994.

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Image, Cool. Epupa Waterfall with Rainbow on Kunene River Angola/Namibia Border Journal: 150 page lined notebook/diary. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rivers – Namibia"

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Crerar, S., R. G. Fry, P. M. Slater, G. Langenhove, and D. Wheeler. "An Unexpected Factor Affecting Recharge from Ephemeral River Flows in SWA/Namibia." In Estimation of Natural Groundwater Recharge, 11–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7780-9_2.

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Amutenya, Jacobine Taukondjele, and Gerald (Augusto) Corzo Perez. "Infrastructures for Data in the Context of Flow Forecasting Using Artificial Neural Network Model for Okavango River in Namibia." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 142–56. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0163-4.ch007.

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A number of evolutions on data collection and sharing have been published. Countries have collected data, but lack of access and complexity to implement these technologies has limitations. HydroServer Lite, a web-based server for sharing water data, helps to address the need of data sharing and storing in a standard format. Namibia Hydrological Services has no common online system for storing and sharing of water data. This study extends the research on HSL features as data system linked to online ANN forecasting model. This is done by implementing a Namibian HSL using real-time connection to the database to operate in real-time tools developed to visualize and fill in missing data. Lastly, a model was build using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis. Results of the best model obtained are coded in hypertext preprocessor with near real-time data to provide continuous forecast. Linking data system for water resource management in a standard format is practical and promising.
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Mbukusa, Nchindo Richardson. "Understanding indigenous coping strategies of the Basubiya on the flooded plains of the Zambezi River." In Indigenous Knowledge of Namibia, 241–62. University of Namibia Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvgc619h.17.

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Unganai, Leonard S. "Monitoring Agricultural Drought in Southern Africa." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0030.

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Southern Africa lies between 0°S to 35°S latitude and 10°E to 41°E longitude. In this region, annual rainfall ranges from below 20 mm along the western coastal areas of Namibia to as high as 3000 mm in some highland areas of Malawi. Rainfall generally increases from south to north in response to topography and the main rain-bearing systems affecting the subregion. In the southwest sections of the sub-region, annual rainfall averages below 400 mm, whereas the high-altitude areas receive up to 3000 mm due to orographic enhancement. Two important features that control the climate of southern Africa are the semipermanent subtropical high-pressure cells centered in the southeast Atlantic and the southwest Indian Ocean. These subtropical high pressure cells are associated with widespread and persistent subsidence (Lockwood, 1979). Part of southern Africa is under the downward leg of the Hadley Cell, superposed on the zonal Walker cell. The complex interaction of these cells, particularly during warm El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes, is usually associated with drier than normal austral summers over much of southern Africa. Much of southern Africa is therefore semiarid and prone to recurrent droughts. In South Africa, for operational purposes, a drought is broadly defined as occurring when the seasonal rainfall is 70% or less of the long-term average (Bruwer, 1990; Du Pisani, 1990). It becomes a disaster or severe drought when two or more consecutive rainfall seasons experience drought. Drought affects some part of southern Africa virtually every year. Southern Africa has suffered recurrent droughts since record keeping began (Nicholson, 1989; Unganai, 1993). Severe drought periods included 1800– 30, 1840–50, 1870–90, 1910–15, 1921–25, 1930–50, 1965–75, and 1980–95. During some of these drought periods, rivers, swamps, and wells dried up and well-watered plains turned into barren lands. For Zimbabwe, the worst drought years were 1911–12, 1923–24, 1946–47, 1972–73, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1986–87, and 1991–92 (Zimbabwe Department of Meteorological Services, personal communication, 2002). During the severe and recurrent droughts of the 1980s and 1990s, the impact on vulnerable communities and the environment was catastrophic.
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Mfundisi, Kelebogile B., Alex M. Mudabeti, and Anastacia Makati. "Integrating Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing Data to Assess Impacts of Flooding on Land Productivity in the Zambezi River Floodplains, Namibia." In Advances in Geospatial Technologies, 201–12. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3440-2.ch013.

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Exposure to flood waters poses a risk to land productivity and livelihoods of communities in the Zambezi River Basin who are engaged in arable agricultural activities along its floodplains. This is exacerbated by occurrence of frequent flooding events in the area since 2008 due to climate variability. The objective of this research is to assess the extent of exposure to flooding on floodplain land used for maize production along the Zambezi River in Namibia. Existing survey information on geospatial locations of farms is used as baseline data. Field survey maps are then overlaid into flood maps developed using 2013 Landsat satellite data taken during peak flood event, and DEM. Weighted sum overlay results show that 14.5% of croplands were inundated with floods by March 2013. Integration of inundation results into a DEM show areas at low, medium and high risk to flooding. This provides useful geospatial information for flood mitigation.
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"The strengthening and widening of the Okavango River Bridge in Northern Namibia." In Research and Applications in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 899–900. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15963-437.

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Mitchell, Graham. "The Scientific Age." In How Giraffes Work, 31–54. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197571194.003.0003.

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Scientific study of giraffes depended on the scientists of Europe being able to study specimens. The first of those specimens was sent to Europe not long after the establishment of a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa in 1652. Obtaining the specimens was difficult because the nearest giraffes were to be found along the Gariep (Orange) River on the northern border of South Africa with Namibia, about 1,000 km from the Cape, across arid and inhospitable terrain. The first specimens were collected by Robert Jacob Gordon and William Paterson and were sent to Holland and England, respectively. Their arrival attracted zoologists and others to southern Africa, and further specimens became available for study. In the early 1800s establishment of zoos in Europe meant that living giraffes could be studied, and the first of these were taken to France and England. Among the prominent scientists who studied giraffes were Etienne Geoffroy St.-Hilaire in Paris and Richard Owen in London. Their studies established the scientific basis for the study of giraffes.
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Amakali, Maria, and Larry A. Swatuk. "Different Approaches to Local Level Participation in River Basin Management in Namibia: A Comparison Between the Kuiseb and Cuvelai Basins." In Transboundary Water Governance in Southern Africa, 111–32. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845212890-111.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rivers – Namibia"

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Nicoll, Kathleen. "SOURCING RIVER ROCK AND MIDDLE STONE AGE ARTEFACTS DISCOVERED ALONG THE CUNENE RIVER, ANGOLA-NAMIBIA BORDER, SOUTHERN AFRICA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-300521.

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Maus, Stefan, K. P. Sengpiel, and E. A. W. Tordiffe. "Variogram analysis of magnetic data to identify paleochannels of the Omaruru River in Namibia." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1996. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1826365.

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Enzel, Yehouda, Tamir Grodek, Efrat Morin, Gerardo Benito, Mary Seely, Itamar Lensky, David Helman, and Ofer Dahan. "STAGE, DURATION, AND TRANSMISSION LOSSES OF KUISEB RIVER FLOODS ACROSS THE NAMIB AND VEGETATION DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTION ACROSS FLOODPLAIN AND RARELY-FLOODED DOWNSTREAM REACHES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-282206.

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