Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Road Hierarchy'

Year in year out, hundreds of diplomats and civil society representatives partake in a seemingly endless stream of meetings on nuclear disarmament. These meetings seldom produce materially significant agreements. In fact, no nuclear warhead has ever been dismantled as a direct result of multilateral negotiations. And yet the web of institutions that make up the 'multilateral nuclear disarmament framework' continues to expand. Why? In this thesis, I identify three waves of institutional expansion in the multilateral nuclear disarmament framework (1975-1978; 1991-1999; 2013-2017), linking them to crises of legitimacy in the nuclear order. Institutional expansion, I argue, has been driven by 'struggles for recognition' by non-nuclear powers loath to accept permanent legal subordination. Institutional contestation has allowed non-nuclear powers to exercise symbolic resistance to the frozen nuclear hierarchy enshrined by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and its distinction between nuclear 'haves' and 'have-nots'. But the relegitimising function of institutional contestation reveals an irony: By solving recurrent crises of legitimacy in the nuclear order, the expansion of the disarmament framework has served to stabilise nuclear inequality in the long term. However, the 2017 adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) may signal an end to this cyclical pattern of de- and relegitimisation. After half a century of contestation within the hierarchical NPT framework, the TPNW represents a legal negation of nuclear hierarchy as such.

This research provides a framework to assist in the planning and early-development phase of potential bypass development projects to regional centres. Primarily, the mechanisms and procedures identified in this research can be used as tools for road authorities to streamline the scoping phase of bypass development case studies.

A city is considered as a complex system. It consists of numerous interactivesub-systems and is affected by diverse factors including governmental landpolicies, population growth, transportation infrastructure, and market behavior.Land use and transportation systems are considered as the two most importantsubsystems determining urban form and structure in the long term. Meanwhile,urban growth is one of the most important topics in urban studies, and its maindriving forces are population growth and transportation development. Modelingand simulation are believed to be powerful tools to explore the mechanisms ofurban evolution and provide planning support in growth management. The overall objective of the thesis is to analyze and model urban growth basedon the simulation of land-use changes and the modeling of road networkexpansion. Since most previous urban growth models apply fixed transportnetworks, the evolution of road networks was particularly modeled. Besides,urban growth modeling is an interdisciplinary field, so this thesis made bigefforts to integrate knowledge and methods from other scientific and technicalareas to advance geographical information science, especially the aspects ofnetwork analysis and modeling. A multi-agent system was applied to model urban growth in Toronto whenpopulation growth is considered as being the main driving factor of urbangrowth. Agents were adopted to simulate different types of interactiveindividuals who promote urban expansion. The multi-agent model with spatiotemporalallocation criterions was shown effectiveness in simulation. Then, anurban growth model for long-term simulation was developed by integratingland-use development with procedural road network modeling. The dynamicidealized traffic flow estimated by the space syntax metric was not only used forselecting major roads, but also for calculating accessibility in land-usesimulation. The model was applied in the city centre of Stockholm andconfirmed the reciprocal influence between land use and street network duringthe long-term growth. To further study network growth modeling, a novel weighted network model,involving nonlinear growth and neighboring connections, was built from theperspective of promising complex networks. Both mathematical analysis andnumerical simulation were examined in the evolution process, and the effects ofneighboring connections were particular investigated to study the preferentialattachment mechanisms in the evolution. Since road network is a weightedplanar graph, the growth model for urban street networks was subsequentlymodeled. It succeeded in reproducing diverse patterns and each pattern wasexamined by a series of measures. The similarity between the properties of derived patterns and empirical studies implies that there is a universal growthmechanism in the evolution of urban morphology. To better understand the complicated relationship between land use and roadnetwork, centrality indices from different aspects were fully analyzed in a casestudy over Stockholm. The correlation coefficients between different land-usetypes and road network centralities suggest that various centrality indices,reflecting human activities in different ways, can capture land development andconsequently influence urban structure. The strength of this thesis lies in its interdisciplinary approaches to analyze andmodel urban growth. The integration of ‘bottom-up’ land-use simulation androad network growth model in urban growth simulation is the major contribution.The road network growth model in terms of complex network science is anothercontribution to advance spatial network modeling within the field of GIScience.The works in this thesis vary from a novel theoretical weighted network modelto the particular models of land use, urban street network and hybrid urbangrowth, and to the specific applications and statistical analysis in real cases.These models help to improve our understanding of urban growth phenomenaand urban morphological evolution through long-term simulations. Thesimulation results can further support urban planning and growth management.The study of hybrid models integrating methods and techniques frommultidisciplinary fields has attracted a lot attention and still needs constantefforts in near future.

QC 20130514

Most large cities around the world are undergoing rapid transport sector development to cater for increased urbanization. Subsequently the issues of mobility, access equity, congestion, operational safety and above all environmental sustainability are becoming increasingly crucial in transport planning and policy making. The popular response in addressing these issues has been demand management, through improvement of motorised public transport (MPT) modes (bus, train, tram) and non-motorized transport (NMT) modes (walk, bicycle); improved fuel technology. Relatively little attention has however been given to another readily available and highly sustainable component of the urban transport system, non-motorized public transport (NMPT) such as the pedicab that operates on a commercial basis and serves as an NMT taxi; and has long standing history in many Asian cities; relatively stable in existence in Latin America; and reemerging and expanding in Europe, North America and Australia. Consensus at policy level on the apparent benefits, costs and management approach for NMPT integration has often been a major transport planning problem. Within this context, this research attempts to provide a more complete analysis of the current existence rationale and possible future, or otherwise, of NMPT as a regular public transport system. The analytical process is divided into three major stages. Stage 1 reviews the status and role condition of NMPT as regular public transport on a global scale- in developing cities and developed cities. The review establishes the strong ongoing and future potential role of NMPT in major developing cities. Stage 2 narrows down the status review to a case study city of a developing country in order to facilitate deeper role review and status analysis of the mode. Dhaka, capital city of Bangladesh, has been chosen due to its magnitude of NMPT presence. The review and analysis reveals the multisectoral and dominant role of NMPT in catering for the travel need of Dhaka transport users. The review also indicates ad-hoc, disintegrated policy planning in management of NMPT and the need for a planning framework to facilitate balanced integration between NMPT and MT in future. Stage 3 develops an integrated, multimodal planning framework (IMPF), based on a four-step planning process. This includes defining the purpose and scope of the planning exercise, determining current deficiencies and preferred characteristics for the proposed IMPF, selection of suitable techniques to address the deficiencies and needs of the transport network while laying out the IMPF and finally, development of a delivery plan for the IMPF based on a selected layout technique and integration approach. The output of the exercise is a planning instrument (decision tool) that can be used to assign a road hierarchy in order to allocate appropriate traffic to appropriate network type, particularly to facilitate the operational balance between MT and NMT. The instrument is based on a partial restriction approach of motorised transport (MT) and NMT, structured on the notion of functional hierarchy approach, and distributes/prioritises MT and NMT such that functional needs of the network category is best complemented. The planning instrument based on these processes and principles offers a six-level road hierarchy with a different composition of network-governing attributes and modal priority, for the current Dhaka transport network, in order to facilitate efficient integration of NMT with MT. A case study application of the instrument on a small transport network of Dhaka also demonstrates the utility, flexibility and adoptability of the instrument in logically allocating corridors with particular positions in the road hierarchy paradigm. Although the tool is useful in enabling balanced distribution of NMPT with MT at different network levels, further investigation is required with reference to detailed modal variations, scales and locations of a network to further generalise the framework application.

Physical infrastructure assets are important components of our society and our economy. They are usually designed to last for many years, are expected to be heavily used during their lifetime, carry considerable load, and are exposed to the natural environment. They are also normally major structures, and therefore present a heavy investment, requiring constant management over their life cycle to ensure that they perform as required by their owners and users. Given a complex and varied infrastructure life cycle, constraints on available resources, and continuing requirements for effectiveness and efficiency, good management of infrastructure is important. While there is often no one best management approach, the choice of options is improved by better identification and analysis of the issues, by the ability to prioritise objectives, and by a scientific approach to the analysis process. The abilities to better understand the effect of inputs in the infrastructure life cycle on results, to minimise uncertainty, and to better evaluate the effect of decisions in a complex environment, are important in allocating scarce resources and making sound decisions. Through the development of an infrastructure management modelling and analysis methodology, this thesis provides a process that assists the infrastructure manager in the analysis, prioritisation and decision making process. This is achieved through the use of practical, relatively simple tools, integrated in a modular flexible framework that aims to provide an understanding of the interactions and issues in the infrastructure management process. The methodology uses a combination of flowcharting and analysis techniques. It first charts the infrastructure management process and its underlying infrastructure life cycle through the time interaction diagram, a graphical flowcharting methodology that is an extension of methodologies for modelling data flows in information systems. This process divides the infrastructure management process over time into self contained modules that are based on a particular set of activities, the information flows between which are defined by the interfaces and relationships between them. The modular approach also permits more detailed analysis, or aggregation, as the case may be. It also forms the basis of ext~nding the infrastructure modelling and analysis process to infrastructure networks, through using individual infrastructure assets and their related projects as the basis of the network analysis process. It is recognised that the infrastructure manager is required to meet, and balance, a number of different objectives, and therefore a number of high level outcome goals for the infrastructure management process have been developed, based on common purpose or measurement scales. These goals form the basis of classifYing the larger set of multiple objectives for analysis purposes. A two stage approach that rationalises then weights objectives, using a paired comparison process, ensures that the objectives required to be met are both kept to the minimum number required and are fairly weighted. Qualitative variables are incorporated into the weighting and scoring process, utility functions being proposed where there is risk, or a trade-off situation applies. Variability is considered important in the infrastructure life cycle, the approach used being based on analytical principles but incorporating randomness in variables where required. The modular design of the process permits alternative processes to be used within particular modules, if this is considered a more appropriate way of analysis, provided boundary conditions and requirements for linkages to other modules, are met. Development and use of the methodology has highlighted a number of infrastructure life cycle issues, including data and information aspects, and consequences of change over the life cycle, as well as variability and the other matters discussed above. It has also highlighted the requirement to use judgment where required, and for organisations that own and manage infrastructure to retain intellectual knowledge regarding that infrastructure. It is considered that the methodology discussed in this thesis, which to the author's knowledge has not been developed elsewhere, may be used for the analysis of alternatives, planning, prioritisation of a number of projects, and identification of the principal issues in the infrastructure life cycle.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Brazilian agribusiness is a sector of the economy that has historically demonstrated strength and growth, with emphasis on the agricultural sector that has been presenting production volumes and increasing productivity rates. Despite this, the exceptional competitiveness of Brazilian primary production is gradually diluted as its products leave the rural property to the subsequent links of the productive chains. The logistical obstacles faced by the national agribusiness to transport its wealth are notable, with problems such as the imbalance of the freight transport matrix, depleted transport infrastructure, insufficient static storage capacity and "bottlenecks" in the best known ports. However, little is known about another fundamental component for the logistic efficiency of agribusiness: rural roads. From the moment that the agricultural and livestock production leaves the rural property, the rural road network is the first element with potential of impact to the competitiveness of agribusiness, and few researches were undertaken with this theme. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate and describe the criteria that make a rural road suitable for the transport of inputs and agricultural production. The research was geographically delimited to the municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon, located in the western mesoregion of the state of Paraná, because this municipality presents its economic base based on agribusiness. The methodology used was the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), since it is able to measure mathematically subjective and objective attributes in a joint way, through comparisons made by individuals with knowledge of the subject matter. The methodological procedures were bibliographic research and non-systematized field survey for initial exploratory analysis, in addition to a survey to deepen the research. A total of 97 interviews were carried out with the application of a form with drivers who transport loads in the rural road network of the municipality. From the initial exploratory survey, 20 criteria potentially relevant to the adequacy of a rural road were related, and the results of the survey indicated a set of 7 priority criteria: integrity and conservation status under satisfactory conditions; track with surface coating that provides better conditions of support and trafficability, mainly asphalt paving; runway with low slope of cross section; full track without deformation; runway without loose / disaggregated materials; platform with adequate surface drainage and low intensity (volume) of traffic. It is concluded, therefore, that these are the attributes of rural roads of greater essentiality for the accomplishment of agribusiness cargo transport activities.
O agronegócio brasileiro é um setor da economia que historicamente tem demonstrado pujança e crescimento, com destaque para a agropecuária que vem apresentando volumes de produção e taxas de produtividade cada vez mais expressivos. Apesar disso, a excepcional competitividade da produção primária brasileira dilui-se gradualmente conforme seus produtos saem da propriedade rural com destino aos elos subsequentes das cadeias produtivas. São notáveis os obstáculos logísticos enfrentados pelo agronegócio nacional para transportar suas riquezas, sendo os problemas como o desbalanceamento da matriz de transporte de cargas, infraestrutura de transportes defasada, capacidade estática de armazenagem insuficiente e “gargalos” nos portos, os mais conhecidos. No entanto, pouco sabe-se a respeito de outro componente fundamental para a eficiência logística do agronegócio: as estradas rurais. A partir do momento que a produção agrícola e pecuária sai da propriedade rural, a malha viária rural constitui-se no primeiro elemento com potencial de impacto à competitividade do agronegócio, e poucas pesquisas foram empreendidas com essa temática. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar e descrever os critérios que tornam uma estrada rural adequada ao transporte de insumos e da produção agropecuária. A pesquisa foi geograficamente delimitada ao município de Marechal Cândido Rondon, localizado na mesorregião oeste do estado do Paraná, em razão deste município apresentar sua base econômica pautada no agronegócio. A metodologia utilizada foi o Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), pois a mesma consegue mensurar matematicamente atributos subjetivos e objetivos de maneira conjunta, por meio de comparações paritárias julgadas por indivíduos com conhecimento da temática investigada. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram pesquisa bibliográfica e levantamento de campo não sistematizado para análise exploratória inicial, além de survey para o aprofundamento da investigação. Foram realizadas 97 entrevistas com aplicação de formulário junto a motoristas que transportam cargas na malha viária rural do município. A partir do levantamento exploratório inicial, foram relacionados 20 critérios potencialmente relevantes à adequação de uma estrada rural, sendo que os resultados do survey apontaram um conjunto de 7 critérios prioritários: integridade e estado de conservação em condições satisfatórias; pista de rolamento com revestimento superficial que proporcione melhores condições de suporte e trafegabilidade, principalmente pavimentação asfáltica; pista de rolamento com pouca inclinação da seção transversal; pista de rolamento íntegra e sem deformações; pista de rolamento sem materiais soltos/desagregados; plataforma com drenagem superficial adequada e baixa intensidade (volume) de tráfego. Conclui-se portanto, que estes são os atributos das estradas rurais de maior essencialidade para a consecução das atividades de transporte de cargas do agronegócio.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Esse trabalho tem como intuito auxiliar na concepÃÃo de um Sistema de GerÃncia de Pavimentos â SGP, especÃfico para estradas de terra, contribuindo no desenvolvimento de duas etapas. A primeira, consiste na adaptaÃÃo de um mÃtodo norte-americana de avaliaÃÃo de condiÃÃes de rolamento de superfÃcies nÃo pavimentadas para ser utilizada em estradas de terra no municÃpio de Aquiraz, no Estado do CearÃ. A segunda, visa aplicar um mÃtodo, baseado em metodologia multicritÃrio de apoio à decisÃo (MCDA), no processo de priorizaÃÃo de estradas de terra considerando um conjunto de variÃveis que influenciam no funcionamento daquelas vias. O mÃtodo para priorizaÃÃo aplica o Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP a partir de entrevistas com profissionais de engenharia, especializados na concepÃÃo e anÃlise de projetos viÃrios, divididas em cinco grupos, de acordo com a atuaÃÃo profissional: grupo de alunos de mestrado, grupo de mestres em engenharia de transportes, grupo de professores universitÃrios, grupo de funcionÃrios pÃblicos do Departamento de EdificaÃÃes, Rodovias e Transportes - DERT e grupo de consultores. Para auxiliar na aplicaÃÃo do AHP foi utilizado o software Expert Choice, o qual facilitou o cÃlculo da consistÃncia lÃgica das matrizes de comparaÃÃo e indicou, atravÃs de anÃlise de sensibilidade, a ordem de prioridade para intervenÃÃo nas vias estudadas do municÃpio de Aquiraz, no CearÃ
This work aims to contribute to the conception of a Pavement Management System (PMS) focusing unpaved roads. The evaluation approach involves two stages: the first one consists in the adaptation of an evaluation methodology created to the North America road surface conditions. That modified methodology was used in unpaved roads in the district of Aquiraz, in the State of CearÃ, northeastern Brazil. The second stage aims at applying a multicriteria decision support method (MDSM) in the process of ranking maintenance investments in unpaved roads taking into consideration a group of key variables that were expected to influence the operation of those roads. The ranking method is supported by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and it is based on interviews with engineering professionals specialized in the design and analysis of roadway projects. Those professionals were divided into five groups according to their professional skills: a group of students of a M.Sc. Course in Transportation Engineering; a group of professionals who already have obtained the M.Sc. degree in Transportation Engineering; a group of University lecturers; a group of professionals of the Department of Building, Roads and Transportation, of the Cearà State; and a group of consulting engineers. The Expert Choice Software was used to help in the application of AHP, mainly in the task of determining the logical consistency of the comparison matrices as well as in using sensibility analysis to find the most probable order of priority for maintenance investments in some roads of the study area

Healthcare is generally characterized by deep traditions, old working methods, and clear hierarchies. A central part of medical wards is the so-called “round”. During the round, physicians and nurses visit the patients and decide on further action. The round is a central process at wards and affect the rest of the working day, both for physicians and nurses. In this study, the round process was observed at Ward 4 at Norrtälje Hospital. The staff at Ward 4 experienced high-stress levels and this was related to an ineffective round according to a prestudy conducted by Clinical Innovation Fellowships. The project aimed at producing a new optimized round routine that would reduce the high-stress levels. The study was conducted through observations, dialogue with staff, interviews, surveys, comparative observations at other wards at Norrtälje Hospital and other hospitals as well as theoretical studies. The main difficulties discovered in our study with the round process at Norrtälje Hospital were that (i) information was communicated dual, (ii) the round process was too time-consuming, (iii) late decision-making, (iv) inefficient role for nurses and the (v) priority of work. The study resulted in a recommendation of a new round routine in which we have taken the staff’s interests into account as well as literature and research within the field of how developing healthcare processes. Our target was to increase communication and collaboration between physicians and nurses and furthermore exploiting human resources in the best possible way. Our main recommendation was to introduce a seated pre-round prior to commencing the daily round routine and to introduce a reconciliation meeting afterwards.
Sjukvård är generellt sett präglat av inrotade traditioner, gamla arbetsmetoder och tydliga hierarkier. En central del på medicinska avdelningar är den så kallade ronden. Under ronden besöker läkare och sköterskor patienterna och beslutar om vidare åtgärder. Arbetet under ronden påverkar sedan resten av arbetsdagen, både för läkare och sköterskor, eftersom den är en väldigt central del av arbetsdagen på en medicinavdelning. I denna studien så undersöktes rondprocessen på avdelning 4 på Norrtälje Sjukhus. Bakgrunden till detta var att personalen präglats av höga stressnivåer och att det varit ett resultat av en ineffektiv rond. Detta framkom från en förstudie utförd av Clinical Innovation Fellowships. Vår studie syftade i att producera en ny effektivare rondrutin som i sin tur skulle minska stressen hos personalen. Detta genomfördes med hjälp av observationer, dialog med personal, intervjuer, enkätundersökningar, jämförande observationer på andra avdelningar och andra sjukhus, och teoristudier. Dom största problemen som upptäcktes i vår studie var att (i) information kommuniceras dubbelt, (ii) ronden tog för lång tid, (iii) att beslut inte fattas tillräckligt fort, (iv) sköterskans roll under ronden och (v) prioritering av patienter. Studien resulterade i ett förslag till en ny rondrutin som strävar efter att öka kommunikation och samarbete mellan läkare och sköterskor, och samtidigt utnyttja personalresurser på ett optimalt sätt. Vår främsta rekommendation var att införa en sittrond före gåronden och avsluta med ett avstämningsmöte.

碩士
立德大學
資源環境研究所
97
Being located in subtropical area with humidity from continual rain, annoying typhoons, downpour, and occasional earthquake, Taiwan is subject to constant road collapse and road-related facility damages. Besides, the current maintenance system administered by the authority is problematic. The insufficient maintenance budget and biased appropriation allotment, among them, have contributed to the ill results of maintenance. In order to ensure proper road functions and guarantee road users might use the road in comfortable, convenient, and safe circumstances, road maintenance has become a crucial issue that cannot be ignored and requires constant attention. The way of allotting limited appropriation unbiasedly and working out maintenance priority are now the most significant topic of road maintenance agency. Accordingly, the focus of this work is to investigate the allotment of road-related facilities maintenance expense and the allocation of engineering budgets. It began with literature reviewing, regulation investigating, and worked out the influence factors of the evaluation priority of road-related facilities maintenance. Then we employed Delphi method for selected experts questionnaire and conducted surveys among experts from industry, government, and academia to determine the influence factors and hierarchy of the evaluation priority for road maintenance. It also employed Analytic Hierarchy Process, and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process to investigate the weights of the priority evaluation factors for road maintenance, and built a complete set of evaluation model for maintenance priority, which can be used by road maintenance agency for this purpose. Finally, road maintenance engineering cases were scored based on the factor weight obtained from FAHP. The correlations among experts’ subjective opinions, questionnaire scores, and the actual cases done were also investigated, with the applicability of this model explored as well.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
資訊與通訊系碩士班
102
In the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and the wide-spread Global Positioning System (GPS), the optimal shortest path algorithms is one of the important tools to be accepted in the commercial market. In the nowadays, the road networks in metropolitan are very complexity. To speed up the vehicles and shorten the arrival time for the drivers, the different speed limits of roads are developed for efficiently transportation systems. Therefore, in this thesis, a simplified hierarchy road network model (SHRNM) is proposed for the optimal shortest road route discovery for transportation systems in metropolitan area. The Dijkstra algorithms are applied for the optimal path calculation. In our model, the metric of shortest path is the driving time. Thus, the shortest path can easily be found in proposed simple road traffic model. Finally, to verify the feasibility of SHRNM, the shortest path for the Taichung transportation roads, is performed to compare with Google Map. From the results, the mean square error (MSE) between SHRNM and Google Map is 9.5 (min2) with 9 routes discovery.

碩士
明新科技大學
營建工程與管理研究所
97
Roadway is the most important infrastructure. The government in Taiwan established several management information systems regarding to roadways, such as working-road, road excavation, road maintenance, road management, and public supervision and notification system, etc. The goal of monitoring and controlling road quality is to provide the good, safe and comfortable roads with users. However, the road users with none- engineering background are not easy to understand the the road quality with highly professional. In the past, the maintenance and rehabilitation activities are primarily determined by experienced engineers and lack for road users’ viewpoints. Therefore, the study focused on the road quality in terms of the road users with none-engineering background. Two-stage questionnaire surveys were conducted for the 13 townships in Taoyuan country. The first-stage survey, questionnaires collected from 195 road users, was performed to understand the differentiation of road quality among various road users through further cross-analyzing questionnaires. The second-stage survery, questionnaires collected from 39 road users, was performed to acquire the overall weights for the key factors related to the road quality by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The findings in this study can be provided to the road engineers for implementing the maintenance and rehabilitation activities.

碩士
中興大學
應用經濟學系所
95
The quality of urban road pavement is severely criticized by citizens. Many County Magistrates/City mayors set the smooth pavement as the emphasis of policy and suggest solutions. At the paving maintain of road system become main item in traffic engineering by degrees, it is necessary to study the main factors affecting the quality of urban road pavement. For this study, the urban road maintained by township in Changhua county were used as case studies. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is to be used to find out the strategic solutions for promoting ruban road quality, and based on the interviews of experts, a questionnaire survey was conducted for the research. Research results indicate that the important factor from all the experts’ opinions is “construction factor”, the next in orders are “managment factor”, “climate and and geography environment factor”, “material quality factor”. The results also indicate that in total 22 factors, “the underground pipeline backfill after the constitution or repair dishonest”, “the temperature for asphalt surface layer to rolls press is unsuited to provision”, “road’s base and sub-base lacked for roller passing”, “the amount of prime coat or tack coat violating provision”, “traffic volume more than forecasting and traffic overloading” are the most five important factors as a whole. Based on the results, provide the suggestions for related government organizations, and for further related academic studies.

碩士
逢甲大學
土地管理研究所
86
Christaller hypothesized that the distribution of centralized services accounts for the spacing, size and function pattern of urban centers, which implies that a hierarchy of commercial streets would evolve with different levels of goods and services. Based on the theory and the bid-rent theory, the author sets up four indictors including price of goods, the width of store, if chain-store or not, and the level of store decoration, and examines the commercial street hierarchy with the point of dress and food business'' structure, Experimential analysis observes four areas of commercial streets including Central district, Western district, Seaton district and Shalu town along Taichungkang road in Taichung area. The experimental results support that there is a hierarchy relationship in the dress business structure among the four areas, and the similar relationship in the food business structure. Key words: Dress business, Food business, Structure, Commercial street, Hierarchy

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A sinistralidade rodoviária é um fenómeno que afeta direta ou indiretamente toda a população mundial tendo uma enorme influência económica e social. Torna-se então fundamental minimizar os seus impactos reduzindo assim o número de vitimas causadas melhorando a situação social e económica de qualquer país. A dissertação foca-se, em termos gerais, na utilização de um modelo de classificação da rede viária em função da sinistralidade rodoviária. O modelo é aplicado ao concelho de Barcelos segundo a sinistralidade ocorrida durante 5 anos desde 2010 a 2014. Assim, é aumentada a base de dados de um trabalho já realizado para anos anteriores (de 2007 a 2009) e utiliza o modelo de classificação desenvolvido nesse trabalho. Após a aplicação do modelo ao novo período foi aplicada uma hierarquia viária em toda a rede e posteriormente influenciar o modelo por essa hierarquia percebendo quais as vantagens e as desvantagens da utilização da hierarquia viária. O modelo de classificação da rede viária é realizado em ambiente de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica e pode fundamentar tomadas de decisão acerca da escolha de locais de intervenção com o objetivo de reduzir o número de sinistros. O modelo é útil no apoio à tomada de decisão, e apresenta uma boa versatilidade podendo considerar vários fatores que influenciem os resultados, de acordo com os objectivos de quem pretende um estudo deste de classificação da rede viária.
Road accident occurrences affect the entire world population directly or indirectly, resulting in a significant economic and social impact. As such, it is essential to minimize this impact, this reducing the number of victims and improving the social and economic situation of any country. In general terms, this dissertation focuses on the use of a road network classification model for road accidents. The model is applied to the area of Barcelos according to the accidents occurred in a period of 5 years, from 2010 to 2014. This work extends the database of a work carried out in previous years (from 2007 to 2009), and uses the classification model developed during that work. Ensuing the application of the model to the new period, a road network hierarchy will be implemented to the entire network. This is followed by the interaction of the model with the road network hierarchy, which provides insight on the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the latter. The road network classification model is developed in a Geographic Information System, and can support decision making regarding the choice of intervention sites, so as to reduce the number of accidents in the future. The model is useful for supporting decision making. Additionally, it displays very good versatility, allowing for the choice of several factors that influence the final results, which is a function of the objectives of each study in the field of road network classification.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse and interpret the existent and future needs of the people and environment of the mission station, Kwasizabantu,to ensure settlement growth that will enhance the social, economical and environmental aspects of the settlement. This will result in a development framework of the whole site, a master plan for the lifespan of the settlement and detailed design of the heart of the settlement.
Dissertation (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Architecture
unrestricted