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1

Dhondge, Hrishikesh. "Structural characterization of RNA binding to RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains using data integration, 3D modeling and molecular dynamic simulation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0103.

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Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d'un projet Européen plus vaste (ITN RNAct) dans lequel des approches informatiques et biologiques étaient combinées pour progresser vers la synthèse de nouveaux domaines protéiques capables de se fixer sur des séquences spécifiques d'ARN. L'objectif spécifique de cette thèse était de concevoir et développer des outils informatiques pour mieux exploiter les connaissances existantes sur les domaines à Motif de Reconnaissance de l'ARN (RRM) lors de la modélisation 3D des complexes RRM-ARN. Les domaines RRMs représentent 50% de toutes les protéines fixant l'ARN et sont trouvées dans environ 2% de toutes les régions codantes du génome humain. Cependant, du fait de la grande diversité des domaines RRMs, il n'y a eu jusqu'à présent que très peu de succès rapportés dans la conception de nouveaux domaines RRMs. La contribution centrale de cette thèse est la construction d'une base de données relationnelle appelée (InteR3M) qui intègre des informations de séquence, de structure et de fonction sur les domaines RRMs. La base de données InteR3M (href{https://inter3mdb.loria.fr/}{https://inter3mdb.loria.fr/}) contient 400,892 instances de domaines RRM (dérivées d'entrées UniProt) et 1,456 structures 3D déterminées expérimentalement (dérivées d'entrées PDB), qui correspondent à seulement 303 instances distinctes de domaines RRM. De plus, InteR3M contient 459,859 interactions atomiques entre RRM et acides nucléiques, dérivées de 656 structures 3D dans lesquelles le domaine RRM forme un complexe avec un ARN ou un ADN. Au cours du processus de collecte de données, des incohérences ont été détectées dans la classification de plusieurs instances de domaines RRMs dans les bases de données de domaines protéiques populaires CATH et Pfam. Ceci m'a conduit à proposer une approche originale (CroMaSt) pour résoudre ce problème, à partir de la mise en correspondance des instances structurales de domaines RRMs entre ces deux bases de données et de l'alignement structural des domaines sans correspondance avec une structure prototype du domaine RRM. Le workflow CroMast est disponible sur le Workflow Hub Européen (href{https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/390}{https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/390}). Les informations de séquence et de structure intégrées dans la base de données InteR3M ont ensuite été utilisées pour aligner entre eux tous les domaines RRM et cartographier toutes les interactions RRM-ARN sur cet alignement en vue d'identifier les différents modes de liaison de l'ARN aux domaines RRM. Ceci a conduit au développement, avec nos partenaires RNAct de VUB (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), de l'outil `RRMScorer'. Cet outil contribue au déchiffrage du code de reconnaissance RRM-ARN en calculant les probabilités de liaison entre les nucléotides de l'ARN et les acides aminés des domaines RRM à certaines positions de l'alignement. Les contacts atomiques entre RRMs et ARN ont aussi été utilisés pour identifier des motifs d'ancrage, c'est-à-dire des prototypes des positions 3D atomiques (relatives au squelette protéique) d'un nucléotide interagissant par empilement (`stacking') avec un acide aminé aromatique conservé. Ces ancres peuvent être utilisées comme des contraintes dans un protocole d'amarrage ancré (`anchored docking'). Le pipeline `RRM-RNA dock' est présenté ici et il intègre à la fois les motifs d'ancrage extraits de la base de données InteR3M et les scores de liaison de RRMScorer. Finalement, la simulation en dynamique moléculaire (MD) est un autre outil informatique testé dans cette thèse pour contribuer à la modélisation 3D des complexes RRM-ARN. Des protocoles MD préliminaires mais prometteurs sont décrits au titre d'essais visant à distinguer entre les complexes RRM-ARN à liaison forte ou faible<br>This thesis was carried out in the frame of a larger European project (ITN RNAct) in which computer science and biology approaches were combined to make progress towards the synthesis of new protein domains able to bind to specific RNA sequences. The specific goal of this thesis was to design and develop computational tools to better exploit existing knowledge on RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domains using 3D modeling of RRM-RNA complexes. RRMs account for 50% of all RNA binding proteins and are present in about 2% of the protein-coding regions of the human genome. However, due to the large diversity of RRMs, there have been very few successful examples of new RRM design so far. A central achievement of this thesis is the construction of a relational database called `InteR3M' that integrates sequence, structural and functional information about RRM domains. InteR3M database (href{https://inter3mdb.loria.fr/}{https://inter3mdb.loria.fr/}) contains 400,892 RRM domain instances (derived from UniProt entries) and 1,456 experimentally solved 3D structure (derived from PDB entries) corresponding to only 303 distinct RRM instances. In addition, InteR3M stores 459,859 atom-atom interactions between RRM and nucleic acids, retrieved from 656 3D structures in which the RRM domain is complexed with RNA or DNA. During the data collection procedure, inconsistencies were detected in the classification of several RRM instances in the popular domain databases CATH and Pfam. This led me to propose an original approach (CroMaSt) to solve this issue, based on cross-mapping of structural instances of RRMs between these two domain databases and on the structural alignment of unmapped instances with an RRM structural prototype. The CroMaSt CWL workflow is available on the European Workflow hub at href{https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/390}{https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/390}. Sequence and structural information stored in InteR3M database was then used to align RRM domains and map all RRM-RNA interactions onto this alignment to identify the different binding modes of RNA to RRM domains. This led to the development, with RNAct partners at VUB (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), of the `RRMScorer' tool. This tool contributes to decipher the RRM-RNA code by computing binding probabilities between RNA nucleotides and RRM amino acids at certain positions of the alignment. Atomic contacts between RRMs and RNA were also used to identify anchoring patterns, i.e. prototypes of 3D atomic positions (relative to the protein backbone) of a nucleotide stacked on a conserved aromatic amino acid. These anchors can be used as constraints in anchored docking protocols. The `RRM-RNA dock' docking pipeline is presented here and integrates both anchoring patterns extracted from InteR3M and binding scores from RRMScorer. Finally, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation is another computational tool tested in this thesis to contribute to the 3D modeling of RRM-RNA complexes. Promising preliminary MD protocols are described as attempts to distinguish between strongly and weakly binding RRM-RNA complexes
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2

Corrionero, Saiz Ana. "Regulation of mammalian 3' splice site recognition." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31971.

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Alternative splicing provides the cell the ability to generate, from a single gene, multiple protein isoforms, sometimes with different or even antagonistic functions. This process is tightly regulated and alterations in the accurate balance of alternatively spliced mRNAs are a common cause of disease. The main objective of this thesis has been to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying disease-causing defective splicing. Skipping of Fas death receptor exon 6 leads to decreased Fas-ligand induced apoptosis. We have studied how this event is promoted by a mutation at the 3’ splice site and by the proto-oncogene SF2, leading to Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome and possibly contributing to tumor progression, respectively. Moreover, we have determined the mechanism by which an antitumor drug, Spliceostatin A, alters 3’ splice site recognition and affects alternative splicing. This thesis underscores the importance of pre-mRNA splicing in disease and how the study of disease-causing aberrant splicing can be used as a tool to understand splicing mechanisms and vice versa.<br>El processament alternatiu del pre-ARNm proporciona a la cèl•lula l’habilitat de generar, a partir d’un únic gen, proteïnes amb funcions diferents i, fins i tot, antagòniques. Aquest procés està altament regulat i desequilibris en l’abundància de les diferent isoformes són causes comunes de malaltia. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi ha estat entendre el mecanisme molecular a través del qual problemes en el processament del pre-ARNm causen malalties. L’exclusió de l’exó 6 del receptor de mort cel•lular Fas condueix a una disminució de l’apoptosi en resposta al lligand de Fas. Hem estudiat com una mutació al lloc de processament 3’ d’aquest exó i el proto-oncogén SF2 promouen aquest patró, causant el síndrome autoimmune lifoproliferatiu i possiblement contribuint a la progressió tumorogènica, respectivament. A més, hem estudiat el mecanisme pel qual la droga antitumoral Spliceostatin A altera el reconeixement del lloc de processament 3’ i causa canvis en el processament alternatiu de diversos gens. Aquesta tesi posa en evidència la importancia del processament del pre-ARNm en malalties i com l’estudi de mutacions que alteren aquest procés i són causa de malaties pot ser utilitzat con una eina per entendre el mecanisme d’aquest processament i viceversa.
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3

Corrionero, Saiz Ana. "Regulation of mammalian 3' slpice site recognition." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31971.

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Alternative splicing provides the cell the ability to generate, from a single gene, multiple protein isoforms, sometimes with different or even antagonistic functions. This process is tightly regulated and alterations in the accurate balance of alternatively spliced mRNAs are a common cause of disease. The main objective of this thesis has been to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying disease-causing defective splicing. Skipping of Fas death receptor exon 6 leads to decreased Fas-ligand induced apoptosis. We have studied how this event is promoted by a mutation at the 3’ splice site and by the proto-oncogene SF2, leading to Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome and possibly contributing to tumor progression, respectively. Moreover, we have determined the mechanism by which an antitumor drug, Spliceostatin A, alters 3’ splice site recognition and affects alternative splicing. This thesis underscores the importance of pre-mRNA splicing in disease and how the study of disease-causing aberrant splicing can be used as a tool to understand splicing mechanisms and vice versa.<br>El processament alternatiu del pre-ARNm proporciona a la cèl•lula l’habilitat de generar, a partir d’un únic gen, proteïnes amb funcions diferents i, fins i tot, antagòniques. Aquest procés està altament regulat i desequilibris en l’abundància de les diferent isoformes són causes comunes de malaltia. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi ha estat entendre el mecanisme molecular a través del qual problemes en el processament del pre-ARNm causen malalties. L’exclusió de l’exó 6 del receptor de mort cel•lular Fas condueix a una disminució de l’apoptosi en resposta al lligand de Fas. Hem estudiat com una mutació al lloc de processament 3’ d’aquest exó i el proto-oncogén SF2 promouen aquest patró, causant el síndrome autoimmune lifoproliferatiu i possiblement contribuint a la progressió tumorogènica, respectivament. A més, hem estudiat el mecanisme pel qual la droga antitumoral Spliceostatin A altera el reconeixement del lloc de processament 3’ i causa canvis en el processament alternatiu de diversos gens. Aquesta tesi posa en evidència la importancia del processament del pre-ARNm en malalties i com l’estudi de mutacions que alteren aquest procés i són causa de malaties pot ser utilitzat con una eina per entendre el mecanisme d’aquest processament i viceversa.
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4

Zhang, Da Jiang. "Involvement of the Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein-Associated Splicing Factor (PSF) in the Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) RNA-Templated Transcription." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31095.

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Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known mammalian RNA virus, containing a genome of ~ 1700 nt. Replication of HDV is extremely dependent on the host transcription machinery. Previous studies indicated that RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) directly binds to and forms an active preinitiation complex on the right terminal stem-loop fragment (R199G) of HDV genomic RNA, and that the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor (PSF) directly binds to the same region. Further studies demonstrated that PSF also binds to the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNAP II. In my thesis, co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed to show that PSF stimulates the interaction of RNAPII with R199G. Results of co-immunoprecipitation experiments also suggest that both the RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) and N-terminal proline-rich region (PRR) of PSF are required for the interaction between PSF and RNAPII, while the two RNA recognition motifs (RRM1 and RRM2) might be required for the interaction of PSF with R199G. Furthermore, in vitro run-off transcription assays suggest that PSF facilitates the HDV RNA transcription from the R199G template. Together, the above experiments suggest that PSF might act as a transcription factor for the RNAPII transcription of HDV RNA by linking the CTD of RNAPII and the HDV RNA promoter. My experiments provide a better understanding of the mechanism of HDV RNA-dependent transcription by RNAP II.
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Frenal, Karine. "Caractérisation structurale et fonctionnelle de TgDRE : une enzyme de réparation de l' ADN du parasite Toxoplasma gondii." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066031.

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6

Anderson, Ross Calley. "Expression and characterisation of a novel poly(A)-binding protein, PABP5." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5942.

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The poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs) are a family of eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins with key roles in mRNA translation and stability. The molecular function of PABPs have been largely revealed through study of the prototypical cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein, PABP1. Thus, little is known regarding other PABP family members. PABP5 contains four RNA-recognition motifs characteristic of the cytoplasmic PABPs yet is structurally distinct as it lacks a portion of the C-terminus. This region contains a proline-rich section linked to a globular domain that facilitates a number of protein-protein interactions. To date, little information has been presented regarding the expression of PABP5 and there is no data pertaining to the function of this protein, despite being mapped to a region of the X-chromosome associated with human pathological conditions. In this thesis, I present the first data documenting the expression of PABP5 within mouse tissues, and find it to be expressed at the highest levels within the brain, ovary, and testis. The limited data available suggests that gonads may be the only tissue to contain all PABPs therefore I additionally describe the expression of PABP1 and PABP4 to ascertain their cellular distribution within these tissues. This revealed that PABPs have overlapping yet distinct expression patterns in mouse gonads. The distinct structure of PABP5 suggested that its function may vary from PABP1. Characterisation of its activities in translational regulation was therefore investigated. When tethered to a reporter mRNA PABP5 had limited translational stimulatory activity, and in addition could not be isolated via m7G cap chromatography and failed to interact with translation initiation factors including eIF4G and PAIP-1. These factors interact with PABP1 to positively promote translation, implying that PABP5 function in translational regulation differs from other PABPs investigated. Examining why PABP5 failed to display translational stimulatory activity also revealed an interaction with the negative regulator of translation, PAIP-2. In summary, I present the first description of PABP5 cellular localisation, and have gone some way towards elucidating the molecular function of this uncharacterised protein.
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Hsu, Wen-Yuan, and 許文苑. "Characterization for the Function of RNA Recognition Motif 3 Mutant of RNA Binding Protein Rbp1p." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gfjva2.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>分子醫學研究所<br>106<br>Rbp1p, as a RNA binding protein, was first identified as a negative growth regulator in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein composition of Rbp1p contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), two glutamine-rich regions, and one asparagine-methionine-proline-rich (NMP) region in the C terminus. Our previous studies have shown that deletion of RBP1 resulting in a hyper ager-invasive growth in ∑1278b strain. Recently, we had found that over-expressing Rbp1p-RRM mutants, especially Rbp1p-rrm3, into yeast induced a hyper-invasion growth phenotype. This hyper-invasion growth phenotype had not only been found in ∑1278b strain but also in BY4741 strain, which had no invasive ability because of its flo8-mutation. We had previously predicted eight putative phosphorylation sites of Rbp1p, which mainly are located at C-terminus. According to the mass-spectrometry-based results, phosphorylation at threonine 637 (T637) would change in response to glucose deprivation. We generated an antibody specifically recognizing T637 phosphorylation, and observed a high phosphorylation level at T637 when over-expressing Rbp1p-rrm3 into yeast. However, the invasion phenotype of Rbp1p was unchanged regardless of T637 phosphorylation state. It indicated that T637 phosphorylation is not sufficient to regulate the Rbp1p-dependant invasive ability. Here we showed that eight putative phosphorylation sites of Rbp1p partially participated in regulating the Rbp1p-dependant invasive ability. Furthermore, the deletion of SNF1 and BCY1 decreased the Rbp1p-rrm3-induced hyper-invasion. According to previous microarray results, we found that the mRNA levels of FLO genes family increased when over-expressing Rbp1p-rrm3 as compared to Rbp1p. The increased FLO genes were FLO1, FLO9, FLO10 and FLO11. These FLO genes were involved in filamentous growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such as flocculation, adhesion and invasion. Here we showed that most increasing mRNA levels of these FLO genes were consistent to the filamentous growth relative phenotypes; however, transcription was not sufficient to reflect these phenotypes. The translation of these FLO genes are needed to be further investigated.
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Lyon, Angeline Marie. "Biophysical studies of an expanded RNA recognition motif from the Bruno protein." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-08-229.

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RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) are a ubiquitous class of proteins which bind RNA in a sequence-specific fashion, often with high affinity. The mechanisms through which this single protein domain recognizes diverse RNA sequences is not fully understood. High-resolution three-dimensional structures are particularly important in understanding the structural features required for RNA recognition and binding. This work presents the structure of an expanded RRM domain from the Drosophila melanogaster Bruno protein. The Bruno protein is involved in establishing proper body patterning during development. This is accomplished through the translational repression of several mRNAs, in particular, the oskar mRNA. Previous work has identified an expanded RRM domain within the Bruno protein. This RRM requires an additional forty amino acids prior to the start of the canonical RRM domain for high affinity RNA binding. The protein was found to contain a canonical RRM domain comprised of four anti-parallel [beta] strands and two [alpha] helices. The RRM is preceded by a ten amino acid loop that interacts with [alpha]₁ and [beta]₂, while the remaining amino acids are flexible in solution. Interestingly, the deletion of these residues does not alter the fold or stability of the RRM domain. Thus, these additional residues must be involved in RNA binding, as they are not required for structure. From these studies, the Bruno RRM represents a new example of protein features required for recognition and high affinity binding of RNA.<br>text
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9

Myers, Jeffrey C. "Human UP1 as a model for understanding purine recognition in the family of proteins containing the RNA recognition motif (RRM)." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/18787.

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Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) is a prototype for the family of eukaryotic RNA processing proteins containing the common RNA recognition motif (RRM). The region consisting of residues 1--195 of hnRNP Al is referred to as UP1. This region has two RRMs and has a high affinity for both single-stranded RNA and the human telomeric repeat sequence d(TTAGGG)n. We have used UP1's novel DNA binding to investigate how RRMs bind nucleic acid bases through their highly conserved RNP consensus sequences. Nine complexes of UP1 bound to modified telomeric repeats were investigated using equilibrium fluorescence binding and X-ray crystallography. In two of the complexes, alteration of a guanine to either 2-aminopurine or nebularine resulted in an increase in Kd from 70 nM to 160 and 280 nM, respectively. The loss of orienting interactions between UP1 and the substituted base allows it to flip between syn and anti conformations. Substitution of the same base with 7-deaza-guanine preserves the O6/N1 contacts but still increases the Kd to 250 nM, a result suggesting that it is not simply the loss of affinity that gives rise to base mobility but also the stereochemistry of the specific contact to O6. Although these studies provide details of UP1 interactions to nucleic acids, three general observations about RRMs are also evident: (1) as suggested by informatic studies, main chain to base hydrogen bonding make up an important aspect of ligand recognition; (2) steric clashes generated by modification of a hydrogen bond donor-acceptor pair to a donor-donor pair are poorly tolerated; and (3) a conserved lysine position proximal to RNP-2 (K106-IFVGGI) orients the purine to allow stereochemical discrimination between adenine and guanine based on the 6-position. This single interaction is well-conserved in known RRM structures and appears to be a broad indicator for purine preference in the larger family of RRM proteins.
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髙木, 伸之介, and Shinnosuke Takagi. "RNP2 of RNA Recognition Motif 1 Plays a Central Role in the Aberrant Modification of TDP-43." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19060.

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Liao, Yun-Feng, and 廖勻楓. "The Role of the RNA Recognition Motif of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 3 Subunit p116 in the Translation of Hepatitis C Virus." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83622638673809018491.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>生化學研究所<br>89<br>Hepatitis C virus (HCV), the etiological agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis, often causes liver diseases including chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV possesses a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 9600 nucleotides in length. Initiation of HCV translation mediated by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element encompassing almost the entire 5'' noncoding region (5’NCR) and about 30 nt of the core protein coding region immediately downstream the AUG codon. The 5’NCR is highly conserved among HCV isolates. In addition, the IRES folds into a stable secondary and tertiary structure and has been demonstrated to interact with 40S ribosomal subunit and other cellular factors. Nevertheless, the mechanism of HCV internal initiation is poorly understood. p116, a subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) complex, contains a putative RNA recognition motif (RRM) and is capable of binding independently to the HCV IRES. Previous studies revealed that the p116 RRM domain bound specifically to the domain III of HCV IRES, and an addition of a recombinant p116 RRM domain to an in vitro translation system inhibited the HCV IRES activity. Nevertheless, the possibility that the inhibitory effect may result from a competition of the recombinant p116 RRM to the endogenous p116 in forming eIF3 complex cannot be ruled out. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis was applied to further elucidate whether the inhibitory effect of p116 RRM on the HCV IRES-mediated translation is correlated to the IRES binding ability of p116 RRM. The conserved lysine230 residue in the p116 RRM domain was changed to glutamine. The recombinant plasmids of the wild type (WT) and the mutant form (K230Q) were expressed in parallel in E. coli DE3(BL21)pLysS. Recombinant proteins were purified from bacterial lysates for further studies. Northwestern blot analysis was performed to examine the ability of p116 RRM-K230Q mutant to bind directly to the HCV IRES. K230Q mutation abolished the IRES binding activity of p116 RRM and had no effect on the IRES-mediated translation. These results indicate that the effect of p116 RRM to inhibit HCV IRES-mediated translation may be resulted from its binding to the HCV IRES.
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Loos, Liana Sue. "The effects of mutations in the RNA recognition motifs of the splicing factor PRP24." 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/36871569.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-67).
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Friedersdorf, Matthew Burk. "RNA Recognition and Regulation of the AU-rich RNA Binding Proteins: HuR, TTP and BRF1." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5717.

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<p>Posttranscriptional gene expression is controlled and coordinated by RNA binding proteins (RBPs), many of which recognize specific RNAs through cis-regulatory RNA elements. One of the most highly studied classes of cis-regulatory RNA elements is the AU-rich elements (AREs). AREs are bound by a class of RBPs called ARE binding proteins (ARE-BPs), of which there are over a dozen in humans including HuR, tristetraprolin (TTP) and butyrate response factors 1 and 2 (BRF1 and BRF2). TTP, BRF1 and BRF2 belong to a family of tandem C3H zinc finger proteins that destabilize ARE-containing mRNAs. HuR acts to enhance the stability and translation of ARE-containing mRNAs, a function that is rare among ARE-BPs. While each of these ARE-BPs regulates the expression of ARE-containing mRNAs, some ARE-BPs themselves are also encoded by ARE-containing mRNAs, raising the possibility that each of these ARE-BPs may regulate one another's expression. In order to determine how these ARE-BPs influence each others expression and how this affects the regulation of global gene expression programs we have focused on three different aspects of these ARE-BP networks: control, response to stimuli, and global effects.</p><p>To address of network control of ARE-BPs we have focused on how HuR regulates a network of mRNAs including TTP, BRF1 and HuR's own mRNA. We demonstrate that HuR can bind to TTP's, BRF1's and its own mRNA. Furthermore, by employing overexpression and siRNA knockdown approaches we demonstrate that these mRNAs and their corresponding 3'UTR luciferase reporters are resilient to fluctuations in HuR levels and that the degree of this resiliency is cell type and condition specific.</p><p>To address the temporal responses within an ARE-BP network we focused on how each of the members of the TTP family of ARE-BPs reacts following the induction of the other family members by using epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Here we show that induction of TTP family member mRNAs during EGF stimulation is partially attributable to changes in mRNA stability. Furthermore, we also show that TTP and BRF1 are able to bind each of the TTP family member mRNAs and subsequently affect their expression by altering their mRNA degradation rates. In addition, we demonstrate that the unique temporal induction patterns of the TTP family member RBPs is correlated with the EGF stimulated induction of TTP-bound mRNAs, suggesting that a network comprised of TTP family members is able to influence the timing of complex gene expression patterns. </p><p>Finally, to address the influence of these networks on regulation of global gene expression programs we have focused on how HuR recognizes AREs and whether it can globally recognize multiple classes of ARE-containing mRNAs, including the canonical class of AREs recognized by the TTP family members. To investigate how the three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) of HuR contribute to ARE recognition we generated a series of RRM point mutants and test their ability to disrupt RNA recognition of each of the RRMs. To identify different classes of ARE-containing mRNAs we examined these mutants with a global RNA binding site detection method called photoactivatable ribonucleoside crosslinking immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP). Together these techniques suggest that the RRMs of HuR cooperate to recognize mRNA targets and that HuR's ability to bind RNA is coupled to the cellular distribution of HuR, and thus, are important in its role for regulating expression of bound mRNAs. </p><p>Together these studies indicate that ARE-BP posttranscriptional networks are highly interconnected and display complex regulatory interactions depending on cell type and stimuli. Furthermore, these networks can create complex behaviors such as timing of expression events or resiliency to fluctuations in protein levels. Finally, the components of these ARE-BP networks target partially overlapping sets of mRNAs to impact global gene expression patterns that ultimately coordinate the cellular responses to external stimuli.</p><br>Dissertation
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Ho, Yuan-Ta, and 何沅達. "ATP-Independent dsDNA Helicases Could be Evolved from Potent RNA-Recognition Motifs Leveraging a Guanine-Binding Specificity." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dujy6j.

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15

Cieplak-Rotowska, Maja. "Biophysical and molecular biology studies of proteins involved in gene silencing." Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2368.

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Abstract:
This thesis provides biophysical bases of the interactions between two proteins involved in microRNA (miRNA)-mediated silencing: CNOT1 and the silencing domain of GW182. The regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level involves the crucial CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex, which deadenylates mRNA, and can also inhibit translation in an independent fashion. In miRNA-mediated silencing, the CCR4-NOT complex is brought into the vicinity of the target mRNA by the successive actions of the miRNA, the Argonaute protein and finally, the GW182 protein, which interacts directly with CCR4-NOT. In the case of silencing of mRNAs containing AU-rich elements, the same action is performed by the protein called tristetraprolin involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes. The interactions and interplay between all of these high molecular weight proteins are relatively poorly understood. In particular, the interaction sites between GW182 and the CCR4-NOT complex were previously unknown. Molecular biology experiments allowed the identification of CCR4-NOT interaction motifs on GW182. One of them is crucial for deadenylation, while the other is vital in mediating the interaction with CCR4-NOT via CNOT1, the scaffolding subunit of the CCR4-NOT complex. Biophysical experiments based on hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry allowed the identification of the corresponding binding site on CNOT1(800-999). Surprisingly, the binding site of the GW182 silencing domain was found to be at the same CNOT1(800-999) surface region as the binding site of tristetraprolin. Biochemical experiments excluded their simultaneous binding to CNOT1. The GW182 and tristetraprolin proteins share a common motif, RLPXφ, that interacts with CNOT1 in a very similar, but not identical, manner. This sequence has been proposed to act as a short linear motif. Thus, the two different gene silencing pathways: miRNA-mediated silencing and ARE-mediated silencing intersect at CNOT1, which serves as a molecular hub. The structural dynamics of the GW182 silencing domain and the CNOT1(800-999) fragments were also studied. The GW182 silencing domain was experimentally proved to be natively unstructured except for an RNA-recognition motif (RRM) domain. The GW182 RRM domain was found to be a loose structure, contrary to the CNOT1(800-999) structure that was found to be very rigid. Experiments performed in this thesis have led to the discovery of the interaction sites between the natively disordered GW182 silencing domain and the helical CNOT1(800-999) protein fragment, contributing to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of recognition within protein complexes involved in gene silencing in different physiological processes.<br>Niniejsza praca doktorska dotyczy biofizycznych podstaw oddziaływania między białkami zaangażowanymi w wyciszanie ekspresji genów przez mikro-RNA (miRNA), a mianowicie pomiędzy białkiem CNOT1 a domeną wyciszającą białka GW182. W procesie wyciszania ekspresji genów przez miRNA, cząsteczki te wiążą się z białkiem Argonaute i naprowadzają je na cząsteczkę mRNA, która ma ulec wyciszeniu. Z białkiem Argonaute oddziałuje białko GW182, które z kolei wiąże się z kompleksem deadenylaz CCR4-NOT. Kompleks ten deadenyluje mRNA oraz może także blokować jego translację, co łącznie prowadzi do wyciszenia ekspresji danego genu. Z kolei w wyciszaniu mRNA zawierających sekwencje bogate w adeninę i urydynę, rolę miRNA wraz z Argonaute i GW182 pełni białko o nazwie tristetraprolina, które odgrywa kluczową rolę w procesach odpowiedzi na stany zapalne. Oddziaływania pomiędzy składnikami tego skomplikowanego układu białek o wielkich masach cząsteczkowych są jeszcze stosunkowo słabo poznane. W szczególności, nieznane były miejsca odpowiedzialne za tworzenie kompleksu pomiędzy GW182 a CCR4-NOT. Doświadczenia z zakresu biologii molekularnej pozwoliły na identyfikację miejsc wiążących CCR4-NOT w sekwencji domeny wyciszającej białka GW182. Jedno z nich ma kluczowy wpływ na deadenylację, a drugie - kluczowy wpływ na oddziaływanie z kompleksem CCR4-NOT za pośrednictwem jego centralnej podjednostki CNOT1. Badania biofizyczne metodą wymiany wodór-deuter sprzężoną ze spektrometrią mas pozwoliły z kolei na identyfikację miejsca oddziaływania GW182 na białku CNOT1 (we fragmencie 800-999), które, niespodziewanie, okazało się bardzo dobrze pokrywać z miejscem oddziaływania CNOT1(800-999) z tristetraproliną. Eksperymenty biochemiczne wykazały, że białka te konkurują o miejsce oddziaływania na CNOT1(800-999). Białka GW182 i tristetraprolina oddziałują z CNOT1 wykorzystując ten sam motyw sekwencji, RLPXφ, w bardzo podobny, jednak nie identyczny sposób. Sekwencja ta prawdopodobnie działa jako tzw. krótki motyw liniowy (z ang. short linear motif, SLiM). Zatem te dwa szlaki kontroli nad ekspresją genów krzyżują się. W pracy zbadano także dynamikę strukturalną białka CNOT1(800-999) oraz domeny wyciszającej białka GW182. Wykazano eksperymentalnie, że białko GW182 ma nieustrukturyzowany charakter, oprócz domeny wiążącej RNA (RRM), która ma strukturę bardzo dynamiczną. Natomiast białko CNOT1(800-999) charakteryzuje się stabilną, ściśle upakowaną strukturą. Przeprowadzone badania doprowadziły do odkrycia miejsc oddziaływania pomiędzy natywnie nieustrukturyzowaną domeną wyciszającą GW182, a helikalnym fragmentem białka CNOT1(800 999), przyczyniając się do zrozumienia molekularnych mechanizmów rozpoznawania w kompleksach białkowych odpowiedzialnych za regulację ekspresji genów w różnych procesach komórkowych.
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