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Journal articles on the topic 'Rivers – Namibia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Paillou, Philippe, Sylvia Lopez, Eugene Marais, and Klaus Scipal. "Mapping Paleohydrology of the Ephemeral Kuiseb River, Namibia, from Radar Remote Sensing." Water 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051441.

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The Kuiseb River is one of the major ephemeral rivers of Western Namibia, setting the northern limit of the Namib Sand Sea and outflowing in the Atlantic Ocean at Walvis Bay. Such ephemeral rivers are of the highest importance for the country since they are related both to recent past climatic conditions and to potential water resources. Using high-resolution radar images from the Japanese ALOS-2 satellite, we mapped for the first time the numerous channels hidden under the surface aeolian sediments: while the non-permanent tributaries of the Kuiseb River appear north of its present-day bed, a wide paleochannel system running westward, assumed by previous studies, could be clearly observed in the interdune valleys in the south. Radar-detected channels were studied during fieldwork in May 2019, which produced both subsurface ground-penetrating radar profiles and high-resolution drone-generated digital elevation models. It allowed us to confirm the existence of the “Paleo–Kuiseb” drainage system, a remnant of the Holocene history of the Kuiseb River, moving northward under the progression of the Namib Sand Sea. Our observations also contribute to the explanation of the young age of the linear dunes at the northern edge of the Namib Sand Sea, which are currently active and are pushing the Kuiseb River course toward the north.

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2

Miller, R. McG, C. Krapf, T. Hoey, J. Fitchett, A.-K. Nguno, R. Muyambas, A. Ndeutepo, A. Medialdea, A. Whitehead, and I. Stengel. "A sedimentological record of fluvial-aeolian interactions and climate variability in the hyperarid northern Namib Desert, Namibia." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 575–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0008.

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Abstract The aeolian regime of the 100 km wide, hyperarid Namib Desert has been sporadically punctuated by the deposition of fluvial sediments generated during periods of higher humidity either further inland or well within the desert from Late Oligocene to Late Holocene. Four new Late Cenozoic formations are described from the northern Skeleton Coast and compared with formations further south: the Klein Nadas, Nadas (gravels, sands), Vulture’s Nest (silts) and Uniab Boulder Formations. The Klein Nadas Formation is a trimodal mass-flow fan consisting of thousands of huge, remobilised, end-Carboniferous Dwyka glacial boulders, many >3 m in length, set in an abundant, K-feldspar-rich and sandy matrix of fine gravel. Deluge rains over the smallest catchments deep within the northern Namib were the driving agent for the Klein Nadas Fan, the termination of which, with its contained boulders, rests on the coastal salt pans. These rains also resulted in catastrophic mass flows in several of the other northern Namib rivers. The Uniab Boulder Formation, being one, consists only of huge free-standing boulders. Gravelly fluvial deposition took place during global interglacial and glacial events. The Skeleton Coast Erg and other smaller dune trains blocked the rivers at times. The low-energy, thinly bedded silt deposits of the central and northern Namib are quite distinctive from the sands and gravels of older deposits. Their intermittent deposition is illustrated by bioturbation and pedogenesis of individual layers. Published offshore proxy climatological data (pollens, upwelling, wind, sea surface temperatures) point to expansion of the winter-rainfall regime of the southern Cape into southwestern Angola during strong glacial periods between the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. In contrast to deposition initiated by short summer thunder storms, we contend that the silt successions are river-end accumulations within which each layer was deposited by runoff from comparatively gentle winter rains that lasted several days.

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3

Setti, M., A. Lόpez-Galindo, M. Padoan, and E. Garzanti. "Clay mineralogy in southern Africa river muds." Clay Minerals 49, no. 5 (December 2014): 717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2014.049.5.08.

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AbstractThe composition, morphology and crystal order of clay minerals in silt-sized sediments carried in suspensions from 25 major rivers across tropical southern Africa have been studied by X-ray diffractometry and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Our goal was to determine the spatial variability of clay-mineral associations in diverse geological settings, and in climatic conditions ranging from humid Angola and Zambia to hyperarid Namibia and the Kalahari. Specific attention was paid to the micromorphology and chemical composition of smectite particles. The relative abundance of smectites, illite/mica, kaolinite and chlorite enabled identification of regions characterized by different physical and chemical processes: (1) negligible chemical weathering is documented in Namibia, where river muds mostly contain illite/mica or smectite derived from Damara metasedimentary or Etendeka volcanic rocks; (2) kaolinite documenting intense weathering, reaches a maximum in the Okavango, Kwando and Upper Zambezi, sourced in subequatorial Angola and Zambia; (3) suspended-load muds in the Limpopo and middle Zambezi catchments display intermediate features, with varied assemblages and smectite compositions reflecting diverse parent lithologies. Clay mineralogy and chemical composition are confirmed as a most effective tool to unravel present and past climatic conditions on a continental scale.

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4

Botes, A., J. Henderson, T. Nakale, K. Nantanga, K. Schachtschneider, and M. Seely. "Ephemeral rivers and their development: testing an approach to basin management committees on the Kuiseb River, Namibia." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, no. 20-27 (January 2003): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.028.

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5

Ringrose, Susan, Wilma Matheson, Mary Seely, Lin Cassidy, Stephan Coetzee, and Thebe Kemosidile. "Aspects of floodplain deposition in semi-arid ephemeral rivers, examples from the Kuiseb river valley, central Namibia." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 69, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2014.953623.

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6

Douglas, Caitlin M. S., Mark Mulligan, Xavier A. Harrison, Joh R. Henschel, Nathalie Pettorelli, and Guy Cowlishaw. "Widespread dieback of riparian trees on a dammed ephemeral river and evidence of local mitigation by tributary flows." PeerJ 4 (October 27, 2016): e2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2622.

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Ephemeral rivers act as linear oases in drylands providing key resources to people and wildlife. However, not much is known about these rivers’ sensitivities to human activities. We investigated the landscape-level determinants of riparian tree dieback along the Swakop River, a dammed ephemeral river in Namibia, focusing on the native ana tree (Faidherbia albida) and the invasive mesquite (Prosopisspp.). We surveyed over 1,900 individual trees distributed across 24 sites along a 250 km stretch of the river. General linear mixed models were used to test five hypotheses relating to three anthropogenic threats: river flow disruption from damming, human settlement and invasive species. We found widespread dieback in both tree populations: 51% mortality in ana tree, with surviving trees exhibiting 18% canopy death (median); and 26% mortality in mesquite, with surviving trees exhibiting 10% canopy death. Dieback in the ana tree was most severe where trees grew on drier stretches of the river, where tributary flow was absent and where mesquite grew more abundantly. Dieback in the mesquite, a more drought-tolerant taxon, did not show any such patterns. Our findings suggest that dieback in the ana tree is primarily driven by changes in river flow resulting from upstream dam creation and that tributary flows provide a local buffer against this loss of main channel flow. The hypothesis that the invasive mesquite may contribute to ana tree dieback was also supported. Our findings suggest that large dams along the main channels of ephemeral rivers have the ability to cause widespread mortality in downstream riparian trees. To mitigate such impacts, management might focus on the maintenance of natural tributary flows to buffer local tree populations from the disruption to main channel flow.

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7

Moser-Nørgaard, P. M., and M. Denich. "Influence of livestock on the regeneration of fodder trees along ephemeral rivers of Namibia." Journal of Arid Environments 75, no. 4 (April 2011): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.11.009.

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8

Meissner, Richard, and Jeroen Warner. "Indigenous paradiplomacy and the Orokawe hydroelectric dam on the Kunene River." Regions and Cohesion 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2021.110103.

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English Abstract: What role can non-diplomats play in managing and altering power relations in transboundary river basins? We answer this by investigating the lobbying efforts of indigenous peoples to stop the construction of the planned Orokawe (Baynes) dam on the Kunene River. The Kunene River forms part of the border between Angola and Namibia with several concluded treaties in place. These treaties set the context of bilateral state diplomacy concerning the allocation and management of a transboundary water resource. The theoretical foundation of our investigation are ideational power conceptualizations and practice theory. We discuss the employment of ideational power in transboundary rivers with numerous practices, such as lobbying and transnational network development. This article argues that actors consciously practice power during transboundary water diplomacy.Spanish Abstract: ¿Qué papel desempeñan los no-diplomáticos en la gestión y modificación de las relaciones de poder en las cuencas fluviales transfronterizas? Respondemos investigando los esfuerzos de cabildeo de los pueblos indígenas para detener la construcción de la presa Orokawe (Baynes) en el río Kunene, entre Angola y Namibia. La asignación y gestión de este recurso hídrico transfronterizo, cuenta con varios tratados concluidos que establecen el contexto de la diplomacia estatal bilateral. La base teórica de esta investigación son las conceptualizaciones del poder ideacional y la “teoría de la práctica”. El empleo del poder ideacional en ríos transfronterizos se refleja en prácticas como el cabildeo y el desarrollo de redes ransnacionales. Este artículo sostiene que los actores practican conscientemente este poder durante la diplomacia del agua transfronteriza.French Abstract: Quel rôle les non-diplomates peuvent-ils jouer dans la gestion et la modification des relations de pouvoir dans les bassins fluviaux transfrontaliers? Nous répondons à certe question en enquêtant sur les efforts de lobbying des peuples autochtones pour arrêter la construction du projet du barrage d’Orokawe (Baynes) sur le fleuve Kunene. Le Kunene forme une partie de la frontière entre l’Angola et la Namibie, pays entre lesquels plusieurs traités sont en vigueur. Ces traités définissent le contexte de la diplomatie bilatérale des États concernant le partage et la gestion de la ressource en eau transfrontalière. Les fondements théoriques de notre enquête reposent sur les conceptualisations du pouvoir idéationnel et la théorie de la pratique. L’article aborde les nombreuses pratiques du pouvoir idéationnel dans les cours d’eau transfrontaliers, telles que le lobbying et le développement de réseaux transnationaux. Il soutient que les acteurs exercent consciemment le pouvoir dans le cadre de la diplomatie transfrontalière de l’eau.

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9

Zimmermann, M. "Water resources management in central northern Namibia using empirically grounded modelling." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.090.

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In this paper, a new methodology for the analysis and assessment of water supply regimes is presented. The problems of water supply management in developing countries are multidimensional and interdependent. Conventional methods, which only deal with separated and isolated issues, are not appropriate to deal with these problems. The method presented here, however, can comprehend the whole system. Therefore, using this method, conclusions for the management of adapted institutional and technological transformations can be drawn. In this study, relevant system variables of a problem context are identified, and their interdependencies are assessed and interpreted. This is done by using a method of qualitative interview analysis (grounded theory) and a cybernetic modelling approach (sensitivity analysis). In doing so, it is possible to identify outstanding variables which are essential to understand the system. These variables reveal the weakest links, driving forces, systemic stabilisers and the sustainability indicators of the system. The case study area is the Cuvelai-Etosha-Basin in central northern Namibia where a large-scale water supply system has been established. The water supply in the region is determined by the dependence on external water resources, high precipitation variability, absence of perennial rivers, saline groundwater, population growth and urbanisation.

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10

Dollar, Evan S. J. "Palaeofluvial geomorphology in southern Africa: a review." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 22, no. 3 (September 1998): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339802200302.

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This article presents an overview of palaeofluvial geomorphology research in southern Africa. For the purposes of this article this includes South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana. Although interest in fluvial systems has a long history in southern Africa, the scientific study of rivers was initiated by the discovery of the first alluvial diamond along the banks of the Orange River in 1867. Since then, significant progress has been made in unravelling the fluvial history of southern Africa from the early Archaean Ventersdorp Contact Reef River to modern channel process studies. The development of an understanding of palaeofluvial systems has occurred along two main lines. The first was alluvial diamond exploration work undertaken by the large mining houses. The second line was of a more ‘academic’ interest and included determining the impact of superimposition, tectonics, base level and climate changes. The review suggests that southern Africa fluvial systems have shown large-scale changes in drainage pattern, discharge and sediment yield and that these can be related to a complex set of causative factors including the geological template, the Jurassic rifting of Gondwana, tectonic episodes and climate change.

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11

Svendsen, Johan, Harald Stollhofen, Carmen B. E. Krapf, and Ian G. Stanistreet. "Mass and hyperconcentrated flow deposits record dune damming and catastrophic breakthrough of ephemeral rivers, Skeleton Coast Erg, Namibia." Sedimentary Geology 160, no. 1-3 (August 2003): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(02)00334-2.

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12

Zimmermann, M., A. Jokisch, J. Deffner, M. Brenda, and W. Urban. "Stakeholder participation and capacity development during the implementation of rainwater harvesting pilot plants in central northern Namibia." Water Supply 12, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.024.

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This paper summarises the lessons learned during the planning and construction of four rainwater harvesting (RWH) pilot plants in the village of Epyeshona (400 inhabitants) in central northern Namibia. The main problem of the region is that the water demand of its population exceeds the local natural resources. The rainfall in the project region is extremely variable (50–990 mm per year), evaporation rates are high, perennial rivers do not exist, and groundwater aquifers are saline due to low soil permeability and high evaporation. The project's activities were prepared and accompanied by stakeholder participation and capacity development. The village community chose the techniques and pilot sites in several participatory workshops. Three roof catchment systems with differing tank designs (polyethylene, ferrocement, and concrete bricks) for individual households and a concrete-lined ground catchment facility for six households were built. The collected water is supposed to be used for horticulture. Hence, gardening plots and drip irrigation systems were created. Selected trainees were trained to build, operate and maintain the RWH systems and gardens. Finally, the pilot plants were monitored and evaluated to examine their social and technological feasibility.

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13

Hamutoko, J. T., B. S. Mapani, R. Ellmies, A. Bittner, and C. Kuells. "A fingerprinting method for the identification of uranium sources in alluvial aquifers: An example from the Khan and Swakop Rivers, Namibia." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 72-75 (2014): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2014.09.006.

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14

Arendt, Robert, Christian Reinhardt-Imjela, Achim Schulte, Leona Faulstich, Tobias Ullmann, Lorenz Beck, Sandro Martinis, Petrina Johannes, and Joachim Lengricht. "Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites." Water 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020177.

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Numerous ephemeral rivers and thousands of natural pans characterize the transboundary Iishana-System of the Cuvelai Basin between Namibia and Angola. After the rainy season, surface water stored in pans is often the only affordable water source for many people in rural areas. High inter- and intra-annual rainfall variations in this semiarid environment provoke years of extreme flood events and long periods of droughts. Thus, the issue of water availability is playing an increasingly important role in one of the most densely populated and fastest growing regions in southwestern Africa. Currently, there is no transnational approach to quantifying the potential storage and supply functions of the Iishana-System. To bridge these knowledge gaps and to increase the resilience of the local people’s livelihood, suitable pans for expansion as intermediate storage were identified and their metrics determined. Therefore, a modified Blue Spot Analysis was performed, based on the high-resolution TanDEM-X digital elevation model. Further, surface area–volume ratio calculations were accomplished for finding suitable augmentation sites in a first step. The potential water storage volume of more than 190,000 pans was calculated at 1.9 km3. Over 2200 pans were identified for potential expansion to facilitate increased water supply and flood protection in the future.

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15

SWANEPOEL, WESSEL, VERA DE CAUWER, and ABRAHAM E. VAN WYK. "A new rheophytic species of Syzygium (Myrtaceae) from the lower Kunene River of Angola and Namibia." Phytotaxa 491, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.491.4.3.

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Syzygium kuneneense, here described as a new species, is known only from the northern part of the Namib Desert in the Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism, southwestern Angola and adjacent northwestern Namibia. These rheophytic shrubs or small trees grow among rocks on the floodplain and banks of the lower Kunene River on the international boundary between Angola and Namibia. Diagnostic characters for Syzygium kuneneense include the oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic leaves, dense flower heads and the pedicellate flowers. A comparison of some of the more prominent morphological features to differentiate between S. kuneneense and the morphologically most similar species, S. guineense, is provided. Based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria, a conservation assessment of Vulnerable (VU D1) is recommended for the new species.

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Clark, Robert A., Zachary L. Flamig, Humberto Vergara, Yang Hong, Jonathan J. Gourley, Daniel J. Mandl, Stuart Frye, Matthew Handy, and Maria Patterson. "Hydrological Modeling and Capacity Building in the Republic of Namibia." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 1697–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00130.1.

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Abstract The Republic of Namibia, located along the arid and semiarid coast of southwest Africa, is highly dependent on reliable forecasts of surface and groundwater storage and fluxes. Since 2009, the University of Oklahoma (OU) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have engaged in a series of exercises with the Namibian Ministry of Agriculture, Water, and Forestry to build the capacity to improve the water information available to local decision-makers. These activities have included the calibration and implementation of NASA and OU’s jointly developed Coupled Routing and Excess Storage (CREST) hydrological model as well as the Ensemble Framework for Flash Flood Forecasting (EF5). Hydrological model output is used to produce forecasts of river stage height, discharge, and soil moisture. To enable broad access to this suite of environmental decision support information, a website, the Namibia Flood Dashboard, hosted on the infrastructure of the Open Science Data Cloud, has been developed. This system enables scientists, ministry officials, nongovernmental organizations, and other interested parties to freely access all available water information produced by the project, including comparisons of NASA satellite imagery to model forecasts of flooding or drought. The local expertise needed to generate and enhance these water information products has been grown through a series of training meetings bringing together national government officials, regional stakeholders, and local university students and faculty. Aided by online training materials, these exercises have resulted in additional capacity-building activities with CREST and EF5 beyond Namibia as well as the initial implementation of a global flood monitoring and forecasting system.

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Bollig, Michael, and Hauke-Peter Vehrs. "The making of a conservation landscape: the emergence of a conservationist environmental infrastructure along the Kwando River in Namibia's Zambezi region." Africa 91, no. 2 (February 2021): 270–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972021000061.

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AbstractThe Kwando Basin of north-eastern Namibia is firmly embedded in current national and international conservation agendas. It is a key part of the world's largest transboundary conservation area, the Kavango–Zambezi (KAZA) Transfrontier Conservation Area, and the home of seven community-based conservation areas (conservancies) and three smaller national parks (Mudumu, Nkasa Rupara and Bwabwata). While conservation agendas often start from the assumption that an authentic part of African nature is conserved as an assemblage of biota that has not been gravely impacted by subsistence agriculture, colonialism and global value chains, we show that environmental infrastructure along the Namibian side of the Kwando Valley has been shaped by the impact of administrative measures and the gradual decoupling of humans and wildlife in a vast wetland. The way towards today's conservation landscape was marked and marred by the enforced reordering of human–environment relations; clearing the riverine core wetlands of human habitation and concentrating communities in narrowly defined settlement zones; the suppression of specific, wetland-adapted subsistence practices; and the elimination of unwanted microbes with the help of insecticides. The interventions in the ecosystem and the construction of an environmental infrastructure have created a unique conservation landscape in the Namibian Zambezi region, which provides the foundation for its popularity and success.

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Amakali, Maria, and Loise Shixwameni. "River basin management in Namibia." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, no. 20-27 (January 2003): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.047.

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Heine, Klaus, and Jan T. Heine. "A paleohydrologic reinterpretation of the Homeb Silts, Kuiseb River, central Namib Desert (Namibia) and paleoclimatic implications." CATENA 48, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(02)00012-7.

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Eitel, B., A. Kadereit, W. D. Blümel, K. Hüser, and B. Kromer. "The Amspoort Silts, northern Namib desert (Namibia): formation, age and palaeoclimatic evidence of river-end deposits." Geomorphology 64, no. 3-4 (January 2005): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.07.006.

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21

Srivastava, Pradeep, George A. Brook, and Eugene Marais. "Depositional environment and luminescence chronology of the Hoarusib River Clay Castles sediments, northern Namib Desert, Namibia." CATENA 59, no. 2 (January 2005): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2004.06.003.

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Mogomotsi, Goemeone E. J., Patricia K. Mogomotsi, and Ketlhatlogile Mosepele. "Legal aspects of transboundary water management: An analysis of the intergovernmental institutional arrangements in the Okavango River Basin." Leiden Journal of International Law 33, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156519000736.

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AbstractThe Okavango River Basin is a transboundary basin which serves as an important source of water resources for three riparian Southern African states, namely Angola, Botswana, and Namibia. If not properly managed, the Okavango River Basin is a potential source of conflict amongst the three countries. In order to reduce the likelihood of disputes among riparian states, the Governments of Angola, Botswana, and Namibia have signed and ratified an agreement establishing the institutional framework for the management of the shared water resources. This article discusses the legal aspects of the institutional arrangements in the Okavango River Basin. It highlights the importance of river basin organizations in the effective management of transboundary watercourses. This article concludes that the institutional arrangements between the riparian states with access to the Okavango River provide the framework for resolving possible disputes peacefully. Further, it concludes that these institutional arrangements promote co-operation over the management of the shared water resources.

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Taylor, Mark Patrick, and Robert G. H. Kesterton. "Heavy metal contamination of an arid river environment: Gruben River, Namibia." Geomorphology 42, no. 3-4 (January 2002): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(01)00093-9.

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Singer, Ronald, G. Ainsworth Harrison, and Joseph S. Weiner. "Serology and clines along the Okavango River, Namibia." Journal of Human Evolution 14, no. 4 (May 1985): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(85)80036-1.

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SLATTERY, MICHAEL C. "BARCHAN MIGRATION ON THE KUISEB RIVER DELTA, NAMIBIA." South African Geographical Journal 72, no. 1 (April 1990): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1990.9713540.

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BARNES, J. "BARCHAN DUNES ON THE KUISEB RIVER DELTA, NAMIBIA." South African Geographical Journal 83, no. 3 (September 2001): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2001.9713747.

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Van Zyl, L., and E. M. Marias. "Three new species of Zygophyllum(Zygophyllaceae) from Namibia and Northern Cape, South Africa." Bothalia 29, no. 2 (October 1, 1999): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v29i2.593.

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Three new species of Zygophyllum L. from the lower Orange River area in Namibia and Northern Cape, South Africa are described, namely, Z applanatum Van Zyl, Z. hirticaule Van Zyl and Z pterocaule Van Zyl.

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Cowlishaw, Guy, and Jonathan G. Davies. "Flora of the Pro-Namib Desert Swakop River Catchment, Namibia: community classification and implications for desert vegetation sampling." Journal of Arid Environments 36, no. 2 (June 1997): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1996.0203.

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29

PERKINS, PHILIP D. "New species and new collection records of aquatic beetles in the genus Ochthebius Leach from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 3093, no. 1 (November 8, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3093.1.1.

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The southern African species of the water beetle genus Ochthebius Leach, 1815, are reviewed. Eight new species are described, and new collection records are given for eight previously described species, based on the examination and databasing of 8,919 specimens from 253 localities/events. Male genitalia of the new species are illustrated, and high resolution habitus images of the holotypes of new species are provided. Distribution maps are given for the 18 species of Ochthebius now known from southern Africa, including Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, the extreme southern part of Angola, and the southern part of Mozambique. New species of Ochthebius are: O. anchorus (South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Oribi Gorge); O. bicomicus (South Africa, Western Cape Province, 22 mi. N. Nelspoort); O. bupunctus (Namibia, Kaokoveld, Kunene River, Swartbooisdrift); O. endroedyi (South Africa, North West Province, Barberspan); O. granulinus (South Africa, Western Cape Province, Elandsdrift); O. involatus (South Africa, Western Cape Province, near Kommetje); O. sitiensis (Namibia, Okau Fountain, 12.5 km inland); and O. zulu (South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Nqutu).

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Cooper, Alan F., Lorraine A. Paterson, and David L. Reid. "Lithium in carbonatites — consequence of an enriched mantle source?" Mineralogical Magazine 59, no. 396 (September 1995): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.059.396.03.

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AbstractThe rare Li-mica taeniolite is described from the Dicker Willem carbonatite complex, Namibia, and from the Alpine carbonatitic lamprophyre dyke swarm at Haast River, New Zealand. At Haast River, taeniolite occurs in sodic and ultrasodic fenites derived from quartzo-feldspathic schists and rarely in metabasites, adjacent to dykes of tinguaite, trachyte and a spectrum of carbonatites ranging from Ca- to Fe- rich types. In Namibia, taeniolite is present in potassic fenites derived from quartz-feldspathic gneisses and granitoids at the margin of an early sövite phase of the complex and in a radial sövite dyke emanating from this centre.The occurrence of taeniolite in these totally disparate carbonatite complexes, together with examples of lithian mica from other carbonatite complexes worldwide, raises the question of the status of Li as a ‘carbonatitic element’. We argue that lithium is not a consequence of crustal assimilation or interaction, but reflects the geochemical character of the magmatic source. Li, an overlooked and little-analysed element, may be an integral part of metasomatic enrichment in the mantle, and of magmas derived by partial melting of such a source.

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Gärtner, Andreas, Silke Merchel, Samuel Niedermann, Régis Braucher, Peter Steier, Georg Rugel, Andreas Scharf, Loic Le Bras, and Ulf Linnemann. "Nature Does the Averaging—In-Situ Produced 10Be, 21Ne, and 26Al in a Very Young River Terrace." Geosciences 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060237.

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The concentrations of long-lived in-situ produced cosmogenic nuclides (10Be, 21Ne, 26Al) in quartz obtained from a very recent (~200 a; based on 14C data on organic material) terrace of the Swakop River in Namibia are nearly constant throughout a 322 cm-long depth profile. These findings corroborate earlier hypotheses postulating a homogeneous distribution of these nuclides in freshly deposited river terrace sediments. An averaged nuclide concentration is a crucial and generally assumed prerequisite for the determination of numerical ages of old sediments.

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Lebotse, Kabelo Kenneth. "Southern African Development Community Protocol on Shared Watercourses: Challenges of Implementation." Leiden Journal of International Law 12, no. 1 (March 1999): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156599000059.

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The Rundu – Grootfontein Project, a project by which Namibia wants to divert waters of the Okavango river, may significantly affect the flow of that river through Botswana. The present paper discusses and tests rules of global and regional international watercourse law as to their applicability to the problems posed by the project. In this respect the UN Framework Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, as well as the Southern African Development Community Protocol on Shared Watercourses form the main focal point.

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Strohbach, Ben J. "Vegetation of the Okavango river valley in Kavango West, Namibia." Biodiversity and Ecology 5 (December 31, 2013): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.7809/b-e.00286.

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Suhling, Frank, and Eugàne Marais. "Crenigomphus kavangoensissp. nov. from the Okavango River, Namibia (Odonata: Gomphidae)." International Journal of Odonatology 13, no. 2 (October 2010): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2010.9748379.

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Leggett, K., J. Fennessy, and S. Schneider. "Flood-borne sediment analysis of the Hoanib River, northwestern Namibia." Journal of Arid Environments 62, no. 4 (September 2005): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.01.020.

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36

Duncan, G. "Five new species of Lachenalia (Hyacinthaceae) from arid areas of Namibia and South Africa." Bothalia 28, no. 2 (October 6, 1998): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v28i2.630.

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Five new species of Lachenalia are described: L. nutans G.D.Duncan from southwestern Namibia, L. attenuata W.F.Barker ex G.D Duncan from the Roggeveld Plateau. Little Karoo and southern Cape; L doleritica G.D.Duncan from the Bokkeveld Plateau; L lactosa G.D.Duncan from the Lowland Fvnbos of the Hermanus District, and L leipoldtii G D Duncan from the Olifants River Valley and Little Karoo

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Oldewage, W. H. "Two New Species of Afrolernaea (Copepoda, Lernaeidae) From the Kwando River, Namibia." Crustaceana 66, no. 1 (1994): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854094x00206.

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AbstractThe genus Afrolernaea was originally described by Fryer (1956). Since then, the type species, Afrolernaea longicollis, has been supplemented by three more species, i.e. A. nigeriensis, A. brevicollis and A. mormyroides. This unobstrusive genus always occurs in low numbers and has, up to now, only been found on mormyrid fishes. Two new species, A. edi sp.n. on Mormyrops deliciosus, Petrocephalus catostoma and Marcucenius macrolepidotus, and A. annemari sp.n. from the first non-morymrid host, Clarias gariepinus, are described from the Kwando River, a tributary of the Zambezi River, Caprivi, Namibia.

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Compton, John S. "The mid-Holocene sea-level highstand at Bogenfels Pan on the southwest coast of Namibia." Quaternary Research 66, no. 2 (September 2006): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.05.002.

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AbstractThe radiocarbon ages of mollusc shells from the Bogenfels Pan on the hyper arid southern coast of Namibia provide constraints on the Holocene evolution of sea level and in particular, the mid-Holocene highstand. The Bogenfels Pan was flooded to depths of 3 m above mean sea level (amsl) to form a large subtidal lagoon from 7300 to 6500 calibrated radiocarbon years before present (cal yr BP). The mollusc assemblage of the wave sheltered lagoon includes Nassarius plicatellus, Lutraria lutraria, and the bivalves Solen capensis and Gastrana matadoa, both of which no longer live along the wave-dominated southern Namibian coast. The radiocarbon ages of mollusc shell from a gravely beach deposit exposed in a diamond exploration trench indicate that sea level fell to near or 1 m below its present-day position between 6500 and 4900 cal yr BP. The rapid emergence of the pan between 6500 and 4900 cal yr BP exceeds that predicted by glacio-isostatic models and may indicate a 3-m eustatic lowering of sea level. The beach deposits at Bogenfels indicate that sea level rose to 1 m amsl between 4800 and 4600 cal yr BP and then fell briefly between 4600 and 4200 cal yr BP before returning to 1 m amsl. Since 4200 cal yr BP sea level has remained within one meter of the present-day level and the beach at Bogenfels has prograded seaward from the delayed arrival of sand by longshore drift from the Orange River. A 6200 cal yr BP coastal midden and a 600 cal yr BP midden 1.7 km from the coast indicate sporadic human utilization of the area. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies and help to refine the Holocene sea-level record for southern Africa.

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SWANEPOEL, WESSEL. "Erythrococca kaokoensis (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Namibia and Angola." Phytotaxa 392, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.392.1.5.

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Erythrococca kaokoensis, here described as a new species, is only known from the mountains along the Kunene River in the Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism, southwestern Angola and northwestern Namibia. These shrubs or small trees grow among rocks of anorthosite, gneiss or limestone. Diagnostic characters for E. kaokoensis include the leaves that are subcordate or lanceolate to ovate, rarely elliptic, drying dark green, yellow-green, blue-green or violet to black, and the interruptedly racemose or subpaniculate inflorescences with flowers in clusters along the axis. A comparison of some of the more prominent morphological features to differentiate between E. kaokoensis and its possible nearest relative, E. trichogyne, is provided.

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SWANEPOEL, WESSEL, and ERNST J. VAN JAARSVELD. "A new species of Hymenodictyon (Rubiaceae, Cinchonoideae) from Namibia." Phytotaxa 451, no. 4 (July 7, 2020): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.451.4.1.

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Hymenodictyon kaokoensis, here described as a new species, has a restricted range and is only known from the mountains along the Kunene River in the Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism, northwestern Namibia. It is represented by shrubs or small trees growing in rocky places, on mountain slopes and river valleys. Diagnostic characters for H. kaokoensis include the thickset semi-succulent older stems, echinate (scabrid when dry) leaves that turn stramineous before falling, simple racemose, erect inflorescences, and ellipsoid fruits with round or elongated prominent lenticels. A comparison of some of the more prominent morphological features to differentiate between H. kaokoensis and its possible nearest relatives, H. floribundum and H. parvifolium, are provided. Based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria, a conservation assessment of Vulnerable (VU D1 & D2) is recommended for the new species.

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McKittrick, Meredith. "Landscapes of Power: Ownership and Identity on the Middle Kavango River, Namibia*." Journal of Southern African Studies 34, no. 4 (November 28, 2008): 785–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070802456755.

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Mvondo, François, Olivier Dauteuil, and François Guillocheau. "The Fish River canyon (Southern Namibia): A record of Cenozoic mantle dynamics?" Comptes Rendus Geoscience 343, no. 7 (July 2011): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2011.07.003.

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43

Munyika, Shishani, Victor Kongo, and Richard Kimwaga. "River health assessment using macroinvertebrates and water quality parameters: A case of the Orange River in Namibia." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 76-78 (2014): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.01.001.

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44

Srivastava, Pradeep, George A. Brook, Eugene Marais, P. Morthekai, and Ashok K. Singhvi. "Depositional environment and OSL chronology of the Homeb silt deposits, Kuiseb River, Namibia." Quaternary Research 65, no. 3 (May 2006): 478–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.01.010.

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AbstractPrevious studies suggest that the Homeb silts of the Kuiseb valley, Namibia (i) accumulated in a dune-dammed lake, (ii) are end-point deposits, (iii) represent an aggrading river bed, and (iv) are slackwater deposits. Thus, they have been used alternatively as evidence of past drier conditions or past wetter conditions. Lithostratigraphic analysis of two sediment sequences at Homeb indicates sedimentation by aggradation of the Kuiseb River triggered by a transition from an arid to humid climate. OSL ages for the sequences were obtained by the SAR protocol on aliquots of 9.6-mm and 4.0-mm diameter and on single grains. Four-millimeter aliquot minimum ages closely approximate the single-grain minimum ages and are younger than 9.6-mm aliquot minimum and central ages. Based on these results, the small-aliquot (4-mm) approach appears to provide ages comparable to those obtained by the more laborious and time-consuming single-grain method. Minimum ages indicate rapid deposition of the Homeb Silts in at least two episodes centered at ∼15 ka and ∼6 ka during climate transitions from arid to humid. Flash floods eroded the valley fills during slightly more arid conditions.

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GEYER, G. "The Fish River Subgroup in Namibia: stratigraphy, depositional environments and the Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary problem revisited." Geological Magazine 142, no. 5 (September 2005): 465–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756805000956.

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The Fish River Subgroup of the Nama Group, southern Namibia, is restudied in terms of lithostratigraphy and depositional environment. The study is based on partly fine-scaled sections, particularly of the Nababis and Gross Aub Formation. The results are generally in accordance with earlier studies. However, braided river deposits appear to be less widely distributed in the studied area, and a considerable part of the formations of the middle and upper subgroup apparently were deposited under shallowest marine conditions including upper shore-face. Evidence comes partly from sedimentary features and facies distribution, and partly from trace fossils, particularly Skolithos and the characteristic Trichophycus pedum. Environmental conditions represented by layers with T. pedum suggest that the producer favoured shallow marine habitats and transgressive regimes. The successions represent two deepening-upward sequences, both starting as fluvial (braided river) systems and ending as shallow marine tidally dominated environments. The first sequence includes the traditional Stockdale, Breckhorn and lower Nababis formations (Zamnarib Member). The second sequence includes the upper Nababis (Haribes Member) and Gross Aub formations. As a result, the Nababis and Gross Aub formations require emendation: a new formation including the Haribes and Rosenhof and possibly also the Deurstamp members. In addition, four distinct sequence stratigraphic units are deter-minable for the Fish River Subgroup in the southern part of the basin. The Proterozoic–Cambrian transition in southern Namibia is most probably located as low as the middle Schwarzrand Subgroup. The environmentally controlled occurrence of Trichophycus pedum undermines the local stratigraphic significance of this trace fossil which is eponymous with the lowest Cambrian and Phanerozoic trace fossil assemblage on a global scale. However, occurrences of such trace fossils have to be regarded as positive evidence for Phanerozoic age regardless of co-occurring body fossils. Other suggestions strongly dispute the concept of the formal Proterozoic–Cambrian and Precambrian–Phanerozoic boundary. Carbon isotope excursions and radiometric datings for the Nama Group do not help to calibrate precisely the temporal extent of the Fish River Subgroup. Fossil content, sequence stratigraphy and inferred depositional developments suggest that this subgroup represents only a short period of late orogenic molasse sedimentation during the early sub-trilobitic Early Cambrian.

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Niipare, Anna –Marie, Andries Jordaan, and Nguza Siyambango. "Flood Impacts in Oshana Region, Namibia: A Case Study of Cuvelai River Basin." Journal of Geography and Geology 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v12n1p8.

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Floods are among the global natural disasters that are known to have major negative societal effects. The extent of floods can determine the degree of impact to be made. Floods can cause extensive economic losses, consequently affecting livelihoods, businesses, infrastructures and basic services. This study investigated the impact of floods in communities within the Oshana Region in the northern areas of Namibia. Primary and secondary data were collected in efforts to understand the impact of floods, and the causes of vulnerability to such events. Loss of field crops, destruction of houses, destruction of roads and other infrastructure, and loss of human lives were the major flood impacts that have been identified. The study findings revealed that vulnerability to floods is mainly due to lack of resources, poverty, poor infrastructure, limited budget, inactive disaster risk management structures in the region, rapid population change, non-existing Early Warning System (EWS), lack of awareness of the flood impacts, low income, and the fact that many houses are headed by females. In the absence of coping strategies, communities mainly depend on external relief, particularly for temporary shelter and provision of basic needs. It was concluded that the ability of communities and individuals to cope with flood impacts is related to their culture, history, knowledge system, power dynamics and governance. A further conclusion was that, the vulnerability of communities in the Oshana Region resulted in reduced household resilience to flood disasters. The study recommended a further investigation into other flood prone regions in Namibia. Other notable recommendations included: • the availing of information on climate variability and best coping strategies in flood prone communities, • flood hazards awareness, • developing and implementing mitigation measures for flood disasters, • development of a policy on the construction of houses in efforts to avoid flood risks, • and the development of information communication channels for EWS.

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Kröner, A., Y. Rojas-Agramonte, J. Wong, and S. A. Wilde. "Zircon reconnaissance dating of Proterozoic gneisses along the Kunene River of northwestern Namibia." Tectonophysics 662 (November 2015): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.04.020.

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Thorstad, E. B., C. J. Hay, T. F. Naesje, and F. Okland. "Movements and habitat utilization of three cichlid species in the Zambezi River, Namibia." Ecology of Freshwater Fish 10, no. 4 (December 2001): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0633.2001.100406.x.

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Morin, Efrat, Tamir Grodek, Ofer Dahan, Gerardo Benito, Christoph Kulls, Yael Jacoby, Guido Van Langenhove, Mary Seely, and Yehouda Enzel. "Flood routing and alluvial aquifer recharge along the ephemeral arid Kuiseb River, Namibia." Journal of Hydrology 368, no. 1-4 (April 2009): 262–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.015.

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Taylor, E. D., and S. Bethune. "MANAGEMENT, CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH OF INTERNATIONALLY SHARED WATERCOURSES IN SOUTIIERN AFRICA—NAMIBIAN EXPERIENCE WITH THE OKAVANGO RIVER AND RIVERS OF THE EASTERN CAPRIVI." Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 24, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10183469.1998.9631410.

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