Relevant bibliographies by topics / Road profile characteristics

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Road profile characteristics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Road profile characteristics"

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Luty, Witold, and Marcin Mieteń. "Geometrical analysis of profile of certain heavy terrain sections exerting dynamic loads on the chassis components of off-road vehicles." Journal of KONBiN 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2017-0008.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of measurements concerned with the changes of profile height observed on selected heavy terrain road sections. Based on the results of direct measurements, primary indicators and amplitude frequency characteristics have been determined. The characteristics of these roads profiles have been presented as a function of path frequency, and also as a function of the vehicle wheels’ excitation frequency observed while driving at a certain, constant speed. The results presented serve as a source of information on specific heavy terrain road sections exerting dynamic loads on the vehicle’s chassis components while driving in off-road conditions.
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Melcer, Jozef, Eva Merčiaková, and Mária Kúdelčíková. "Statistical characteristics of sources of vehicle kinematic excitation." MATEC Web of Conferences 313 (2020): 00011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031300011.

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The longitudinal and transverse road profiles represent the functions of a random variable from a mathematical point of view. It is appropriate to use methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics for their description. The unevenness of the runway surface is the main source of the vehicle's kinematic excitation. This paper describes the statistical properties of the mapped road profiles. It shows a way of categorizing road surface quality based on the power spectral density of unevenness. The interrelationships between the individual points of the profile and the profiles with one another are evaluated by correlation functions.
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Do, Minh-Tan, Hassan Zahouani, and Roberto Vargiolu. "Angular Parameter for Characterizing Road Surface Microtexture." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1723, no. 1 (January 2000): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1723-09.

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Development of a device for measuring road surface microtexture and the determination of a microtexture parameter related to wet road/tire friction are discussed. A laser autofocus system was selected from existing devices. The required characteristics were defined from consideration of the contact between wet roads and tires. The autofocus principle is presented briefly, and comparison is made with a tactile system. The microtexture parameter, called the theta parameter, is defined from the useful parts of the texture profiles, that is, those in contact with the tire. It characterizes relative positions of profile peaks. A simple method was proposed to define the peaks. The profile analysis program is presented briefly. Relevance of the theta parameter was validated on surfaces composed of coarse aggregates with planar exposed faces. The specimens were polished using a projection method to emphasize the microtexture contrast between surfaces. Friction was measured using a skid resistance tester (SRT) pendulum. Profiles were measured using both laser and tactile systems. Characteristics of profiles are given. The statistical distribution of theta values obtained on a profile may be described by an exponential function. Close agreement was found between theta values obtained from laser and tactile profiles, values from laser profiles being somewhat lower. The difference is attributed to profile length. Fair correlation was found ( r2 > 0.80) between theta values and SRT friction, and similar tendencies were observed from laser and tactile data.
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Sayers, Michael W., and Steven M. Karamihas. "Estimation of Rideability by Analyzing Longitudinal Road Profile." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1536, no. 1 (January 1996): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153600116.

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A method for estimating pavement rideability by computing a statistic called ride number (RN) from measured longitudinal profiles of the pavement is presented. The computational algorithm was developed with two objectives in mind: (a) relevance, as established by correlation between RN and mean panel ratings obtained for profiled pavements, and (b) portability, as determined by the ability of different profiling systems to obtain comparable RN values for profiles taken on the same pavement. Experimental data show that the new algorithm is comparable to previously developed RN algorithms in terms of its correlation with panel ratings. The new algorithm is much more portable; comparable RN values can be obtained from different profilers and the quasi-static Dipstick device. However, measures from ultrasonic profilers are not as accurate, and in some cases these devices are not acceptable for measuring RN. Although the fundamental relationships between profile characteristics and the human perception of rideability are still not understood, the algorithm is recommended as the best way to apply the results of past research investigating rideability.
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Lamb, M. J., and V. Rouillard. "Nonstationary coherence characteristics of dual track road profile data." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 140 (June 2020): 106721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.106721.

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Loprencipe, Giuseppe, Pablo Zoccali, and Giuseppe Cantisani. "Effects of Vehicular Speed on the Assessment of Pavement Road Roughness." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (April 29, 2019): 1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091783.

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Good ride quality is a fundamental requirement for all road networks in modern countries. For this purpose, it is essential to monitor and evaluate the effect of irregularities on road pavement surfaces. In the last few decades, many roughness indices have been proposed, with the aim to represent shortly the pavement surface characteristics and the relative performances, using a single number and a correspondent scale of values. In this work, a comparison between three different evaluation methods (International Roughness Index, ISO 8608 road profile classification and frequency-weighted vertical acceleration awz according to ISO 2631) was carried out, applying these methods to some real road profiles. The similarities and differences between the obtained results are described, evaluating the effect of the road characteristic speed on the roughness thresholds. In fact, the specific aim of the analyses is to underline the need to use different thresholds depending on the speed at which the vehicular traffic can travel on the road sections. In this way, it will be possible to identify appropriate thresholds for the various types of roads, having for each of them a specific range of design or operating speed.
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ENDO, Yoshimitsu, Taichi SHIIBA, and Keisuke MORITA. "1306 Estimation of Road Profile based on Vehicle Dynamic Characteristics." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2009.18 (2009): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2009.18.117.

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Farah, Ashraf. "Digital Road Profile Using Kinematic GPS." Artificial Satellites 44, no. 3 (January 1, 2009): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10018-009-0023-6.

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Digital Road Profile Using Kinematic GPS A Digital Road Profile (DRP) is a digital representation of road surface topography or terrain in the longitudinal direction. The need for accurate DRP is vital in two stages; before the road construction starts and after the road construction finished where the verification of its geometrical characteristics is essential for engineering safety purposes. Classical surveying techniques are traditionally used for the DRP generation with limitation of high-cost and time-waste. Kinematic DGPS or Real Time Kinematic DGPS positioning can provide accurate enough results for such application. This paper presents an assessment study of using kinematic GPS technique for DRP generation comparing with classical survey in south Egypt. The results shows that, vehicle-GPS system used in combination with post processing kinematic DGPS gave satisfactory accuracy for nearly all points for a distance of nearly 2 km. with max. and min. difference not more than 7.7 cm, a mean value of 0.10 cm and a Root Mean Square RMS value of 4.11 cm.
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Žuraulis, Vidas, Loreta Levulytė, and Edgar Sokolovskij. "THE IMPACT OF ROAD ROUGHNESS ON THE DURATION OF CONTACT BETWEEN A VEHICLE WHEEL AND ROAD SURFACE." TRANSPORT 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2014): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.984330.

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The paper analyses the impact of the road micro-profile on the duration and the type of the vehicle wheel contact with the road surface driving at different speed. The selected vehicle bicycle model describes vertical displacements of front and rear wheels and their suspension as well as the impact of the vehicle body motion and longitudinal oscillation. International Roughness Index (IRI) and micro-profile irregularities of the road section analysed in the paper were identified using specialized road testing equipment. The experimental investigations measuring the vehicle suspension displacement and the body acceleration were carried out. Frequency characteristics of suspension motion and regularities of vertical movement of the wheel were identified after dividing the investigated road section according to driving modes. The analysis into the wheel contact with the road surface and identified correlations enable to determine the vehicle stability on selected quality roads.
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Kang, Yong-suk, Troy J. Kim, and John B. Ferris. "Advanced Vehicle Control With an Optimized Speed Profile Using Road Characteristics for Road Departure Prevention." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 5, no. 4 (December 2020): 649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2020.3022974.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Road profile characteristics"

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Belousov, Dennis. "Development of a Vehicle Simulation Model Consisting of Low and High Frequency Dynamics." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133236.

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As vehicle testing on existing vehicles is both time and resource consuming, the work of testing safety algorithms on vehicle is desired to be made more efficient. Therefore the goal of this thesis is to study and develop a vehicle simulation model that can simulate desired dynamics of existing and non-existing vehicles. The developed model consist of two areas of application: slow dynamics and vibrational dynamics. These areas are developed and validated using different methods, but as a part of the simulator, they are to be simulated together. For the slow, low frequency, vehicle motion, a three state transient motion model is derived and examined. The possibility of parametrisation is studied and performed using prediction error minimisation. For the vibration, high frequency model, a combination of a linear quarter car model with wheel motion is used to estimate road vibration characteristics. The modelled road is used to simulate the vehicle behaviour. The suggested methods regarding the vibration modelling and road estimation are performed using power spectral density as the road is not known determinately. Wheel speeds are used to study the power spectral densities as they are available at high sampling frequencies. The available tools and sensors used during this thesis are limited to existing vehicle sensors and GPS signals. The effect of this limitation is studied and the results are discussed.
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Chang, Yen-Yun, and 張嚴云. "Epidemiological Characteristics and Medical Utilization Profiles of Patients Hospitalized from Road Traffic Accidents in Taiwan." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23446579314610273702.

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碩士
國防醫學院
公共衛生學研究所
101
Road traffic Injuries are a significant global public health issue. The World Health Organization (WHO) listed road traffic accidents 10th among the 10 leading causes of death worldwide in 2008, another 20 to 50 million persons worldwide suffer nonfatal injuries from road traffic accidents each year. A total of 235,776 road traffic accidents occurred during the 2011(causing 2,117 deaths and 315,201 cases of injuries). Road Traffic Injuries are a heavy economic burden on individuals, families, countries and regions. This study made use of the 1998-2010 "National Health Insurance database", to understand epidemiological characteristics of patients hospitalized of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents, and the factors influencing days of hospitalization, medical expenses, and death during hospitalization. The results of this study indicate that there are 793,875 motor vehicle traffic injury hospitalization cases in 1998-2010, motorcycle riders accounted for the largest share of (75.5%, 599,749). Average days of hospitalization was 7 days, average medical expense was NT$38,565, and percentage of death during hospitalization was 1.5%, however, pedestrians had greater average days of hospitalization (8.3 days), average medical expense (NT$46,229), and percentage of death during hospitalization (2.1%) than the other types of injured patients.The number and average days of hospitalization of road traffic accidents didn’t significant chang, but there are significant increase in average medical expense and death during hospitalization. Type of injury patient, sex, age, Major illness/injury, hospital location, hospital grade, type of injury, treatment and surgery are the factoes influencing days of hospitalization. Type of injury patient, sex, age, Major illness/injury, hospital grade, type of injury, department of treatment, treatment and surgery are the factoes influencing medical expense and death during hospitalization. The characters of injuries, hospital, treatment and health care are different among each type of injuries patient. The days of hospitalization , medical expense and the rate of death during hospitalization of pedestrians are higher than other types. The risk of death during hospitalization of car drivers is lower than other type of patients. The results of this study can be used for the future implementation of traffic safety policy or planning.
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Book chapters on the topic "Road profile characteristics"

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Hale, Jacob, Suzanna Long, Vinayaka Gude, and Steven Corns. "Using Trend Extraction and Spatial Trends to Improve Flood Modeling and Control." In Data Visualization [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96347.

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Effective management of flood events depends on a thorough understanding of regional geospatial characteristics, yet data visualization is rarely effectively integrated into the planning tools used by decision makers. This chapter considers publicly available data sets and data visualization techniques that can be adapted for use by all community planners and decision makers. A long short-term memory (LSTM) network is created to develop a univariate time series value for river stage prediction that improves the temporal resolution and accuracy of forecasts. This prediction is then tied to a corresponding spatial flood inundation profile in a geographic information system (GIS) setting. The intersection of flood profile and affected road segments can be easily visualized and extracted. Traffic decision makers can use these findings to proactively deploy re-routing measures and warnings to motorists to decrease travel-miles and risks such as loss of property or life.
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Sciullo, Alessandro, and Sylvie Occelli. "A Territorial Dimension Can Be Useful for Managing Long-Term Regional Road Safety." In Spatial Planning in the Big Data Revolution, 248–67. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7927-4.ch011.

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Analysis of road crashes at the local level is necessary for targeting and implementing effective countermeasures. This chapter presents a contribution to this task. It describes the research carried out in Piedmont, Italy, where an exploratory approach has been used to link road crash data with information about the spatial characteristics of urban settlements. The analytic strategy is developed in three steps. First, fine-grained spatial data for road crashes, land use, traffic counts, and population distribution are linked by GIS methods. Second, a selection of the data is implemented at the municipality level and processed through a cluster analysis to identify territorial accident profiles. Finally, to show their analytic potential, one case study is discussed that considers road segments as main observation units.
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Fabbri, Franco L. "Popularization of Science in 3D Virtual Environments With “Scienza on the Road”." In Advances in Game-Based Learning, 517–48. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2426-7.ch026.

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Online virtual words, i.e., digital territories where people can interact with each other and with elements of their environment via their avatars, offer a great potential for communication, training and teaching. In this chapter, the author focuses on the popularization of science. The virtual world considered here is Second Life. Besides the mentioned characteristics, the avatar users can digitize elements of their environment, creating grounds, seas, animals, plants and manu facts, school buildings museums and coliseums. Thus, it is possible to make instruments for communicating and teaching like slide beamers, multi-channel monitors and lab tools, but also to geometrically illustrate formulas, take objects to pieces, build hyper-solids and animate physics interactions of sub-nuclear particles. The author describes best practices in the popularization of science implemented in Second Life within the Italian communities of the non-profit groups “Second Physics” and “Immersive_2Life” as designed and managed in the “Scienza on the road” project.
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Conference papers on the topic "Road profile characteristics"

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Frinkle, Marv, Robert Weir, and John B. Ferris. "A Graphical Representation of Road Profile Characteristics." In SAE 2004 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0769.

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Wagner, Shannon M., and John B. Ferris. "Reduced Order ARIMA Models of 2-D Terrain Profiles Using Singular Value Decomposition." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43388.

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The terrain profile is the principal source of vertical excitation to a vehicle’s chassis. To correctly predict the system response an accurate model of the terrain is needed. It is impractical to simulate long data sets; therefore it is necessary to characterize roads so that they can be grouped into sets with similar physical characteristics. The first step is to consider the road to be a realization of an underlying stochastic process. This work develops a method for characterizing non-stationary terrain profiles though ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) modeling and singular value decomposition techniques. It is proposed that the ARIMA coefficients and the distribution of the residual process are jointly dependent functions of the physical characteristics of road profiles. This dependence is then exploited by mapping these dependent functions onto a smaller set of random variables. The resulting number of coefficients required to characterize the terrain is greatly reduced. Examples demonstrate that non-stationary road profiles can be characterized in this manner. Future work in polynomial chaos and ARIMA modeling are discussed within the context of terrain characterization.
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Kern, Joshua V., and John B. Ferris. "Characterizing 2-D Topographic Mappings of Roads." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15233.

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Load data representing severe customer usage is needed throughout a chassis development program; the majority of these chassis loads originate with the excitation from the road. These chassis loads are increasingly derived from vehicle simulations, however simulating a vehicle traversing long roads is impractical and a method to produce short roads with given characteristics must be developed. The first step is to consider the road to be a realization of an underlying stochastic process. There are many methods currently available to characterize roads when they are assumed to be homogeneous. The issue of non-stationarity that arises when a vehicle traverses a homogenous road at a varying speed has also been discussed. This work develops of method of characterizing non-stationary road profile data using a pure autoregressive process. The model is developed utilizing the sample autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions. The adequacy of the model is evaluated through statistical diagnostic checks performed on synthetic road data generated by the autoregressive model parameters. Use of these parameters to classify roads is also discussed as possible future work. Any synthetic road realized from a given class of model parameters will represent all roads in that set.
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Hou, Baolin, F. D. Goncalves, C. Sandu, and M. Ahmadian. "Dynamic Simulation of a Full Vehicle With Magneto-Rheological Damper." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59768.

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The numerical dynamic simulation of a full vehicle incorporating a magneto-rheological (MR) damper in the primary suspension is studied using the automatic dynamic analysis package ADAMS and the control software SIMULINK. The full vehicle model is built under ADAMS. The interaction between the tire and the road profile is simulated using the ADAMS/TIRE capabilities. The UA tire model is used to model the dynamic characteristics of the tires. A 3-D road profile model is built based on the spatial power spectrum density of a random road profile. This road profile satisfies not only some random distribution law, but also adapts to the numerical simulation requirement of the tire model. In order to model the dynamic characteristics of the primary suspension MR damper, a non-parametric model of an MR damper is proposed which can conveniently be incorporated into the vehicle dynamic model. Two kinds of control policies, a common skyhook and the so-called ‘non-jerk’ skyhook, are adopted to control the current applied to the MR damper. The simulation results imply that either one of the two skyhook control policies can obtain a good compromise between so-called “soft damping” and “hard damping,” and non-jerk skyhook control policy can curb some higher frequency components which are observed in the acceleration response of the chassis. This study also shows that virtual prototype technology is an effective approach for investigating the dynamic behavior of MR dampers for complex systems.
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Gobbi, Massimiliano, Giuseppe Marinaro, Gianpiero Mastinu, and Giorgio Previati. "Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension for a 6x6 All-Terrain Amphibious Vehicle: Design and Testing." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85796.

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Special purposes off-road vehicles are mainly used in very harsh conditions and environments. In this paper, the design and testing of the suspension system of a off-road amphibious vehicle is described. The suspension system of such vehicles has to comply with different, and conflicting, performances. It has to guarantee suitable on- and off-road characteristics, while, at the same time minimize the disturbance of the wheels during navigation. Starting from the experimentally defined mission profile of the vehicle, the design and testing process of the hydro-pneumatic suspension is presented. Mathematical models of the thermal and mechanical behaviour of the hydraulic system are used to optimize its parameters in order to obtain the desired suspension performance. Fatigue tests have been completed to evaluate the evolution of the performance of the system during the entire vehicle life.
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Verros, G., G. Georgiou, and S. Natsiavas. "Multi-Objective Optimisation of Quarter-Car Models With Linear or Piecewise Linear Suspension Dampers." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85232.

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A systematic methodology is applied leading to optimum selection of the suspension damping and stiffness parameters for two degree of freedom quarter-car models, subjected to road excitation. First, models involving passive damping with constant or dual rate characteristics are considered. Then, models where the damping coefficient of the suspension is selected so that the resulting system approximates the performance of an active suspension system with sky-hook damping are also examined. For all these models, appropriate methodologies are first employed for locating the motions of the vehicle resulting from passing over roads of a given geometric profile with constant horizontal speed. Three suitable performance indices are then defined, whose optimisation yields the most important suspension stiffness and damping parameters. Since these indices are conflicting, a suitable multi-objective optimisation methodology is set up and applied. As a result, a series of diagrams with typical numerical results are obtained and presented in both the corresponding objective spaces (in the form of classical Pareto fronts) and parameter spaces, for vehicle models running over roads involving an isolated or a distributed geometric irregularity.
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Ping, Xianyao, Gangfeng Tan, Jialiang Liu, Zilin Lu, Yuxin Pang, Yahui Wu, Renjie Zhou, Chenyu Wang, and Lei Zuo. "Economic Driving Strategy for Commercial Vehicles in Mountainous Areas." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68378.

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Steep and long slope is an obvious characteristic of mountainous highways. Unreasonable acceleration or deceleration of the vehicles on the slopes will increase the fuel consumption. Improving the performance of the engine or the transmission system has limited energy saving potential, and most fuel-efficient driving assistant systems don’t consider the road conditions. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce an economic driving strategy to optimize vehicle speed profile for commercial vehicles traveling in mountainous areas with consideration of future road conditions. Economic driving strategy based on the energy conservation principle can adapt to various vehicles due to its less dependence on the engine fuel consumption characteristics. The engine brake performance measurement based on the vehicle longitudinal dynamics is achieved by analyzing the vehicle state information during transportation, which reduces the test times in the laboratory or the proving ground. Economic driving strategy will plan optimal speed profiles for commercial vehicles with consideration of future road conditions before the vehicles reach the slopes. Economic driving strategy guides the drivers to adjust vehicle speed reasonably, distribute effectively braking distance of the engine brake and the friction brakes on the slopes. The engine output energy and the brake energy loss can be reduced for improving the vehicle energy utilization rate when the drivers follow economic driving guidance. Semi-physical simulations were carried out to validate the effectiveness of economic driving strategy. The simulation results showed that economic driving strategy could increases the fuel economy by 3.4% to 5.5% averagely compared with the drives without economic guidance. The transportation cost and the abrasions of the friction brakes will be effectively reduced when economic driving strategy is applied to advanced driving assistance systems.
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Lee, Yong H. "Automatic Speed Control System for Vehicle Approaching and Driving on a Curve." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68343.

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Based on the curvature information for an upcoming road, an automatic speed control system regulates vehicle speed to improve vehicle curve following performance. The road information is extracted from a digitally stored map using the current vehicle position obtained from Global Positioning System (GPS) data. Then, a safe curve speed is determined using the lateral dynamics of vehicle in turn to ensure proper curve handling. Other factors, such as vehicle characteristics, driver preferences, and road and environment conditions are also considered so that vehicle safety and driver comfort are enhanced. An acceleration command is generated from the current vehicle speed and the desired curve speed profile. Driving mode, such as conservative, normal, or aggressive mode, can be selected from the console for a desired driving style. The gain and preview time to determine the vehicle cornering speed are selected according to driver’s preference. The functional blocks of the system include computation of the road curvature, determination of a desired curve speed profile for the best cornering performance for an upcoming curve, and regulation of vehicle speed toward the desired speed. Signal input blocks and actuator control blocks are added to interface with the bus oriented sensors and actuators. The entrance and exit conditions block checks for various vehicle status signals to enter or exit the curve speed control mode gracefully. It also generates a diagnostic message when map data is absent or an error occurs on acceleration command computation. The vehicle studies indicated that the curve speed control system is effective in regulating vehicle speed during curve following maneuvers.
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Roa, Sergio D., and Luis E. Muñoz. "Optimal Planning of the Bike Change Strategy for Hilly Time-Trials on Cycling." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60331.

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During the individual time-trial competitions in cycling, the cyclist’s skills are essential, but it is also important the race strategy. The race strategy includes the manner in which the cyclist competes and the selection and set-up of the cycling equipment. For hilly time-trials, part of the race strategy consists of the right selection of the bike type. Depending on the characteristics of the road such as total distance and altitude profile, a time-trial bike or a traditional road bike could be used. Additionally, in some races it is possible to change bike type as a part of the strategy. This strategy seeks to take advantage of time-trial bikes during low gradient sections and to take advantage of road bikes during high gradient sections. The purpose of this work is to plan an optimal bike change strategy to determine if it is advantageous to change the bike type, and if so, to find the point of the route where the change minimizes race time. The optimal planning methodology is based on a bike model, a simplified altitude profile and an optimization problem. A model parameters identification process is performed based on experimental tests in a hilly route. This route is used as a case study for the optimal planning of the bike change strategy.
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Muehlfeld, Christian M., and Sudhakar M. Pandit. "Speed and Throttle Position Forecasting on a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42262.

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Included in this paper is the forecasting of the speed and throttle position on a thru-the-road parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This thru-the-road parallel hybrid design is implemented in a 2002 model year Ford Explorer XLT, which is also the Michigan Tech Future Truck. Data Dependent Systems (DDS) forecasting is used in a feedforward control algorithm to improve the fuel economy and to improve the drivability. It provides a one step ahead forecast, thereby allowing the control algorithm to always be a step ahead, utilizing the engine and electric motor in their most efficient ranges. This control algorithm is simulated in PSAT, a hybrid vehicle simulation package, which can estimate the fuel economy and certain performance characteristics of the vehicle. In this paper a fuel economy savings of 2.2% is shown through simulation. Charge sustainability was achieved along with drivability being improved as indicated by the reduction in number of deviations from the speed profile in the driving cycle.
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