To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Road accident.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Road accident'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Road accident.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Naji, Jamil Abdul-Rabb. "Road accident analysis in Yemen : the identification of shortcomings in road accident data, data adjustment, cost and development of road fatality model." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1996. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/road-accident-analysis-in-yemen(8586c669-4709-4b2c-9d83-45003bc5d0bf).html.
Full textAbstract:
The true extent of the road accident problem in Yemen is questionable. Some agencies and citizens believe that the safety situation in Yemen is very critical while others disagree with this belief. Both sides however, agree that the road accident problem in Yemen is such that it requires considerable attention. Since Yemen has no history in road safety research and since there is no reliable road accident data in the country, making final judgements on the situation is difficult unless supported by adequate research. The aim of the present research is to provide a better understanding of the road accident problem in the Yemen. This can be made by investigation of the real dimensions of the road accident problem. This includes the identification of the shortcomings in road accident data, the cost of road accidents and modelling road accident fatalities.
2
Zheng, Yunan. "The impact of localized road accident information on road safety awareness." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/721/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.Ph.D. thesis submitted the Faculty of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computing Science. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
3
Shoarian-Sattari, Kamal. "Use of vehicle flow parameters as predictors of road traffic accident risk." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391324.
Full text
4
Shuhaibar, Nabeel Khalil. "Road accidents in a developing country : characteristics and causes of accident rates in Kuwait." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8185.
Full text
5
Arndt, Owen Kingsley. "Relationship between unsignalised intersection geometry and accident rates." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15815/1/Owen_Arndt_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research is to determine the effect of unsignalised intersection geometry on the rates of the various types of accidents occurring at unsignalised intersections. A literature review has identified that there is little consistency between the results of previous studies. Some studies found that particular parameters had an opposite effect to what was expected. With this in mind, the research identified reasons for these results and developed two basic approaches to mitigate some of the problems with multi-factor type studies. These approaches are 'maximise the efficiency of data collection' and 'develop techniques for analysing less than perfect data'. A database consisting of 206 unsignalised intersection sites from throughout Queensland was used for analysis. The outcome of this research confirms the validity of several of the current design standards for unsignalised intersections, in addition to identifying new engineering procedures.
6
Arndt, Owen Kingsley. "Relationship Between Unsignalised Intersection Geometry and Accident Rates." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15815/.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research is to determine the effect of unsignalised intersection geometry on the rates of the various types of accidents occurring at unsignalised intersections. A literature review has identified that there is little consistency between the results of previous studies. Some studies found that particular parameters had an opposite effect to what was expected. With this in mind, the research identified reasons for these results and developed two basic approaches to mitigate some of the problems with multi-factor type studies. These approaches are 'maximise the efficiency of data collection' and 'develop techniques for analysing less than perfect data'. A database consisting of 206 unsignalised intersection sites from throughout Queensland was used for analysis. The outcome of this research confirms the validity of several of the current design standards for unsignalised intersections, in addition to identifying new engineering procedures.
7
Kannis-Dymand, Lee Robert James. "Psychological distress following a road accident : Investigation of two neglected road-user groups." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6800.
Full textAbstract:
Road traffic accidents are common sources of trauma experienced by adults, adolescents, and children. Trauma may arise as a direct result of physical injury, may occur due to experiencing perceived threat to one's life or physical self, or may develop due to witnessing death or injury to others. While there has been growing interest in the development of psychological distress, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobias, and adjustment disorder, among survivors of road accidents, there has been no systematic investigation of cyclists involved in road accidents and little specific research into child and adolescent road accident victims.
In regard to cyclists, the first of these under-researched groups, study one investigated the occurrence of psychological distress in New Zealand adult cycling victims. In 1999, 619 cyclists were injured on New Zealand roads, with 86 of these accident victims from the Christchurch region. A sample of 27 Christchurch adult cyclists, who had been involved in an accident with a motor vehicle, at least one month prior to the interview, completed a structured interview and number of questionnaires. Results indicated that one third of the participants suffered ongoing psychological distress following their accident. Implications for mental health, personal wellbeing, and potential costs to the community are discussed.
Study two examined the occurrence of psychological distress in New Zealand child and adolescent road accident survivors. In 2000, 1216 under-15 year-olds were injured on New Zealand roads. A national sample of 19 young people (8-17 year-olds) and their parents completed a variety of assessment measures, including a structured clinical interview in 16 cases. Of the 16 interviewed child/adolescent survivors, 19% were diagnosed with PTSD, and 69% exhibited some significant, enduring psychological distress following their accident. Implications for mental health, educational attainment, family adjustment, and personal wellbeing are discussed.
Part three considered the need for secondary prevention for young road accident victims, including as a priority, means for the identification and recognition of young, road accident survivors who are at risk of developing psychopathology following a road accident. To this end, a draft of a screening guide to enable teachers and medical practitioners to identify these young at risk, road accident victims was developed.
8
Breen, Lauren Jennifer. "Silenced voices experiences of grief following road traffic crashes in Western Australia /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2007.0026.html.
Full text
9
Huang, Yu-Hsing. "Having a New Pair of Glassess : Applying Systemic Accident Models on Road Safety." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, CSELAB - Cognitive Systems Engineering Laboratory, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8189.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of the thesis is to discuss the accident models which underlie accident prevention in general and road safety in particular, and the consequences of relying on a particular model have for actual preventive work. The discussion centres on two main topics. The first topic is whether the underlying accident model, or paradigm, of traditional road safety should be exchanged for a more complex accident model, and if so, which model(s) are appropriate. From a discussion of current developments in modern road traffic, it is concluded that the traditional accident model of road safety needs replacing. An analysis of three general accident model types shows that the work of traditional road safety is based on a sequential accident model. Since research in industrial safety has shown that such model are unsuitable for complex systems, it needs to be replaced by a systemic model, which better handles the complex interactions and dependencies of modern road traffic. The second topic of the thesis is whether the focus of road safety should shift from accident investigation to accident prediction. Since the goal of accident prevention is to prevent accidents in the future, its focus should theoretically be on how accidents will happen rather than on how they did happen. Despite this, road safety traditionally puts much more emphasis on accident investigation than prediction, compared to areas such as nuclear power plant safety and chemical industry safety. It is shown that this bias towards the past is driven by the underlying sequential accident model. It is also shown that switching to a systemic accident model would create a more balanced perspective including both investigations of the past and predictions of the future, which is seen as necessary to deal with the road safety problems of the future. In the last chapter, more detailed effects of adopting a systemic perspective is discussed for four important areas of road safety, i.e. road system modelling, driver modelling, accident/incident investigations and road safety strategies. These descriptions contain condensed versions of work which has been done in the FICA and the AIDE projects, and which can be found in the attached papers.
10
Mollet, C. J. "The analysis of road traffic accident data in the implementation of road safety remedial programmes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52483.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Ing.)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A road safety remedial programme has as an objective the improvement of road transportation safety by applying road safety engineering remedial measures to hazardous road network elements in a manner that will be economically efficient. Since accident data is the primary manifestation of poor safety levels it must be analysed in manner that will support the overall objective of economic efficiency. Three steps in the process of implementing a road safety remedial programme, that rely on the systematic analysis of accident data, are the identification of hazardous locations, the ranking of hazardous locations and the evaluation of remedial measure effectiveness. The efficiency of a road safety remedial programme can be enhanced by using appropriate methodologies to measure safety, identify and rank hazardous locations and to determine the effectiveness of road safety remedial measures. There are a number of methodologies available to perform these tasks, although some perform much better than other. Methodologies based on the Empirical Bayesian approach generally provide better results than the Conventional methods. Bayesian methodologies are not often used in South Africa. To do so would require the additional training of students and engineering professionals as well as more research by tertiary and other research institutions. The efficiency of a road safety remedial programme can be compromised by using poor quality accident data. In South Africa the quality of accident data is generally poor and should more attention be given to the proper management and control of accident data. This thesis will report on, investigate and evaluate Bayesian and Conventional accident data analysis methodologies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram is om op die mees koste effektiewe manier die veiligheid van onveilige padnetwerkelemente te verbeter deur die toepassing van ingenieursmaatreëls. Aangesien padveiligheid direk verband hou met verkeersongelukke vereis die koste effektiewe implementering van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram die doelgerigte en korrekte ontleding van ongeluksdata. Om 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram te implementeer word die ontleding van ongeluksdata verlang vir die identifisering en priortisering van gevaarkolle, sowel as om die effektiwiteit van verbeteringsmaatreëls te bepaal. Die koste effektiwiteit van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram kan verbeter word deur die regte metodes te kies om padveiligheid te meet, gevaarkolle te identifiseer en te prioritiseer en om die effektiwiteit van verbeteringsmaatreëls te bepaal. Daar is verskeie metodes om hierdie ontledings te doen, alhoewel sommige van die metodes beter is as ander. Die 'Bayesian' metodes lewer oor die algemeen beter resultate as die gewone konvensionele metodes. 'Bayesian' metodes word nie. in Suid Afrika toegepas nie. Om dit te doen sal addisionele opleiding van studente en ingenieurs vereis, sowel as addisionele navorsing deur universiteite en ander navorsing instansies. Die gebruik van swak kwaliteit ongeluksdata kan die integriteit van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram benadeel. Die kwaliteit van ongeluksdata in Suid Afrika is oor die algemeen swak en behoort meer aandag gegee te word aan die bestuur en kontrole van ongeluksdata. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om verslag te doen oor 'Bayesian' en konvensionele metodes wat gebruik kan word om ongeluksdata te ontleed, dit te ondersoek en te evalueer.
11
Berdica, Katja. "TraVIS for Roads - Examples of Road Transport Vulnerability Impact Studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Infrastructure, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3438.
Full text
12
Lupton, K. "Defining and using road network data in an accident database." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568501.
Full text
13
Andeta, Jemal Ahmed. "Road-traffic accident prediction model : Predicting the Number of Casualties." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20146.
Full textAbstract:
Efficient and effective road traffic prediction and management techniques are crucial in intelligent transportation systems. It can positively influence road advancement, safety enhancement, regulation formulation, and route planning to save living things in advance from road traffic accidents. This thesis considers road safety by predicting the number of casualties if an accident occurs using multiple traffic accident attributes. It helps individuals (drivers) or traffic offices to adjust and control their contributions for the occurrence of an accident before emerging it. Three candidate algorithms from different regression fit patterns are proposed and evaluated to conduct the thesis: the bagging, linear, and non-linear fitting patterns. The gradient boosting machines (GBoost) from the bagging, Linearsupport vector regression (LinearSVR) from the linear, and extreme learning machines (ELM) also from the non-linear side are the selected algorithms. RMSE and MAE performance evaluation metrics are applied to evaluate the models. The GBoost achieved a better performance than the other two with a low error rate and minimum prediction interval value for 95% prediction interval. A SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) interpretation technique is applied to interpret each model at the global interpretation level using SHAP’s beeswarm plots. Finally, suggestions for future improvements are presented via the dataset and hyperparameter tuning.
14
Chatterjee, Kiron. "The development and role of accident predictive models." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261904.
Full text
15
Zhao, Qiang. "Multi-model based simulation in the reconstruction of road traffic accident." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500371.
Full textAbstract:
A Synthetic Traffic SIMluation (ST-SIM) framework is constructed in this project. The framework provides a computer-based platform for traffic research, consisting of three modules: Driver Behaviour, Vehicle Dynamics, and Road Network modelling. Based on these models, ST-SIM can construct and simulate a broad range of traffic scenarios, including accidents. The research in this project has concentrated on the contribution of driver behaviour to the formation of normal traffic and traffic failure, ST-SIM has been designed and implemented using Agent-based modelling techniques. The software has been validated using simulator based driver collision avoidance behaviour from TRL and applied to help the accident reconstruction work of On-The-Spot (OTS) team in the UK.
16
Chan, Wing-yee, and 陳詠怡. "An application of GIS for road accident analysis in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31224052.
Full text
17
Hetherington, Angela. "Stress in accident and emergency personnel and road traffic patrol officers." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385778.
Full text
18
Chan, Wing-yee. "An application of GIS for road accident analysis in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23294577.
Full text
19
Phipps, Valerie Lily. "The psychological effects of road traffic accidents on children and adolescents following admission to an Accident and Emergency Department." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58073/.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: - The present research attempts to elicit children's perceptions and experiences of enduring a road traffic accident (RTA). It also examined their parents experiences of parenting such children and their own experiences and perceptions of the accident. Participants: - The study focussed on 14 children, aged from 9 years 9 months - 14 years and 4 months of age who had endured a RTA from between 9-33 months previously and their parents. Design: - The study employed a non-experimental design with a combination of quantitative and qualitative paradigms. Method: - The participants were identified via the hospital database of all children who had endured a RTA from between 6-24 months previously. Both the children and their parents were interviewed on specifically designed semi-structured interview schedules. Each interview was then tape-recorded and transcribed in its entirety. These transcripts then provided the universe of material for subsequent qualitative analysis. Results:- The results of this study demonstrated that approximately half of the children who had experienced a RTA were suffering from a post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, the PTSD case children differed from the non-case children on factors such as awareness of the inpending RTA, feelings of self-blame regarding the accident, and more negative thoughts regarding their experience immediately after the impact and at the time of the assessment. In addition, the parents of the case children displayed similar responses to that of their children. Conclusion: - A theoretical Model was presented to account for the main findings in response to the research questions, also drawing on existing research. It is emphasised that this model is speculative due to the small sample size insofar as it draws upon the present findings, and as such can only relate to this study sample and further research would be required to fully test and validate it. In addition, recommendations were made for service delivery and clinical practice.
20
Fawaz, Bachir Ahmad. "Estimating the area wide effects of engineering measures on road accident frequency." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316595.
Full text
21
Ohene, Lillian. "Family centred care for children in Ghana hospitalised through road traffic accident." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/16366.
Full textAbstract:
Road traffic accident (RTA) is one of the leading causes of injuries and hospitalisation of children in Ghana. The sudden hospitalisation of the injured child is associated with anxieties and stressful episodes for the affected families. Family Centred Care (FCC) is a concept in paediatric nursing, which forms the basis of care for sick children and their families. FCC as a product of social constructs differs in cultures and context, despite the universal principles underpinning the concept. There is a perceived lack of knowledge of the concept in childcare practice in Ghana. This study explored the perspectives of FCC among health professionals and parents of children hospitalised through RTA in Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative approach, underpinned by a constructivist grounded theory methodology. Data was generated through in-depth individual interviews using a semi-structured technique. Participants consisted of twenty-four professionals and nineteen parents. Data were analysed using a constant comparative approach and two core categories emerged. Parental presence emerged from parents’ perspective, which generated four sub-categories. These include; managing emotions, negotiating the system, parental care roles, and challenges encountered. The professionals’ interviews generated family involvement; its sub-categories are parental involvement, communication, setting boundaries and support for family involvement. The emerging model of parental presence and family involvement for the care of the injured child in the hospital is the first of its kind in Ghana. The dimensions of negotiating the care system, which includes parents negotiating their social status with the professionals, also, demonstrating their usefulness in the hospital and establishing acquaintances with persons with influential powers within the socio-cultural context of Ghana forms part of key findings and the contribution to knowledge. The outcome of discussing the findings within the existing literature was projected using the Force Field Analysis as a conceptual framework for family involvement in the medico-cultural context of Ghana. The study recommends that institutional policies should reflect family involvement practice evidenced by clear written protocols for the involvement of parents/family in the care of the in-patient child.
22
Bednářová, Denisa. "Dopravní nehoda jako traumatická situace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232882.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis refers to the issue of road accidents and their prevention in the Czech Republic, seen as a negative phenomenon in modern society. It is divided into two relatively independent parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part focuses on a general description of traffic accident and states their main causes. Moreover, it deals with a road accident as a traumatic event having negative effects on life of involved people, especially on the human psyche. At the end of this part you can find basic principles of emergency intervention on casualties of road accidents and organizations which offer free help to road accident casualties. In the practical part of this work there is a study of road accidents that happened in the region of the Czech Republic from the point of view of their causes and the age of the driver.
23
Morkūnas, Evaldas. "Eismo įvykių Lietuvos automobilių keliuose apskaitos sistemos analizė ir vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140611_130217-03109.
Full textAbstract:
Šiame magistro darbe išanalizuota Lietuvos eismo įvykių apskaitos sistema, sudaryta iš duomenų rinkimo, įvedimo ir teikimo proceso, kurį atlieka policijos įstaigų darbuotojai. Darbe išsamiai išnagrinėti Lietuvos norminiai dokumentai, reglamentuojantys eismo įvykių apskaitos procesą. Analizės rezultatams apibendrinti yra skurti pirminių veiksmų, duomenų pasiskirstymo ir teikimo bei ikiteisminio tyrimo medžiagos panaudojimo grafiniai modeliai. Taip pat išsamiai išnagrinėtas Europos Sąjungoje atliekamas eismo įvykių apskaitos procesas. Darbe pateiktas eismo įvykių duomenų apskaitos programinės sistemos detalus vertinimas su rekomendacijomis, kaip patobulinti sistemą siekiant užtikrinti išsamesnius, tikslesnius oficialios statistikos eismo įvykių duomenis. Baigiamojo darbo apimtis – 81 psl. teksto be priedų, 19 lentelių ir 13 paveikslų.In this Master Thesis analysis of Lithuanian road accident management system, which consists data collecting, adding and provision process have been done. Lithuanian normative documents which governs road accident management process are purely explored in this Master Thesis. To generalize analysis results have been created primary respond, data distribution and provision, data usage of pre-trial process graphical models. Also a part of the work reveals detailed analysis of accident data management of European Union countries. In this paper is provided detailed evaluation of road accident data management software system and recommendations to ensure more detailed road accidents data of official statistics by improving system. Master Thesis consists of 81 pages pure text without appendixes, 19 tables and 13 pictures.
24
Huang, Yu-Hsing. "Having a new pair of glasses : applying systemic accident models on road safety /." Linköping : Linköping University, 2007. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2007/tek1051.pdf.
Full text
25
Tunaru, Radu. "Statistical modelling of road accident data via graphical models and hierarchical Bayesian models." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1999. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/8030/.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this thesis is to develop statistical models for multivariate road accident data. Two directions of research are followed: graphical modelling for contingency tables cross-classified by accident characteristics, and hierarchical Bayesian models for multiple accident frequencies of different types modelled jointly. Multi-dimensional tables are analysed and it is shown how to use collapsibility to reduce the dimensionality of the analysis without the problems of Simpson's paradox. It is revealed that accident severity and the number of casualties are associated, and that these variables are mainly influenced by the number of vehicles and speed limit. Graphical chain models allow causal hypotheses to be formulated and it is shown how they are valuable tools for empirical research about road accident characteristics. The hierarchical Bayesian models developed combine generalized linear models with random effects. The novelty of these models consists in the joint modelling of multiple response variables. The models account for overdispersion and they are used for accident prediction and for ranking hazardous sites. All models are fully Bayesian and are fitted using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. It is shown that multiple response variables models are superior to separate univariate response models. Some theoretical problems are examined regarding the maximum likelihood estimation process for the two parameters negative binomial distribution. A condition is given that is equivalent with unique maximum likelihood estimators. The two directions of research are connected by using graphs to describe the models. In addition, a new Bayesian model selection procedure for contingency tables is proposed. This is based on Gibbs sampling and avoids problems associated with asymptotic tests. The conclusions revealed here can help practitioners to design better safety policies and to spend money more wisely on sites that really are dangerous.
26
Lloyd, Louise. "Modelling trends in road accident frequency : Bayesian inference for rates with uncertain exposure." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/358621/.
Full textAbstract:
Several thousand people die as a result of a road accident each year in Great Britain and the trend in the number of fatal accidents is monitored closely to understand increases and reductions in the number of deaths. Results from analysis of these data directly influence Government road safety policy and ensure theintroduction of effective safety interventions across the country. Overall accident numbers are important, but when disaggregating into various characteristics, accident risk (defined as the number of accidents relative to an exposure measure) is a better comparator. The exposure measure used most commonly for accident rate analysis is traffic flow which can be disaggregated into vehicle types, road type, and year. Here we want to assess the accident risk across different car types and car ages, and therefore alternative exposure sources are required. We disaggregate exposure to a further extent than possible with currently available data in order to take the increased variability within these new factors into account. Exposure data sources are mainly based on sample surveys and therefore have some associated uncertainty, however previous accident risk analysis has not, in general, taken this into account. For an explicit way to include this uncertainty we use a Bayesian analysis to combine three sources of exposure using a log-Normal model with model priors representing our uncertainty in each data source. Using further Bayesian models, we propagate this uncertainty through to accident rates and accident severity, determining important factors and inter- relationships between factors to identify key features affecting accident trends,and we make the first exploration of the effect of the recent recession on road accidents.
27
Axelsson, Eva, and Therese Wilson. "Microscopic simulation as an evaluation tool for the road safety of vulnerable road users." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130010.
Full textAbstract:
Traffic safety has traditionally been measured by analyzing historical accident data, which is a reactive method where a certain number of accidents must occur in order to identify the safety problem. An alternative safety assessment method is to use proximal safety indicators that are defined as measures of accident proximity, which is considered a proactive method. With this method it is possible to detect the safety problem before the accidents have happened. To be able to detect problems in traffic situations in general, microscopic simulation is commonly used. In these models it may be possible to generate representative near-accidents, measured by proximal safety indicator techniques. A benefit of this would be the possibility to experiment with different road designs and evaluate the traffic safety level before reconstructions of the road infrastructure. Therefore has an investigation been performed to test the possibility to identify near-accidents (conflicts) in a microscopic simulation model mimicking the Traffic Conflict Technique developed by Hydén (1987). In order to perform the investigation a case study has been used where an intersection in the city center of Stockholm was studied. The intersection has been rebuilt, which made it possible to perform a before and after study. For the previous design there was a traffic safety assessment available which was carried out using the Traffic Conflict Technique. Microscopic simulation models representing the different designs of the intersection were built in PTV Vissim. In order to evaluate and measure the traffic safety in reality as well as in the microscopic simulation models, a traffic safety assessment was performed in each case. The traffic safety assessment in field for the present design was carried out as a part of this thesis. The main focus of this thesis was the road safety for vulnerable road users. The method to identify conflicts in the simulation model has been to extract raw data output from the simulation model and thereafter process this data in a Matlab program, aiming to mimic the Traffic Conflict Technique. The same program and procedure was used for both the previous and the present design of the intersection. The results from the traffic safety assessment in the simulation model have been compared to the results from the field study in order to evaluate how well microscopic simulation works as an evaluation tool for traffic safety in new designs. The comparison shows that the two methods of conflict identification cannot replace each other straight off. But with awareness of the differences between the methods, the simulation model could be used as an indication when evaluating the level of traffic safety in a road design.
28
Young, Arthur Edward. "The potential for accident reduction by improving urban skid resistance levels." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1985. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25131.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of providing adequate wet-road skid resistance on urban roads has received relatively little attention from highway maintenance authorities. This study is an assessment of the potential for reducing accident rates by improving skid resistance levels on such roads. Reasons for the neglect of urban skid resistance are discussed and an assessment made of the scale of the skidding problem in this context. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the potential for accident reduction is greater than is indicated by the statistics for reported skidding accidents. The pattern of frictional demand and the measurement of skid resistance are discussed, as are the technical difficulties associated with maintaining good skid resistance on heavily-trafficked roads. The performance of conventional surfacing materials is assessed and recently-developed materials are evaluated. It is suggested that the attainment of high skid resistance is inhibited by economic rather than technical factors. Nationally-proposed standards for skid resistance are examined and modifications are suggested for urban use. The problem of defining accident risk at an individual site is examined and the relationship between accident rate and skid resistance investigated using regression techniques with data from the Greater London area. Criteria are developed for identifying sites where an improvement in skid resistance is likely to be effective in reducing accidents and consideration is given to the economic justification for skid resistance improvements. Alternative strategies are considered and a policy is proposed which would be practicable and cost-effective and, it is argued, could lead to a substantial reduction in accident rates.
29
Malheiro, de Magalhaes Fernando Jose. "Prediction in Poisson and other errors in variables models." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2971/.
Full textAbstract:
We want to be able to use information about the traffic flows at road junctions and covariates describing those junctions to predict the number of accidents occurring there. We develop here a Bayesian predictive approach. Initially we considered three simpler but related problems to assess the efficiency of some approximation techniques, namely: (I) Given a treatment with an effect that can be described mathematically as of a multiplicative form, we record Poisson countings before and after the treatment is applied. Then, given a new individual with a known counting before the treatment is used, we want to predict the outcome on that individual after the treatment is applied. (II) After observing the value on an individual before any treatment is applied, we decide, based on that value, which of two treatments to apply, and then register the post- treatment outcome. Given a new individual, with an observed value before he receives any treatment, we aim to derive the predictive distribution for the outcome after one of the treatments is used. (This problem is also considered when several possible treatments are available). (III) We compare the effects of two treatments, through a two-period crossover design. We assume that both the treatment effect and the period effect are of multiplicative forms. Estimative and approximation methods are developed for each of these problems. We use the Gibbs sampling approach, normal asymptotic approximations for the posterior distributions and the Laplace approximations. Examples are presented to compare the efficiency and performance of the different methods. We find that the Laplace method performs well, and has computational advantages over the other methods. Using the knowledge obtained solving these simpler problems we develop solutions for the traffic accidents problem and analyse a real data set. Stepwise procedures for the incorporation of the covariates through the use of Kullback-Leibler measure of divergence are developed. We also consider the three simpler problems assuming that the observations are exponentially and binomially distributed.
30
Gabriš, Jakub. "Analýza kritických míst v silniční dopravě ve vybraném regionu - Blanensko." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232558.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis analyzes the bottlenecks on the terrestrial communications in the area Blansko. The aim is to suggest organizational and engineering measures which lead to increase traffic safety in selected road sections of terrestrial communications.
31
Harris, D. "The influence of site characteristics on overtaking behaviour and the perceived likelihood of an accident." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380641.
Full text
32
Mashaoo, D. "Improvement of expert analysis for road traffic accidents using computer simulation programs." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14622.
Full text
33
Crosby, Charles L. "Energy Dissipation Caused by Asphalt Roadway Gouges for Use in Accident Reconstruction." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1983.
Full textAbstract:
In reconstruction of on-roadway vehicle accidents, roadway surface gouges and the forces and energy attributed to the related vehicle components become important keys to resolving an accurate accident reconstruction. These roadway gouge forces vary depending upon such factors as surface temperature and the velocity and geometry of the gouging mechanism. Accounting for the forces applied to vehicle components and the energy dissipated from such forces can be helpful in accident reconstruction where supporting data exists. This research documents the force necessary to create a given roadway gouge geometry. Controlled pavement gouging tests were performed using roadway surface temperature and gouging velocity as main factors. The results of this testing and analysis are useful in quantifying gouge forces and energies for use in accident reconstruction. The findings show that the temperature of the roadway surface that is being damaged significantly affects the amount of force required to cause the damage. A summary of experiments and techniques as applied to accident reconstruction are presented.
34
Berger, Ralf. "Modelle zur Bewertung der Verkehrssicherheit von Landstraßen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-202831.
Full textAbstract:
Die Dissertationsschrift enthält die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Bewertung der Verkehrssicherheit von Streckenabschnitten auf Landstraßen außerhalb von Knotenpunkten. Dabei liegt das Augenmerk auf der Abbildung von Sicherheitsgraden maßgebender Querschnitte und der Identifikation und Quantifizierung von einflussnehmenden Merkmalen. Das Verfahren stellt einen Bezug zu den aktuellen Entwurfsrichtlinien für die Anlage von Landstraßen dar und verknüpft die Bewertungsmethodik mit den Zielen zukünftiger Bewertungsverfahren, wie sie im Entwurf des Handbuchs zur Bewertung der Verkehrssicherheit von Straßen enthalten sind. Grundlage bilden die Daten eines ca. 3.600 km umfangreichen Streckenkollektivs.
Beruhend auf den Erkenntnissen der Literaturanalyse erfolgen die Einteilung des Streckenkollektivs in Netzelemente, die Festlegung und Kategorisierung mutmaßlicher Merkmale sowie die Klassifizierung von vier Bewertungsfällen. Die Anwendung Verallgemeinerter Linearer Modelle zur Beschreibung der Unfallhäufigkeit in Abhängigkeit verschiedener Variablen stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, Einschränkungen monokausaler Sicherheitsuntersuchungen aufzulösen. Darüber hinaus bietet das Verfahren die Möglichkeit, das Unfallgeschehen in einen nicht vermeidbaren – dieser entspricht einem Grundniveau – und einen vermeidbaren Teil – Zuschläge aufgrund von Defiziten und Streckeneigenschaften – zu unterscheiden. Im Rahmen einer vergleichenden Unfallanalyse erfolgt die räumliche Abgrenzung von Knotenpunkten, Einflussbereichen und der Freien Strecke. Plangleiche Knotenpunkte weisen eine feste Länge auf, während die Länge der Einflussbereiche variiert.
Im ersten Teil der Analyse werden zur Beschreibung der Unfallhäufigkeit der Freien Strecke zwei Ansätze betrachtet. Sowohl für den Ansatz nach Unfallschwere als auch nach Unfalltyp erfolgte eine differenzierte Modellbildung auf Basis mehrerer Teilkollektive je Bewertungsfall. Dies erlaubt eine feinere Verknüpfung von Ursache und Wirkung. Allen Modellen liegt eine Prüfung auf allgemeine Anwendbarkeit zugrunde. Im Vergleich beider Ansätze zeigt sich, dass die unfalltypenfeine Betrachtung eine deutlichere konfliktbezogene Tiefe zwischen streckencharakteristischen Merkmalen und der Unfallhäufigkeit zulässt.
Als maßgebend einflussnehmende Merkmale gelten neben der Relationstrassierung und der Querschnittsausprägung auch die Seitenraumgestaltung. Der ermittelte nichtlineare Zusammenhang zwischen Unfallgeschehen und Verkehrsstärke hat zur Folge, Zuschläge als Anteilswert bezüglich des Grundniveaus zu betrachten. Es existieren verschiedene Arten von Zuschlägen. Deren ermittelte Größenordnung variiert in Abhängigkeit von der Merkmalausprägung und der Verkehrsstärke. Im Resultat liegen für alle Bewertungsfälle ein monetär bewertetes Sicherheitsgrundniveau und Zuschlagstabellen vor.
Zweiter Bestandteil der Analyse stellt die Bewertung der Einflussbereiche dar. Diese entsprechen dem Bindeglied zwischen den Streckenübergängen und der Freien Strecke. Unter der Annahme, dass die Verkehrssicherheit in diesen Bereichen sowohl von Merkmalen des Streckenübergangs als auch der Freien Strecke beeinflusst wird, erfolgt die Identifikation maßgebender Merkmale, welche den Streckenübergang charakterisieren. Im Resultat werden Einflussfaktoren ermittelt, die den Sicherheitsgrad von Freier Strecke und Einflussbereich ins Verhältnis setzen. Die Bewertung erfolgt ebenfalls auf Basis multipler Regres-sionen typendifferenzierter Unfallkollektive. Es zeigt sich, dass das Verhältnis für einige Arten von Übergängen eine Abhängigkeit von der Verkehrsstärke aufweist. Die Ergebnisse beider Analyseschritte münden in der Bereitstellung eines Verfahrens, welches die Sicherheitsanalyse von Streckenabschnitten unter gegebenen Randbedingungen ermöglicht und einen Variantenvergleich erlaubt.
35
Fowler, Megan Leigh. "The Effect of Road Network Bendiness on Traffic Crash Occurrence in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1678.
Full textAbstract:
Recent researchers have suggested that the combination of horizontal curves or “bendiness” of a length of road contributes to traffic crash occurrence. A previous study of New Zealand fatal crashes using an aggregated approach found no significant correlation between crash occurrence and road bendiness for rural roads but a minor correlation for urban roads.
This thesis further explores the effect of road bendiness on traffic crash occurrence in New Zealand by developing a method more suited to traffic engineering. The method involves Geographical Information Systems (GIS) firstly to process data and secondly to calculate bendiness values. The following bendiness measures: bend density, detour ratio, cumulative angle, mean angle and standard deviation of angles; are applied to “influence areas” surrounding crash and comparison sites. The method then dictates that some form of statistical analysis should be performed to distinguish between the bendiness of crash and comparison sites, while accounting for other influencing factors. Binary logistic regression is recommended.
The method was applied in a case study of New Zealand fatal crashes, with two main analysis techniques employed. Firstly, binary logistic regression models were developed. It was found that, for rural roads, sections with consistent and frequent curves were safer than completely straight sections or those with isolated curves. The urban model was less conclusive, which suggests that the method was not appropriate in the urban situation.
The second analysis method involved comparing bendiness values of a site’s “immediate area” with those of its influence area. It was found that, although the spreads of the comparison sites’ distributions were smaller than those of the crash sites, the mean values were generally very similar and no appropriate bendiness ratios could be specified to reduce crash risk.
Overall it appears that, if design consistency is maintained, bendiness is a protective quality for rural roads.
36
O'Bryant, Adam L. "Factors associated with traffic crashes in Pasto, Colombia, 2005-2006." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07252008-155628/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.P.H.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Karen Gieseker, committee chair; Ike S. Okosun, Victoria Espitia-Hardeman, committee members. Electronic text (69 p. : col. ill., col. map) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Sept. 29, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-66).
37
Barnes, Jo. "An exploratory study of road crash survivors : injury outcomes and quality of life." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/2369.
Full textAbstract:
The overall aims of this PhD were to examine what the real effects of injury are on survivors of road crashes and to explore the methods used to assess these effects. Three studies were conducted for this thesis to explore the effects of injury using quality of life outcomes for survivors of road crashes. Study 1 was a prospective follow-up study of 70 road crash survivors with relatively 'minor' injuries. The aim of study 1 was to determine the effects of the crash or injury on quality of life for a 'minor' injury sample over a 1 year follow-up period. Study 2 was a prospective follow-up study of 50 'seriously' injured road crash survivors admitted to hospital as a result of their injuries. Study 3 incorporated the results of study 1 and study 2 to examine the societal burden of injury.
38
Adedokun, Adeyemi. "Application of Road Infrastructure Safety Assessment Methods at Intersections." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-127334.
Full textAbstract:
Traffic safety at intersections is a particularly difficult phenomenon to study, given the fact that accidents occur randomly in time and space thereby making short-term measurement, assessment and comparison difficult. The EU directive 2008/96/EC introduced road infrastructure safety management, which offers a five layer structure for developing safer road infrastructure has been used to develop tools for accident prediction and black spot management analysis which has been applied in this work to assess the safety level of intersections in Norrköping city in Sweden. Accident data history from STRADA (Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) and the network demand model for Norrköping city were used to model black spots and predict the expected number of accidents at intersections using PTV Visum Safety tool, after STRADA accident classification was restructured and the Swedish accident prediction model (APM) was configured and tested to work within the tool using the model from the Swedish road administration (SRA). The performance of the default (Swiss) and the Swedish APM was compared and identified locations with the high accident records, predicted accident counts and traffic volumes were audited using qualitative assessment checklist from Street-Audit tool. The results from these methods were analysed, validated and compared. This work provides recommendations on the used quantitative and qualitative methods to prevent accident occurrence at the identified locations.
39
Fitzgerald, Emma Mary. "Achieving dynamic road traffic management by distributed risk estimation in vehicular networks." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9320.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis I develop a model for a dynamic and fine-grained approach to traffic management based around the concept of a risk limit: an acceptable or allowable level of accident risk which vehicles must not exceed. Using a vehicular network to exchange risk data, vehicles calculate their current level of accident risk and determine their behaviour in a distributed fashion in order to meet this limit. I conduct experimental investigations to determine the effectiveness of this model, showing that it is possible to achieve gains in road system utility in terms of average vehicle speed and overall throughput whilst maintaining the accident rate. I also extend this model to include risk-aware link choice and social link choice, in which vehicles make routing decisions based on both their own utility and the utility of following vehicles. I develop a coupled risk estimation algorithm in which vehicles use not only their own risk calculations but also estimates received from neighbouring vehicles in order to arrive at a final risk value. I then analyse the performance of this algorithm in terms of its convergence rate and bandwidth usage and examine how to manage the particular characteristics of a vehicular ad-hoc network, such as its dynamic topology and high node mobility. I then implement a variable-rate beaconing scheme to provide a trade-off between risk estimate error and network resource usage.
40
Chagas, Denise Martins. "Método para análise de acidentes de trânsito com a identificação de fatores causais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/116727.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tese tem como finalidade propor um método de coleta, tratamento e análise de dados de acidentes de trânsito para aplicação no Brasil. Este método tem como um de seus objetivos reconhecer os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência dos acidentes, visto que identificar as causas dos acidentes é fundamental na busca por soluções para o problema da acidentalidade. No Brasil as bases de dados de acidentes de trânsito são, em geral, estruturadas a partir dos registros policiais e carecem de informações adequadas para a análise da segurança viária. O método proposto neste trabalho permite registrar acidentes de modo a contemplar: as características do acidente, as circunstâncias do momento, a identificação e as características dos veículos e pessoas envolvidas. Além disso, o método permite relacionar essas informações com os fatores que contribuíram para a ocorrência dos acidentes. Nesse contexto, a criação de uma base de dados de acidentes e seus fatores contribuintes, vem suprir a carência de informações essenciais para o diagnóstico e encaminhamento de soluções adequadas para os problemas motivadores dos acidentes de trânsito. A proposta desta tese está baseada em uma abordagem que combina aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, alinhada às melhores práticas internacionais na área de segurança viária. Como resultado do desenvolvimento do método, foram elaborados instrumentos de coleta de dados contendo um formulário, um manual e procedimentos para a coleta de dados. Como resultado da aplicação prática desses instrumentos, foi criada a estrutura de uma base de dados que permitiu a definição do método proposto para a análise das causas de acidentes de trânsito. Como meio de validar o método proposto, foi realizado um estudo aplicado e são apresentadas as análises de dados dos acidentes de trânsito observados.This thesis has the purpose of presenting a method for collecting and processing data on traffic accidents to be applied in Brazil. This method aims to acknowledge the contributor factors for the occurrence of accidents, since identifying the causes of accidents is crucial on the search for effective solutions for the road safety problem. Traffic accidents database in Brazil are generally structured based on police reports, therefore lacking adequate information for the analyses of road safety. The method proposes a registry of the accidents comprising accident characteristics, scene circumstances, vehicle as well as involved people identification and characteristics. Moreover, it allows relating that information with the accident contributory factors. In this scenery, the creation of an accident database and its contributory factors emerge to supply the lack of essential information for the diagnosis and adequate solution for traffic accidents. This thesis’ proposal has an approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative aspects, seeking to level up to the best international practice on the road safety area. As a result of the development of the method, data collection instruments were elaborated: a form, a manual, and procedures for data collection. Besides, as a result of the practical application of these instruments, a database - which allowed the definition of the method proposed for analysis of the causes of traffic accidents - was created. As a mean of validation of the method, an applied study and the data analysis of the observed traffic accidents are presented.
41
Narkevič, Natalija. "ES ir NVS šalių eismo saugumo politika, sprendžiant kelių eismo įvykių ir „juodųjų dėmių“ problemas: Lietuvos ir Rusijos atvejai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140603_133611-08071.
Full textAbstract:
Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama ES ir NVS kelių eismo saugumo politika, sprendžiant kelių eismo įvykių ir “juodųjų dėmių” problemas. Pasirinkti Lietuvos ir Rusijos atvejai. Pirmoje dalyje aptarta avaringumo problema šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje, pateikti statistiniai duomenys apie kelių eismo įvykiuose žuvusių žmonių skaičių ES ir NVS valstybėse, aptartos prevencinės priemonės, nurodytos kelių eismo įvykių ir „juodųjų dėmių“ atsiradimo priežastys Lietuvos ir Rusijos keliuose, pateiktos „juodųjų dėmių“ sąvokos bei jų nustatymo metodikos. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjami ES kelių transporto ir eismo saugumo reguliavimo teisiniai aspektai, nagrinėjami Lietuvos ir Rusijos svarbiausi kelių eismo saugumą reguliuojantys teisės aktai, analizuojama institucijų veikla bei finansavimas.The master’s thesis covers the road safety policy of the EU and the CIS countries in solving the problems of road traffic accidents and “accident black spots”. The Lithuanian and Russian cases have been selected. Part One covers the discussion of the accident rate problem in a modern world, presentation of statistical data on the number of people, who died during the road traffic accidents in the EU and the CIS states, discussion of preventive measures, indication of the causes of road traffic accidents and “accident black spots” on Lithuanian and Russian roads, presentation of “accident black spots” terms as well as their identification methods. Part Two covers the analysis of legal aspects of the EU road transport and road safety regulation, fundamental legal acts governing traffic safety of Lithuania and Russia, as well as activities and financing of institutions.
42
Biondi, Francesco. "Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: Multimodal, redundant warnings enhance road safety." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424086.
Full textAbstract:
Advanced driver assistance systems or ADAS are designed to assist the driver while at the wheel of a motor vehicle. ADAS constantly monitor certain driving parameters such as the speed of the vehicle. When these parameters exceed safe threshold (e.g., the speed exceeds the limit), warnings are presented to inform the driver that the execution of given driving adjustments is needed in order to avoid likely accidents. Although ADAS may reduce accidents by 20%, if the warnings presented by these systems are poorly-designed, they may even disturb driving and, as a result, slow drivers’ responses when fast, prompt reactions are instead needed. The aim of my doctoral dissertation is to measure the impact produced on driving by a number of warnings and, further, design a warning capable of speeding up drivers’ responses without negatively affect subjective workload. For the execution of the seven experiments (4 in-lab and 3 driving experiments) contained in the dissertation, I considered the redundancy gain as theoretical framework and applied it to driving. I selected four types of warnings: unimodal visual, unimodal auditory, unimodal vibrotactile and
multimodal (auditory + vibrotactile). Results showed that multimodal warnings were capable of reducing braking times even with drivers being distracted by a concurrent cell phone conversation or driving in dense traffic. In addition, no trade-off between braking
times and subjective workload was found. These findings are of the utmost importance for car-manufacturers interested in enhancing the ADAS-driver interaction and, more broadly, for the entire research community working on automated vehicles.I sistemi avanzati di assistenza alla guida o ADAS sono progettati per assistere il guidatore. Gli ADAS monitorano precisi parametri di guida come, ad esempio, la velocità del veicolo guidato. Quando questi parametri superano certe soglie (e.g., la velocità supera il limite), alcuni allarmi vengono presentati al guidatore. Tali allarmi hanno lo scopo di informare chi guida del fatto che determinate manovre devono essere eseguite per evitare che si verifichino incidenti. Sebbene gli allarmi presentati dagli ADAS siano capaci di ridurre gli incidenti del 20%, se tali allarmi non sono ben progettati, questi possono in realtà disturbare la guida e, di conseguenza, rallentare le risposte dei guidatori. Lo scopo della mia tesi di dottorato è quello di misurare l’impatto prodotto sulla guida da una serie di allarmi e di creare un allarme in grado di velocizzare le risposte dei guidatori e di non produrre alcun effetto negativo sul loro carico soggettivo. Per l’esecuzione dei sette esperimenti (4 esperimenti di laboratorio e 3 alla guida) contenuti nella tesi, ho considerato il fenomeno del redundancy gain. Ho identificato quattro allarmi differenti: visivi unimodali, acustici unimodali, vibrotattili unimodali e multimodali (acustici + vibrotattili). I risultati mostrano come gli allarmi multimodali siano in grado di ridurre i tempi di risposta dei guidatori anche durante l’esecuzione di un compito di telefonata e durante la guida in condizioni di traffico denso. Inoltre, nessun trade-off tra tempi di risposta e carico soggettivo è stato osservato. Questi risultati sono utili alle aziende automobilistiche interessate a migliorare l’interazione tra gli ADAS e il guidatore e, in maniera più ampia, per l’intera area di ricerca interessata ai veicoli automatizzati.
43
Wang, Chao. "The relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents : an econometric approach using GIS." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6207.
Full textAbstract:
Both traffic congestion and road accidents impose a burden on society, and it is therefore important for transport policy makers to reduce their impact. An ideal scenario would be that traffic congestion and accidents are reduced simultaneously, however, this may not be possible since it has been speculated that increased traffic congestion may be beneficial in terms of road safety. This is based on the premise that there would be fewer fatal accidents and the accidents that occurred would tend to be less severe due to the low average speed when congestion is present. If this is confirmed then it poses a potential dilemma for transport policy makers: the benefit of reducing congestion might be off-set by more severe accidents. It is therefore important to fully understand the relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents while controlling for other factors affecting road traffic accidents. The relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents appears to be an under researched area. Previous studies often lack a suitable congestion measurement and an appropriate econometric model using real-world data. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents by using an econometric and GIS approach. The analysis is based on the data from the M25 motorway and its surrounding major roads for the period 2003-2007. A series of econometric models have been employed to investigate the effect of traffic congestion on both accident frequency (such as classical Negative Binomial and Bayesian spatial models) and accident severity (such as ordered logit and mixed logit models). The Bayesian spatial model and the mixed logit model are the best models estimated for accident frequency and accident severity analyses respectively. The model estimation results suggest that traffic congestion is positively associated with the frequency of fatal and serious injury accidents and negatively (i.e. inversely) associated with the severity of accidents that have occurred. Traffic congestion is found to have little impact on the frequency of slight injury accidents. Other contributing factors have also been controlled for and produced results consistent with previous studies. It is concluded that traffic congestion overall has a negative impact on road safety. This may be partially due to higher speed variance among vehicles within and between lanes and erratic driving behaviour in the presence of congestion. The results indicate that mobility and safety can be improved simultaneously, and therefore there is significant additional benefit of reducing traffic congestion in terms of road safety. Several policy implications have been identified in order to optimise the traffic flow and improve driving behaviour, which would be beneficial to both congestion and accident reduction. This includes: reinforcing electronic warning signs and the Active Traffic Management, enforcing average speed on a stretch of a roadway and introducing minimum speed limits in the UK. This thesis contributes to knowledge in terms of the relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents, showing that mobility and safety can be improved simultaneously. A new hypothesis is proposed that traffic congestion on major roads may increase the occurrence of serious injury accidents. This thesis also proposes a new map-matching technique so as to assign accidents to the correct road segments, and shows how a two-stage modelling process which combines both accident frequency and severity models can be used in site ranking with the objective of identifying hazardous accident hotspots for further safety examination and treatment.
44
Mânica, André Geraldi. "Modelo de previsão de acidentes rodoviários envolvendo motocicletas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11172.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho apresenta um modelo de previsão de acidentes com a participação de motocicletas que foi desenvolvido a partir do método da análise de regressão estatística adaptado às particularidades técnicas das rodovias do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo do trabalho é gerar uma ferramenta que possibilite prever o número de acidentes a partir da combinação do nível de exposição veicular associada com os prováveis fatores de risco deste peculiar ambiente. Com esta finalidade, é confrontado o número de acidentes observados com relação às características técnicas das rodovias investigadas com o intuito de avaliar os fatores de risco. Nove variáveis de controle representando atributos físicos, funcionais, econômicos e legais das rodovias foram analisadas sob diversos parâmetros tais como: largura da plataforma, sinuosidade; inclinação, intersecções, condição do pavimento, tráfego de veículos, tráfego de caminhões, urbanização e dispositivos de controle de tráfego. A aplicação do método estatístico permite classificar as rodovias mais importantes quanto ao nível de acidentes; identificar, mensurar e avaliar os fatores de risco; estimar a probabilidade média para a realização do evento sinistro e simular, em nível de projeto, a ocorrência futura de acidentes. Uma vez processado, o modelo obteve um fator de explicação (R2) para os dados em torno de 96%. As variáveis de controle que apresentaram maior efeito na variável de resposta foram obtidas através do tráfego de veículos seguido da largura da plataforma da rodovia. Após a análise do modelo, as rodovias com maior fator de propensão para acidentes foram a ERS734 sendo seguida pela ERS118 e ERS130. Os resultados que foram obtidos indicaram que a frota de motocicletas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil apresenta um risco de envolvimento em acidentes duas vezes maior que aquela incorrida pela frota dos Estados Unido e três vezes maior que aquela apresentada pela frota do Reino Unido.This article presents an accident prediction model with the participation of motorcycles, developed by statistical regression analysis adapted to the technical peculiarities of the roads of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The aim of the model is to generate a tool to allow predicting the number of accidents based on the combination of vehicle exposure level with possible risk factors. The number of accidents observed is compared with road technical characteristics, aiming at evaluating risk factors. Nine control variables, representing physical, functional, economical and legal road attributes, were analyzed as to different parameters, such as platform width; sinuosity; inclination; junctions ; pavement condition; vehicle traffic; truck traffic; urbanization; and traffic control devices. The application of the statistical method allows the classification of the most important roads in terms of accident level; to identify, measure, and evaluate risk factors; to estimate mean accident probability; and to simulate, at project level, the future occurrence of accidents. Once processed, the model obtained an explanation factor (R2) for the data around 96%. Vehicle traffic, followed by highway platform width had the highest effect on the response variable. After being analyzed by the model, ERS734, followed by ERS118, and ERS130 presented the highest accident probability factor. The results obtained indicated that the risk of motorcycles being involved in accidents in the state of Rio Grande do Sul is twice as high as in the USA, and three times higher than in the United Kingdom.
45
Pringle, Susan Mary. "Automobility and injury inequality : road safety for a diverse society." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6378.
Full textAbstract:
Most knowledge of road accidents patterns derives from datasets. Heightened risk of involvement in road accidents can be shown to be associated with, inter alia, membership of minority ethnic groups and poverty. In addition, males are involved in a greater number of road accidents than are females. Very little work has been done to explain why these patterns should occur or why some places are linked to a greater risk of road accidents for specific groups of road users. This thesis adopts qualitative methodologies to examine reasons for the apparent over-representation in road accidents of Black teenage male pedestrians living in London, an exercise that not only suggests why Black teenagers should be over-represented in datasets but identifies factors that may explain the dynamics behind many accidents in road space. The thesis focuses on the nature of road space as social space, and a road accident as a unique event that is brought into being through an interaction between users as they meet, each user importing his or her own expectations, feelings and interpretations to the experience. Data are used to argue that no one road user independently ‘causes' a road accident and the thesis concludes that an apparently higher rate of road accidents involving Black teenagers is a function of the constructed social space of the road. Rather than anything intrinsic to the individual, the circumstances of a road accident involving a Black teenage pedestrian can reveal many tensions that underpin society. The final chapter proposes a variety of ways of tackling road accidents, concluding that to be effective, road safety programmes should be developed for diverse societies or communities, rather than discrete groups within communities.
46
Ащаулова, Г. А., Я. И. Шиманова, Юрій Васильович Шкатула, Юрий Васильевич Шкатула, and Yurii Vasylovych Shkatula. "Клініко-епідеміологічні характеристики травматичних ушкоджень у дітей, отриманих унаслідок дорожніх пригод." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/15199.
Full text
47
Fawcett, Lee, Neil Thorpe, Joseph Matthews, and Karsten Kremer. "A novel Bayesian hierarchical model for road safety hotspot prediction." Elsevier, 2016. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72268.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for predicting accident counts in future years at sites within a pool of potential road safety hotspots. The aim is to inform road safety practitioners of the location of likely future hotspots to enable a proactive, rather than reactive, approach to road safety scheme implementation. A feature of our model is the ability to rank sites according to their potential to exceed, in some future time period, a threshold accident count which may be used as a criterion for scheme implementation. Our model specification enables the classical empirical Bayes formulation – commonly used in before-and-after studies, wherein accident counts from a single before period are used to estimate counterfactual counts in the after period – to be extended to incorporate counts from multiple time periods. This allows site-specific variations in historical accident counts (e.g. locally-observed trends) to offset estimates of safety generated by a global accident prediction model (APM), which itself is used to help account for the effects of global trend and regression-to-mean (RTM). The Bayesian posterior predictive distribution is exploited to formulate predictions and to properly quantify our uncertainty in these predictions. The main contributions of our model include (i) the ability to allow accident counts from multiple time-points to inform predictions, with counts in more recent years lending more weight to predictions than counts from time-points further in the past; (ii) where appropriate, the ability to offset global estimates of trend by variations in accident counts observed locally, at a site-specific level; and (iii) the ability to account for unknown/unobserved site-specific factors which may affect accident counts. We illustrate our model with an application to accident counts at 734 potential hotspots in the German city of Halle; we also propose some simple diagnostics to validate the predictive capability of our model. We conclude that our model accurately predicts future accident counts, with point estimates from the predictive distribution matching observed counts extremely well.
48
Santos, Daniel Filipe Pé-Leve dos. "Plataforma integrada de dados de acidentes de viação para suporte a processos de aprendizagem automática." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31064.
Full textAbstract:
Integrated road accident data platform to support
machine learning techniques
Traffic accidents are one of the most important concerns of the world, since they result in numerous
casualties, injuries, and fatalities each year, as well as significant economic losses. There are many factors
that are responsible for causing road accidents. If these factors can be better understood and predicted,
it might be possible to take measures to mitigate the damages and its severity. The purpose of this
dissertation is to identify these factors using accident data from 2016 to 2019 from the district of Setúbal,
Portugal. This work aims at developing models that can select a set of influential factors that may be used
to classify the severity of an accident, supporting an analysis on the accident data. In addition, this study
also proposes a predictive model for future road accidents based on past data. Various machine learning
approaches are used to create these models. Supervised machine learning methods such as decision trees
(DT), random forests (RF), logistic regression (LR) and naive bayes (NB) are used, as well as unsupervised
machine learning techniques including DBSCAN and hierarchical clustering. Results show that a rule-based
model using C5.0 algorithm is capable of accurately detecting the most relevant factors describing a road
accident severity. Furthermore, the results of the predictive model suggests the RF model could be a useful
tool for forecasting accident hotspots; Sumário: Os acidentes de trânsito são uma grande preocupação a nível mundial, uma vez que resultam em grandes
números de vítimas, feridos e mortes por ano, como também perdas económicas significativas. Existem
vários fatores responsáveis por causar acidentes rodoviários. Se pudermos compreender e prever melhor
estes fatores, talvez seja possível tomar medidas para mitigar os danos e a sua gravidade. O objetivo desta
dissertação é identificar estes fatores utilizando dados de acidentes de 2016 a 2019 do distrito de Setúbal,
Portugal. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver modelos capazes de selecionar um conjunto de
fatores influentes e que possam vir a ser utilizados para classificar a gravidade de um acidente, suportando
uma análise aos dados de acidentes. Além disso, este estudo também propõe um modelo de previsão
para futuros acidentes rodoviários com base em dados do passado. Várias abordagens de aprendizagem
automática são usadas para criar esses modelos. Métodos de aprendizagem supervisionada, como árvores
de decisão (DT), random forest (RF), regressão logística (LR) e naive bayes (NB), são usados, bem como
técnicas de aprendizagem automática não supervisionada, incluindo DBSCAN e clustering hierárquico. Os
resultados mostram que um modelo baseado em regras usando o algoritmo C5.0 é capaz de detetar com
precisão os fatores mais relevantes que descrevem a gravidade de um acidente de viação. Além disso, os
resultados do modelo preditivo sugerem que o modelo RF pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a previsão de
acidentes.
49
Walker, Linda. "Scoping the dimensions of visitor well-being : a case study of Scotland's Forth Valley." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/225.
Full textAbstract:
The well-being of tourists or visitors within a destination has, until recently, received little attention. Issues relating to the personal safety and health of the travelling public have been highlighted by a number of high profile incidents of terrorist attacks, large scale natural disasters and life threatening epidemics. While such events are devastating in nature and of great concern, for the majority of travellers, health and personal safety are more likely to be impacted on by illness, being involved in an accident or becoming the victim of crime. This thesis contributes to our existing understanding of how tourism can be affected by incidents by selecting a definable geographical area and investigating the available data from official sources to examine the dimensions, scale and nature of visitor-related incidents of crime, road traffic accidents and emergency health care. This audit was undertaken through collaborative research with the Central Scotland Police Force, the Central Scotland Road Accident Investigation Unit and the National Health Service Forth Valley. Primary research was then undertaken with visitors to the area. This in-depth approach looks beyond existing statistics to probe factors contributing to visitor-related incidents, in relation to existing tourism literature. The results indicate that, visitors experience incidents that differ in nature and type from those experienced by local residents, and the times and places they were most at risk also varied. With visitors accounting for less than 10% of the total population, these differences are not apparent in the overall patterns and, therefore, the particular needs of visitors are unlikely to be met through existing measures. This research has the ability to form the basis of improved measures to benefit visitor health and personal safety even though the nature of the visiting population presents challenges in relation to when, where and how such preventative measures are introduced. Visitors are not homogenous and distinct groupings based on perceptions, attitudes and behaviours were found. Therefore, there is a requirement to examine how incidents impact on visitors by distinguishing them from the overall incident figures, but measures to protect visitors also have to be tailored to take cognisance of typologies of visitors.
50
Lundkvist, Markus. "Accident Risk and Environmental Assessment : Development of an Assessment Guideline with Examination in Northern Scandinavia." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5849.
Full text