Journal articles: 'Road loads'

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Yang, X., and S. Medepalli. "Comfort and Durability Tire Model Validation3." Tire Science and Technology 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 302–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3251339.

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Abstract In this study, a systematic validation of comfort and durability tire models (CDT) using LMS software was performed by focusing on the measured tire data collection, bench test, and full vehicle model predictions. Different road events are considered in the validation process, including deterministic and random type roads, as well as braking/accelerating and cornering events. The study shows that the current version of commercial CDT models is reasonably accurate for durability road loads simulation, but requires simulation time improvement. The seven published SAE J-documents for road load tire model parameterization tests cover the necessary data to parameterize the CDT model for “non-misuse” road loads simulation.

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MACIOSZEK, Elżbieta. "Essential techniques for fastening loads in road transport." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 110 (March 1, 2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.110.8.

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During the transportation of goods, damage and destruction of the transported cargo constitute a very large part of the damage. The most common direct cause of damage is an improper arrangement and securing of the transported load. An improperly secured load may pose a threat to the transporters and bystanders. Incorrectly secured loads can fall from the vehicle, obstruct movement, and cause injury or death. In addition, improperly secured loads can cause injury or death in heavy braking or a collision. The way the load is distributed and secured on the vehicle can negatively affect driving behaviour, making it difficult to control the vehicle. This article presents the conditions related to the transport of loads in road transport, describes both the forces that act on the load during the journey of a vehicle and the most important techniques for securing loads in road transport.

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Zhao, Li Hui, Han Gu, and Qing Quan Hong. "Shape Optimization of Lower Control Arm under Typical Road Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1996.

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Structure optimization of lower control arm was performed under three proving ground road conditions to find the best drawbead distribution. First, multi-body dynamics analysis was carried on to determine the deficiency of the lower control arm. Then shape optimization was applied based on the widely used optimization method under static loads by converting dynamic load of the three roads to equivalent static loads. Results of the new design show that the strength and stiffness were increased by 24.3% and 42.9% respectively.

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Khakimov, Shaukat, Erkin Fayzullaev, Azimjon Rakhmonov, and Rustam Samatov. "Variation of reaction forces on the axles of the road train depending on road longitudinal slope." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 05030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405030.

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The article discusses the influence of the road longitudinal slope on variation in reaction forces on the wheels of the road train. The description of the longitudinal slope of the road and methods of its determination are given. The design diagram of the forces and moments acting on the road train during its movement uphill and downhill is presented. Equations for calculating the change in the load on the three axles of the road train, depending on the longitudinal slope of the road and the mode of movement, are presented. Based on the calculation results, graphs were constructed to illustrate the change in loads on three axles of the road train. The results show that the changes in the normal reactions on the front axle of the road train are significant, affecting the braking properties and driving safety of the vehicle. The scheme for calculating the variation in loads on the axles of a road train can be used to automatically adjust the braking forces between the wheels depending on the loads and thereby ensure traffic safety.

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Allen, R. F. "Weight Distribution of Liquid Loads in Road Tankers." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 202, no. 3 (July 1988): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1988_202_175_02.

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Axle loads for laden road tankers depend upon the configuration of the liquid tank. The paper determines the location of the centre of gravity of a liquid load in a tilted cylindrical barrel tank with dished and flanged ends and shows how the centre of gravity varies with the amount of liquid carried. The calculation permits greater accuracy in the determination of axle loads.

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VanSickle, D. P., R. A. Cooper, and M. L. Boninger. "Road loads acting on manual wheelchairs." IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 8, no. 3 (2000): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/86.867879.

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Kulović, Mirsad, Zoran Injac, Slavko Davidović, and Ivo Posavac. "Modelling Truck Weigh Stations’ Locations based on Truck Traffic Flow and Overweight Violation: A Case Study in Bosnia and Herzegovina." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i2.2423.

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The number of registered commercial freight vehicles is constantly increasing, increasing therefore as well the traffic load on the roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A significant part of freight vehicles moving along the main and regional roads are overloaded and cause significant damage to road infrastructure, affect road safety and result in an increase of emissions of harmful gases for people and the environment. The overloading rate is extremely high, in particular with 5-axle trucks representing 58.7%. The research showed that the increased overload level ranges from 10-20% of the maximum permissible weight. The importance of load limits was recognized early in the history of road development. This interrelation led directly to limitations on vehicle loads, and laws were enacted in many countries to establish the maximum allowable motor vehicle sizes and weights. Strict enforcement of motor vehicle size and weight laws is a step toward reducing motor vehicle size and weight violations, heavy truck accidents, and, even more, improving road maintenance, rehabilitation expenditures and road safety. Thus, based on the applied model the objective of this paper is to evaluate and optimize the locations of truck weigh stations on the road network of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Tsyganov, Aleksandr. "Loads of road vehicles during piggyback transportation." MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800109.

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The impact of rail transportation on road vehicles that are placed in flatcars is considered in the article. The features of piggyback transportation and the dynamic forces acting on road vehicles in railway rolling stock are determined. The change dependences of the values of dynamic forces for different masses of road vehicles in the longitudinal and transverse directions are established. It is concluded that road vehicles that are used in regular piggyback transportation will experience significant dynamic loads of structural elements, which requires monitoring of their technical condition. Consequently, the infrastructure of piggyback terminals that load and unload road vehicles onto railway rolling stock should include the availability of automobile service facilities.

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Жилинков and A. Zhilinkov. "ON ASSESSMENT OF ROAD CONDITIONS OF HEAVY-LOAD ROAD TRAINS FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF METAL PRODUCTS." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 1 (April 27, 2015): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14047.

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In the article the questions of estimation of heavy-load road trains at steel products transportations. Presented results of the experimental studies allow determination of dynamic loads in the bearing systems. Proposed method and model to determine the complex index estimates road conditions

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Petrov, Boris Sergeevich, and Alexander Valentinovich Galin. "Problems of transporting heavy containers by road transport in Russian Federation." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University 2020, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2020-1-13-23.

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The article considers the problem of heavy cargo transporting as an integral part of functioning of industry in the country. The transportation of such types of cargo is regulated by the legislation related to the national transport infrastructure. There have been considered the ways of transporting heavy sea containers by road transport in the Russian Federation. Definitions of the divisible and indivisible cargo, the maximum mass of the road train have been given, the indicators of the maximum permissible mass of the vehicle and the axle load on the roads of Russia, approved by legislative acts of the Russian Federation, have been presented. The issues of the correct choice of freight vehicles and compliance with the rules for transportation of heavy cargo, in particular compliance with the permissible total weight and axle loads, have been considered. There has been proposed the method for calculating axle loads and the solution to the problem of redistributing axle loads by moving the seat of the towing vehicle, transporting a heavy sea container by train being used as the example. The obtained values make it possible to estimate the possibility of carrying heavy cargo without violating standards approved by the legislation of Russia

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Wilczynski, H., and M. L. Hull. "A Dynamic System Model for Estimating Surface-Induced Frame Loads During Off-Road Cycling." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919455.

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To facilitate the design analysis of off-road bicycle frames, this paper reports a dynamic model of the bicycle/rider system which estimates frame loads for bicycles traveling over rough surfaces. To develop this model, the frame loads at rider contact points were first measured experimentally as a rider coasted over a test track with randomly spaced surface irregularities in both seated and standing positions. Following this measurement, a dynamic system model was developed with the aid of the commercial software package, Dynamic Analysis and Design Software (DADS). The development process consisted of two stages. The first stage involved developing component models (e.g., seat) which could reproduce the essentials of the measured data. The second stage involved identification of parameter values for those parameters shown to most profoundly affect simulated load results. Following parameter identification, simulated loads were statistically tested and were not significantly different from experimental loads. Also, maximum magnitude dynamic loads were compared to corresponding static load magnitudes and were larger for eight of the ten load components measured. With the importance of dynamic loads demonstrated and the model verified, it can now be used advantageously to generate a loading database for design analysis purposes.

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Nassif, Hani H., and Ming Liu. "Analytical Modeling of Bridge-Road-Vehicle Dynamic Interaction System." Journal of Vibration and Control 10, no. 2 (February 2004): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546304033950.

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We present a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic model for the bridge-road-vehicle interaction system. A slab-on-girder bridge is modeled as a grillage system subjected to multiple moving truck loads. Multi-axle semi-tractor-trailer is idealized as a 3D vehicle model with a nonlinear tire-suspension system, having eleven independent degrees of freedom. Road roughness profiles are generated from the random Gaussian process as well as limited measurements of actual road profiles. Truck wheel loads are applied at any point and then transferred to nodes as equivalent nodal forces. The Newmark-\#946; integration method is applied as a numerical algorithm for solving the bridge-road-vehicle dynamic interaction equations. The major parameters affecting the bridge dynamic response (or the dynamic load factor) include road roughness, truck weight, speed and mechanical properties of the tire-suspension system and bridge stiffness and boundary conditions. Results from other dynamic models as well as field tests are compared with those from the current 3D model. The results show that the dynamic load factor is highly dependent on road roughness, vehicle suspension, and bridge geometry.

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Barriera, M., B. Lebental, and S. Pouget. "Towards road pavement response under moving loads." Road Materials and Pavement Design 20, sup1 (March 18, 2019): S480—S499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1588780.

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Blanchette, Carl, Maxime Boisvert, Nicolas Joubert, Denis Rancourt, and Alain Desrochers. "Dynamic input loads evaluation of a recreational vehicle frame using multibody dynamics hybrid modeling validated with experimental and full analytical modeling data." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 8 (August 2021): 168781402110346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211034608.

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Knowledge of frame loads at the limits of the intended driving conditions is important during the design process of a vehicle structure. Yet, retrieving these loads is not trivial as the load path between the road and the frame mounting point is complex. Fortunately, recent studies have shown that multibody dynamic (MBD) simulations could be a powerful tool to estimate these loads. Two main categories of MBD simulations exist. Firstly, full analytical simulations, which have received great attention in the literature, are run in a virtual environment using a tire model and a virtual road. Secondly, hybrid simulations, also named semi analytical, uses experimental data from Wheel Force Transducers and Inertial Measurement Units to replace the road and tire models. It is still unclear how trustworthy semi analytical simulations are for frame load evaluation. Both methods were tested for three loads cases. It was found that semi analytical simulations were slightly better in predicting vehicle dynamic and frame loads than the full analytical simulations for frequencies under the MF-Tyre model valid frequency range (8 Hz) with accuracy levels over 90%. For faster dynamic maneuvers, the prediction accuracy was lower, in the 50%–80% range, with semi analytical simulations showing better results.

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Miškinis, Dainius, and Vytautas Lingaitis. "MAINTENANCE COSTS OF ROAD PAVEMENT AND MOTOR VEHICLES ON THE ROUTE VILNIUS – KAUNAS – KLAIPEDA." TRANSPORT 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2006.9638054.

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The article describes the impact of axle loads of vehicles on the road pavement. Pavement deterioration intensity and the charge imposed on vehicles the axle load of which exceeds the set norm are analyzed on the road under investigation according to the results of weighing axle loads of vehicles as well as appropriate calculation methodologies. The work presents regressive equations according to which maintenance costs of vehicles can be predicted taking the condition of pavement into consideration.

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Machelski, Czesław, and Maciej Hildebrand. "Strengthening of a road bridge due to a very large load." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2017, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_17_08_06.

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Extremely heavy oversized transport is considered in the paper. Such oversized loads appears occasionally along the road network due to the restrictions of load capacity of bridges. The results of the analyses involved in the paper shows that old bridges as well as new ones are not adapted to such oversized loads. The strengthening or reconstructions of structural ele-ments are required as presented in the paper. The final remark refers to the administrative un-derstanding of the load capacity of the bridge which is based on the total weight of a vehicle. Such approach of the load capacity is not precise.

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Zeng, Ke Hao, Run Hua Guo, and Hong Xue Li. "Structural Response Analysis of Highways under Heavy Loads." Advanced Materials Research 723 (August 2013): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.204.

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As China's economic development, substantial growth in traffic, the importance of subgrade in road construction is escalated. Under the vehicle load, subgrade deformation will continue to accumulate and ultimately lead to subgrade permanent deformation. Excessive permanent deformation of subgrade soil will cause enormous economic losses, especially in rutting deformation, and have a direct impact on road performance in safety and comfort. Meanwhile, permanent deformation of subgrade will affect the structural performance of pavement, causing the other forms of damage. For example, the emergence and strengthening of reflective cracking, or accelerated fatigue failure because of too heavy tensile strain (or tensile stress) on the underside of the surface layer, and then caused great negative impact on the pavement structure and service performance. This article examines the role of high-speed heavy traffic load characteristics, and set up finite element model analysis for semi-rigid road structure, the most widely used internal road style, to obtain the mechanical response characteristics under high-speed heavy traffic loads.

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Doornink, J. D., T. J. Wipf, and F. W. Klaiber. "Use of Railroad Flatcars in Cost-Effective Low-Volume-Road Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-49.

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The use of railroad flatcars (RRFCs) as the superstructure in lowvolume bridges has been investigated in a research project at Iowa State University. These alternative bridges should enable county engineers to replace old, inadequate county bridges for less money and in a shorter construction time than required for a conventional bridge. Capital saved can be used to improve other areas of secondary road transportation. A feasibility study completed in 1999 by the Bridge Engineering Center at Iowa State University determined that RRFC structures have adequate strength to support Iowa legal traffic loads. In a follow-up research project, two RRFC demonstration bridges with different substructures and RRFC lengths were designed, constructed, and tested to validate the conclusions of the feasibility study. Bridge behavior predicted by grillage models was supported by data from field load tests, and it was determined that the engineered RRFC bridges had live-load stresses significantly below the safe yield strength of the steel and deflections well below the AASHTO bridge design specification limits. Moreover, since analytical procedures were able to predict RRFC bridge behavior, it is possible to analyze each bridge to determine its adequacy for any state’s legal traffic loads or for roads with larger hauling loads, such as quarry or coal-hauling roads. From the results of this research, it has been determined that, through proper RRFC selection, connection, and engineering design, RRFC bridges can be a viable, economic alternative for low-volumeroad bridges.

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Solodkaya, M. G. "DETERMINATION OF MOST SIGNIFICANT FACTORS FOR ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY OPERATING CONDITIONS." Science & Technique 16, no. 6 (November 29, 2017): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2017-16-6-493-497.

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Traffic circulation on highways is a random process. Therefore automotive damage rate and, respectively, roads on which they are moving is subjected to regularities of random processes. Dynamic processes of vehicle-road interaction are determined to various extents by a host of factors that include road pavement evenness and characteristics of moving vehicles. For this reason the following task has been set: to reveal the most significant factors and mathematically correlate values of vehicle dynamic loads with a quality of road pavement and vehicle speed. Such task statement has not been solved adequately and this situation determines importance and novelty of the investigations in the given direction. While solving the mentioned task the investigations which have been carried out under real-life conditions and with the help of real-life objects are considered as the most reliable ones. However, preparation and execution of such experiments as needed significantly complicates their implementation. In this regard it looks rather expediential to combine a factorial experiment with the tests of a checked model while using ECM with stage-by-stage parameter fixation of working processes passing in “vehicle-road” system, comprehensive assessment pertaining to influence of the selected factors and selection of their optimum combination. Mathematical dependence has been obtained to evaluate influence of several external factors on optimization of vehicle dynamic load on the road. This component makes it possible to attain a simplified and adequate description of element interaction in “vehicle – road” system. While investigating influence of pavement irregularities on maximum dynamic loads on the road influence rate of the selected factors is determined in the following sequence: vehicle weight, pavement evenness and speed of transport facility.

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Rowe, T., M. L. Hull, and E. L. Wang. "A Pedal Dynamometer for Off-Road Bicycling." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 120, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834297.

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This paper describes the design and accuracy evaluation of a dynamometric pedal, which measures the two pedal force components in the plane of the bicycle. To realize a design that could be used during actual off-road cycling, a popular clipless pedal available commercially was modified so that both the form and the function of the original design were maintained. To measure the load components of interest, the pedal spindle was replaced with a spindle fixed to the pedal body and instrumented with eight strain gages connected into two Wheatstone bridge circuits. The new spindle is supported by bearings in the crank arm. Static calibration and a subsequent accuracy check revealed root mean square errors of less than 1 percent full scale (FS) when only the force components of interest were applied. Application of unmeasured load components created an error less than 2 percent FS. The natural frequency with half the weight of a 75 kgf person standing on the pedal was greater than 135 Hz. These performance capabilities make the dynamometer suitable for measuring either pedaling loads due to the rider’s muscular action or inertial loads due to surface-induced acceleration. To demonstrate this suitability, sample pedal load data are presented both for steady-state ergometer cycling and coasting over a rough surface while standing.

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Nader, Mirosław, and Krzysztof Kielczyk. "Strength of the semitrailer’s roof in the aspect of road traffic safety." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 121 (June 1, 2018): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4609.

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Stable and slidable roofs of the semitrailers are usually characterized by low weight and easy handling, which equals directly into comfort of use, longevity of the system and the time needed to open or close. However, not always an operational advantages of roofs go hand in hand with their durability, especially in the snowfall situation or sudden changes of the road lane by a set of vehicles: a truck tractor – a semitrailer. The analysis of homologation regulations shows that today there are no precise requirements and physical testing / strength methods for assembled roofs of the semitrailers as components. The test methods for complete vehicle bodies (including the roof), which have destructive nature, are described in European standards, e.g. EN 12642:2017 "Securing of cargo on road vehicles – Body structure of commercial vehicles – Minimum requirements" [6], internal German regulations, e.g. VDI 2700:2004 "Securing of loads on road vehicles" [8] or Directive DCE 9.5:2008 ”Load security for transportation of load containers on utility vehicles in road traffic” [7]. A non-destructive, possible to perform, testing method for the roof as a component - is calculation method. The results of the performed tests allow to conduct development works over improving the vehicle’s system security (including the introduction of new semitrailers roofs design solutions and verification of existing ones). The carried out strength tests give possibilities to optimize and adapt the roofs to the transported loads, e.g. stable lifting roofs used in transport of divisible loads, or sliding roofs used in the transport of non-separate loads. The strength testing of the semitrailer’s roofs is highly justified from the point of view of securing the load and safety of passengers, drivers and other road users primarily. The requirements and limitations of the mentioned testing methods are not - in the authors opinion - 100% of realistic and possible deformation during the real vehicle’s road traffic. On the other hand, the cited documents exists as recognized regulators in the international arena of the road traffic legislation. The work’s aim is demonstrating the benefits of using reinforced roofs in all types of the semitrailer’s bodyworks.

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Mei, Yi He, and Qing Sen Xie. "Fatigue Loads Prediction Based on a Hybrid Road Approach." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 3363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.3363.

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Based on a hybrid road approach, a reliable process of fatigue load prediction is proposed. This approach known as Time Waveform Replication (TWR) relies on test data and multi-body model. The test data is used to back-calculate the hybrid road profile that will cause the same forces on the multi-body model. The road load is measured on the proving ground, and simulation of the multi-body model is ran by TWR to back-calculate the hybrid road profile. The simulation signals are verified by the experimental signals collected by wheel force transducers (WFT) and acceleration sensors.

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De Lorenzo, D. S., and M. L. Hull. "Quantification of Structural Loading During Off-Road Cycling." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 121, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2798337.

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To provide data for fatigue life prediction and testing of structural components in off-road bicycles, the objective of the research described herein was to quantify the loads input to an off-road bicycle as a result of surface-induced loads. A fully instrumented test bicycle was equipped with dynamometers at the pedals, handlebars, and hubs to measure all in-plane structural loads acting through points of contact between the bicycle and both the rider and the ground. A portable data acquisition system carried by the standing rider allowed, for the first time, this loading information to be collected during extended off-road testing. In all, seven experienced riders rode a downhill trail test section with the test bicycle in both front-suspension and full-suspension configurations. The load histories were used quantitatively to describe the load components through the computation of means, standard deviations, amplitude probability density functions, and power spectral density functions. For the standing position, the coefficients of variation for the load components normal to the ground were greater than 1.2 for handlebar forces and 0.3 and 0.5–0.6 for the pedal and hub forces, respectively. Thus, the relative contribution of the dynamic loading was much greater than the static loading at the handlebars but less so at the pedals and hubs. As indicated by the rainflow count, high amplitude loading was developed approaching 3 and 5 times the weight of the test subjects at the front and rear wheels, respectively. The power spectral densities showed that energy was concentrated in the band 0–50 Hz. Through stress computations and knowledge of material properties, the data can be used analytically to predict the fatigue life of important structural components such as those for steering. The data can also be used to develop a fatigue testing protocol for verifying analytical predictions of fatigue life.

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Cao, Yuan Wen, Yan Li Yi, and Min Qin. "Dynamic Analysis of Trebling-Pivot Vehicle on Undulate Pavement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 1947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1947.

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Model of heavy truck was built with the ADAMS dynamics simulation software. Dynamic loads between the wheels and the pavement with different loads and different speeds and different road surfaces were analyzed comparatively. Results indicate that the dynamic load between the wheels and the pavement will be increased with the speed increase; the dynamic loads between the wheels and the pavement will be increased with the pavement amplitude increase; Under the same conditions, the dynamic load of fully loaded vehicle was larger than that of no-load vehicle.

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Ludescher, Hannes, and Eugen Brühwiler. "Dynamic Amplification of Traffic Loads on Road Bridges." Structural Engineering International 19, no. 2 (May 2009): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686609788220231.

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Syarif, Iif Ahmad, and Abdul Muis Prasetia. "Aplikasi Weigh in Motion Menggunakan Metode Estimasi Untuk Mengukur Beban dan Kecepatan Kendaraan Bergerak." Borneo Engineering : Jurnal Teknik Sipil 3, no. 1 (August 17, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35334/be.v3i1.701.

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Humans as users of transportation modes, of course, want the ability of vehicles that are able to carry as much cargo as possible and on the fastest trip. This condition often results in the vehicle carrying the maximum load even exceeding the carrying capacity. On this basis and to maximize the results of data collection in the form of traffic volumes and vehicle loads, it is necessary to attempt to check the load of vehicles or trucks passing through the road without causing queues and congestion. To that can be done using a dynamic weighbridge which utilize methods of Weigh In Motion (WIM). The WIM system is equipped with the ability to measure vehicle loads when the truck runs at a certain speed through sensors placed below the road surface. The results showed that the WIM prototype can measure the speed and weight of the vehicle running successfully, the measurement results of running vehicle loads have an average error of 14.9%.

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Luty, Witold, and Marcin Mieteń. "Geometrical analysis of profile of certain heavy terrain sections exerting dynamic loads on the chassis components of off-road vehicles." Journal of KONBiN 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2017-0008.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of measurements concerned with the changes of profile height observed on selected heavy terrain road sections. Based on the results of direct measurements, primary indicators and amplitude frequency characteristics have been determined. The characteristics of these roads profiles have been presented as a function of path frequency, and also as a function of the vehicle wheels’ excitation frequency observed while driving at a certain, constant speed. The results presented serve as a source of information on specific heavy terrain road sections exerting dynamic loads on the vehicle’s chassis components while driving in off-road conditions.

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Dou, Yantao, Yong Li, and Jian Ling. "Research on real-driving emissions of heavy tractor under different loads." E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801041.

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The actual road diesel emissions of heavy-duty vehicle is very high, which has been a concern around the world. In 2018, Chinese government promulgated the "China VI" regulations containing real-driving emission test requirements and limits, requiring vehicle manufacturers to effectively control vehicle emissions to meet the requirements of China VI. This article takes a heavy-duty tractor equipped with a "China VI" engine as the research object, and performs actual road emission tests after loading 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively. The results show that NOx emissions are higher at low loads and PN emissions are higher at high loads, and CO emissions are not sensitive to load changes.

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Hu, Da Lin, Long Gang Chen, Ding Ding, and Chun Mei Xia. "Analysis of Vehicle Loads on Guangzhou-Shenzhen Expressway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.915.

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This paper presents statistical analysis of vehicle loads, which were measured by Weighing in Motion (WIM). The vehicle composition, distribution of gross vehicle weight (GVW) and load distribution of classified vehicles are obtained; Axle load proportions and wheelbases of different type of vehicles are also statistically analyzed. Based on statistic theory of extreme value distribution, characteristic values of different type of vehicle loads within design reference period are deduced. The analysis results can be used for safety evaluation of road pavements, bridges and culverts in the expressway, and can be as a reference for both design load formulation and overloading control of bridges.

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Zhang, Guang Hai, Hai Gui Kang, and Yuan Xun Zheng. "Experiment Study on Dynamic Response of Rough AC Surface under Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4366.

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In order to study dynamic response of rough road surface resulting from different speeds and loads under a certain roughness for purpose of effective enhancement pertinence for structural design of an asphalt pavement and extension of its service life, displacement meters, stress meters and strain meters are embedded at different structural layers on the rough road surface to monitor the dynamic responses of AC pavement. The result shows that roughness can dramatically increase response on an asphalt road surface resulting from load and speed.

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Mordak, Arkadiusz, and Zbigniew Mańko. "Research of post-tensioned concrete composite spans with Π-beams of road viaduct." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817403015.

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The paper is presented the results of research conducted on the posttensioned prestressed concrete spans made with precast Π-beams of part of seventh spans Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski road viaduct located in Gdynia (between supports no. 97-104) under static field load test. Heavy trucks were used as static loads. Superstructure (main beams), deck slab, and fixed and moving bearings, and also supports (abutment and piers) in both roadways of trestle were tested. Specification and range of conducted research are presented with analysis of results from the tests and calculation, which allowed to the estimate span structures behavior and their actual load-capacity before allow them to normal service on B-class of loads.

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32

Li, Kun, Jie Liu, Jing Wen, and Cheng Lu. "Time Domain Identification Method for Random Dynamic Loads and its Application on Reconstruction of Road Excitations." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 12, no. 08 (September 2020): 2050087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825120500878.

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A time domain method for identifying random dynamic loads is proposed based on spectral decomposition and regularization, which to some extent makes up for the deficiency of frequency domain methods. The random dynamic loads are descripted with their time domain mean functions and covariance matrix, which can intuitively reflect the statistical characteristics of the loads. Therein the random dynamic load identification is transformed into the load mean function identification and covariance matrix reconstruction. The forward identification models are mainly established based on Green’s kernel function method, and then spectral decomposition is conducted to transform the identification of load covariance matrix into a series of identifications of eigenvectors. To overcome the ill-posedness in the inverse process, the least-square QR iterative regularization is adopted. Two numerical examples and an application on the reconstruction of road excitations acting on a vehicle are studied to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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33

Buhari, Rosnawati, Munzilah Md Rohani, and Mohd Ezree Abdullah. "Dynamic Load Coefficient of Tyre Forces from Truck Axles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1900–1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1900.

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This study aims to predict the Dynamic Load Coefficient (DLC) of tyre forces from truck axles. Dynamic Load Coefficient is frequently used to characterise the dynamic loads generated by axles. It is a simple measurement of the dynamic variation magnitude of the axle load, for a specific combination of road roughness and speed. Under normal operating conditions, the DLCs value is typically in the range of 0.05-0.3, and close to zero when the trucks wheels are moving over a perfectly smooth road. To achieve the objectives of this study, which is to determine the DLCs value for seven different types of axles, a simple validated quarter-truck model was excited by a random road surface profile, in order to simulate a vehicle-road interaction. Points are equally spaced along the simulated road to generate dynamic loadings over a broad range of truck speeds. Multiple trucks gross-weight conditions were used to present realistic traffic behaviour. The results showed that irregular road profiles, exciting the vehicle as it travelled, caused continually changing tyre forces. Also, dynamic loading was seen to be fundamentally influenced by the type of suspension (i.e., air and steel), loading condition, and vehicle speed. For example, the DLC value of the tyre forces of the quarter-truck fitted with a steel suspension was found to be more than twice that of the truck fitted with an air suspension. Tyre forces of the one-third laden truck were more aggressive than any other loading condition, due to the uncertain body-bounce generated by the truck, which was strongly dependent on surface irregularities. At low speed, the DLC was greatly decreased if the load was increased. Furthermore, DLC value was always lower for trucks with air suspension over steel suspension, for the same load and vehicle speed. However, air suspension efficiency was clearly better for higher axle loads.

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34

Bekenov, Т. N., Z. Т. Tassybekov, and Z. Т. Nussupbek. "Justiﬁcation of the road based seal model from the inﬂuence of road roller loads." Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 125, no. 4 (2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7263-2018-125-4-44-50.

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35

Moerman, A., B. A. Wols, and R. Diemel. "The effects of traffic loads on drinking water main failure frequencies in the Netherlands." Water Practice and Technology 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.057.

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Understanding pipe failure is essential for effective asset management. Buried drinking water pipes are exposed to several types of external loads, e.g. soil weight, loads due to soil settling differences and traffic loads. The hypothesis that traffic loads positively affects the number of failures was statistically tested. For three out of four studied water companies significant higher failure frequencies than average were found at road crossings. Frequencies equal to average were found for pipes which are installed under other road sections. Frequencies higher than average–but not statistically significant–were found around speed bumps. The results of the multiple regression analyses show that the overall contribution of the parameter ‘road classification’ to pipe failure is small compared to the influence of pipe diameter, pipe material and year of installation.

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36

Kim, Sang-Hyo, Kwang-Il Cho, Moon-Seock Choi, and Ji-Young Lim. "Development of a Generation Method of Artificial Vehicle Wheel Load to Analyze Dynamic Behavior of Bridges." Advances in Structural Engineering 12, no. 4 (August 2009): 479–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/136943309789508474.

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In this study, artificial wheel loads are proposed which reflect the dynamic effects of running vehicles and road roughness to overcome shortcomings of vehicle modeling methods. To derive a suitable artificial load from the moving vehicle model, a parametric study is conducted regarding span lengths, types of bridges, road roughnesses, vehicle speeds and consecutive vehicles. After that, Power Spectral Density (PSD) analyses of wheel loads are performed using Maximum Entropy Method (MEM). Based on the result, a representative PSD function is proposed considering the cumulative energy distribution and the area of the PSD curve. The artificial wheel loads are generated based on this PSD function. Also, dynamic analyses of a bridge are performed using the artificial wheel loads. The probabilistic characteristics of dynamic responses are evaluated by comparing the results with the existing moving vehicle model. The results show that the dynamic responses through the proposed method are slightly overestimated. It is concluded that the proposed method is a simple and reliable procedure for engineers to perform a dynamic analysis in practical design.

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37

Provornaya, Daria, and Sergey Glushkov. "Vehicle-bridge interaction system." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823905004.

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One of the problems in high-speed railways is the influence and vibrations of bridges caused by moving trains. This problem significantly differs from the problems of road bridges for the following reasons. Firstly, the loads caused by the moving train on the bridge are repeated in nature, as a consecutively rotating loads (wheel), implying that certain frequencies will be caused on the bridge during the passage of the train. In contrast, the loads implied on the road are random in nature, expressed through wheel loads and the distance between the wheels. Secondly, high-speed trains can move at a speed much higher than vehicles moving along the road, which makes it possible for the excitation frequency to coincide with the oscillation frequencies of the bridge, which leads to the so-called resonance effect. Whenever the resonance condition is reached, the reaction of the bridge will be constantly amplified, since there are heavy moving loads passing through the bridge. This effect could hardly be observed on road bridges. Thirdly, the mass ratio of vehicles on the bridge is usually larger due to the fact that the train consists of several coupled cars and the railway track is relatively narrow, it has no more than two tracks in most cases. In contrast, a road bridge may be so large that it can afford four or more lanes for vehicles moving in the opposite direction. For this reason, the interaction between moving vehicles causes a greater reaction for the road bridge than for the railways.

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38

KONIUSZY, Adam. "The use of cluster analysis method for the development of static load cycles of diesel engines in non road vehicles." Combustion Engines 135, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117230.

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This paper presents a methodology of development of substitute cycle of loads of non road vehicle engines. The use of cluster analysis method made it possible to locate seven characteristic phases of Z8401.12 engine loads, which occur in typical conditions of tractor operation in the region of Pomorze Zachodnie. The author compared credibility breakdowns of the obtained results and stated that the obtained cycle of loads differs from the hitherto used static tests of non road vehicles

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39

Carlson, Richard Barney, Jeffrey Wishart, and Kevin Stutenberg. "On-Road and Dynamometer Evaluation of Vehicle Auxiliary Loads." SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 9, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0901.

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40

Humpf, Karl, and Peter Walser. "Steel Decks under Temperature Loads due to Road Surfacing." IABSE Symposium Report 96, no. 9 (January 1, 2009): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137809796078739.

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41

TAGUCHI, Norio, Toshikazu HANAZATO, Yoshio IKEDA, and Riei ISHIDA. "DYNAMIC LOADS OF TRAFFIC-INDUCED GROUND VIBRATIONS ON ROAD." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 73, no. 633 (2008): 1241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.73.1241.

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42

Zain, Muhammad Fauzi Bin Mohd, and Hasan Jasim Mohammed. "Concrete road barriers subjected to impact loads: An overview." Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 12, no. 10 (October 2015): 1824–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-78251783.

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43

Hidayat, Irpan. "Analisis Perhitungan Jembatan Gelagar I pada Jembatan Jalan Raya dan Jembatan Kereta Api." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v4i1.2797.

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The bridge is a means of connecting roads which is disconnected by barriers of the river, valley, sea, road or railway. Classified by functionality, bridges can be divided into highway bridge and railroad bridge. This study discusses whether the use of I-girder with 210 m height can be used on highway bridges and railway bridges. A comparison is done on the analysis of bridge structure calculation of 50 m spans and loads used in both the function of the bridge. For highway bridge, loads are grouped into three, which are self weight girder, additional dead load and live load. The additional dead loads for highway bridge are plate, deck slab, asphalt, and the diaphragm, while for the live load is load D which consists of a Uniform Distributed Load (UDL) and Knife Edge Load (KEL) based on "Pembebanan Untuk Jembatan RSNI T-02-2005". The load grouping for railway bridge equals to highway bridge. The analysis on the railway bridges does not use asphalt, and is replaced with a load of ballast on the track and the additional dead load. Live load on the structure of the railway bridge is the load based on Rencana Muatan 1921 (RM.1921). From the calculation of the I-girder bridge spans 50 m and girder height 210 cm for railway bridge, the stress on the lower beam is over the limit stress allowed. These results identified that the I-girder height 210 cm at the railway bridge has not been able to resist the loads on the railway bridge.

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44

Syarifuddin, Mochamad Faisal Syarifuddin Faisal, Sutarsono,, Sriyono, and Berghans. "Effectiveness of Performance Based Contracts in Managing Road Maintenance." Jurnal Anggaran dan Keuangan Negara Indonesia (AKURASI) 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33827/akurasi2020.vol2.iss1.art61.

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Budget limitations require the need for a special strategy in maintaining national roads. The main problem with Indonesia’s road maintenance is the fact that the functional and structural conditions of the roads are damaged before their design life. The damage is caused by several factors, including (1) inadequate planning and design, (2) errors during construction, (3) lack of supervision of vehicle loads during road operations and (4) inaccurate road maintenance strategies. This study uses the Qualitative Analysis method. This study outlines the benefits of implementing a Performance Based Contract (PBC) in handling road maintenance. The data used are primary data obtained from interviews and direct observations. The secondary data obtained by literacy studies from the literature, planning documents and budgeting. Data analysis was performed by comparing the implementation of a performance-based contract system (PBC) with a conventional system. The results of the study concluded that the PBC pilot project in handling road maintenance was far more efficient and effective. If PBC is to be implemented broadly, it is recommended to prepare regulations that can reduce obstacles in its implementation.

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45

Mashadi, B., and D. A. Crolla. "Influence of ride motions on the handling behaviour of a passenger vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1047–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x34702.

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A vehicle model was developed for the investigation of the influence of ride motions on handling dynamics of passenger vehicles. The inputs to the vehicle model are the steering wheel angle and a road profile at each wheel. The outputs were first compared with the results of independent handling and ride models, and good agreement was shown to exist. The combined motion of the vehicle was investigated by the application of step steering wheel angle inputs while travelling on a rough road surface. It was seen that the cornering ability at low and moderate levels of lateral acceleration on the roads with moderate roughness was similar to that on the smooth road, but larger body side-slip angles and tyre slip angles occurred over the rough road surfaces for similar steering inputs. The maximum achievable lateral acceleration was reduced on roads with moderate roughness owing to the earlier saturation of tyre slip angles compared with those on smooth roads. Over very rough roads and at high lateral accelerations, because of the large fluctuations of normal loads and the rapid drop in available lateral force, the body side-slip angle dramatically increased, which led to instability characterized by the oversteering behaviour. At high lateral accelerations close to the limit, the vehicle that understeered over the smooth road surface exhibited oversteering behaviour over rough road surfaces.

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46

Mroueh, Jawad M., and Hong Tae Kang. "Measurement and Simulation of Random Vibro-Impact Responses at Brake Guide Pins." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 1749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.1749.

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This study firstly conducted measurement of load history profiles at brake guide pins using strain gages subject to random road load history obtained from vehicle durability tests. Then, this study developed a simple mathematical model capable of estimating guide pin load history using the principle of energy conservation for a given road load profile. The model took into account the effect of impact that occurs from a range of acceleration levels and frequency content of the road input. The mathematical model also utilized the measured stiffness of the guide pin specimens and strain versus load relationship to increase the accuracy of the predictions. The estimated loads at a brake guide pin subject to a given random road load history were then computed using the mathematical model and compared to the load history obtained from the measurement. This study also compared cumulative fatigue damages calculated using Smith-Watson-Topper equation with the measured and predicted load profiles at the guide pin. The comparison study showed that the developed simple model is applicable to predict load profiles for fatigue life calculation at brake guide pins.

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47

Shuliak, Ivan, Serhii Sukhonosov, and Oleksand Chechuha. "Laboratory tests results of a measuring station for plate bearing tests of road structures." Automobile Roads and Road Construction, no. 109 (2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/0365-8171-2021-109-049-055.

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An article devoted to the development of the latest equipment for testing road structures during the diagnostics of roads both in the process of repair and construction, and in the process of operation. A measuring station for stamp tests of road structures and their layers has been developed, which unites the test equipment into a single automated complex mounted on the base car. This eliminates the need for manual labor of the operator, increases productivity and accuracy of tests, provides the ability to perform multiple loads. At the same time, any truck or road vehicle can be used to create the load. A measuring unit with special software installed on it is used for registration and processing of measurement results. The results of laboratory tests of the measuring station, which were carried out in the laboratory of the department of metrological support of measurements of geometric quantities of SE «Ukrmetrteststandard» are highlighted. The obtained results indicate that the values of measuring force, absolute error and range of measurements of the station of movement of the station meet the regulatory requirements.

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48

Han, Y., S. Q. Shu, and D. Tan. "Numerical Simulation on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Road Vehicles on Bridges under Cross Winds." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.241.

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The aerodynamic force coefficients of road vehicles under wind loads depend on not only the shapes of vehicles but also those of infrastructures, such as a bridge. Therefore, study of the aerodynamic characteristics of road vehicles considering the interaction of aerodynamic forces between the road vehicles and bridge is necessary for predicting the performance of vehicle under wind loads properly. This paper studies aerodynamic characteristics of road vehicles when vehicles run on bridges under cross winds using the CFD method. The dependence of aerodynamic forces on vehicle speeds, the interaction of aerodynamic forces between the vehicles and bridges and the influence of the turbulence are investigated by different simulation cases.

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49

Liu, Da Wei, Rong Chao Jiang, Yue Dong Yang, and Song Wang. "Simulation Study of Heavy Vehicle Road-Friendliness under Bilateral Tracks’ Excitation." Advanced Materials Research 680 (April 2013): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.680.422.

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In order to study the road friendliness of heavy vehicle under bilateral tracks’ excitation, the spatial domain random pavement under bilateral tracks’ excitation was simulated through the second-order rational function power spectral density (PSD) and the harmonic superposition method. A rigid-flexible coupling virtual prototype of the heavy vehicle was established by using SIMPACK software. Then a driving dynamic model of heavy vehicle was established under bilateral tracks’ excitation. The tires loads of the vehicle’s each axle were calculated. The dynamic load coefficient (DLC) and 95 percentage fourth power aggregate force were used as the road-friendliness criterions for studying the road-friendliness of heavy vehicles under bilateral tracks’ road excitation. The research results could provide the basis for the prediction of road friendliness of heavy vehicle.

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50

Zhu, Yue Feng, and Li Wang. "Research on the Simulation of Random Road Excitation in Time-Domain." Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (March 2015): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.508.

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With the development of national economy and the increasing demand for the road transportation, the vehicles are widely used. The dynamic loads imposed by moving vehicles have variations due to the surface roughness and the larger dynamic loads can affect the pavement performance and life. In order to improve the accuracy of the reconstruction of the road roughness, the time series model—AR model was established based on the given standard pavement roughness PSD which can provide the theory conditions of vibration control and the interaction between vehicles and road.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Road loads'

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