Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'RLC circuit'

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
The hands-on side of electrical engineering is still taught using solderless breadboards. To lower the learning curve and improve the utility of solderless breadboards, I have designed and implemented a prototype that draws schematic diagrams of passive circuits that are built on a breadboard. The system reverse engineers circuits by means of a network sensing algorithm, which iteratively grounds and excites nodes with voltage sources, and subsequently measures the resulting currents and voltages in the network. Both a software simulation and a hardware implementation were built to test the network sensing algorithm. The sofware system is capable of reverse-engineering arbitrarily sized RLC networks with some caveats regarding high-q parallel RLC networks. The hardware system is able to accurately detect resistive and capacitive networks with eight nodes, though current hardware limitations significantly reduce the precision of measurment. The performance of the hardware system was analyzed and solutions to many of the measurement issues were found. A technique for surface-mount soldering breadboards to PCBs is presented in this thesis.
by Joshua Michael Gordonson.
M. Eng.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
In this work we present a quantum description of a mesoscopic RLC circuit without source. For this purpose, we model this system for that of a damped harmonic oscillator which is described by the Caldirola-Kanai Hamiltonian. Then, with the aid of the quantum invariant method we solve the Schrödinger equation associated with this Hamiltonian and write the corresponding wave functions in terms of a particular solution of the Milne-Pinney equation. We also construct coherent states for the RLC quantized, and evaluate the quantum fluctuations of the charge and the magnetic flux, as well as the corresponding product of uncertainty.
Nesta dissertação, apresentamos uma descrição quântica de um circuito RLC mesoscópico sem fonte. Com esta finalidade, modelamos este sistema para aquele de um oscilador harmônico amortecido, que é descrito pelo Hamiltoniano de Caldirola-Kanai. Então, com a ajuda do método de invariantes quânticos, resolvemos a equação de Schrödinger para este Hamiltoniano e escrevemos as funções de onda correspondentes em termos da solução particular da equação de Milne-Pinney. Também construímos estados coerentes para o circuito RLC quantizado, e calculamos as flutuações quânticas da carga e do fluxo magnético, bem como o produto de incerteza correspondente.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
We present an alternative quantum treatment for a generalized mesoscopic RLC circuit with time-dependent resistance, inductance and capacitance. Taking advantage of the Lewis and Riesenfeld and quadratic invariants we obtain exact nonstationary Schrödinger states for this electromagnetic oscillation system. Afterwards, we construct coherent states for the quantized RLC circuit and employ them to investigate some of the system s quantum properties, such as quantum fluctuations of the charge and the magnetic flux and the corresponding uncertainty product. In addition, we derive the geometric, dynamical and Berry phases for this nonstationary mesoscopic circuit. Finally we evaluate the dynamical and Berry phases for three special circuits. Surprisingly, we find identical expressions for the dynamical phase and the same formulae for the Berry s phase.
Apresentamos um tratamento quântico alternativo para um circuito RLC mesoscópico generalizado com resistência, indutância e capacitância dependentes do tempo. Usando o método de invariantes quânticos de Lewis e Riesenfeld e invariantes quadráticos, obtemos os estados de Scrhödinger não-estacionários para este circuito com oscilação eletromagnética. Em seguida, construímos os estados coerentes para o circuito RLC quantizado e os empregamos para investigar algumas das propriedades quânticas do sistema, tais como flutuações quânticas da carga, do fluxo magnético e o produto incerteza correspondente. Além disso, obtemos as fases geométricas, dinâmicas e de Berry para este circuito mesoscópico não estacionário. Finalmente, calculamos as fases dinâmica e de Berry para três casos particulares. Surpreendentemente, encontramos expressões idênticas para a fase dinâmica, e as mesmas expressões para a fase da Berry.

Les systèmes de télémétrie continus sans-fil offrent de nouvelles perspectives en matière d’applications pour l’industrie aéronautique, pétrolière, automobile ou encore pour le suivi médical. Plusieurs systèmes de télémétrie avec des coûts et une consommation réduites ont ainsi été proposés. Parmi ces systèmes, on distingue la télémétrie passive qui repose sur l’utilisation de capteurs entièrement passifs, dénué de batterie et de circuiterie dédiée. Elle implique des distances de transmission significativement réduites mais en contrepartie permet l’implémentation de capteurs à très faible encombrement, et pouvant fonctionner sans opération de maintenance dans des milieux contraignants et clos. De façon à optimiser la portée de lecture, les capteurs capacitifs sont préférés à leur équivalent piézorésisitif. Ces structures de type LC présentent alors une fréquence de résonance qui varie avec la capacité, la résistance ou l’inductance sous l’influence d’une grandeur physique. La première partie de cette thèse porte sur l’étude d’une architecture minimaliste en boucle fermée et reposant sur le couplage inductif afin de permettre une mesure distante de capacité. Reposant sur le couplage inductif mis en jeu et sur l’adaptation d’une méthode d’identification de système inconnu, la seconde partie de cette thèse présente l’implémentation d’une architecture numérique permettant une mesure continue, distante et simultanée de température et humidité
Continuous wireless data gathering systems have the potential to provide new insights in a variety of applications including security, health care, automotive and house automation. Looking at wireless sensing technology both active and passive telemetry are presented. Passive telemetry systems significantly reduce transmission distances but enable the implementation of fully passive sensing devices allowing minimally invasive and low cost sensors. Low-power system design is essential when integrating sensors in passive telemetric apparatus in order to maximize the wireless range. Thus, capacitive embedded sensors are preferred over their piezoresistive counterparts since no power consumption is needed. These structures are LC-tank based sensors which are embedded or implanted in the system to be monitored. Their resonant frequency changes in respect with the capacitance, resistance or inductance through the physical parameter of interest. Consequent changes in the resonant frequency are then wirelessly and remotely monitored through a wireless link. The first part of this thesis is focused on the design of a closed-loop reduced architecture using inductive coupling in order to allow the remote measurement of capacitive sensors. Based on the inductive coupling established and on a powerful system identification algorithm of unknown systems, the second part of this thesis presents the implementation and the design of a digital architecture allowing an inductive telemetry of remote passive queried pressure, humidity and temperature sensors. Suitable for continuous, real-time and simultaneous measurements of multiple physical parameters, this architecture opens a wide range of instrumentation applications

This master thesis describes a design exploration of a circuit capable of measuring high speed signals without adding significant capacitive load to the measuring node.

It is designed in a 0.13 CMOS process with a supply voltage of 1.2 Volt. The circuit is a master and slave, track-and-hold architecture incorporated with a capacitive voltage divider and a NMOS source follower as input buffer to protect the measuring node and increase the input voltage range.

This thesis presents the implementation process and the theory needed to understand the design decisions and consideration throughout the design. The results are based on transistor level simulations performed in Cadence Spectre.

The results show that it is possible to observe the analog behaviour of a high speed signal by down converting it to a lower frequency that can be brought off-chip. The trade off between capacitive load added to the measuring node and input bandwidth of the measurment circuit is also presented.

This Master’s dissertation focuses on engineering artificial nanostructures, namely, arrays of metamolecules on a substrate (metasurfaces), with the goal to achieve the desired linear and nonlinear optical responses. Specifically, a simple analytical model capable of predicting optical nonlinearity of an individual metamolecule has been developed. The model allows one to estimate the nonlinear optical response (linear polarizability and nonlinear hyperpolarizabilities) of a metamolecule based on the knowledge of its shape, dimensions, and material. In addition, a new experimental approach to measure hyperpolarizability has also been investigated. As another research effort, a 2D plasmonic metasurface with the collective behaviour of the metamolecules known as hybrid plasmonic-Fabry-Perot cavity and surface lattice resonances was designed, fabricated and optically characterized. We experimentally discovered a novel way of coupling the microcavity resonances and the diffraction orders of the plasmonic metamolecule arrays with the low-quality plasmon resonance to generate multiple sharp resonances with the higher quality factors. Finally, we experimentally observed and demonstrated a record ultra-high-Q surface lattice resonance from a plasmonic metasurface. These novel results can be used to render highly efficient nonlinear optical responses relying on high optical field localization, and can serve as the stepping stone towards achieving practical artificial nanophotonic devices with tailored linear and nonlinear optical responses.

This thesis deals with design of electronic laboratory model for teaching mechatronic subjects. The main part of the model consists of a RLC-circuit embedded in PCB. Other parts of PCB and data acquisition card mediate communication with Matlab environment. In the thesis the progress of design process, simulation, manufacture and model testing is described. The results are functioning educational model and several educational tasks, for which the solution are presented.

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CAPES
O circuito RLD, formado por um resistor, um indutor e um diodo em série, apresenta uma dinâmica muito rica quando forçado por uma tensão externa harmônica e vem sendo estudado há décadas. Contudo, ainda existem tópicos em dinâmica não-linear sendo estudados com variantes deste circuito. Varreduras nos parâmetros de controle podem fazer com que esse sistema oscile eletronicamente entre regiões periódicas e regiões caóticas. O diodo é o elemento não linear responsável pelo surgimento do caos. Utilizando um modelo de capacitância não linear para descrever o comportamento do diodo, podemos escrever as equações para esse sistema e estudar a sua dinâmica numericamente. Nosso principal objetivo foi o estudo de expoentes críticos complexos em bifurcações dinâmicas. Para isso, realizamos um estudo numérico do circuito RLD forçado senoidalmente utilizando como parâmetros de controle a frequência e a amplitude da tensão de entrada. Construímos, a partir das séries temporais da corrente total e da tensão no diodo, diagramas de bifurcação com diferentes cortes estroboscópicos, que apresentam cascata de dobramento de período, janelas periódicas e transição intermitente. Também realizamos estudos numéricos do comportamento da média na região de transição caos-periódico na busca de encontrar um expoente crítico característico e oscilasções na média, elementos que já foram observados no mapa logístico. Não foram possíveis observar numericamente as oscilações, mas observamos um decaimento exponencial com expoente crítico de aproximadamente 0,5. Montamos um sistema de controle, aquisição e tratamento de dados experimentais no qual é possível a realização remota de experimentos simultâneos com dois circuitos diferentes. Obtivemos diagramas de bifurcações experimentais nos quais observamos que o sistema apresentahisterese e alta sensibilidade às condições do experimento como, por exemplo, o passo de varredura do parâmetro de controle.

This thesis deals with the synthesis and optimization of frequency analogue filters with modern active elements usable for higher frequencies. The thesis is divided into three parts, the first part deals with the problematic concerning Leap-Frog combined ARC structure. Due to a difficult design, this method is not described in a detail and used in practice, although it shows e.g. low sensitivity. Firstly, a complete analysis of individual filters was made (for and T endings) and consequently these findings were used during implementation of this method to NAF program. Finally, samples of real filters were realized (for verification of functioning and correct design). Another very interesting topic concerning filters is usage of coupled band-pass for small bandwidth, where it is necessary to solve the problems concerning ratio of building elements values, but also price, quality, size of coils, sensitivity, Q factors, coefficients etc. That is why in practice a coil is very often substituted with other equivalent lossy and lossless blocks which create ARC filters structure. The design and the possibility of usage of lossy grounded elements were described here (such as synthetic inductors, frequency dependent negative resistor). Some parts of the design are individual computer sensitivity analysis, setting of usage and quality comparison of individual lossy grounded blocks. Besides, a program for these elements was created, it is useful for a quick design and depiction of transfer characteristics. The third part deals with the usage of tuning universal filters consisting three or more operational amplifiers, which secures its universality and possibility to create different kinds of transfer characteristic. In practice, Akerberg - Mossberg and Kerwin - Huelsman - Newcomb are the most used types of filters. These were also compared with less common universal filters. In the end, the possibility of digital tuning of universal filter with the help of digital potentiometers for filters of 10th order and frequency around 1 MHz was shown.

3D design is being recognized widely as the next BIG thing in system integration. However, design and analysis tools for 3D are still in infancy stage. Power supply noise analysis is one of the critical aspects of a design. Hence, the area of noise analysis for 3D designs is a key area for future development. The following research presents a new parasitic RLC modeling technique for 3D chips containing TSVs as well as a novel optimization algorithm for power-ground network of a 3D chip with the aim of minimizing noise in the network. The following work also looks into an existing commercial IR drop analysis tool and presents a way to modify it with the aim of handling 3D designs containing TSVs.

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O circuito RLD, formado por um resistor, um indutor e um diodo em s?rie, apresenta uma din?mica muito rica quando for?ado por uma tens?o externa harm?nica e vem sendo estudado h? d?cadas. Contudo, ainda existem t?picos em din?mica n?o-linear sendo estudados com variantes deste circuito. Varreduras nos par?metros de controle podem fazer com que esse sistema oscile eletronicamente entre regi?es peri?dicas e regi?es ca?ticas. O diodo ? o elemento n?o linear respons?vel pelo surgimento do caos. Utilizando um modelo de capacit?ncia n?o linear para descrever o comportamento do diodo, podemos escrever as equa??es para esse sistema e estudar a sua din?mica numericamente. Nosso principal objetivo foi o estudo de expoentes cr?ticos complexos em bifurca??es din?micas. Para isso, realizamos um estudo num?rico do circuito RLD for?ado senoidalmente utilizando como par?metros de controle a frequ?ncia e a amplitude da tens?o de entrada. Constru?mos, a partir das s?ries temporais da corrente total e da tens?o no diodo, diagramas de bifurca??o com diferentes cortes estrobosc?picos, que apresentam cascata de dobramento de per?odo, janelas peri?dicas e transi??o intermitente. Tamb?m realizamos estudos num?ricos do comportamento da m?dia na regi?o de transi??o caos-peri?dico na busca de encontrar um expoente cr?tico caracter?stico e oscilas??es na m?dia, elementos que j? foram observados no mapa log?stico. N?o foram poss?veis observar numericamente as oscila??es, mas observamos um decaimento exponencial com expoente cr?tico de aproximadamente 0,5. Montamos um sistema de controle, aquisi??o e tratamento de dados experimentais no qual ? poss?vel a realiza??o remota de experimentos simult?neos com dois circuitos diferentes. Obtivemos diagramas de bifurca??es experimentais nos quais observamos que o sistema apresentahisterese e alta sensibilidade ?s condi??es do experimento como, por exemplo, o passo de varredura do par?metro de controle.
The RLD circuit, formed by a resistor, an inductor and a diode in series, displays a very rich dynamics when forced by an external harmonic voltage, and it has being studied for decades. However, there are some topics in nonlinear dynamics that are still studied with variants of this circuit nowadays. Changes in the control parameters may cause electronic oscillations between regular and chaotic regions.The diode is the nonlinear element responsible for the appearance of chaos. Using a nonlinear capacitance model to describe the behavior of the diode, we can write the equations for this system and study its dynamics numerically. Our main objective was the study of critical exponents in complex dynamic bifurcations. For that, we did a numerical study of the RLD circuit forced sinusoidally using as control parameters the amplitude of the input voltage and the frequency. We made, from the time series obtained, bifurcation diagrams with different stroboscopic cuts, which have cascade of period-doubling, periodic windows and intermittent transition. We also did numerical studies of the average behavior in the periodic-chaos transition region searching for characteristic critical exponent and oscilas??es on average, elements that have been observed in the logistic map. It was not possible to observe the oscillations numerically, but we observed an exponential decay with critical exponent of approximately 0.5. We set up a system able to control, acquire and process experimental data making it possible to perform remote simultaneous experiments with two different circuits. We have obtained experimental diagrams bifurcations in which we observe that the system has hysteresis and high sensitivity to the conditions of the experiment such as the step of scanning the control parameter.

Uma das características mais marcantes das gerações atuais é a necessidade por armazenar e acessar cada vez mais informação em dispositivos cada vez menores. O desenvolvimento de tais equipamentos é, por si só, uma área de conhecimento incrivelmente especializada e que possui desafios que flertam a todo o instante com os limites da física. Um deles são interações entre circuitos conhecidas como interferências eletromagnéticas EMI (do inglês ElectroMagnetic Interference) e seu comportamento é estudado e combatido através de uma área conhecida como Integridade de Sinais. Neste cenário, esta dissertação tem por objetivo trazer ao leitor uma introdução ao mundo da Integridade de Sinais, desenvolvendo didaticamente modelos utilizados em cálculos de robusteza à interferência eletromagnética. É objetivo, também, apresentar e avaliar os trabalhos acadêmicos mais atuais da área, agregando valor comercial aos mesmos por aplicá-los a um projeto comercial típico e comparar com resultados experimentais. Quando da introdução à aplicação comercial que seria utilizada nos testes, expansões ao modelo de interconexões simples que se fazem necessárias em ambientes de múltiplas linhas de transmissão são expostas. Finalmente, análises de integridade de sinal foram feitas em um par diferencial de interconexões. Sua resposta foi analisada em um espectro de freqüência que variou de aproximadamente 0GHz até 10GHZ. Para efeitos de comparação, juntamente com as medidas efetuadas em uma placa prototipada e as simulações obtidas com a aplicação do modelo alvo, também foram feitos testes utilizando o ADS, uma ferramenta largamente utilizada no estudo de integridade de sinal de projetos eletrônicos. Conforme dito na análise dos resultados, é possível concluir que o modelo sob avaliação apresenta um resultado de alta confiabilidade para freqüências relativamente baixas. Conforme as freqüências ultrapassaram 4GHz, entretanto, desvios, possivelmente produzidos por pequenas variações nos valores calculados para indutâncias e capacitâncias mútuas, afetam significativamente a qualidade e veracidade do cálculo.
One of the most striking characteristics of current generations is the need for store and access more and more information and always smaller devices. The development of such equipment is a highly specialized area of knowledge and its challenges flirt with physics limits all the time. One of those challenges regards the interactions between electronic circuits known as Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). Its behavior is studied and mitigations of it are researched by an area called Signal Integrity (SI). Given this scenario, the present dissertation aims to bring the reader to the world of Signal Integrity. It accomplishes that by means of didactically present models used on EMI hardness calculations. It is also a goal to present and evaluate one of the SI’s most recent academic researches, while adding commercial value to it. The models are applied on a typical commercial design and the results are compared with measurements. Finally, expansions to the target model are presented to make capable of handle multi interconnections environments. SI analyses were performed on a differential pair. Its response was analyzed in the frequency domain from near 0GHz up to 10GHz. The measurements performed on a prototyped board, the simulation of the model, and results obtained through ADS simulations were also performed. As it is presented in results section, it is possible to conclude that the model under evaluation presents high reliability results for low frequencies. However, as frequencies become higher than 4GHz, deviations, probably caused by small variations on mutual capacitance and inductance calculations, significantly affect the quality and correctness of results.

Le travail de doctorat réalisé s'attache à étudier les nouveaux types d'interconnexions comme les TSV (Through Silicon Via), les lignes de redistribution (RDL) et les piliers de cuivre (Cu-Pillar) présentes dans le domaine de l'intégration 3D en microélectronique avancée, par exemple pour des applications de type " imager " où une puce " capteur optique " est empilée sur une puce " processeur ". Afin de comprendre et quantifier le comportement électrique de ces nouveaux composants d'interconnexion, une première problématique de la thèse s'articulait autour de la caractérisation électrique, sur une très large bande de fréquence (10 MHz - 60 GHz) de ces éléments, enfouis dans leurs environnements complexes d'intégration, en particulier avec l'analyse de l'impact des pertes dans les substrats de silicium dans une gamme de conductivités allant de très faible (0 S/m) à très forte (10 000 S/m). Par la suite, une nouvelle problématique prend alors naissance sur la nécessité de développer des modèles mathématiques permettant de prédire le comportement électrique des interconnexions 3D. Les modèles électriques développés doivent tenir compte des pertes, des couplages ainsi que de certains phénomènes liés à la montée en fréquence (courants de Foucault) en fonction des caractéristiques matériaux, des dimensions et des architectures (haute à faible densité d'intégration). Enfin, à partir des modèles développés, une dernière partie propose une étude sur les stratégies de routage dans les empilements 3D de puces à partir d'une analyse sur l'intégrité de signaux. En opposant différents environnements, débit de signaux binaires ou dimensions des TSV et des RDL des conclusions émergent sur les stratégies à adopter pour améliorer les performances des circuits conçus en intégration 3D.

Associé au Grand Collisionneur de Hadrons (LHC) du CERN, le détecteur ALICE sera, à partir
de 2006, dédié à l'étude du Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons, un état de dé-confinement de la matière.
Le système de déclenchement du spectromètre dimuons de ALICE sera constitué de 72 chambres à plaques
résistives (RPC) fonctionnant en mode streamer, fournissant près de 21 000 voies de mesure. Un premier
prototype de circuit intégré spécifique effectuant la mise en forme des signaux délivrés a été étudié. Son rôle
est de fournir une information logique précise en temps lorsque le signal d'entrée correspond au type
d'impulsion attendu. Réalisé en technologie AMS BiCMOS 0,8
µm, il intègre les fonctions suivantes : une technique de double discrimination nommée ADULT, un système de verrouillage évitant tout re-déclenchement sur une durée de 100ns, un délai variable et une mise en forme et un étage de sortie ECL.
Le schéma général a été divisé en plusieurs cellules qui ont été élaborées et simulées. La saisie des masques nécessaires à la fabrication par le fondeur a fait l'objet de beaucoup de soins pour optimiser les performances et la surface de silicium utilisée.
Quinze circuits prototypes ont été testés en laboratoire et sous faisceau de particules. Les résultats prouvent que les cellules implantées réalisent les fonctions demandées, et que le système ADULT améliore sensiblement la résolution temporelle. La consommation sera ramenée en dessous de la limite des 100 mW par voie en implantant dans le circuit un étage de sortie LVDS.
Ce travail a montré la faisabilité d'un circuit intégré spécifique adapté aux signaux particuliers délivrés par les RPC en mode streamer, dans les tolérances du cahier des charges notamment au niveau des coûts et de la consommation.

Ce travail de thèse traite du problème de surveillance en ligne de défaillances électriques dans les entrainements électriques à base de machines synchrones à aimants permanents (MSAP) par une méthode de suivi paramétrique. Les défauts de court-circuit entre spires au stator sont souvent critiques et doivent être détectés au plus tôt avec un bon taux de confiance afin d’informer un système superviseur de la présence d’une défaillance pour limiter les risques encourues par l’environnement matériel et humain situé autour de la machine en défaut. La méthode que nous proposons de mettre en œuvre pour la détection des courts-circuits statoriques est basée des techniques d’identifications récursives. Nous proposons d’identifier en ligne les paramètres d’un modèle diphasé électrique de l’actionneur synchrone et d’analyser les variations des paramètres identifiées lors de l’apparition d’un défaut. Pour assurer les performances des méthodes d’identification, il est souvent nécessaire de disposer d’un signal d’excitation additionnel pour assurer les bonnes performances des algorithmes. Ces signaux peuvent cependant perturber le fonctionnement normal de la machine et entrainer des pertes additionnelles. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons une approche par identification faisant appel à un modèle diphasé spécifique appelé « le repère de Park à courants orientés ». Ce repère permet, tout en réduisant la complexité du problème d’identification, d’obtenir des propriétés d’auto-excitation intéressantes et donc d’éviter l’utilisation d’une excitation additionnelle. Des simulations sont menées à l’aide d’un modèle fin de la machine permettant de reproduire des situations de défaillances de manière virtuelle et d’éprouver l’efficacité des algorithmes dans ces situations dégradées. Cette machine, pouvant fonctionner en générateur ou en moteur, est intégrée dans un environnement complet, incluant le cas échéant une alimentation, une charge mécanique et éventuellement une commande, ce qui permet également de tester les algorithmes pour des fonctionnements en boucle ouverte et en boucle fermée. Les résultats présentés permettent de valider les techniques proposées et montrent qu’elles permettent d’extraire automatiquement, à partir des variations des paramètres identifiés, un indicateur de défaut. Des résultats expérimentaux sont également présentés en fonctionnement générateur sur une machine spécialement re-bobinée pour permettre la réalisation de défaut statoriques. Les algorithmes sont implantés sur une cible de calcul numérique afin de démontrer la faisabilité temps réelle de la détection
This work deals with the on-line monitoring of electrical faults in permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) by parameter monitoring method. The inter-turns short-circuits faults in stator are often critical and have to be detected as early as possible with a high confidence rate to inform the supervisor system of the fault presence in order to limit the risk for the material and human environment. The proposed method is focus on the detection of short-circuits in stator and based on recursive identification technique. The on-line parameter identification uses an electrical diphase model of the PMSM and the analysis of the estimated parameter variations is performed to detect the presence of stator faults. In a general way, to ensure the performance of identification algorithms, it is necessary to have additional excitation signals. Consequently, those signals could disturb the normal operation of the drive. To overcome this problem, a specific diphase model in currents oriented Park reference frame is introduced for identification process. By reducing the complexity of identification problem, this reference frame provides an interesting auto-excitation property that leads to avoid the utilisation of additional excitation signals. The simulations are performed using an accurate model of PMSM that allows reproducing the failure situation and prove the efficiency of algorithms in degraded situations. This machine, operating as generator or motor, is integrated in a complete environment, included a power supply, mechanical load and control process. The detection scheme is then tested in open and closed loop operation. The results obtained from the simulation process underline the ability of the proposed technique to detect a stator fault occurrence and show that a fault indicator can be extracted automatically from the variation of estimated parameters. Experimental results are also achieved. A PMSM, with a specific winding including additional connexion points for stator short-circuit realisation is used. The algorithms are implemented in a numerical calculator in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the real-time faults detection for a generator operation mode

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O sildenafil ? um potente vasodilatador usado no tratamento da hipertens?o pulmonar persistente do rec?m nascido, entretanto existe conflito sobre os dados referentes ao efeito sobre a oxigena??o. Testamos o efeito sobre a vasoconstri??o pulmonar hip?xica (HPV) em porcos rec?m nascidos. Um segmento do pulm?o atelect?tico foi criado atrav?s da obstru??o de um br?nquio. O fluxo sangu?neo total e o fluxo local para o lobo atelect?tico e o lobo contra-lateral foram mensurados atrav?s da resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (MRI), 30 minutos e ap?s a administra??o de sildenafil (0.2 e 1mg/kg ev) ou solu??o salina. O fluxo estava reduzido (P<0.01) no lobo atelect?tico e aumentado no lobo contra-lateral, indicando uma resposta da HPV adequada. Sildenafil nas doses oferecidas significativamente (P<0.01) aumenta o fluxo local para o lobo atelect?tico. Na dose de 1mg/Kg causa uma diminui??o da PaO2 de 285?37 para 161?22 mmHg (P<0.01). N?s conclu?mos que o rec?m nascido apresenta uma resposta HPV adequada, que interrompe quase por completo o fluxo de sangue para ?reas n?o ventiladas do pulm?o. Esse fen?meno ? revertido ap?s a administra??o do sildenafil endovenoso de forma dose dependente. Na presen?a de doen?a do par?nquima pulmonar, o uso de sildenafil endovenoso para o tratamento de hipertens?o pulmonar pode piorar a oxigena??o atrav?s da revers?o da resposta pulmonar vasoconstritora nas ?reas n?o ventiladas do pulm?o.

Integrace a derivace jsou obvykle známy pro celočíselný řád (tj. první, druhý, atd.). Existuje ale zobecnění pro zlomkové (neceločíselné) řády, které lze implementovat pomocí elektronických obvodů zlomkového řádu (případně provést jejich aproximaci) a které poskytuje nový stupeň volnosti pro návrh elektronických obvodů. Obvody zlomkového řádu jsou obvykle aproximovány diskrétními součástkami pomocí RC struktur s velkými rozsahy odporů a kapacit, a tím se jeví nepraktické pro použití v integrovaných obvodech. Tato práce prezentuje implementaci obvodů zlomkového řádu v integerovaných obvodech a jejich praktické využití v této oblasti. Jsou použity prvky se soustředěnými parametry (např. RC žebřík) i prvky s rozprostřenými parametery (např. R-PMOScap, skládající se z nesalicidovaného proužku polykrystalického křemíku nad hradlovým oxidem); je použita pouze technologie typu analogvý CMOS bez dodatečných procesních kroků. Užití obvodů zlomkového řádu bylo demonstrováno realizací několika integrovaných napěťových regulátorů, v nichž obvody zlomkového řádu realizují řízení zlomkového řádu za účelem dosažení silné stejnosměrné regulace a dobré stability regulační smyčky - i bez použití kompenzační nuly nebo příliš vysoké externí kapacity (některé napěťové regulátory dovolují i zatěžovací kapacitou v rozsahu nula až nekonečno).

Dans l’aéronautique et plus précisément dans les avions tout électrique, l’objectif visé est de réduire les masses et volumes des composants. Pour cela, les actionneurs électriques remplacent progressivement les actionneurs hydrauliques et mécaniques. Ces actionneurs électriques ont besoin d’être commandés ; le projet THOR (projet européen dans lequel s’inscrit cette thèse) vise entre autres à développer un étage de commande permettant de piloter des interrupteurs de puissance. Les interrupteurs étant situés à proximité directe de l’étage driver et les tensions de sorties pouvant atteindre 3 kV, une isolation galvanique est obligatoire. Anciennement, les optocoupleurs étaient utilisés pour assurer l’isolation galvanique dans les étages de commande. Cependant, afin de pouvoir utiliser ces composants dans un environnement thermique contraignant et assurer une meilleure intégration, les opto-coupleurs ne sont plus adaptés et sont remplacés par des transformateurs. Dans ce contexte, s’inscrivent les travaux de cette thèse où l’objectif principal est de développer, réaliser et caractériser des transformateurs planaires intégrables répondant au cahier des charges THOR. Dans un premier temps, un état de l’art sur les différentes technologies de fabrication de transformateurs planaires est établi avant de choisir la technologie et les matériaux utilisés dans ces composants. Dans un deuxième temps, on s’intéresse au choix et au dimensionnement du transformateur. Deux structures répondant au cahier des charges THOR ont été retenues et dimensionnées à l’aide d’un logiciel de simulation (HFSS) : une structure entrelacée et une structure ‘face to face’. Ces deux structures ont été réalisées et caractérisées à l’aide d’un LCRmètre en basse fréquence et d’un Analyseur Vectoriel de Réseaux (VNA) en haute fréquence. Pour les deux structures, la caractérisation a permis de vérifier les valeurs des inductances magnétisantes supérieures à 1 μH souhaitées par le projet THOR et des facteurs de couplages supérieurs à 0,9 déterminées par simulation. D’autres paramètres importants du cahier des charges ont été également extraits à savoir la capacité interbobinage où des capacités inférieures à quelques pF ont été obtenues et des résistances d’enroulement inférieures à 10 Ω ont été relevées
In aeronautics and more specifically in an all-electric aircraft, the main objective is to reduce the mass and volume of the components. For this, the electric actuators gradually replace hydraulic and mechanical actuators. These electric actuators need to be commanded; THOR project (European project supporting this thesis) aims to develop a control stage to command the power switches. The switches are located in the direct vicinity of the driver stage with an output voltage that can reach up to 3 kV hence the need for a galvanic isolation. Formerly, the opto-couplers were used to provide galvanic isolation in the control stages. However, in order to use these components in thermal constraining environment and ensure better integration, opto-couplers are no longer appropriate and are replaced by transformers. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to develop, realize and characterize integrated planar transformers that meet the THOR specifications. At first a state of art on the different manufacturing technologies of planar transformers is established before choosing the technology and the materials used in the fabrication of our planar transformers. In a second step, we are interested in the choice and size of the transformer structure. Two structures that met the THOR specifications were selected and resized using a simulation software (HFSS). Finally, these two structures were realized and characterized using an RLC-meter at low frequency and a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) at high frequency. For both structures, the characterization allowed to verified the magnetizing inductance greater than 1 μH desired by the THOR project and a coupling factor greater than 0,9 obtained par simulations. Other important parameters were also extracted namely the inter-winding capacity where less than few pF wasobtained and the windings resistance has been identified less than 10 Ω

碩士
中華大學
電機工程學系碩士班
100
A two-level resonant atomic system can be modeled by a simple LC circuit，and therefore a three-level EIT (electromagnetically induced transparency) system can be simulated by a two-loop circuit，in which two simple LC circuits are coupled to each other via a capacitor coupling，in the same fashion，a four-level EIT system can also have a three-loop LC circuit analog via two capacitor couplings to observed . We suggest to use the voltage source and the capacitors(the capacitors coupling on both sides loops) in the circuit act (current response) as the probe field and the control fields in atomic EIT，when two beams of laser irradiated boxed three-level atomic system in the same time will form the destructive interference，two-photon resonance occurs，destruction also eliminates the effective power and the absorption mechanism and the decay rate；cause the dielectric constant of the material the remaining vacuum real number (imaginary part is 0)，which is the EIT phenomenon .We used Multisim 12.0 (NI，circuit simulation software) simulate the quantum coherent effect of the RLC double-resonant circuit of EIT atomic group and analyzed the power spectrum in the circuit，and use Elvis II+ with Labview (NI，instrument control software) self - designed the spectral response of the actual measurement circuit of ultra-low-frequency spectrum analyzer，and finally we have very good effect on the RLC current analog .

Fusion neutrons from high energy density plasmas generated by pulsed laser irradiation of nanoscale atomic clusters have been explored in recent experiments at the University of Texas at Austin. A sufficiently strong (~200 T) magnetic field is expected to produce a magnetized, high temperature (10 keV) plasma with beta [approximately equal to] 1. Such a field along the laser axis may confine the plasma’s radial expansion, thus increasing fusion yield. As part of a multi-stage project to implement this experiment, a scaled (~40 T, ~500 KA) version of the final 200 T, 2.2 MA pulsed power device has been designed and built by Sandia National Laboratories and is now at UT-Austin. This apparatus, named MegaGauss, is meant to serve as a preparation tool for the 200 T system; as such, its current pulse was recorded for analysis, and is compared to a theoretical model to verify its response parameters (e.g. peak current, time to peak). Techniques and results of this comparison are discussed, followed by explanations of basic construction of the 40 T device and current sensing instrumentation. Discussion of MegaGauss is completed with a survey of notable failure modes, and a description of the often severe effects the miniature field-generating Helmholtz coil experiences due to the current pulse and magnetic field. Finally, a novel data archive scheme, structured around the familiar MDSplus archive system, is implemented in Labview and integrated into the main pulsed power control program. Specifically, methods for linking MDSplus’s robust functionality with Labview’s intuitive development environment are realized by means of a specialized software bridge between the two. These methods are used in software that allows MDSplus archives to be written and read exclusively through Labview.
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碩士
國立交通大學
電子研究所
106
In this thesis, an extensive investigation has been performed on the three- and four-terminal (3T and 4T) multi-finger nMOSFETs for precise extraction of intrinsic parasitic RLC and development of truly accurate intrinsic MOSFET model aimed at high frequency and RF noise simulation for nano-CMOS RF circuits design. Gate resistance (Rg), source resistance (Rs,int), and gate sidewall as well as finger-end fringing capacitances (Cof and Cf(poly-end)) appear as most important intrinsic parasitic RC with critical impact on high frequency performance and RF noise, and bring tough challenges to the conventional extraction methods when applied to 3T and 4T multi-finger MOSFETs. For the first time, a new extraction flow has been established for precise determination of the intrinsic parasitic source and drain resistances (Rs,int and Rd,int) and channel resistance (Rch) in 3T and 4T multi-finger MOSFETs and enable accurate prediction of the asymmetric gate to source/drain capacitances, i.e. Cgs≠Cgd at VDS=0 with critical dependence on Rs,int, Rd,int, and Rch. Afterwards, a new method and analytical model have been derived for accurate extraction of Rg and prediction of Rg@Y-method incorporating the Rs,int and Rd,int coupled through the intrinsic gate to source and drain capacitances (Cgs,i and Cgd,i). In this thesis, one more innovation creates new structures, namely multi-finger field devices for direct and precise extraction of Cof and Cf(poly-end) from high frequency measurement, without resort to 3-D interconnect RC simulation like Raphael. The mentioned innovations lead to successful extraction of intrinsic parasitic RC with complicated layout dependence and the integration with intrinsic device parameters determined by our proprietary high precision device parameters extraction method (US patent 8,691,599 B2) can realize the actual intrinsic MOSFET model for 3T and 4T multi-finger MOSFETs with proven accuracy for layout dependent effects and sensitivity to lot-to-lot and die-to-die variations. The actual intrinsic MOSEFT model has been extensively verified and the accuracy is proven by good agreement with high frequency Y-parameters after openM1 and shortM1 deembedding for 3T and 4T nMOSFETs with various multi-finger layouts. Furthermore, the intrinsic device parameters and parasitic RLC with proven accuracy, when applied to analytical models can reach accurate prediction of the high frequency performance like fT and fMAX associated with various multi-finger layouts and facilitate layout optimization. One of the important findings and conclusions is that 4T multi-finger MOSFETs with sufficient freedom for various circuit topologies like common source, common gate, and common drain (CS, CG, and CD) under various body biases, generally suffer significant degradation of fT and fMAX due to drastic increase of Rs,int and Ls,int. The mentioned achievements provide a useful and efficient solution for high frequency simulation and design, without resort to BSIM-4 with limited accuracy for specified sample layouts. Finally, the actual intrinsic MOSFET models can be further integrated with our proprietary lossy substrate model to build up a full equivalent circuit model, which can accurately simulate the high frequency S-, Y- and noise parameters, prior to deembedding. Furthermore, the lossy substrate deembedding method can be applied to both 3T and 4T multi-finger MOSFETs as a reliable solution for accurate extraction of intrinsic RF noise, which can eliminate the problems of conventional noise correlation matrix method and successfully identify the layout dependent effects in the truly intrinsic RF noise for multi-finger MOSFETs optimization aimed at low noise circuits design.

碩士
國立交通大學
電子研究所
107
In this thesis, an extensive investigation has been carried out on the layout dependent effects in multi-finger (MF) and multi-ring (MR) nMOSFETs, and the impact on high frequency performance like most importantly unit gain cut-off frequency fT and maximum oscillation frequency fMAX, as well as RF noise in nanoscale CMOS technologies. A comprehensive extraction flow has been developed for accurate determination of the intrinsic device parameters as well as intrinsic parasitic resistances, inductances, and capacitances (RLC), which are key parameters governing fT and fMAX, and RF noise like NFmin and Rn. The impact of technology scaling on high frequency device parameters and performance appears as another critically important topic. In this thesis, 90nm and 40nm CMOS technologies from TSMC, namely TN90GUTM and TN40G have been adopted for MF and MR nMOSFETs design and fabrication. The aggressive scaling of layout rule and physical dimensions like poly gate length (Lg), poly gate thickness (TPO), contact plug thickness (TCO), and metal thickness (TM1) by around 52~60%, gate oxide thickness (Tox) by around 84%, and PO-to-CO space (LPO-CO) by 42~43% from TN90GUTM to TN40G will lead to complicated influence on the intrinsic device parameters, intrinsic parasitic RLC, and more importantly high frequency performance. Basically, the shrinkage of Lg, TPO, TCO, TM1, and layout dimensions can lead to the increase of gate resistance (Rg), contact resistance, and source parasitic resistance as well as inductance (RS and LS,int) in MF devices with extended source line, all of which may cause the penalties such as degradation of transconductance (gm), fT and fMAX, and even worse the increase of RF noise (Rn and NFmin). On the other hand, the scaling of Lg, TPO, TCO, and TM1 can help suppress the intrinsic parasitic capacitances like gate sidewall and finger-end fringing capacitances (Cof and Cf(poly-end)) and achieve smaller gate capacitance (Cgg). The experimental results indicate that more aggressive scaling in Lg than Tox (or Tox(inv)) can achieve higher gm and smaller Cgg, and thus significant boost of fT by around 60 ~110% in MF nMOSFETs attributed to technology scaling from TN90GUTM to TN40G. However, the higher fT cannot guarantee the higher fMAX because that the dramatic increase of Rg may overwhelm the advantage of fT and result in similar or even lower fMAX. It means that the complicated trade-off between the parasitic RLC associated with technology scaling and layout dependent effects becomes a valuable and challenging topic for high frequency devices design, parasitic RLC extraction, and equivalent circuit modeling. In this thesis, a new method, namely matrix method for accurate extraction of extrinsic source and drain parasitic resistances, RS and RD in MF and MR MOSFETs, has been developed and proven with sufficient accuracy for effective mobility eff extraction in MF and MR nMOSFETs associated with TN90GUTM and TN40G technologies. This matrix method can accurately determine the current through every active channel (OD) finger and voltage at each source finger terminal, and thus solve the problem from previous assumption of uniform current distribution and equal source terminal voltage at every finger. The mentioned assumption may lead to sever over-estimation of extrinsic RS and an abnormal jump of eff extracted from MF nMOSFETs in case of larger finger number (NF). This problem becomes particularly worse in TN40G technology than TN90GUTM, due to the aggressive scaling of TM1~M3 and TCO, as well as significant increase of the metal sheet resistance and contact resistance (RCO). Furthermore, how to determine the physical Rg and real Rg through high frequencies responsible for fMAX, Rn, and NFmin becomes a challenging topic of controversy, particularly for MF and MR devices with extremely narrow finger width (WF) in case of very large NF. MR devices proposed as a solution for higher eff attributed to suppression of STI compressive transverse stress ⊥. However, some potential problems like the increase of Rg, Cof, and Cf(poly-end) may be detrimental to fT, fMAX, and RF noise (Rn, and NFmin). Some innovative MR layouts for simultaneous reduction of Rg, Cof, and Cf(poly-end) emerge as another topic worthy of further study. In addition, the intrinsic parasitic inductances like Lg,int, Ld,int, and Ls,int appear as critical elements with sophisticated layout dependence and influence on high frequency parameters, which are dispensable for actual intrinsic MOSFET models for high frequency simulation aimed at mm-wave circuits design. Finally, the actual intrinsic MOSFET models can be integrated with our proprietary lossy substrate model to build up a full equivalent circuit model for both high frequency and RF noise simulation prior to deembedding. However, the aggressive thickness reduction of the stacked metal layers and inter-metal dielectric in technology scaling from TN90GUTM to TN40G causes dramatic increase of parasitic capacitances associated with the GSG pads and interconnection lines from the pads to the core devices. This kind of extrinsic parasitic capacitances may overwhelm the intrinsic channel and frigning capacitances (Cgg,int, Cof,, and Cf(poly-end)), which may lead to very minor difference between various MF layouts and difficulty in open deembedding. As a result, the intrinsic Y-parameters reveal anomalous frequency dependence and reverse of positive/negative sign. It emerges as a new challenge to precise deembedding and suggests more extensive research effort in the future for effective reduction of the extrinsic parasitic capacitances. To the end, our proprietary lossy substrate deembedding method can be applied for accurate extraction and simulation of intrinsic RF noise in MF and MR devices associated with TN90GUTM and TN40G technologies. This way can eliminate the problems of conventional noise correlation matrix method and facilitate device layouts optimization for high frequency and low noise design in nanoscale CMOS technologies.

博士
國立交通大學
電子物理系所
101
In this thesis , firstly, we report the results of manifesting signatures of quantum billiard quantized energy spectra from spontaneous emission spectra of large-aperture vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). Through the high-resolution measurement , nearly a thousand cavity modes with a narrow linewidth can be perfectly exhibited in the spontaneous emission spectrum just below the lasing threshold for VCSELs. Furthermore , we verify that the statistical analyses of the nearest-neighbor eigenvalue spacing distributions obey a Poisson distribution for an equilateral-triangular device and a Wigner distribution for a stadium-shaped device. Next, we propose that a two dimensional RLC resonance network may be used for fundamental studies of wave function properties. Based on HSPICE simulator and standard C++ language to generalized the virtual billiard simulator (VBS). We will demonstrate that this type of systems offer rich possibilities for experimental studies of wave functions and, in particular, current morphology and statistics. The square, equilateral-triangular and stadium shape geometry is suitable since there are both experimental in VCSELs results to compare with. We also explored the RLC resonance network circuits with wave chaos for the arbitrary-shape billiard.

碩士
國立中央大學
電機工程學系
106
The design and development of analog/mixed-signal (AMS) integrated circuits is becoming increasingly complex as technologies advances. Speeding up analog and mixed signal simulation is becoming more important in SoC design verification. Modeling analog circuit blocks by hardware description language and building their behavioral models is an efficient approach for verifying AMS systems. To transform any designer circuits into their respective behavioral models automatically, in this thesis, we proposed an efficient structure analysis flow that can extract building blocks in mixed-signal design automatically based on given circuit specifications and netlist. Moreover, passive RLC components within the circuits are analyzed independently and then removed from the circuits before the transistor structure analysis and transforming processes. This is accomplished by a structure analysis platform for transforming Spice Netlist files into Verilog automatically, and transforming transistor-level design into behavior-level design. Achieves the purpose of speeding up AMS system simulation and reduces verification time and complexity for designers. As shown in the experimental results on several circuits, the proposed approach is able to achieve correct recognition of the respective given circuits instantaneously.

碩士
國立交通大學
電子物理系所
102
In this thesis, we start our research works with an introduction of phenomena of resonance in nature. There are many models in the world, we take some classical examples including coupled oscillators and RLC circuits to show wave phenomena in a discrete system. Then, Green function is introduced to explore continuous wave for resonant systems. From a historic view, we can see much interests on these topics. Inspired by previous works, we follow the patterns and set up a two-dimensional network for both coupled oscillators and RLC circuits. With a lot of efforts to develop the model of network of oscillators, we can easily obtain some visualized results through math software. Comparing the model with RLC electric network, we find a wonderful analog between these two models. In addition, we investigate influences of damping effect on the mode patterns of these two models and also discuss the dispersion relation in the discrete system in detail. RLC circuits can generate spatial patterns of arbitrary shapes, whose statistical properties can be analyzed quantitatively in the field of quantum chaos. There are many classical examples in quantum chaos. In theoretical analysis, we seek solution of inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation by Green function. And we find that there is a valid analog between Green function and RLC circuits in an approximately proportion of range of resonant frequencies of RLC circuits. The thesis show us a picture of these different models with comparisons and analysis. This work is interesting that there will be more knowledge of study of RLC circuits or more discovery in this filed in the future.

碩士
國立中山大學
政治學研究所
102
“Justice”is the core value of human society, and“happiness”is the sureness derived from freedom from fear. The setting of video surveillance is hoping to give citizens the feeling of“justice”and“happiness”. With rapid changes of the politics, society and economic structures, the public security situation is increasingly complex, modus operandi and the level of victimization compare to the past have a dramatic change, and magnifies report by the media and far-reaching transmission of network, violent crime and other security problems. It is just like citizens’nightmare. Government units also recognize that the setting of video surveillance is conducive to investigate and prevent crime and save the cost of public security. It generally sets video surveillances at important intersections in major cities and blind spots of public security and expects to create a safe living environment for citizens. Kaohsiung City is in no way conceding, after the merger between county and city, it has both urban and rural development pattern. Explore and evaluate from the angle of the real pulsation of society, geographical environment and social control, has been completed 17,862 video surveillance cameras and are adding continually. However, it has no related supporting measures in response. Therefore, this research found that there are many substandard existing social conditions for the governance of video surveillance in our country and current Kaohsiung City, as well as expectations of the citizens, there are necessary to review and improve. Therefore, in this research, basic principles, administrative organization, limit of administrative rights, administrative relief and administrative surveillance of five structures of the Administrative Law are main research methods; it adopts literature review and historical induction, views the currently legal system and social status of video surveillance governance in our country, and then view the problems of video surveillance governance in current Kaohsiung City and makes recommendations. Expect it can be perfect by this research.