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Bopoto, Charles, Robert Geddes, and Michael Pinard. "Framework for Monitoring of Road Agency Performance in Rural Road Asset Management." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 12 (September 15, 2019): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119854088.
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The Research for Community Access Partnership (ReCAP) is providing technical assistance and capacity building initiatives to foster sustainable improvements in asset management performance in selected rural road agencies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Central to the research methodology is the development of a specification to enable road agencies to assess their performance in asset management as a basis for self-improvement. The specification is based on the development of an objectively determinable “road sector sustainability index” which measures the extent to which six building blocks considered essential for achieving effective road asset preservation are satisfied in practice. Periodic measurements of the condition of the project road networks, coupled with the collection of socioeconomic data, are being used to monitor the trend in road asset value, and to assess the effectiveness of, and improvements in, asset management as well as the impact of road condition on the wellbeing of rural communities. This paper outlines methodologies and tools that have been developed and piloted in four Sub-Saharan African countries to assess and monitor performance in rural road asset management and to achieve improvements over time. It summarizes progress achieved in the first 3 years since the project’s inception. The initial findings of the research indicate that severe institutional, funding, and technical shortcomings exist in the participating countries that preclude sustainable road asset preservation. However, following implementation of the methods summarized here, there is now an increased awareness of the importance of adopting a holistic approach to road asset management using simple and sustainable methods.
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Poveda, Sammia, and Tony Roberts. "Critical agency and development: applying Freire and Sen to ICT4D in Zambia and Brazil." Information Technology for Development 24, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2017.1328656.
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Greenwood, Janinka. "Road Blocks, Road Works and Continuing Explorations of the Terrain: An examination of drama in education in New Zealand in relation to the UNESCO Road Map." Encounters in Theory and History of Education 11 (September 29, 2010): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/eoe-ese-rse.v11i0.2527.
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This article examines the current state of drama in education in New Zealand. It takes as a basis the principles of the UNESCO Road Map, but also recognises that education is a complex human agency that does not readily follow map directions. It acknowledges the factors that cause frustration for drama teachers, and tracks the development of a strong role in national curriculum. It examines the complex relationship between the agency of teachers and the external constraints that impact upon them. Finally it explores the opportunities offered by having drama in the curriculum, noting particularly how the apparent constraints created by being an examinable subject can be transformed to serve genuine educational goals.
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Okafor, Chukwuma Onwuagana. "A Critical Assessment of Road Infrastructural Development in Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria." African Research Review 14, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v14i1.16.
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Road infrastructure is one of the major channels of economic development in Nigeria. This study critically examined some of the factors that affect road infrastructure development in Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. The study made use of primary data through the use of questionnaire shared to respondents in various professions in the state. The data was analyzed using the relative significance index (RSI). The result showed that over-dependence of road development on public financing was the major factor impacting road infrastructure in Akwa-Ibom state. Also, absence of specific ministry/agency saddled with role of road infrastructure development was the least ranked factor affecting road development in the state. The study thus recommended, among others, that there should be a holistic technical evaluation and cost assessment of road projects before its inclusion into annual budgets.
Key Words: Road, Infrastructure, economic, development, Nigeria
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Kurniawan, M. Rizki, Oky Dwi Nurhayati, and Kurniawan Teguh Martono. "Sistem Informasi Geografis Pencarian Lokasi Agen Bus dan Travel Terdekat di Kota Semarang Berbasis Mobile dengan Metode Dijkstra." Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Komputer 3, no. 2 (April 20, 2015): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jtsiskom.3.2.2015.302-310.
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Nowadays, the mobility of people who travel to a place through road transportation is increasing, either private vehicle or public transportation services. By the high intensity of use the road transportation, especially the road transportation service in Semarang, in this cases are bus and travel, it makes the transportation service users often confused in determining transportation agency to be used, especially if user is in hurry. Therefore, transportation user need a mobile application that can provide bus or travel transportation agency locator services which nearby user location and provide destination route which is expected. The Bus and Travel agency – Based Applications Mobile Locator Using Dijkstra Method is the ultimate solution in the search of bus and travel agency in Semarang. The purpose of development this application is developing a search guidance system of bus and travel agency location which nearby user location that can provide an efficient route and save the time. The Bus and Travel agency – Based Applications Mobile Locator is implemented using ionic framework that runs on Android. Sqlite as the media storage of this, allows user to perform agency data management. In Addition, it is supported by the relevance of agency data which is obtained from Department of Transportation, Communication, and Information Central of Java and transportation magazine site. The use of Google Maps API supports search location using Dijkstra Method in search of bus and travel agency, that expected to facilitate the users find travel or bus agency as expected, and its information that’s already available.
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Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. "Seven Steps to Control of Corruption: The Road Map." Daedalus 147, no. 3 (July 2018): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00500.
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After a comprehensive test of today's anticorruption toolkit, it seems that the few tools that do work are effective only in contexts where domestic agency exists. Therefore, the time has come to draft a comprehensive road map to inform evidence-based anticorruption efforts. This essay recommends that international donors join domestic civil societies in pursuing a common long-term strategy and action plan to build national public integrity and ethical universalism. In other words, this essay proposes that coordination among donors should be added as a specific precondition for improving governance in the WHO's Millennium Development Goals. This essay offers a basic tool for diagnosing the rule governing allocation of public resources in a given country, recommends some fact-based change indicators to follow, and outlines a plan to identify the human agency with a vested interest in changing the status quo. In the end, the essay argues that anticorruption interventions must be designed to empower such agency on the basis of a joint strategy to reduce opportunities for and increase constraints on corruption, and recommends that experts exclude entirely the tools that do not work in a given national context.
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MacCarthaigh, Muiris, and Paul Turpin. "When, why and how to set up a state agency:." Irish Journal of Public Policy 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/ijpp.3.2.2.
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The rapid reduction over the last five years in the number of road-related deaths in Ireland is a major success story of Irish public policy and administration. In this article, we explore the role played by the Road Safety Authority in this and critically analyze the key factors that played a role in its creation, management and early development. Drawing on primary and secondary sources, we identify a number of causal factors that contributed significantly to the Authority’s evolution and achievements. The paper makes some significant findings for the analysis and understanding of Irish agencies that has implications not just for academic study but also applied practitioner learning.
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Dwinugraha, Akbar Pandu. "Formulasi Instrumen Kebijakan Lingkungan di Kabupaten Banyuwangi." JKMP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Manajemen Publik) 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jkmp.v4i2.694.
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The purpose of this study to describe and analyze the core issues relating to the environment in Banyuwangi Regency. This research used descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Informants in this study included Development Planning Agency at Regional Level; Environment Agency; Sanitation Agency; Public Works and Regional Road Agency; Public Works Irrigation Agency; Industry, Trade and Mines Agency; Agriculture Agency; and Regional Disaster Management Agency. Data were analyzed with interactive techniques that included data collection, data reduction, data display and verification. The results showed that the main issues in environment scope in the Banyuwangi Regency including tsunamis, volcanoes and other disasters; conversion of productive land; environmental pollution (water, air and soil); garbage and urban sanitation; as well as agricultural land.
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Wolters, Angela S., Kathryn A. Zimmerman, David L. Huft, and Paul A. Oien. "Development of Surfacing Criteria for Low-Volume Roads in South Dakota." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1913, no. 1 (January 2005): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191300111.
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On a daily basis, local road agencies in South Dakota face the challenge of how to maintain low-volume roads cost-effectively. Specifically, agencies are faced with the decision of determining when it is most economical to maintain, upgrade, or downgrade a road's existing surface. To assist decision makers with maintenance and rehabilitation decisions, the South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) initiated a study in 2002 to investigate surfacing criteria for low-volume roads. The overall objective of this research is to create a process that allows users to compare the costs associated with different types of roads to provide assistance in deciding which surface type (hot-mix asphalt, blotter, gravel, or stabilized gravel) is most economical under a specific set of circumstances. In addition to incorporating economic factors into the analysis, the process allows the user to consider other noneconomic factors that are more subjective and difficult to quantify. The process used during this study is flexible enough to allow users to consider any combination of agency costs incurred by the agency for maintaining its roads, user cost factors such as vehicle operating costs or crash potential, and noneconomic factors such as politics and housing densities. The methodology was created with agency cost and user cost models developed on the basis of specific road section information supplied by various local agencies in South Dakota, average daily traffic and crash occurrence information supplied by the SDDOT, information obtained through a literature search, and input from members of the project's technical panel.
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Golgota, Alma, and Diana Bardhi. "Asset Management Public Assessment of Road Infrastructure." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (April 30, 2016): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i3.p172-179.
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For several years, the Albanian Road Authority under the administration of the Ministry of Infrastructure also public transport, following the process of maintenance of national roads, even the Albanian Fund for Development of road infrastructure management agency that handled the funds public for the construction of national infrastructure in rural areas, have seen the need to develop a strategy for the management of maintenance and financial management, based on current accounting principles and efficiency in the use of funds for investment. This includes the use of a balance of investments made to launch a database for years and the development of basic documents for the planning and control of public spending in these activities. The question that arises and requires an analysis is
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Hansen, Karen Tranberg. "Second-hand clothing encounters in Zambia: global discourses, Western commodities, and local histories." Africa 69, no. 3 (July 1999): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161212.
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AbstractThe rapid expansion in commercial exports of second-hand clothing from the West to the Third World and the increase in second-hand clothing consumption in many African countries raise challenging questions about the effects of globalisation and the meanings of the West and the local that consumers attribute to objects at different points of their journey across global space. This article draws on extensive research into the sourcing of second-hand clothing in the West, and its wholesaling, retailing, distribution and consumption in Zambia. Discussing how people in Zambia are deahng with the West's unwanted clothing, the article argues that a cultural economy is at work in local appropriations of this particular commodity that is opening space for local agency in clothing consumption. Clothing has a powerful hold on people's imagination because the self and society articulate through the dressed body. To provide background for this argument, the article briefly sketches recent trends in the global second-hand clothing trade that place the countries of sub-Saharan Africa as the world's largest importing region. There follows a discussion of Zambians' preoccupation with clothing, both new and second-hand, historically and at the present time. It demonstrates that the meanings consumers in Zambia attribute to second-hand clothing are neither uniform nor static but shift across class and gender lines, and between urban and rural areas. Above all, they depend on the cultural politics of their time. In dealing with clothing, people in Zambia are making sense of post-colonial society and their own place within it and in the world at large.
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Jiménez, Andrea. "Inclusive innovation from the lenses of situated agency: insights from innovation hubs in the UK and Zambia." Innovation and Development 9, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2157930x.2018.1445412.
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POLLARD, VICKY, and ANDREW BROOKES. "DEVELOPMENT OF A POLICY APPRAISAL CHECKLIST FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AGENCY OF ENGLAND AND WALES." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 03, no. 04 (December 2001): 533–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333201000807.
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This paper describes the development of a simple integrated approach to policy appraisal for use within the Environment Agency for England and Wales. The approach was developed by the Environment Agency's National Centre for Risk Analysis and Options Appraisal, and is intended as a first version of a tool to allow policy makers in the Agency to consider the possible environmental, social, economic and resource use impacts of the policy options available to manage risks, and to allow the monitoring of impacts of policy options selected.The context within which the approach was developed is discussed — including existing literature on, and experience of, policy and integrated appraisal respectively, as well as the needs and resources of the Environment Agency with respect to policy appraisal. The paper provides a description of the approach developed before highlighting issues for further development.The guidance summarised here is version 1, which is being rolled out for use by policy authors within the Agency in 2000 and 2001. The process will inevitably be iterative and it is intended over the next two years, following further application and road testing, that subsequent versions of the guidance will be produced.
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McCorley, Ciara. "Structure, agency and regime change: a comparative analysis of social actors and regime change in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 31, no. 2 (April 2013): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2013.781321.
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Zaid Dzulkarnain Zubizaretta, Rudy Hermawan Karsaman, and R. Sony Sulaksono Wibowo. "INVESTMENT RISK OF SOLO-NGAWI TOLL ROAD." CI-TECH 2, no. 01 (April 30, 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ci-tech.v2i01.28.
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In investing, there is definitely a risk, as well as the concession of toll roads. Risk analysis is used to anticipate losses due to an element of risk at each investment stage. The results of the analysis show that the highest risk probability for the Solo-Ngawi toll road is land availability and the influence of weather during development and the highest risk impacts are land availability, the potential for revolution in state governance. Based on the results of the analysis, the investment risk level of the Ngawi Solo Toll Road is included in the moderate risk category, so there is a need for cooperation in risk assurance by the Insurance Agency so that the risk level can be reduced to be lower than before.
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Ng'ombe, John, and Thomson Kalinda. "A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Maize Production Under Minimum Tillage in Zambia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 2 (March 19, 2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n2p31.
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<p>Minimum tillage and other conservation agriculture practices are not only associated with income gains but are also claimed to be the panacea to the declining agricultural productivity and soil degradation problems in Africa and across the world. The few studies on technical efficiency related to the agricultural sector performance in Zambia have not attempted to determine how technically efficient smallholder farmers that produce maize under minimum tillage are. This study used stochastic frontier analysis based on both the half-normal and exponential model distributions on 2008 cross-sectional nationally representative data of 160 smallholder maize farm households that adopted minimum tillage in Zambia. Results indicate that maize farmers face increasing returns to scale (1.074) implying that there were opportunities for them to improve their technical efficiency as they were operating in stage I of their production functions. The half-normal and exponential model distributions indicate average technical efficiency scores of 60 and 71.7 percent, respectively. Their respective lowest efficiency scores were 9.3 and 8.5 percent. The highest efficiency scores for the half-normal and exponential model distributions were 89.3 and 90.9 percent. Maximum likelihood estimation results show that marital status, level of education of household head, square of household size, off farm income, agro-ecological region III, distance to vehicular road and access to loans are statistically significant factors that affect technical efficiency of smallholder maize farmers that practice minimum tillage in Zambia. The study calls for increased infrastructural development through construction of improved road network, schools and colleges in remote areas as a means to increasing accesss to knowledge and other agricultural services in order to enhance their technical efficiency levels. It also recommends promotion of minimum tillage practices in recommended agro-ecological regions to improve their technical efficiency. The study further acclaims for increased access to loans by smallholder maize farmers that practice minimum tillage as this would in one way induce them to invest in improved varieties and equipment that would help enhance their technical efficiency in Zambia.</p>
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Nesmashnyi, Alexander Dmitrievich, and Yulia Aleksandrovna Nikitina. "Local Hegemony: China’s Special Economic Zones in Mauritius and Zambia." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-97-114.
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Chinese Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Africa are part of the Belt and Road Initiative. They account for a fledgling research area in International Relations, with not much research on the topic. The authors regard traditional approaches in research of SEZs as incapable of grasping the difference between domestic (designed by the state on its own territory) and foreign (designed by a foreign state) SEZs. The concept of territoriality, though applicable only to foreign SEZs, has little to offer in terms of generating new knowledge. The research paper endeavours to offer new theoretical and conceptual frameworks for the study of foreign SEZs. The research is based on concepts of hegemony by different schools of thought, including Hegemonic Stability Theory, the three types of hegemony by Yan Xuetong and Neo-Gramscianism. The authors introduce the concept of “local hegemony”. The authors also highlight the fact that most foreign SEZs emerge in territories of limited statehood (or create them). In order to prove vitality of the concept, comparative research of China’s SEZs in Mauritius and Zambia is conducted. The authors point out relatively poor institutional development of Zambia and the existence of stable democratic institutions in Mauritius. The success of the Chinese SEZ in Zambia is also partially attributed to copper mining. Deriving from economic and institutional empirical data the authors try to detect success conditions of SEZs and analyze the related spillover effects that contribute to the development of African nations. The reasons behind the failure of the Chinese SEZ in Mauritius are traced. Authors conclude that the concept of local hegemony is suitable for studying foreign SEZs and suggest that zones of local hegemony could be sustainable and effective in terms of development.
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Crabtree, B., P. Dempsey, I. Johnson, and M. Whitehead. "The development of an ecological approach to manage the pollution risk from highway runoff." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 3 (February 1, 2009): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.876.
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In the UK, the Highways Agency is responsible for operating, maintaining and improving the strategic road network in England. One focus of the Highways Agency's ongoing research into the nature and impact of highway runoff is aimed at ensuring that the Highways Agency will meet the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive. A research programme, undertaken in partnership with the Environment Agency, is in progress to develop a better understanding of pollutants in highway runoff and their ecological impact. The paper presents the outcome of a study to: (1) monitor pollutants in highway runoff under different climate and traffic conditions; (2) develop standards to assess potential ecological risks from soluble pollutants in highway runoff; and (3) develop a model to predict pollutant concentrations in highway runoff. The model has been embedded in a design tool incorporating risk assessment procedures and receiving water standards for soluble and insoluble pollutants—the latter has been developed elsewhere in another project within the research programme. The design tool will be used to support improved guidance on where, and to what level, treatment of runoff is required for highway designers to manage the risk of ecological impact from highway runoff.
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He, Yaqin, Md Tawhidur Rahman, Michelle Akin, Yinhai Wang, Kakan Dey, and Xianming Shi. "Connected Vehicle Technology for Improved Multimodal Winter Travel: Agency Perspective and a Conceptual Exploration." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 5071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125071.
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Accurate and real-time traffic and road weather information acquired using connected vehicle (CV) technologies can help commuters perform safe and reliable trips. A nationwide survey of transit operation managers/supervisors was conducted to assess the suitability for CV transit applications in improving the safety and mobility during winter weather. Almost all respondents expressed positive attitudes towards the potential of CV applications in improving winter transit travel and voiced their concerns over the safety consequences of CV equipment failure, potential of increased driver distraction, and reliability of system performance in poor weather. A concept of operations of CV applications for multimodal winter travel was developed. In the conceptual framework, route-specific road weather and traffic flow data will be used by the transit managers/supervisors to obtain real-time operational status, forecast operational routes and schedules, and assess operational performance. Subsequently, multimodal commuters can receive the road-weather and traffic-flow information as well as transit routes and schedule information.
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Džunić, Zoran. "Again on its route: Via Militaris, this time in the virtual form." Pirotski zbornik, no. 45 (2020): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pirotzbor2045225d.
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The subject of interest of this paper is a project Via Militaris, the Corridor for the sustainable tourism development of the Regional Development Agency Jug from Nis within the Interreg -IPA programme of the European Union related to the cross-border cooperation of Serbia and Bulgaria. Through support within the accession negotiations, this programme of the European Union offers assistance to the citizens of the border area of Serbia and Bulgaria. Using the former significance of the route of the ancient military road Via Militaris which passed through the border area of today's Serbia and Bulgaria, Regional Development Agency Jug plans to form a critical mass that will contribute to improving of tourist exploitation of the natural and cultural heritage of Via Militaris area which will in turn enable economic benefits to the people living in the cross-border region. The paper also gives a brief overview of the historical facts related to the origin and use of this road which was the main route for the flow of people and goods between Europe and Asia. This road which was used for military campaigns finally got the opportunity to help in its virtual form the region with all specific characteristics, natural wealth and cultural heritage and be at the service of the citizens on both sides of the border.
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Miörner, Johan. "The road towards autonomous driving – A differentiated view of institutional agency in path transformation." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 74, no. 5 (June 25, 2020): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2020.1770852.
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Shutes, B., J. B. Ellis, D. M. Revitt, and L. N. L. Scholes. "Constructed wetlands in UK urban surface drainage systems." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 9 (May 1, 2005): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0281.
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This paper presents the outcome of an inventory of planted wetland systems in the UK which are classified according to land use type and are all examples of sustainable drainage systems. The introduction of constructed wetlands to treat surface runoff essentially followed a 1997 Environment Agency for England and Wales report advocating the use of “soft engineered” facilities including wetlands in the context of sustainable development and Agenda 21. Subsequently published reports by the UK Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) have promoted the potential benefits to both developer and the community of adopting constructed wetlands and other vegetated systems as a sustainable drainage approach. In addition, the UK Environment Agency and Highways Agency (HA) have recently published their own design criteria and requirements for vegetative control and treatment of road runoff. A case study of the design and performance of a constructed wetland system for the treatment of road runoff is discussed. The performance of these systems will be assessed in terms of their design criteria, runoff loadings as well as vegetation and structure maintenance procedures. The differing design approaches in guidance documents published in the UK by the Environment Agency, CIRIA and HA will also be evaluated.
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Parker, David W., Uwe Dressel, Delroy Chevers, and Luca Zeppetella. "Agency theory perspective on public-private-partnerships: international development project." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 67, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-09-2016-0191.
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Purpose Agency theory suggests that divergences will occur when a principal, e.g. client, and agent e.g. a project manager, interests are different in the execution of a project. The purpose of this paper is to explore if the agency theory can explain the subtleties integral to the behaviours and relationships between players delivering a public-private-partnership (PPP) in the context of an international development (ID) project. The intra-/interpersonal dynamics include governments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and private commercial service providers. The authors develop a conceptual framework and provide evidence from a case study of the testing of a Road Safety Toolkit in Kenya to explore several propositions. Design/methodology/approach Extant literature identified application of the agency theory, and the development of a conceptual framework. A case study describing an ID project was used to validate the propositions prior to the expansion of a research instrument for data collection in the field. Findings Through the lens of the agency theory and the limitations imposed by exploring a series of propositions, several insightful conclusions have been derived from the case. ID projects have particular nuisances that make them unique when compared to the majority of commercial applications. An added dimension and level of complexity is a consequence of the PPP incorporating government, NGOs and private corporations. The case exemplified the need for PPP ID projects to build on partner networks to influence and disseminate outcomes. Some agency problems were far less prominent than would normally be seen in a commercial project. Research limitations/implications The methodologies presented in this paper need to be adapted and practiced in different kinds of ID projects in order to get confirmatory analytical results. The limitations imposed by the use of the single case, whilst drawing insightful conclusions, would necessitate greater testing in the field. Practical implications Although the problems of the agency theory are well researched in the operations management literature, there is limited application to ID projects and no previous research within the context of a PPP. Therefore, this work is important for greater understanding of the specific issues associated with project delivery of an ID. Social implications Conflicting goals between principals and agents are common for organisations, which in turn affect inter-relationships on an international footing. The agency theory has had little attention in the project management field, yet is fundamental to relationships and communication. Originality/value There has been little research that explores the agency theory in the context of a PPP involving governments, NGOs and private commercial service providers, executed as an ID project. This work, therefore, exhibits new and novel findings.
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Gelardi, Maiken. "Moving Global IR Forward—A Road Map." International Studies Review 22, no. 4 (October 3, 2019): 830–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz049.
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Abstract Many disciplinary analyses have exposed international realtions (IR) as a Western-centric discipline, unaware of or unconcerned with its own ethnocentric outlook. A growing consensus in the global IR framework argues that it is time to move beyond disciplinary critique, but scholars disagree on how to proceed. Three key issues are still being debated: who can speak, how to go local, and how to make the local global. This article confronts these questions by offering three interlinked contributions. First, it develops a typology of scholarly profiles by combining the typically isolated debates on scholarly origin, embeddedness within local context, and location. Second, the article identifies three main strategies for discovering and developing theories outside the core. Third, it offers four different avenues for applying local theories to the larger global canvas, underlining that Global South theories should not necessarily be limited to their “own” regions. Together these three contributions constitute a comprehensive roadmap for how to advance global IR's research agenda. The article provides examples focused on Latin America, highlighting the benefits of the roadmap while also giving agency to regional theoretical debates that are often overlooked in the Global IR debate.
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Rolt, John, Kenneth Mukura, and Andrew Otto. "Development of a Simplified Agency Life-Cycle Costing Tool for Gravel Roads." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 4512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114512.
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Understanding how roads behave is necessary both for their design and also to make sure that suitable and appropriate maintenance is programmed and carried out effectively. The problem is that this is not an easy task because there are many variables that affect road performance, and these differ from place to place. This is true of both paved and unpaved roads. Most countries have a large network of rural unpaved roads that require regular maintenance at relatively high total cost over many years. If the performance of such roads can be improved, especially in whole life terms, their costs can be reduced. Decision support tools such as the highway development and management system have been developed based on several studies in different countries. The performance models developed as a result of these studies often contain many variables and require extensive data collection before they can be used. This is often beyond the resources available. To improve this situation and to develop better understanding of the performance of gravel roads, this study was undertaken in six countries. It was found that two material characteristics, namely plasticity product and grading modulus, had a major effect on the performance of gravel roads, and were found to predict the performance of gravel roads to an acceptable level of accuracy. The results of the study were used to develop a simple life-cycle costing model for gravel roads that allows engineers to improve the performance of gravel roads and to reduce whole life costs.
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Shrestha, Bijaya K. "Implementing the proposed outer ring road in Kathmandu Valley." Journal of Management and Development Studies 25, no. 1 (June 25, 2013): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmds.v25i1.24935.
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The proposed 72 kilo meter long Outer Ring Road (ORR) project for the Kathmandu valley constitutes the construction of 50 meter wide road (eight lane highway) and development of 250 meter of land on either side through land pooling technique. It has a vision of developing the valley as a ‘national capital region’ and managing the population growth in the next 15-20 years through planned urban development. This ambitious project covers forty village development committees, three municipalities and one metropolitan city. Numerous stated objectives of the proposed ORR project such as decentralisation of commercial and office activities to the peripheral new areas through development of new 'business centres' with mixed land use and coordinated infrastructure development at different nodal points are difficult to achieve in the present situation. The reasons are due to inadequate legal and institutional framework, poor capacity of the implementing agency, lack of master plan of the Kathmandu valley and absence of planning standards and urban design guidelines at city level. The overall results are formation of urban sprawl of residential use in the peripheral areas with traffic congestion in the existing urban centres and historic cores, acute shortage of drinking water, electricity and other basic amenities and destruction of traditional settlement in the rural areas including intensification of earthquake vulnerability. However, this mega project can be successfully implemented after improving in the existing legal and institutional framework, coordinating with the public utility providing agencies and promoting urban design approach including formulation of urban design guidelines with incentives in the form of tax cut and floor area bonus.
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Safronetz, Joshua D., and Gordon A. Sparks. "Project-Level Highway Management Model for Secondary Highways in Saskatchewan, Canada." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-43.
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Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation (SHT) is responsible for 26,000 km of primary and secondary highways in the province. The primary system was structurally built to handle high traffic volumes and heavily loaded trucks; the secondary system was constructed to provide links into the primary system for traffic volumes lower than 500 vehicles per day with few heavily loaded trucks. Secondary highways consist mostly of thin membrane surface (TMS) highways, which are oil-treated surfaces over a nonstructural roadbed. In the past few years increased heavy-truck traffic associated with rail line abandonment, elevator closures, and increased truck haul associated with economic development has deteriorated TMS highways. Years of increasing pressures and inadequate funding have forced SHT to develop and implement cost-effective, sustainable methods to manage and preserve them. A new strategy to structurally strengthen the system is a cementitious blend of material called TerraCem. Along with conventional strengthening strategies, this new method is being used throughout Saskatchewan; however, its long-term performance is unknown. Because SHT must make good decisions and should be able to demonstrate they are good, a project-level framework capable of evaluating secondary road management strategies on the basis of whole life-cycle road agency and road user costs, has been developed. The framework determines the lowest-cost strategy (agency and road user) and employs probabilistic modeling to quantify the long-term performance of the TerraCem strategy. The developed framework was applied for a project-level sample.
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Khan, Asif, Tasawar Baig, Saadia Beg, and Hafiz Ghufran Ali Khan. "Making Foreign Aid Work: Issues of Cost Effectiveness of Educational Aid in Pakistan." Review of Economics and Development Studies 5, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i2.591.
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The quality of inclusive and accountable institutions in a donor-recipient country determines the effectiveness of foreign aid. This study examined whether the role of donor agency or the implementing agency was more helpful in the successes of two foreign-funded educational interventions in Northern Pakistan. The two interventions, each focusing on teachers’ development program and the capacity development of principals, were funded by two different international donors. The study also provided a comparison of the two international donors working styles and their strategies applied for the execution of their respective projects. The findings of the study, which were generated through qualitative methods, noted wide variations not only in the working strategies of the two donors, but also the role of the executing agency. It was noted that multiple factors determined the productivity of the two projects; one of the elements that contributed the success or failure of the two project was their design or road map. Based on the findings of this study, it was maintained that a proactive role of both the entities is crucial for the success of such interventions.
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Mansour, Imad. "The BRI Is What Small States Make of It: Evaluating Kuwait's Engagement with China's Belt and Road Initiative." Middle East Journal 74, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 538–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/74.4.13.
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Kuwait's expanding engagement with China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) sheds light on its strategies to meet its socioeconomic needs and navigate the Gulf's adversarial politics. The BRI presents a good case study of how the Kuwaiti leadership evaluates the benefits of and dilemmas created by asymmetric structural relationships. This article thus explores how governmental agency in strategically managing massive financial assets complicates our understanding of the vulnerability of so-called small states.
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Mansour, Imad. "The BRI Is What Small States Make of It: Evaluating Kuwait's Engagement with China's Belt and Road Initiative." Middle East Journal 74, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 538–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/74.4.13.
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Kuwait's expanding engagement with China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) sheds light on its strategies to meet its socioeconomic needs and navigate the Gulf's adversarial politics. The BRI presents a good case study of how the Kuwaiti leadership evaluates the benefits of and dilemmas created by asymmetric structural relationships. This article thus explores how governmental agency in strategically managing massive financial assets complicates our understanding of the vulnerability of so-called small states.
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Rico, Alfonso, Alberto Mendoza, Emilio Mayoral, and César Rivera. "Criteria for Setting Tariffs on Toll Highways in Mexico." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1558, no. 1 (January 1996): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155800106.
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A methodology for determining the tariffs that should be charged for different types of vehicles driven on new toll roads in Mexico is presented. The methodology is based on two criteria: maximize the income of the toll collector (whether this collector is a government agency or a private concessionaire) and minimize national transport costs. The first criterion requires the development of binary logit models for predicting the traffic demand fraction choosing the toll alternative. The second criterion requires the minimization of road users' transport cost, which is composed of vehicle operating costs plus the tariff charged. This tariff should include road deterioration costs, construction and financial costs, the administrative costs of operating the toll road, taxes, and other expenditures. Principles for computing reference tariffs are recommended along with ways to use these tariffs to analyze the economic feasibility of toll highways.
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McKeever, Benjamin, Carl Haas, Jose Weissmann, and Rich Greer. "Life Cycle Cost-Benefit Model for Road Weather Information Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1627, no. 1 (January 1998): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1627-07.
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To ensure safer driving conditions on highways, state highway agencies are exploring the use of new technologies that will improve the flow of information about hazardous road conditions. These technologies are called Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS). The objective of this paper is to provide a systematic methodology for highway agencies to evaluate the costs and benefits associated with implementing RWIS. This objective was achieved through the development of a life cycle cost-benefit model for RWIS. This analysis tool provides highway agency decision makers with a methodology through which different RWIS implementation alternatives can be evaluated from economic, qualitative, and environmental perspectives. A case study demonstrating the use of the RWIS cost-benefit model also is included. The purpose of the case study is to evaluate whether or not it is cost-beneficial to implement an RWIS on Interstate 20 near Abilene, Texas. The model determined that it was cost-beneficial to implement this system.
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Karndacharuk, Auttapone, and David McTiernan. "Implementation Principles for 30 km/h Speed Limits and Zones." Journal of the Australasian College of Road Safety 30, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jacrs-d-18-00065.
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In the context of the Safe System approach for harm minimisation where fatal and serious injuries are not accepted as inevitable costs of mobility in any transport system, there is an increasing need to consider implementing speed limits within the biological tolerance of road users. The need to implement speed limits lower than 40 km/h in an urban area with high pedestrian movement and activity has been recognised by an Australian state road agency. Through a literature review, stakeholder consultation with road transport agencies in Australia and New Zealand and a Safe System analysis, this paper presents the development of guiding principles in implementing 30 km/h speed limits and zones in Australasia. The implementation principles have been developed to inform a revision of the existing speed zoning guidelines and its applications within the jurisdiction, which are also applicable elsewhere across Australasia and internationally.
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Remi, Sutyastie Soemitro, Sihono Dwi Waluyo, and Bagdja Muljarijadi. "The Role of Tourism in The Development of Regional Economy: Case Study of The Special Capital Region of Jakarta Province." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 2, no. 01 (August 7, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v2i01.49.
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<p>This study aims to assess the economic role of tourism to the economy of the Province of the Special Capital Region (DKI) of Jakarta. The research model used is the input-output model.</p><p><br />The results showed that the tourism economy of Jakarta contributed significantly to the economy of Jakarta. The restaurant sector in the core sectors of tourism (hotel, restaurant, travel agency services and entertainment services, transportation) have the highest backward linkages and forward linkages as well as power distribution and a high level of sensitivity. In the tourist expenditure structure, the expenditure for sectors that are directly related to tourism highway transportation, hotel and restaurant occupy the highest role.</p><p><br />Sectors that have an impact on the resulting output of the largest tourist expenditure is directly related to the sectors of tourism, namely the hotel sector, followed by the air transport sector, banks, insurance and business services, restaurant and travel agency services. While that get impacted gross value added is the largest hotel, air transport; banks, insurance and business services; restaurant and travel agency services. Which have an impact on wages / salaries is the largest hotel sector, air transport, restaurant and travel agency services. The impact of the tax, which obtained the largest sector was the hotel sector, followed by restaurants, trade and travel agency services. The resulting impact of labor is the hotel sector which obtained the largest share, followed by the restaurant sector, air transport and travel agency services.</p><p><br />The results also show the potential for increased tourism to the economic value of Jakarta which can be achieved by: (1) prepare tourism policy related to trade, the bank sector, insurance and business services sector, the food industry, beverages, tobacco and cigarettes; the electricity sector / gas / water, and the construction sector, and (2) developing the core sectors of tourism with hotel sector priorities, the air transport sector, the sector of the restaurant, travel agency services sector, and the road transport sector.</p><p><br />JEL Classification: H71, L80, L83<br />Keywords: Input-Output, Labor, Linkages, Multipliers, Taxes, Wages/Salaries</p>
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Jones, David. "Applying Pavement Preservation Principles in Unpaved Road Management with Specific Reference to Fines Preservation and Dust Control." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 12 (September 15, 2019): 834–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119855985.
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Unacceptable levels of dust are generated on unsealed road networks in most countries. The loss of fines associated with road dust contributes to increased gravel loss and the need for more frequent grader maintenance. By controlling this dust, the rate of gravel loss and maintenance expenditure can be significantly reduced. Research into the performance and benefits of using chemical treatments as part of unsealed road management programs led to the development of multiplier factors that can be used with gravel-loss and blading-frequency prediction models in unsealed road pavement management systems to determine where these treatments can be used cost-effectively. The factors were first validated in a 2-year pilot study before being implemented in a road agency’s computerized road management system. Output from the system indicated that chemical treatments could be cost-effectively used on at least 20% of the agency’s road network, with considerable savings accruing to both the agency and the road user. Subsequent analyses of county road projects in the U.S.A., where chemical treatment programs had been in effect for several years, verified that considerable savings resulted from reduced rates of gravel loss and longer intervals between required grader maintenance. Based on this experience, it is clear that chemical treatments, as part of longer-term unpaved road management programs, can be considered preservation treatments, with additional benefits of dust control leading to safer driving conditions, reduced vehicle operating costs, and improved health and quality of life for people living and working adjacent to the treated road.
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Suhendar. "PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN DAN KOMPENSASI TERHADAP KINERJA JABATAN FUNGSIONAL PEREKAYASA DI LINGKUNGAN PUSAT PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN JALAN DAN JEMBATAN KEMENTERIAN PEKERJAAN UMUM DAN PERUMAHAN RAKYAT." Coopetition : Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen 9, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32670/coopetition.v9i2.22.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of leadership and compensation on performance functional position of engineer at the agency Research and Development Center Road and Bridge of the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing. Population in this research was 29 people of functional officer of engineer in Center of Research and Development of Road and Bridge. Data were obtained from census. Data collections were collected through questionnaires in the form of questions or statements distributed to all respondents to be answered or filled.
The results of research on the Influence of Leadership and Compensation on the Performance of Functional Position of Engineers in the Environment of Center of Research and Development of Road and Bridge, showed that: (1) Leadership variable (X1) has a strong positive effect on performance of functional position of engineer (Y) equal to 36,5%. (2) The compensation variable (X2) has a positive but very weak effect on the performance of the functional position of the engineer (Y) of 3%. (3) Leadership and compensation variables affect simultaneously to the performance, with correlation coefficient R = 0.612 or determinant R2 of 0.375 or 37.5%. Thus, leadership and compensation should be able to create boosting working conditions personal comfort or environmental factors that will improve employee performance.
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Brady, Danielle. "Space, Place, and Agency in the Roe 8 Highway Protest, Western Australia." Contention 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cont.2019.070104.
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The struggle to save the Beeliar Wetlands, an urban remnant bushland in Perth, Western Australia, demonstrates elements of both urban social and urban environmental movements. At the end of 2016, 30 years of objection to the continuation of the Roe Highway development (Roe 8) culminated in months of intense protest leading up to a state election and a cessation of work in 2017. During the long-running campaign, protestors fought to preserve high-conservation-value bushland that was contained in the planned road reserve. At the heart of this dispute were competing spatial uses. This article will analyze four protest actions from the dispute using Henri Lefebvre’s concept of the production of space, and will demonstrate that the practices of protest gave those fighting to preserve Roe 8 the agency to reinscribe meaning to the natural uses of the Beeliar Wetlands over and against the uses privileged by the state.
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Lee, SoDuk, Carl R. Fulper, Daniel Cullen, Joseph McDonald, Antonio Fernandez, Mark H. Doorlag, Lawrence J. Sanchez, and Michael Olechiw. "On-Road Portable Emission Measurement Systems Test Data Analysis and Light-Duty Vehicle In-Use Emissions Development." SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/14-09-02-0007.
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Portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) [1] are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure gaseous and particulate matter mass emissions from vehicles in normal, in-use, on-the-road, and “real-world” operations to support many of its programs. These programs include vehicle modeling, emissions compliance, regulatory development, emissions inventory development, and investigations of the effects of real, in-use driving conditions on NOx, CO2, and other regulated pollutants. This article discusses EPA’s analytical methodology for evaluating light-duty vehicle energy and EU Real Driving Emissions (RDE). A simple, data-driven model was developed and validated using measured PEMS emissions test data. The work also included application of the EU RDE procedures and comparison to the PEMS test methodologies and FTP and other chassis dynamometer test data used by EPA for characterizing in-use light- and heavy-duty vehicle emissions. This work was conducted as part of EPA’s participation in the development of UNECE Global Technical Regulations and also supports EPA mobile source emission inventory development. This article discusses the real-world emissions of light-duty vehicles with 12V Start-Stop technology and light-duty vehicles using both gasoline and diesel fuels.
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Pan, Chengxin, Matthew Clarke, and Sophie Loy-Wilson. "Local Agency and Complex Power Shifts in the Era of Belt and Road: Perceptions of Chinese Aid in the South Pacific." Journal of Contemporary China 28, no. 117 (November 5, 2018): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1542220.
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Lee, Eul-Bum, Douglas Alleman, David Thomas, and Chang-Mo Kim. "INTEGRATING CA4PRS V.3 ROAD WIDENING SCHEDULE MODULE INTO US HIGHWAY EARLY CONSTRUCTABILITY PROCESS: CALIFORNIA SR-91 CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM CASE STUDY." Transport 35, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.11650.
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Performing Constructability Review Processes (CRPs) during the highway design development has been found to save transportation agencies twice their input costs. However, existing literature has identified three areas of CRP improvement: reduction of required agency resources, incorporation of Road User Cost (RUC) scheduling constraints, and integration of assessment visualizations. The authors propose to fill this gap by integrating the Construction Analysis for Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies (CA4PRS) v.3 software into the CRP. This module provides agencies with road widening project schedule capabilities, which enhances CRPs by providing accurate RUC-constrained critical path schedules using minimal resources. The module was developed through interviews with subject matter experts from six public and two private California transportation organizations. Said experts also tested the CA4PRS v.3 alpha and beta pre-release versions using data collected from eight Caltrans road widening projects. The potential value-adding of integrating the CA4PRS v.3 software with existing CRPs has been tested through its application on the California State Road 91 (SR-91) Corridor Improvement Program (CIP), resulting in 24-months of construction acceleration. The findings and presentation of the schedule model within this paper provide practitioners an accurate and resource-efficient tool to estimate the schedule impacts of road widening constructability options.
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Balarabe, Muhammad Kabir, and Murat Sahin. "Metaspace, Mobility and Resistance: Understanding Vendors’ Movement Pattern as a Resistive Strategy in Kano, Nigeria." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 7 (February 27, 2020): 1054–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620905055.
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The street vendor’s (SV) potential mobility in subverting authorities’ hegemony over public space has been theorised within the contexts of urban informality and resistance. Discussions mainly revolve around movement tactics as resistance strategy while evading arrests and confiscations. This negates SV agency and limits understanding mobility in resistance. Using Bunschoten’s metaspace and Cresswell’s aspects of mobility, this paper employs semi-structured interviews with mobile SV, road users and pedestrians in Kano (Nigeria), to describe vendors’ mobile practices and how they delay hostility from the state. Observing the interplay between vendors, users and environment, this paper identifies four types of vendor movement: focused, targeted, sporadic and self-regulatory; and examines how vendors exploit Cresswell’s speed and rhythm in challenging formal urban practice hegemony through continuous operation. The paper also describes how vendors’ movement affects other actors’ mobilities. Finally, the paper discusses urban design implications for integrating SV within city plans, setting out potential proposals.
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Mariri, Cecilie Butenschøn. "Searcwl and the Women's Law Collection, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Legal Information 32, no. 2 (2004): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500004200.
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The Southern and Eastern African Regional Centre for Women's Law – SEARCWL - (in daily language just called the Women's Law Centre) is an institute under the Faculty of Law, University of Zimbabwe (UZ). It all started way back in the late 1980'ies when the Norwegian Agency for Development (NORAD) sponsored diploma courses in women's law for participants from Africa, at the University of Oslo. The first three courses were held in Oslo, but then the venue was moved to the University of Zimbabwe, and through the 1990'ies more than a hundred scholars have passed through the diploma courses. From February 2003, a masters degree program has been running with 28 students from 10 different countries (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe). From mid-June until the end of August we had an additional 19 students, so-called “upgraders” – i.e. ex-diploma students upgrading their diploma to a Masters degree.
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Montes-González, David, Rosendo Vílchez-Gómez, Juan Miguel Barrigón-Morillas, Pedro Atanasio-Moraga, Guillermo Rey-Gozalo, and José Trujillo-Carmona. "Noise and Air Pollution Related to Health in Urban Environments." Proceedings 2, no. 20 (October 18, 2018): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2201311.
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Environmental noise is a pollutant considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a threat to public health due to its harmful effects on human health. In this regard, the European Environmental Agency (EEA) indicates that road traffic is the sound source that generates the greatest number of people exposed in Europe to sound levels above what is recommended by the European Noise Directive. In a similar way, the EEA also reports that air pollution is the most important environmental health risk in Europe, where road traffic is one of the main sources of emission of polluting gases. The relationship between both pollutants, leads to think about the development of common strategies. This paper presents a review on recent researches about the relationship of these two types of pollution in urban environments with different types of diseases.
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Barraza, Orlando, and Miquel Estrada. "Battery Electric Bus Network: Efficient Design and Cost Comparison of Different Powertrains." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 4745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094745.
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Recent advances in the electromobility of bus fleets improve transit service sustainability but require the development of vehicle recharging facilities. The paper defines a methodology to design an efficient transit network operated by battery electric buses in cities with grid-shaped road network, based on continuous approximations. An analytical model defines the optimal network configuration that minimizes the agency cost, the monetization of emissions and the travel time of transit users. The analytical model allows the comparison of total cost, emissions and bus performance to other fuel powertrains. The methodology is tested in Guadalajara (Mexico) to propose an alternative bus configuration, outperforming the current bus service and reducing the agency cost and environmental impact. The analytical model justifies the network rationalization in fewer routes to reduce the total cost of the system. The deployment of standard battery electric buses with opportunity charging scheme obtains the lowest total cost of the system.
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Burghart, Richard. "A Quarrel in the Language Family: Agency and Representations of Speech in Mithila." Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 4 (October 1993): 761–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00001293.
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I came upon this passage in Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India (1927: 1: 1: 19) after having spent a year in the provincial town of Janakpur, documenting the Maithili language of northern Bihar and southeastern Nepal. Many local people encouraged and assisted me in my research, but all told me in good faith that I had come to the wrong place. I should have gone twenty miles to the southeast, where the ‘authentic’ language is spoken. It seems that I had not been alone in having been urged by informants and well-wishers to go somewhere else: either in pursuit of languages that do not exist or being redirected down the road to where the language is really spoken. Unfortunately visa problems prevented me from taking up the advice of friends, yet a cursory reading of the literature on regional and social dialectology would have been enough to turn anyone into a skeptic about what one might have been gained from such a journey. Subjective dialect boundaries do not often register on maps of isoglosses, and the objective methods of linguists usually reveal local perceptions of speech behaviour to be based on stereotypes.
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Qiao, Yaning, Eshan Dave, Tony Parry, Omar Valle, Lingyun Mi, Guodong Ni, Zhenmin Yuan, and Yuefeng Zhu. "Life Cycle Costs Analysis of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Under Future Climate." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 5414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195414.
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Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has received wide application in asphalt pavement construction and maintenance and it has shown cost-effectiveness over virgin hot mix asphalt (HMA). HMA with a high content of reclaimed asphalt (RA) (e.g., 40%) is sometimes used in practice, however, it may have significant adverse effects on the life cycle performance and related costs. In particular, challenges may arise as the life cycle performance of RAP is also affected by local climatic conditions. Thus, it is important to investigate whether it is still economic to use RAP under future local climate, with consideration of life cycle performance. A case study was conducted for various road structures on Interstate 95 (I-95) in New Hampshire (NH), USA for the investigation. The case study utilized dynamic modulus testing results for local virgin HMA and HMA with 40% RA (as major material alternatives) to predict life cycle performance of the selected pavement structures, considering downscaled future climates. Then, a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was considered to estimate and compare the life cycle cash flow of the investigated road structures. Responsive maintenance (overlay) and effectiveness were also considered in this study. It was found that using 40% RA in HMA can reduce agency costs by up to approximately 18% under the 2020–2040 predicted climate and NH should consider this practice under predicted future climate to reduce agency costs.
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Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina, Patience Mususa, Karen Büscher, and Jeroen Cuvelier. "Boomtown Urbanization and Rural-Urban Transformation in Mining and Conflict Regions in Angola, the DRC and Zambia." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042285.
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Starting from temporary settlements turning into permanent urban centers, this paper discusses the transformations taking place through the process of so-called ‘boomtown’ urbanization in Central and Southern Africa. Based on data collected in Angola, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the paper identifies the different conditions for migration and settlement and the complex socio-economic, spatial, as well as political transformations produced by the fast growth and expansion of boomtowns. Different historical and contemporary processes shape boomtown urbanization in Africa, from colonial territorial governance to large- and small-scale mining or dynamics of violence and forced displacement. As centers of attraction, opportunities, diversified livelihoods and cultures for aspiring urbanities, boomtowns represent an interesting site from which to investigate rural-urban transformation in a context of resource extraction and conflict/post conflict governance. They equally represent potential catalyzing sites for growth, development and stability, hence deserving not only more academic but also policy attention. Based on the authors’ long-term field experience in the countries under study, the analysis draws on ethnographic fieldwork data collected through observations as well as interviews and focus group discussions with key actors involved in the everyday shaping of boomtown urbanism. The findings point to discernible patterns of boomtown consolidation across these adjacent countries, which are a result of combinations of types of migration, migrants’ agency and the governance structures, with clear implications for urban policy for both makeshift and consolidating towns.
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Weisburd, David, and Badi Hasisi. "The Winding Road to Evidence-Based Policy in Corrections: A Case Study of the Israel Prison Service." Israel Law Review 51, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223717000218.
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There has been a growing trend in recent years towards the adoption of evidence-based policy in a variety of fields, including criminal justice. The purpose of evidence-based policy is to guide the activities of organisations based on scientifically verified facts, enabling the development of effective and efficient policies. In this article, we introduce the commitment of the Israel Prison Service (IPS) to the implementation of evidence-based policy by detailing the processes and development of a large-scale research programme in the IPS. We illustrate how the cooperation and commitment of key individuals, including successive IPS Commissioners, have enabled the implementation of evidence-based policy in a hierarchal organisation. Within this context, we demonstrate how human agency is a key factor in the successful implementation of the policy in criminal justice settings. By following the different stages of development and implementation, the example of the IPS also highlights the importance of agencies taking ownership of science. We conclude by arguing that the road to evidence-based policy is a ‘winding road’, highlighting the key turning points that influenced the institutionalisation of the policy in the IPS.
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RATNER, Svetlana V., and Valerii V. IOSIFOV. "Analyzing the global electric vehicle market development in 2020: COVID-19 pandemic challenges and new electrification initiatives." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 20, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 1415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.20.8.1415.
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Subject. The article analyzes development factors of some food markets that have relatively successfully survived the economic crisis during the protracted pandemic. Objectives. We aim at analyzing the development of the world market of electric road vehicles in the context of the pandemic and the economic crisis. Methods. The study applies methods of content analysis, descriptive statistics, and comparative analysis. The information base of the study was analytical reviews and databases of the International Energy Agency, official websites of automakers, analytical materials of the International Climate Alliance, and the International Carbon Neutrality Coalition. Results. We unveil new trends in the development of the electric vehicle market, in particular, the development of urban micromobility as an alternative to personal and public transport. The study identifies the main growth factors of the global market of electric vehicles and other electric road vehicles. The findings can be used in designing the State programs to support innovative transport technologies, as well as programs to improve the quality of urban environment. Conclusions. The global electric car market has shown a significant growth in 2020. The main factors of growth were the long-term climate policies of European countries, within the framework of gradual tightening of requirements and standards for vehicle emissions, State programs to mitigate the consequences of the economic crisis, stimulating the development of innovative technologies, and changes in consumer behavior.
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Kazhimi, Reza. "Mitigation of the Wonorejo active fault on the Probolinggo-Banyuwangi toll road." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015601001.
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As the world’s largest archipelago, Indonesia is located between the world’s most active seismic region. This situation leads Indonesia to be part of the region that has the highest seismic potential in the world. In recent years, one of the infrastructures that experiences significant development is the toll road. As Indonesia is located in active tectonic areas, it is certainly a challenge in the process of determining the alignment and technical design of the toll road. The original alignment (based on basic design) of Probolinggo-Banyuwangi toll road which is now in the planning stage was passing the Wonorejo fault which is an active fault based on the Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia 2017. Because earthquakes are natural events that have not been accurately calculated and estimated, both when and where they occur as well as their magnitude, according to the mitigation strategies for fault rupture suggested by FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), the fault rupture should be avoided, even more, earthquakes have the potential to cause large losses. Based on these considerations, the alignment of the Probolinggo-Banyuwangi toll road is in the process of being submitted for a shift to the east in order to avoid the location of the Wonorejo fault.