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Journal articles on the topic "Riverside Forest Fire Laboratory"
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Lyon, Zachary D., Penelope Morgan, Camille S. Stevens-Rumann, Aaron M. Sparks, Robert F. Keefe, and Alistair M. S. Smith. "Fire behaviour in masticated forest fuels: lab and prescribed fire experiments." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 4 (2018): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17145.
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Managers masticate fuels to reduce extreme fire hazards, but the effect on fire behaviour within the resulting compact fuelbeds is poorly understood. We burned 54 masticated fuelbeds in laboratory experiments one and two growing seasons after mastication and 75 masticated fuelbeds in prescribed fire experiments one growing season after treatment in three replicate Pinus ponderosa stands. Mastication treatments reduced density of trees >5 cm diameter by 30–72% resulting in total fuel depth of 6.9–13.7 cm and surface woody fuel loading of 1.0–16.0 kg m−2. Flame length and rate of spread were low and similar for coarse and fine mastication treatments and controls. Smouldering combustion lasted 6–22 h in prescribed fire experiments where fuelbeds included duff and were well mixed by machinery, compared with <2 h in the laboratory where fuelbeds did not include duff and had varying fuel moisture. Fuel consumption in the prescribed fires was highly variable, ranging from 0 to 20 cm in depth and was less from 2-year-old fuelbeds than 1-year-old fuelbeds in laboratory burns. Compared with fine mastication treatments, coarse treatments took less time to implement and were more cost-effective. Although laboratory experiments expand our understanding of burning masticated fuels under controlled conditions, they did not readily translate to prescribed burning conditions where fuels, weather and ignition patterns were more variable. This highlights the need for more laboratory experiments and in situ research that together can be used to develop much-needed, scalable predictive models of mastication combustion.
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Pappa, Athina A., Nikolaos E. Tzamtzis, and Sofia E. Koufopoulou. "Nitrogen leaching from a forest soil exposed to fire retardant with and without fire: A laboratory study." Annals of Forest Science 65, no. 2 (January 2008): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007093.
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Paoletti, Elena, Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Chris Andersen, Algirdas Augustaitis, Marco Ferretti, Nancy Grulke, Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg, et al. "Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Change on Forest Ecosystems — Emerging Research Needs." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.52.
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Outcomes from the 22ndmeeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems “Forests under Anthropogenic Pressure Effects of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Urban Development”, September 1016, 2006, Riverside, CA, are summarized. Tropospheric or ground-level ozone (O3) is still the phytotoxic air pollutant of major interest. Challenging issues are how to make O3standards or critical levels more biologically based and at the same time practical for wide use; quantification of plant detoxification processes in flux modeling; inclusion of multiple environmental stresses in critical load determinations; new concept development for nitrogen saturation; interactions between air pollution, climate, and forest pests; effects of forest fire on air quality; the capacity of forests to sequester carbon under changing climatic conditions and coexposure to elevated levels of air pollutants; enhanced linkage between molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, and morphological traits.
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McAlpine, R. S. "Temporal variations in elliptical forest fire shapes." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 1496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-228.
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Elliptical fire growth models are dependant on a relationship between the length to width ratio of the ellipse and the prevailing wind speed. A laboratory study of point source fires growing in two fuel types (Ponderosa Pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) needle litter and excelsior) showed that the length to width ratio changes from the time of inception until a stabilized "equilibrium" eccentricity is established. The size of fuel bed required to allow stabilization of the length to width ratio is dependant on wind speed. Results indicate that a fuel bed 0.93 m wide is insufficient to allow length to width ratio stabilization for wind speeds above 1.6 km/h.
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Yokelson, R. J., T. J. Christian, T. G. Karl, and A. Guenther. "The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: laboratory fire measurements and synthesis of campaign data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 13 (July 4, 2008): 3509–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3509-2008.
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Abstract. As part of the Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment (TROFFEE), tropical forest fuels were burned in a large, biomass-fire simulation facility and the smoke was characterized with open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), gas chromatography (GC), GC/PTR-MS, and filter sampling of the particles. In most cases, about one-third of the fuel chlorine ended up in the particles and about one-half remained in the ash. About 50% of the mass of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) emitted by these fires could be identified with the available instrumentation. The lab fire emission factors (EF, g compound emitted per kg dry fuel burned) were coupled with EF obtained during the TROFFEE airborne and ground-based field campaigns. This revealed several types of EF dependence on parameters such as the ratio of flaming to smoldering combustion and fuel characteristics. The synthesis of data from the different TROFFEE platforms was also used to derive EF for all the measured species for both primary deforestation fires and pasture maintenance fires – the two main types of biomass burning in the Amazon. Many of the EF are larger than those in widely-used earlier work. This is mostly due to the inclusion of newly-available, large EF for the initially-unlofted smoldering emissions from residual logs in pastures and the assumption that these emissions make a significant contribution (~40%) to the total emissions from pasture fires. The TROFFEE EF for particles with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microns (EFPM2.5) is 14.8 g/kg for primary deforestation fires and 18.7 g/kg for pasture maintenance fires. These EFPM2.5 are significantly larger than a previous recommendation (9.1 g/kg) and lead to an estimated pyrogenic primary PM2.5 source for the Amazon that is 84% larger. New regional budgets for biogenic and pyrogenic emissions were roughly estimated. Coupled with an estimate of secondary aerosol formation in the Amazon and source apportionment studies, the regional budgets suggest that ~5% of the total mass of the regionally generated NMOC end up as secondary organic aerosol within the Amazonian boundary layer within 1–3 days. New global budgets confirm that biogenic emissions and biomass burning are the two largest global sources of NMOC with an estimated production of approximately 1000 (770–1400) and 500 (250–630) Tg/yr, respectively. It follows that plants and fires may also be the two main global sources of secondary organic aerosol. A limited set of emission ratios (ER) is given for sugar cane burning, which may help estimate the air quality impacts of burning this major crop, which is often grown in densely populated areas.
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Yokelson, R. J., T. J. Christian, T. G. Karl, and A. Guenther. "The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: laboratory fire measurements and synthesis of campaign data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 3, 2008): 4221–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-4221-2008.
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Abstract. As part of the Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment (TROFFEE), tropical forest fuels were burned in a large, biomass-fire simulation facility and the smoke was characterized with open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), gas chromatography (GC), GC/PTR-MS, and filter sampling of the particles. In most cases, about one-third of the fuel chlorine ended up in the particles and about one-half remained in the ash. About 50% of the mass of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) emitted by these fires could be identified with the available instrumentation. The lab fire emission factors (EF, g compound emitted per kg fuel burned) were coupled with EF obtained during the TROFFEE airborne and ground-based field campaigns. This revealed several types of EF dependence on parameters such as the ratio of flaming to smoldering combustion and fuel characteristics. The synthesis of data from the different TROFFEE platforms was also used to derive EF for all the measured species for both primary deforestation fires and pasture maintenance fires – the two main types of biomass burning in the Amazon. Many of the EF are larger than those in widely-used earlier work. This is mostly due to the inclusion of newly-available, large EF for the initially-unlofted smoldering emissions and the assumption that these emissions make a significant contribution (~40%) to the total emissions from pasture fires. The TROFFEE EF for particles with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microns (EFPM2.5) is 14.8 g/kg for primary deforestation fires and 18.7 g/kg for pasture maintenance fires. These EFPM2.5 are significantly larger than a previous recommendation (9.1 g/kg) and lead to an estimated pyrogenic primary PM2.5 source for the Amazon that is 84% larger. Regional through global budgets for biogenic and pyrogenic emissions were roughly estimated. Coupled with previous measurements of secondary aerosol growth in the Amazon and source apportionment studies, the regional budgets suggest that ~5% of the total mass of the regionally generated NMOC end up as secondary organic aerosol within the Amazonian boundary layer within 1–3 days. The global budgets confirm that biogenic emissions and biomass burning are the two largest global sources of NMOC with an estimated production of approximately 1000 and 500 Tg/yr, respectively. It follows that plants and fires may also be the two main global sources of secondary organic aerosol. A limited set of emission ratios (ER) is given for sugar cane burning, which may help estimate the air quality impacts of burning this major crop, which is often grown in densely populated areas.
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Pappa, A., N. Tzamtzis, and S. Koufopoulou. "Effect of fire retardant application on phosphorus leaching from Mediterranean forest soil: short-term laboratory-scale study." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 3 (2006): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05002.
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The application of fire retardants for forest fire prevention purposes can result in chemicals leaching from soil to the drainage water during the annual rainfall period. In addition, wildland fires can have an impact on the leaching of various chemicals from treated forest soils. In leachates, large concentrations of phosphorus (P) – one of the major components of long-term retardants – could affect the groundwater quality. In this present study, the leaching of phosphorus (contained in FIRE-TROL 931 – a long-term fire retardant based on polyphosphates) from a typical Mediterranean forest soil, was studied at the laboratory scale. The concentrations of P from the application of retardant in the resulting leachates from pots, containing forest soil and pine trees (Pinus halepensis), alone and in combination with fire, were determined by an inductively coupled plasma analytical method. The leaching of P, under the conditions used, was found to be a small percentage of the initially applied P quantities. However, it was different among the treated samples affected by both plant and fire conditions.
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Tovarianskyi, V., and I. Pasnak. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF FIRE HAZARD OF PINE NEEDLES IN LABORATORY AND FIELD CONDITIONS." Fire Safety, no. 33 (December 31, 2018): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.15.
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Introduction. The fire hazard analysis of young pine stands was carried out. There are listed the most common sources of ignition as factors of influence on the occurrence of a fire. There is described the examples of studies on solid combustible materials` ignition, particularly, forest litter. The device developed is proposed for studying the process of forest fuels combustion.
The aim of the work is determine the time to ignition of pine needles, as well as the forest litter in young pine stands by using a Device for the study of flammable material combustion using an electric heating element.
Material statement. Laboratory studies have been done to ignite three types of needles of young pine plantations: fresh, inherent in the composition of forest underlay and dried needles. There was conducted an experimental studies of the time interval to the ignition of pine stands forest litter in the field condition with the use of the proposed device.
Scientific novelty. It for the first time was established that the time interval before ignition of freshly cut needles exceeds by almost 4 times the meaning of this value in comparison with the dried needles. It was established that the value of the time to ignition of pine needles fallen in the forest litter, obtained from the results of field studies, with a slight deviation of its moisture, is almost the same with the values obtained in laboratory conditions.
The results indicate that the forest litter in pine stands is fire-hazardous and can deal with a frequency close to ½ of a source with a temperature of 450°C, on average 25,7 seconds. There has been substantiated the expediency of using the device for the study of flammable material combustion using an electric heating element for investigating indicators of forest combustible materials` fire hazard.
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Abakumov, Evgeny, Ekaterina Maksimova, Anna Tsibart, and George Shamilishviliy. "Laboratory Assessment of Forest Soil Respiration Affected by Wildfires under Various Environments of Russia." International Journal of Ecology 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3985631.
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Pyrogenic carbon emission rates were estimated in the soils of three natural zones in Russia: forest-tundra, south-taiga, and forest-steppe. Postfire soils were found to be characterized by essential losses of soil C due to the combustion fire effect. Soils lost 3 or 5 parts of initial carbon content and showed an essential decrease in the C/N ratio during the fire effect. The pH values increased due to soil enrichment by ash during the fire events. CO2 emission rates were highest in natural soil samples, because the amount of organic matter affected by mineralization in those soils was higher than in natural ones. Simultaneously, the total values of mineralized carbon were higher in postfire soils because the SOM quality and composition were altered due to the fire effect. The only exception was in forest-tundra soils, where a high portion of dissolved organic compounds was released during the surface fire. The quality of initial SOM and intensity of the wildfire play the most important roles in the fate of SOM in postfire environments. Further study of CO2 emissions is needed to better characterize postfire SOM dynamics and develop an approach to model this process.
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Grishin, A. M., A. A. Dolgov, V. P. Zima, A. V. Isakov, V. V. Reino, and R. Sh Tsvyk. "Laboratory studies of the origin and spread of a surface forest fire." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 32, no. 6 (November 1996): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02111560.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Riverside Forest Fire Laboratory"
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Sampaio, Bruno Rodrigues. "Interação entre Frentes de Incêndio. Comportamento do fogo com diferentes tipologias de frentes." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/93587.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaO objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo da interação entre frentes de fogo paralelas com vento em duas configurações diferentes (paralelo ou perpendicular em relação às mesmas). Para a realização deste trabalho, considera-se que o fogo apresenta o que se designa de comportamento extremo de fogo e será baseado em ensaios laboratoriais. É importante a análise deste tipo de fogos para que se possa entender como um fogo pode atuar na realidade e assim seja possível prever melhor o seu comportamento e desta forma seja possível uma melhor resposta por parte dos operacionais para o seu controlo.Os ensaios laboratoriais foram realizados no Túnel de Combustão 3 pertencente ao Laboratório de Estudos sobre Incêndios Florestais. O combustível selecionado foi a palha de avena sativa com uma carga semelhante à que existiria numa situação real de floresta. Foram testadas diferentes configurações de teste para melhor análise.A metodologia experimental teve como objetivo testar a capacidade de certos parâmetros influenciadores da propagação do fogo para alterar o comportamento do mesmo como a velocidade e direção do escoamento.Como espectável, verificou-se que o vento é um dos fatores mais importantes no que toca à interação entre frentes de incêndio paralelas deste tipo de configuração. .
The purpose of this paper is to study the interaction between parallel fire fronts with wind in two different configurations (parallel or perpendicular to the fronts). For this work, it is considered that fire presents what is called extreme fire behaviour and will be based on laboratory tests.It is important to analyze these types of fires so that it is possible to understand how a fire can act in reality and thus better predict its behaviour and, knowing this, provide a better response from the operators for its control.The laboratory tests were performed at Combustion Tunnel 3 belonging to the Fire Research Laboratory of the University of Coimbra. The fuel selected was avena sativa straw with a load like that which would exist in a real forest situation. Different test configurations were tested for better analysis.The experimental methodology aimed to test the ability of certain parameters that influence the propagation of fire to change the fire behaviour such as flow velocity and direction.As expected, wind has been found to be one of the most important factors in the interaction between parallel fire fronts of this type of configuration. .
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Rossa, Carlos Gonçalves. "Dynamic model of fire behaviour prediction." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/12267.
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Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica (Riscos Naturais e Tecnológicos) apresentada à Fac. de Ciências e Tecnologia da Univ. de CoimbraO objectivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de cálculo para a simulação da evolução do perímetro de um fogo, originado por um foco pontual, em propagação sob o efeito do declive ou vento constante. Fez-se um estudo dos efeitos dinâmicos do vento e declive favoráveis e contrários em fogos de superfície em combustíveis finos. Mostrou-se, com base em resultados experimentais, que em geral os incêndios florestais exibem um comportamento dinâmico, i.e. as propriedades de propagação alteram-se ao longo do tempo mesmo para condições de fronteira constantes, e em particular a velocidade de propagação não se mantém constante de um ponto da linha de fogo para outro. Por este motivo, o uso de uma velocidade de propagação única não é suficiente para descrever correctamente a evolução do perímetro de fogo. Introduziram-se os conceitos de extensão e de rotação dos elementos da linha de fogo como complemento para descrever o seu movimento, mostrando que estão associados à redução da curvatura da mesma. Usando formulações semi-empíricas e empíricas propôs-se um modelo matemático para prever a evolução da linha de fogo de um foco pontual sob o efeito de vento ou declive constantes. Num programa experimental realizado usando quatro mesas de teste fez-se um total de 155 ensaios laboratoriais, analisando as seguintes situações: propagação em leito horizontal sem vento e sem declive (41 ensaios, 4 < mf < 19 %), sob o efeito de vento favorável (56 ensaios, 0 – 4.5 m/s), declive favorável (16 ensaios, 0 – 40º), vento contrário (12 ensaios, -4.5 – 0 m/s), e declive contrário (30 ensaios, -55 – 0º). Fizeram-se ensaios com leitos de agulhas mortas de Pinus pinaster e palha seca mas em alguns casos também foram usados resíduos de corte de Eucalyptus globulus. Para todos os leitos foi usada uma carga de 0.6 kg/m2 e em alguns casos também 0.8 e 1.0 kg/m2. Determinaram-se parâmetros para quatro funções empíricas, uma para a velocidade de propagação como função do teor de humidade dos combustíveis, para propagação sem vento e sem declive, outras duas para a velocidade de propagação como função da velocidade do vento ou ângulo de inclinação, e uma para a determinação de uma velocidade de vento equivalente que produz a mesma velocidade de propagação em leito horizontal que um dado declive. Mostrou-se que a propagação do fogo contra o vento ou o declive atinge velocidades ligeiramente mais baixas que sem vento e sem declive e que a velocidade de propagação diminui e aumenta sucessivamente à medida que aumenta o valor absoluto da velocidade do vento ou do declive. Analisando a evolução da linha de fogo através de imagens de infravermelhos, avaliaram-se a extensão e rotação dos elementos da linha de fogo e determinaram-se os parâmetros necessários ao modelo de previsão da extensão e da rotação. Mostrou-se que, para fogos sob o efeito do vento ou declive originados por um foco pontual, existe uma tendência para a linha de flanco se tornar paralela à direcção do vento de referência ou do declive e para a linha da cauda se tornar perpendicular a essa direcção. O modelo foi comparado positivamente com resultados experimentais de dois ensaios realizados para este propósito com um declive de 30º, com leitos de agulhas de pinheiro e palha. Analisou-se a extensão à simulação de incêndios reais e propôs-se trabalho futuro.
The present work aims to develop a calculus algorithm for simulating the fire perimeter evolution of a point ignition fire spreading upslope or under constant wind. A study of the dynamic effects of favourable and contrary wind or slope on surface fires spreading in fine fuels was made. Based on experimental evidence it was shown that in the general situation forest fires exhibit a dynamic behaviour, i.e. the spread properties change with time even for constant boundary conditions, and in particular the fire rate of spread does not remain constant from one point of the fire line to another. For this reason, the use of a single rate of spread is not sufficient for a correct description of the fire perimeter evolution. The concepts of the fire line elements extension and rotation were introduced as a complement to describe their movement and shown to be associated to the reduction of the fire line curvature. Using semi-empirical and empirical formulations a mathematical model for predicting the fire line evolution of a point ignition fire under constant wind or slope was proposed. In an experimental program using four test rigs a total of 155 laboratory experiments have been conducted, analysing the following situations: fire spread on horizontal ground with no wind or slope (41 exp., 4 < mf < 19 %), under the effect of favourable wind (56 exp., 0 – 4.5 m/s), favourable slope (16 exp., 0 – 40º), contrary wind (12 exp., -4.5 – 0 m/s), and contrary slope (30 exp., -55 – 0º). Tests with Pinus pinaster dead needles and dry straw fuel beds have been conducted but in some cases also Eucalyptus globulus slash fuel beds were used. For all fuel beds a fuel load of 0.6 kg/m2 has been used and in some cases also 0.8 and 1.0 kg/m2 were tested. Parameters were determined for four empirical model functions, one for the dependence of the rate of spread on fuel moisture content, for fire spreading with no wind or slope, other two for the dependence of the rate of spread on wind velocity or slope angle, and one for determining an equivalent wind velocity that produces the same rate of spread value on a horizontal ground than on a given slope angle. It was shown that fire spreading with contrary wind or slope attains velocities slightly lower than spreading under no wind on level ground and that the rate of spread successively decreases and increases as we increase the absolute value of the wind velocity or slope angle. Analysing the fire line evolution by infrared imaging, the fire line elements extension and rotation were assessed and the parameters necessary to the extension and rotation prediction model were determined. It was shown that, for wind or slope point ignition fires, there is a tendency for the flank fire line to become parallel to the reference wind or slope direction and for the back fire line to become perpendicular to that direction. The model was compared positively with experimental laboratory results from two dedicated tests for a 30º slope, on pine needles and straw fuel beds. The extension to the simulation of real forest fires was analysed and further work was proposed.
Books on the topic "Riverside Forest Fire Laboratory"
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Wilson, Carl C. Forest Fire Laboratory at Riverside and fire research in California: Past, present, and future. Berkeley, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988.
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Wilson, Carl C. Forest Fire Laboratory at Riverside and fire research in California: Past, present, and future. [Berkeley, Calif.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988.
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Wilson, Carl C. Forest Fire Laboratory at Riverside and fire research in California: Past, present, and future. Berkeley, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988.
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Smith, Diane. The Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory: A 50 year dedication to understanding wildlands and fire. Fort Collins, CO]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2012.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests. Conveyance of land in Clark County, NV; wildland fire safety; exchange of land within Sierra National Forest; amend the Organic Act of Guam; and federal lands in Riverside County, CA: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, S. 2378, S. 2410, H.R. 1651, H.R. 3874, H.R. 4170, S. Res. 387, September 29, 2004. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Riverside Forest Fire Laboratory"
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Cohen, Jack D., and Mark A. Finney. "Fine fuel particle heating during experimental laboratory fires." In Advances in forest fire research, 225–33. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-0884-6_24.
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Raposo, Jorge, Domingos X. Viegas, Xiaodong Xie, Miguel Almeida, and Liu Naian. "Analysis of the jump fire produced by the interaction of two oblique fire fronts: comparison between laboratory and field cases." In Advances in forest fire research, 88–94. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-0884-6_8.
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Goman, Pavel Nikolaevich. "The Dynamics of Surface Forest Fire and Forest Fuel Ignition Under the Heat Radiation From the Fire Line." In Predicting, Monitoring, and Assessing Forest Fire Dangers and Risks, 1–47. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1867-0.ch001.
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The chapter presents the results of experimental-analytical modeling of the surface forest fire dynamics and the process of forest fuel ignition when exposed to thermal radiation from the fire line. The regularities are established for the occurrence and spread of fires in natural ecosystems of the temperate climatic zone. Analytical solutions have been obtained that make it possible to predict the level of heat load on the soil cover of coniferous stands. The special computer program has been developed to calculate the heat load during fires. The methods of field and laboratory modeling revealed patterns of forest fuel heating and ignition depending on moisture content. A practice-oriented method is proposed to calculate the width of fire barriers that limit the spread of forest fires. The methods for creating fire barriers are proposed.
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GuarnierI, F., S. Olampi, and A. Napoli. "Toward a "Virtual Laboratory" to Support Forest Fire Behaviour Modelling and Metrology." In Environmental Information Systems in Industry and Public Administration, 271–81. IGI Global, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-02-0.ch018.
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In forest fire research, it is now accepted that computational simulation and databases have become essential components of the scientific process, in order to combine theory and experiments. Although computers and software tools play a crucial role in the conduct of forest fire science today, scientists lack adequate software engineering tools to ease the construction, maintenance and reusability of modelling and database software. Usually, scientific models are implemented using a general-purpose programming language, such as Fortran C or C++. But since this type of general-purpose language is not specifically customised for scientific modelling problems, the scientist is forced to translate scientific constructs into general-purpose programming constructs in order to implement the model. This “manual’’ translation process can be very complicated, labor-intensive and error-prone. Furthermore, the translation process obfuscates the original scientific intent behind the model, and buries important assumptions in the program code that should remain explicit. The resulting code is often complex and difficult to understand for anyone but the original developers.
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Zharikova, Maryna, and Vladimir Sherstjuk. "Forest Firefighting Monitoring System Based on UAV Team and Remote Sensing." In Automated Systems in the Aviation and Aerospace Industries, 220–41. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7709-6.ch008.
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In this chapter, the authors propose an approach to using a heterogeneous team of unmanned aerial vehicles and remote sensing techniques to perform tactical forest firefighting operations. The authors present the three-level architecture of the multi-UAV-based forest firefighting monitoring system; features of patrolling, confirming, and monitoring missions; as well as functions of UAV in such missions. The authors consider an infrastructure for the UAV ground support and equipment used for the UAVs control. The method of the data integration into a fire-spreading model in a real-time DSS for the forest fire response is proposed. The proposed approach has been tested with the multi-UAV team that included three drones for the patrol missions, one helicopter for the confirmation mission, and one octocopter for the monitoring mission. The performance of such multi-UAV team has been studied in the laboratory conditions. The result of the experiment has shown that the proposed approach provides required credibility and efficiency of fire prediction and response.
Conference papers on the topic "Riverside Forest Fire Laboratory"
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Satoh, Kohyu, Kunio Kuwahara, and K. T. Yang. "A Numerical Study of Forest Fire Progression and Fire Suppression by Aerial Fire Fighting." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60679.
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Forest fires are of common occurrence all over the world, which cause severe damages to valuable natural resources and human lives. In the recent California Fire, which burned 300,000 hectors of land, the disaster danger could reasonably be predicted, but early control of fires by means of aerial fire fighting might have been failed in that situation. Also in Japan, there are similar problems in the aerial fire fighting. Most forest fires occur in the daytime and the fires are freely in progress without any control during the nighttime. Therefore, it is important to attack the fires when there is daylight. The water dropped by helicopters is not always sufficient to control fires, since the quantity of water that can be carried aloft is a critical issue. Large amount of water can be dropped from aircrafts, but the high-speed flight of aircrafts may be dangerous in the mountain, where tall trees and steel towers with electric wires may exist. Therefore, those aircrafts have to fly at much higher altitudes than helicopters, while the water drop at high altitudes changes water into mist in the air. The objective of this study is to examine the methods to prevent the ignition by firebrands in the downwind area by applying water through the aerial fire fighting. However, tests by real aircrafts to obtain such information would be too costly. Therefore, the patterns of water drop from aircrafts were examined in CFD simulations, together with the investigation of needed water drop rate based on the forest fire statistics, the previous real aircraft tests and laboratory experiments. It has been found in the simulations that the water supply with the water density of 2 L/m2 is effective to control fires and the patterns of dropping water are reasonable.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Preliminary Study of Fire Spread in Cities and Forests, Using PMMA Specimen as a Fuel in CFD Simulations." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10037.
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It is important to examine the behavior of forest fires and city fires to mitigate the property damages and victims by fires. There have been many previous studies on forest fires where the fire spreading patterns were investigated, utilizing artificial satellite pictures of forest fires, together with the use of corresponding weather data and GIS data. On the other hand, large area city fires are very scarce in the world, particularly in modern cities where high-rise concrete buildings are constructed with sufficient open spaces. Thus, the examples of city fires to be referred are few and detailed investigations of city fires are limited. However, there have still been existing old cities where traditional houses built with flammable material such as wood, maybe historically important, only separated with very small open spacing. Fires may freely spread in those cities, once a big earthquake happens there and then water supply for the fire brigade is damaged in the worst case along with the effect of strong wind. There are some fundamental differences between the forest fires and city fires, as the fuel may distribute either continuously or discretely. For instance, in forest fires, the dead fallen leaves, dry grasses and trees are distributed continuously on the ground, while the wooden houses in cities are discretely distributed with some separation of open spacing, such as roads and gardens. Therefore, the wooden houses neighboring the burning houses with some separation are heated by radiation and flames to elevate the temperatures, thus causing the ignition, and finally reaching a large city fire. The authors have studied the forest fire spread and are planning to start a laboratory experiment of city fire spreading. In the preliminary investigation, a numerical study is made to correlate with the laboratory experiment of city fire propagation, utilizing the three-dimensional CFD simulations. Based on the detailed experimental analysis, the authors are attempting to modify the three dimensional CFD code to predict the forest fires and city fires more precisely, taking into account the thermal heating and ignition processes. In this study, some fundamental information on the city fire propagation has been obtained, particularly to know the safe open spacing distances between the houses in the cities and also the wind speed.
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Satoh, Kohyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Fire Whirl Generated in 15 × 15 Square Array Fires Placed in Cross Wind." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66865.
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Fire whirls in large city fires and forest fires, which are highly dangerous and destructive, can cause substantial casualties and property damages. It is important to examine under what conditions of weather and geography such merging fires and fire whirls are generated. However, detailed physical characteristics about them are not fully clarified yet. Therefore, we have conducted preliminary studies about merging fires and swirling fires and found that they can enhance the fire spread. If sufficient knowledge can be obtained by relevant experiments and numerical computations, it may be possible to mitigate the damages due to merged fires and fire whirls. The objective of this study is to investigate the swirling conditions of fires in square arrays, applying wind at one corner, in laboratory experiments and also by CFD numerical simulations. Varying the inter-fire distance, heat release rate and mass flow rate by a wind fan, ‘swirling’ or ‘non-swirling’ in the array were judged. It has been found that the fire whirl generation is highly affected by the inter-fire distance in the array, the total heat release rate and also the mass flow rate by a fan. We obtained the conditions of swirling fire generation in 15 × 15 square array for (1) the ratio between the upward mass flow rate vs. applied mass flow rate in the upward swirling plume and (2) a non-dimensional relationship between the heat flow rate in the swirling plume and the applied mass flow rate.
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Satoh, Kohyu, Liu Naian, Liu Qiong, and K. T. Yang. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Merging Fires in Square Arrays." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43220.
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In large-scale forest fires and city fires, merging fires and fire whirls have often been observed, which cause substantial casualties and property damages. It is important to know particularly where and under what conditions of weather such merging fires and fire whirls appear in cities or forests. However, there have been no adequate answers, since the detailed physical characteristics about them are not fully clarified yet, although previous studies have examined the phenomena of merging flames. Therefore, we have carried out preliminary studies and found that the merged tall fires can enhance the fire spread, and developed a method to analyze burn-out data of fire arrays. If sufficient knowledge can be obtained by relevant experiments and numerical computations, it may be possible to mitigate the damages due to merged fires and fire whirls. The objective of this study is to investigate the merging conditions of fires in square arrays in laboratory experiments and also by CFD numerical simulations, varying the size of square array, inter-fire distance and heat release rate, to judge ‘unmerged’ or ‘merged’ conditions in the fire array. It has been found that the fire merging is dependent on the inter-fire distance in the array and also on the total heat release rate of all fires surrounding the center region of the array. Also found that the experimental and simulated results on the merged and unmerged cases in the fire array, as affected by the total heat release rate and the inter-fire distance, which control the convective gas flow into the array, behave very similarly. Therefore, it can be concluded that the fire merging in array fires are highly based on the convection in the flow field due to fires and can be predicted by simple CFD simulations.
Reports on the topic "Riverside Forest Fire Laboratory"
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Wilson, Carl C., and James B. Davis. Forest fire laboratory at Riverside and fire research in California: past, present, and future. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-105.
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USDA Forest Service. Thirty-Two Years of Forest Service Research at the Southern Forest Fire Laboratory in Macon, GA. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/se-gtr-77.
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Musgrave, Maria A. Developing an Integrated Forest Health and Wildland Fire Mitigation Plan for Los Alamos National Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1481105.
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