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Zanule, Paul Gudoi. "Road Management System and Road Safety in Uganda." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/368.
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Traffic collisions cost Uganda millions of dollars each year. The purpose of this descriptive case study was to describe the strategies and processes needed to implement a road management system. Such a system would significantly reduce the fatalities and accidents in Uganda, improve the transportation within Kampala's business district, and increase business profitability. Three conceptual theories framed the research study: management theory, strategic management theory, and criminology theory. Using a snowball sampling strategy, data were collected from open-ended interviews, questionnaires, observations, and archived documents from 20 administrative participants in the government and organizational leaders involved in the transport operations and transport services in the Kampala business district in Uganda. Data were analyzed using 3 phases: (a) interpretational analysis, coding, and grouping segments; (b) structural analysis, consistency, and quality; and (c) reflective analysis, consequences, what, when, where, and how. Five themes or action requirements emerged from the data analysis: to improve transport operations and transport services profitability, reduce traffic jams and fatalities, provide sufficient driving training, maintain road infrastructure, and maintain traffic law enforcement. The findings and recommendations from this study may improve the profitability of businesses, reduce the traffic jams and fatalities, and improve the gross domestic product of Uganda, thereby contributing to positive social change.
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Afghari, Amir Pooyan. "Incorporation of road safety into road management systems." Thesis, Concordia University, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/79838/1/Afghari_MASc_S2012.pdf.
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Road collisions negatively affect the lives of hundreds of Canadians per year.
Unfortunately, safety has been typically neglected from management systems. It is
common to find that a great deal of effort has been devoted to develop and implement
systems capable of achieving and sustaining good levels of condition. It is relatively
recent that road safety has become an important objective. Managing a network of roads
is not an easy task; it requires long, medium and short term plans to maintain, rehabilitate
and upgrade aging assets, reduce and mitigate accident exposure, likelihood and severity.
This thesis presents a basis for incorporating road safety into road management systems;
two case studies were developed; one limited by available data and another from
sufficient information. A long term analysis was used to allocate improvements for
condition and safety of roads and bridges, at the network level. It was confirmed that a
safety index could be used to obtain a first cut model; meanwhile potential for
improvement which is a difference between observed and predicted number of accidents
was capable of capturing the degree of safety of individual segments. It was found that
the completeness of the system resulted in savings because of the economies obtained
from trade-off optimization. It was observed that safety improvements were allocated at
the beginning of the analysis in order to reduce the extent of issues, which translated into
a systematic reduction of potential for improvement up to a point of near constant levels,
which were hypothesized to relate to those unavoidable collisions from human error or
vehicle failure.
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Hammond, James. "Child pedestrian road safety : practical training and interactive learning environments to improve road safety." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/374716/.
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Pedestrian training is one method of road safety education used to improve roadside behaviour and crossing skills in order to improve road safety. ‘Kerbcraft’ is a comprehensive pedestrian training scheme, recommended by the United Kingdom government, which has been demonstrated to be effective in improving pedestrian skills at the roadside. Very few Local Authorities have adopted Kerbcraft in its entirety due to cost and time constraints, with just five out of 57 local authorities surveyed operating a full Kerbcraft scheme. With a lack of comprehensive evaluation, the effectiveness of these adapted schemes is unknown. Many local authorities supplement on-street training with in-class activities that are generally designed to target knowledge acquisition, rather than behavioural improvements. Interactive Video has been shown to have potential to improve ‘hard’ procedural skills such as those used when walking at the roadside. An interactive video has been developed, designed to improve skills when children cross between parked cars. The interactive video is shown to be a usable and engaging educational resource with primary school children and shows that it can positively influence on-street behaviour overall. The video was most successful in a junior school with a high level of engagement observed and least successful in a primary school where the level of observed engagement in the video was lower.
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Velaj, Xhilda. "New technology for road safety." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21885/.
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Zhong, Cheng. "Wyoming Rural Road Safety Program." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798967471&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Nurhidayati, Zuni Asih. "Road Safety Perception Towards Sustainable Transport (A Case of Road Safety Programs in Yogyakarta, Indonesia)." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-35266.
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The number of fatalities due to traffic accidents to date has reached worrying levels. Thus, various research which concern on road safety programs were actively generated. The aims of this study is suggests a set of scheme on road safety policy improvement in Yogyakarta by firstly understanding the road user perception on current road safety programmes related to road safety problems, then analyse it along with other actor’s role in achieving sustainable transport. “The Five Pillars” as current road safety action plan, officially declared internationally by World Health Organization (WHO), have been conducted in many countries, including Indonesia to actualize safe mobility and “zero accident”. Using Yogyakarta as a case study within the research design, this qualitative study are conducting triangulation technique in data collection which referencing the “The Five Pillars” as standards of quality and verification. Judgement sampling is used for selected participants in several categories (senior high school students, college students and workers) as the subject and victim that mostly involved in road traffic accident. Furthermore, The Theory of Planned Behaviour, Sustainability, Value Creation and Hong Kong’s Transport Policy are several literature that have been used in theoretical part. Based on the results, it indicates there still existed a gap of perception between road users and road safety officer such as police, underlined the irregularities of some programmes implementation. Conclusions, the gap on road safety perception is emerge due to the existence of irregularities within the road safety programs implementation. The role of road user perception are contributed as feedback reccomendation, evaluation for stakeholders in policy implementation and programmes development such as enhancing a walkable city in future. Therefore, a set of improvement on stakeholder coordination, human resource management, public transport, infrastructure, and traffic law enforcement proposed as managerial implication in gaining sustainable transport (social, economic and environmental) Key Words: Road safety, sustainable transport, The Five Pillars, safe mobility, zero accident, perception, value creation, transport policy.
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Wanvik, Per Ole. "Road Lighting and Traffic Safety : Do we need Road Lighting?" Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-5396.
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Road lighting is widely recognised as an efficient traffic safety measure. However, we know too little about the effect of road lighting on accidents in a given situation and we do not know what kind of lighting that is optimal for the situation. Society today has a demand for energy savings, locally and globally, and we should not use more energy for road lighting than is necessary. In the field of road lighting the demand for energy savings is accompanied by a fast development of techniques and equipment that give great opportunities for energy savings. The opportunity already exists to adapt the lighting to the actual road, traffic and weather situation. It is a problem, however, that we do not know what lighting quantity and quality which gives the best benefit – cost ratio. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to more knowledge about the relationship between road lighting and traffic safety and thus make a basis for benefit – cost calculations (including environmental costs). The thesis is based on four studies about the safety effect of road lighting, reported in four papers. The first is a literature study, the second is a Norwegian before-and-after study, the third is a cross-section study of Dutch accidents and the fourth is a study of Dutch motorway accidents. The thesis also contains three appendices presenting some more details from the studies than were shown in the papers. The content of the four papers are presented and discussed as a whole in a (fairly comprehensive) introductory part consisting of 10 chapters, where conclusions about the safety effect are discussed and summarised. The thesis in addition discusses the benefit – cost ratio of road lighting, but it is not treated in any of the papers. It has been useful to discuss this matter in advance of the discussion of the future role of road lighting. In the literature study (Paper I), the mean effect of road lighting on injury accidents during darkness was found to be -30 %. The mean effect on fatal accidents was -60 %. The mean effect on pedestrian injury accidents was -45 %, and on motorways the mean effect on injury accidents was -50 %. In the Norwegian before-and-after study (Paper II), the estimated effect of road lighting on injury accidents during darkness was -28 %. The estimated effect was larger at high speed limits than at low speed limits. The estimated effect was smaller on roads with AADT (average daily traffic volume) > 8000 vehicles than on roads with AADT < 8000 vehicles. In the cross-section study of accidents on all Dutch roads (Paper III), the mean effect of road lighting on injury accidents during darkness was found to be -50 %, while it was -54 % when only rural roads were considered. The effect on pedestrian, bicycle and moped accidents was larger than the effect on automobile and motorcycle accidents, and the differences were statistically significant. There was no significant difference between the safety effects for different accident types (Rear end collisions, Frontal collisions etc.) and no significant difference between the driver age groups 60 – 74 years and 30 – 39 years. The effect on fatal accidents was found to be slightly larger than the effect on injury accidents. The mean effect on twilight accidents was 2/3 of the effect during darkness. In the study of motorway accidents (Paper IV), the effect on injury accidents during darkness was found to be -49 % on Dutch motorways, while the effect seemed to be much smaller on British and Swedish motorways. On Dutch rural roads and Dutch motorways, the estimated effect of road lighting on accidents during darkness was smaller during adverse weather and road surface conditions than in fine weather and dry surface conditions. The differences were statistically significant. In fog, there was found no effect of road lighting during darkness. However, there were indications on a daylight safety effect during fog, possibly due to guidance from light poles. The results from the studies described in this thesis give a basis for increasing the application of road lighting as a traffic safety measure worldwide. Cost – benefit calculations indicate that road lighting is one of the most efficient road safety measures available. However, the energy consumption related to road lighting is a problem that must be considered. The great challenge is to reduce the energy consumption as much as possible without reducing the safety benefit too much. Future road lighting will probably be of the adaptive type, and it will be essential to know how the safety effect varies according to traffic and weather conditions and how it varies with the road lighting level and the quality of the lighting. The thesis answers some question about the safety effect during different weather conditions. There is, however, too little information about safety effect related to varying road and traffic conditions. A more serious lack of knowledge is that we do not know how the safety effect varies according to the lighting level. It is not possible to balance the energy consumption and the safety effect as long as this relationship is not known.
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De, la Gardie Fredrik. "Road unevenness relation to road safety - a vehicle dynamics study." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226531.
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The purpose of this Master thesis in Vehicle Engineering, is to study the road unevenness relation to road safety. The long term objective is to be able to prioritize which road section that is in the need of repair and maintenance prior to other road sections. This study focus on how close to an acceptable safety limit the vehicle is handled when it is run over different road surfaces. This applies to straight road sections as well as cornering, where the road surface is uneven and bumps/pits occurs. No driver behaviour or random actions are analysed but these aspects will be included in the overall discussion. The method to analyse this is through computer simulation. From a Volvo S40 a computerised vehicle model has been developed in Matlab and the effect of different road unevenness has been implemented and analysed. Forces that are generated by the unevenness of the road are compared with the normal forces that a driver needs to correct the course based on the friction between tire and road surface. On this basis, a margin to the risk of losing the grip can be estimated. In this way it can be interpreted how a road section contributes more or less, compared to another section, to whether the vehicle is closer to a safe limit from a vehicle dynamic perspective. The vehicle model has been analysed at a speed of 70 km/h with the simplification that the irregularities can be described by sinusoidal shapes. For larger bumps or dips in the road the results show that both front and rear tires can absorb side forces so that stability can be achieved. If the grip would deteriorate due to gravel, ice, etc. there is a risk that the vehicle loses steering control and/or cord leading to damage of the tyre and consequently an accident will occur. For the analysed road unevenness in the form of bumps and pits the tires do not have any ability to absorb required side forces during an avoidance manoeuvre when travelling over the road due to the tyre model used. It is therefore important that a section with varying unevenness are analysed to determine a maximum speed so that the control of the vehicle during the whole distance can be maintained regardless of whether control needs to be done in connection with the unevenness. A recommendation of future work in this area is to develop this model to make it more robust and to update the input data with relevant data for one today representative car and to carry out a more detailed full-scale modelling with also lateral simulations. If the model was verified with measured normal forces for a test car that has travelled over various bumps and pits, this would also be valuable to confirm the validity of the model. There would also be improvements if available road profile is implemented in the analysis so that realistic examples can be analysed for better real-world analysis.Arbetet avser att, ur ett fordonsdynamiskt perspektiv, studera vägojämnhetens påverkan på trafiksäkerheten. Det långsiktiga målet med arbetet är att kunna prioritera vilka vägavsnitt som behöver repareras före andra. Studien behandlar hur nära en acceptabel säkerhetsgräns fordonet ligger rent fordonsdynamiskt när den färdas över vissa vägunderlag. Det gäller såväl på raksträckor som vid kurvtagning där vägytan har större ojämnheter (svackor) och gupp eller gropar. Metodiken som har använts är datasimulering. Utifrån en Volvo S40 har en fordonsmodell byggts upp i Matlab och inverkan av de olika typerna av vägojämnheter har sedan analyserats. Krafter som skapas från vägojämnheter jämförs sedan med de normalkrafter som en förare behöver för att korrigera kursen utifrån friktionen mellan däck och vägbana. Utifrån detta kan en manövermarginal uppskattas och på så sätt kan tolkning ske hur vida ett vägavsnitt bidrar mer eller mindre, jämfört med ett annat avsnitt, till att fordonet befinner sig närmare en trafiksäker gräns rent fordonsdynamiskt. Analysen har gjorts utifrån antagandet att fordonet har färdats med en hastighet på 70 km/h över de olika vägprofilerna. För större ojämnheter och svackor i vägbanan visar resultaten att både fram och bakdäck kan uppta de nödvändiga sidkrafterna för att stabilitet skall upprätthållas då goda vägförhållanden råder. Men skulle greppet försämras exempelvis av grus, halka etc. så föreligger risk att fordonet tappar styrförmåga och/eller får sladd. En begränsning i denna studie är att inga förarbeteenden eller slumpmässiga händelser kommer analyseras men däremot kommer dessa tas med i den övergripande diskussionen. Dessutom har ojämnheterna antagits vara beskrivna av sinus-funktioner och däcken har beskrivits av en modell som ej tar hänsyn till laterala egenskaper. För att kunna bestämma en maximal hastighet under vilken en kontroll över fordonet kan upprätthållas under hela sträckan oavsett manöver är det av vikt att ett vägavsnitt med varierande ojämnheter analyseras. För att vidareutveckla denna modell och göra den mer robust och aktuell rekommenderas att indata uppdateras med relevanta data för en idag representativ bil samt att modelleringen genomförs i full skala. Om modellen kan verifieras med uppmätta normalkrafter för en bil som har färdats över olika ojämnheter eller gupp vore det värdefullt. Att även implementera uppmätta vägprofiler så att realistiska exempel kan analyseras skulle dessutom ge ännu mer verklighetstrogna analyser.
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Hung, Wing-kei, and 洪永淇. "A review of road safety strategies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26791596.
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Pei, Xin, and 裴欣. "Bayesian approach to road safety analyses." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46591989.
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Green, Eric R. "SEGMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR ROAD SAFETY ANALYSIS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/62.
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This dissertation addresses the relationship between roadway segment length and roadway attributes and their relationship to the efficacy of Safety Performance Function (SPF) models. This research focuses on three aspects of segmentation: segment length, roadway attributes, and combinations of the two. First, it is shown that choice of average roadway segment length can result in markedly different priority lists. This leads to an investigation of the effect of segment length on the development of SPFs and identifies average lengths that produce the best-fitting SPF. Secondly, roadway attributes are filtered to test the effect that homogeneity has on SPF development. Lastly, a combination of segment length and attributes are examined in the same context.
In the process of conducting this research a tool was developed that provides objective goodness-of-fit measures as well as visual depictions of the model. This information can be used to avoid things like omitted variable bias by allowing the user to include other variables or filter the database. This dissertation also discusses and offers examples of ways to improve the models by employing alternate model forms.
This research revealed that SPF development is sensitive to a variety of factors related to segment length and attributes. It is clear that strict base condition filters based on the most predominant roadway attributes provide the best models. The preferred functional form was shown to be dependent on the segmentation approach (fixed versus variable length). Overall, an important step in SPF development process is evaluation and comparison to determine the ideal length and attributes for the network being analyzed (about 2 miles or 3.2 km for Kentucky parkways). As such, a framework is provided to help safety professionals employ the findings from this research.
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Zheng, Yunan. "The impact of localized road accident information on road safety awareness." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/721/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.Ph.D. thesis submitted the Faculty of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computing Science. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Al, Haji Ghazwan. "Towards a Road Safety Development Index (RSDI) : Development of an International Index to Measure Road Safety Performance." Licentiate thesis, Linköping : Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2989.
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Koorey, Glen. "Incorporating Safety into Rural Highway Design." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3102.
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The objectives of this research were to explore ways to assess the safety performance of (predominantly two-lane) rural highways in New Zealand (NZ) and in particular identify driver/road/environmental factors affecting crashes on rural curves. Following a wide-ranging literature review, the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) was identified as worthy of further investigation for adaptation to use in NZ. To help with this investigation, a comprehensive database was developed of road, traffic, crash and environmental data for all NZ State Highways, divided into variable-length road elements.
A number of tasks were identified and undertaken to adapt IHSDM for general use here, including calibrating the Crash Prediction Module (CPM), developing a Design Policy file based on local agency standards, and developing an importing routine for NZ highway geometry and crash data. To assess the effectiveness of IHSDM for predicting the relative safety of rural road alignments, a series of tests were undertaken to confirm its appropriateness for use in NZ. These included “before and after” design consistency checks of a bridge replacement, a “before and after” crash comparison of a major highway realignment, and checks of actual versus predicted crash numbers along longer lengths of highway in varying terrain.
These initial investigations have shown that IHSDM is a promising tool for safety and operational assessment of highway alignments (both existing and proposed) in NZ. Incorporating crash history data generally improves IHSDM’s accuracy in crash numbers, and appears to provide a better level of “local calibration” than by using sub-national (e.g. regional or terrain-specific) calibration parameters. Reported fatal/injury crash data generally provide more robust and precise measures than non-injury crashes. Correct specification of the extreme attributes of sub-standard elements (e.g. minimum radius, maximum roadside hazard) appears to be crucial to getting suitably accurate crash estimates on existing alignments. However, IHSDM’s current lack of consideration for bridges and inconsistent adjacent elements are notable omissions that limit the ability of the CPM to assess sub-standard existing routes with as much accuracy as well-designed newer alignments.
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Novoa, Pardo Ana María. "Effectiveness of road safety interventions in Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/22689.
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Las lesiones por tráfico son un importante problema de salud pública en España. En 2004, el gobierno español estableció la seguridad vial como una prioridad política, y creó el Plan Estratégico de Seguridad Vial 2005-2008, que propone una serie de medidas dirigidas a disminuir el impacto de las lesiones por tráfico en España.
Los objetivos de la tesis son revisar las intervenciones de seguridad vial que se han demostrado efectivas en reducir las lesiones y mortalidad por tráfico y evaluar el impacto en morbilidad y mortalidad por tráfico del conjunto de medidas implementadas en España a partir del año 2004 y de algunas de las medidas implementadas, concretamente el permiso por puntos, la reforma del Código Penal y los radares.
El diseño de todos los estudios de evaluación consistió en estudios de series temporales interrumpidas. Las poblaciones de estudio fueron el número de colisiones, conductores involucrados en colisiones con lesionados y personas lesionadas por tráfico en España entre los años 2000 y 2008. Las fuentes de información fueron bases de datos de policía y hospitalarias. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión Quasi-Poisson, controlando la tendencia temporal y la estacionalidad.
Los estudios incluidos en la tesis sugieren que la priorización de la seguridad vial en el año 2004 supuso un cambio en la tendencia de las lesiones por tráfico en España, y fue especialmente efectiva en reducir el número de lesionados graves. Entre las intervenciones incluidas en el Plan Estratégico de Seguridad Vial 2005-2008, se evaluó la efectividad de los radares, el permiso por puntos y la criminalización de una serie de comportamientos de tráfico – mediante la reforma del Código Penal –, medidas que redujeron el impacto de las lesiones por tráfico en España. Sin embargo, la revisión de la literatura incluida en la tesis identificó diversas medidas efectivas de seguridad vial, como el permiso de conducir gradual, que todavía no han sido implementadas y que podrían reducir todavía más el número de personas lesionadas en las carreteras españolas.
Será necesario realizar esfuerzos importantes y adjudicar suficientes recursos para mantener el nivel de seguridad vial alcanzado. Además, se deberán implementar más medidas efectivas de seguridad vial para reducir el todavía inaceptablemente elevado número de personas lesionadas o muertas en las carreteras españolas cada día.Road traffic injuries are an important public health problem in Spain. In 2004, the Spanish government established road safety as a political priority, and created the Road Safety Strategic Programme 2005-2008, which proposes a series of actions aimed to reduce the burden of traffic injuries in Spain. The objectives of the present thesis are to review the road safety interventions which have proven to be effective in reducing road traffic deaths and injuries, and to assess the impact on traffic morbidity and mortality of overall road safety interventions implemented in Spain from the year 2004 on and of specific road safety interventions implemented, specifically the penalty points system, the reform of the Penal Code and speed cameras. The design of all the intervention evaluation studies consisted in interrupted time-series studies. The number of injury crashes, drivers involved in injury collisions, and people injured in traffic collisions in Spain between the years 2000-2008 were the study populations. Police and hospital registries were used as sources of information. Quasi-Poisson regression models were adjusted, controlling for time trend and seasonal patterns. The studies included in the present thesis suggest that the prioritisation of road safety in the year 2004 changed the trend of road traffic injuries in Spain, being especially effective in reducing the number of seriously injured people. Among the interventions included in the Road Safety Strategic Programme 2005-2008, speed cameras, the penalty points system, and the criminalisation of a set of road behaviours - by means of reforming the Penal Code – were assessed for effectiveness and were observed to reduce the burden of traffic injuries in Spain. Nevertheless, the literature review included in the thesis identified several effective road safety interventions, such as the graduated licensing system, that have not been implemented as yet, and which could further reduce the number of people injured on the Spanish roads. Important efforts and enough resources will be needed to maintain the level of road safety achieved. Furthermore, additional effective road safety measures should be implemented to reduce the still unacceptably high number of people injured or killed on the Spanish roads every day.
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David, Iuliana. "Road Traffic Safety Problem Based Learning Module." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14691.
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Road traffic safety has increasingly become in need of educated road safety professionals, as the number of accidents in the World Health Organization member countries exceeds one million. The profession itself is transitioning from experience based decision making to empirical, theoretical and mathematical based solutions. However, road traffic safety is a multidiscipline, crossing over many fields and requiring a high degree of communication between different institutions. There are very few institutions that provide programs in the field; furthermore, they employ traditional lecture-based teaching methods. The traditional teaching environment does not fulfill the educational needs of future traffic safety professionals due to its rigidity and lack of problem solving exercises.
An alternative method, namely problem based learning, is recommended as an alternative teaching method in this paper. The thesis is constructed in such a way as to develop a complete road traffic safety educational module at graduate and post graduate level.
The theoretical basis on which a road traffic safety module is later built is presented in the first part of the thesis. Major concepts in road traffic safety, as well as problem based learning methods are investigated. In addition, a literature review SWOT analysis based on literature is conducted.The module development consists of establishing the road traffic safety learning goals for each segment in the module, appropriate assessment criteria and group work format. The module contains gradual difficulty level problems, starting from the easiest topic and easiest format (closed ended problem) and ending with the hardest topic and hardest format (open ended problem).
The last section employs the SWOT analysis findings in the theoretical section to develop a SWOT analysis of the road traffic safety module presented in the thesis.
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Kumar, Mavoori Arvind. "An activity plan for Indian Road Safety." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2954.
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Road safety is a major issue affecting the road sector. Road accidents remain a serious impediment to sustainable human development in many of the developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Road accidents continue to be an important social and economic problem in developing countries like India. Growth in the number of motor vehicles, poor enforcement of traffic safety regulations, poor quality of roads and vehicles, and inadequate public health infrastructures are some of the road safety problems facing in India.
The object of this Thesis is to present a status report on the nature of the government policy towards the Activity plans implemented till now and which has to be implemented later for the reduction of road fatalities and for the safe roads, and also giving the guidelines for financing of remedial measures, institutional framework, physical characteristics of the road, traffic control and calming measures, road safety education and enforcement issues.
The aim of the Activity plans is to analyze the present situation of road safety in India and to indicate main problems in individual sector of the Activity implemented by comparing and taking the examples of some of the ASEAN Region who are successed in implementing in the individual sectors. The effect of the programme to real safety situation is estimated, and further plans could be corrected if it is necessary. Implementation of the goals for the coming years to reduce the number of accidents at maximum extent and give people, the safe and the steady flow of traffic in India. The vision of a tremendous change next 5 to 10 years is based on a big potential for improvement and a joint effort of all involved groups on all levels of traffic safety, centrally coordinated by the National Road Safety Authorities.
The Action Plan is deliberately divided into 14 key Sectors of activity in broadly the same way as the individual country road safety action plans. The sectors involve many different disciplines and a very wide range of multi sector activities but all are based on applying scientific, methodical approaches to the problem. At the end the thesis gives the recommendations and conclusion for the safe Roads in India
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Mohammad, Mahmud Abdulla. "Video-based situation assessment for road safety." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/94047/.
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In recent decades, situational awareness (SA) has been a major research subject in connection with autonomous vehicles and intelligent transportation systems. Situational awareness concerns the safety of road users, including drivers, passengers, pedestrians and animals. Moreover, it holds key information regarding the nature of upcoming situations. In order to build robust automatic SA systems that sense the environment, a variety of sensors, such as global positioning systems, radars and cameras, have been used. However, due to the high cost, complex installation procedures and high computational load of automatic situational awareness systems, they are unlikely to become standard for vehicles in the near future. In this thesis, a novel video-based framework for the automatic assessment of risk of collision in a road scene is proposed. The framework uses as input the video from a monocular video camera only, avoiding the need for additional, and frequently expensive, sensors. The framework has two main parts: a novel ontology tool for the assessment of risk of collision, and semantic feature extraction based on computervision methods. The ontology tool is designed to represent the various relations between the most important risk factors, such as risk from object and road environmental risk. The semantic features related to these factors iii Abstract iv are based on computer vision methods, such as pedestrian detection and tracking, road-region detection and road-type classi�cation. The quality of these methods is important for achieving accurate results, especially with respect to video segmentation. This thesis, therefore, proposes a new criterion of high-quality video segmentation: the inclusion of temporal-region consistency. On the basis of the new criteria, an online method for the evaluation of video segmentation quality is proposed. This method is more consistent than the state-of-the-art method in terms of perceptual-segmentation quality, for both synthetic and real video datasets. Furthermore, using the Gaussian mixture model for video segmentation, one of the successful video segmentation methods in this area, new online methods for both road-type classi�cation and road-region detection are proposed. The proposed vision-based road-type classi�cation method achieves higher classi�cation accuracy than the state-of-the-art method, for each road type individually. Consequently, it achieves higher overall classi- �cation accuracy. Likewise, the proposed vision-based road-region detection method achieves high performance accuracy compared to the state-of-the-art methods, according to two measures: pixel-wise percentage accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Finally, the evaluation performance of the automatic risk-assessment framework is measured. At this stage, the framework includes only the assessment of pedestrian risk in the road scene. Using the semantic information obtained via computer-vision methods, the framework's performance is assessed for two datasets: �rst, a new dataset proposed in Chapter 7, which comprises six videos, and second, a dataset comAbstract v prising �ve examples selected from an established, publicly available dataset. Both datasets consist of real-world videos illustrating pedestrian movement. The experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves high accuracy in the assessment of risk resulting from pedestrian behaviour in road scenes.
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De, Leur Paul. "Improved approaches to manage road safety infrastructure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61080.pdf.
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Andrade, Gustavo Riente de. "Relationship between traffic operations and road safety." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-23012019-011508/.
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Since before the release of the Highway Safety Manual research has been indicating the need to incorporate mobility and control aspects to road safety analysis. The first part of this work developed and implement in an existing computational engine a signal timing optimization method that considers mobility, safety, and emissions measures simultaneously. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to provide insight on the practical effects and order of relevance of 20 key input variables. Mobility improvement performance usually coincides with emissions improvements, but sometimes at the expense of safety. The second part of this work investigated the relationship between hourly traffic density and crash rates on Brazilian expressways with different characteristics, based on a database containing over 20,000 crashes and more than 35 million traffic volume observations and. The resulting curves for urban expressways follow a U shape, with minimum values associated with LOS B to C, while the relationships for rural expressways were found to be continuously increasing, suggesting that low volume rural roads are safer than the higher volume ones. The analysis of other influencing factors revealed that nighttime conditions, weaving segments and urban multilane highways could be related to higher crash rates. The third part of the project extends the analysis to crash severity modeling, using an ordered response choice model. The framework that better fit this database led to the development of two different models: single-vehicle crashes (SV) and multiple-vehicle crashes (MV), since the factors that explain the severity of crashes varies widely between these models. For instance, guardrails and barriers proved to effectively reduce severity for SV crashes, for which run-offs are the most severe crash type. The unique database used in this study also allowed for an investigation of the influence of prevailing traffic conditions on crash severity, while still controlling for all other factors. The results suggested that multiple-vehicle crash severity is negatively related with traffic density, while single-vehicle crashes are more closely related to speed. The findings of this work have implications to policy and design decisions, and the produced equation could be incorporated to active traffic management (ATM) and HCM reliability analysis.Desde antes da publicação do Highway Safety Manual, vários pesquisadores indicam a necessidade de se incorporar aspectos de operação de tráfego à análise de segurança viária. A primeira parte deste trabalho desenvolveu e implementou em uma ferramenta computacional existente um método de otimização de tempos semafóricos que considera medidas de desempenho de operação, segurança e emissões simultaneamente. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi realizada para produzir conhecimento sobre os efeitos práticos e a ordem de relevância de 20 variáveis de entrada principais. O desempenho da programação semafórica em termos de redução dos atrasos geralmente coincide com redução das emissões, embora às vezes às custas da segurança. A segunda parte deste trabalho investigou a relação entre a densidade horária de tráfego e as taxas de acidentes em autoestradas e rodovias de pista dupla brasileiras com características diversas, com base em um banco de dados contendo mais de 20.000 registros de acidentes e mais de 35 milhões de observações de tráfego. As curvas resultantes para rodovias urbanas seguem um formato em U, com valores mínimos associados aos níveis de serviço B a C, enquanto que as relações para as rodovias rurais são contínuas e crescentes, sugerindo que rodovias rurais de baixo volume são mais seguras do que as de maior volume. A análise de outros fatores revelou que condições noturnas, segmentos de entrelaçamento e rodovias de pista dupla convencionais urbanas estariam relacionadas a maiores taxas de acidentes. A terceira parte deste projeto amplia a análise para modelagem de severidade dos acidentes, usando um modelo de escolha discreta ordenado. A estrutura que melhor se adequa a esse banco de dados levou ao desenvolvimento de dois modelos diferentes: acidentes com um veículo e acidentes com múltiplos veículos, já que os fatores que explicam a severidade dos acidentes variam muito entre esses modelos. Por exemplo, defensas e barreiras se mostraram efetivas para a redução da severidade de acidentes com um veículo, para as quais a saída de pista é o tipo de acidente mais grave. O amplo banco de dados usado neste estudo também permitiu uma investigação da influência das condições de tráfego na severidade do acidente, em comparação com todos os outros fatores. Os resultados sugeriram que a severidade de acidentes de múltiplos veículos está negativamente relacionada com a densidade de tráfego, enquanto colisões com um único veículo estão mais relacionadas à velocidade. As descobertas deste trabalho têm implicações nas decisões sobre políticas e projetos de transportes, e a equação produzida pode ser incorporada à análise de confiabilidade do gerenciamento ativo do tráfego (ATM) e do Highway Capacity Manual.
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Trail, Thomas. "Community-based feedback to promote road safety." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33958.
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Trail, Thomas E. "Community-based feedback to promote road safety /." This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07102009-040607/.
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De, Vries ID, and SR Kockott. "Towards a risk assessment model for the road traffic environment." Southern African Journal of Criminology, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001169.
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After World War II, which lasted from 1939 to 1945, the economies of many countries worldwide
experienced a boom period. Many people were able to buy private motor vehicles. A
consequence of this, however, was that the number of road traffic accidents in these countries
has also increased dramatically. From reports over decades it became clear that traffic safety
programs that were implemented did not have the desired effect. To evaluate success, countries
normally used accident rates or indices based on mathematical formulas. Rates and indices were
and are still used to compare accident situations among countries – normally on an annual
basis. It seems that motorised countries try to determine a “winner” by recording the lowest
accident rates and indices in a specific year. The approaches followed are uncoordinated. In
addition to trend analysis, the municipal police managers or road transport and traffic safety
fraternity authorities in the various countries could also focus on risk analysis. Risk analysis is
used in the industry with its many role players and security and safety can be promoted through
this approach in a more scientific manner. Although risks are normally formulated in terms of
probability theory, a Risk Score Value model could be of further benefit to road traffic
managers. The Risk Score Value could be used to assist authorities to conduct cost effectiveness
studies and to prioritize and optimise countermeasures in a holistic integrated manner with a
view to reduce road operation risks to an acceptable level.
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Al-Haji, Ghazwan. "Road Safety Development Index : Theory, Philosophy and Practice." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8812.
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This dissertation develops, presents and tests a new international tool, the so-called Road Safety Development Index (RSDI), which indicates in a comprehensive and easy way the severity of the road safety situation in a specific country and/or in comparison with other countries. There are three pillars of outcomes involved in the framework of RSDI. One pillar is the People focus (road user behaviour). The second is the System focus (safer vehicles, safer roads, enforcement, management, etc). The third is the Product focus in terms of accident death rates. This thesis analyses each of these pillars. In addition, RSDI links the key national practices of road safety to each other and to the end-results (accident death rates). The study suggests a master-list of performance indicators to be implemented for assessing road safety level in a country and for RSDI building. Based on the “master-list”, a short key list of performance indicators is chosen and classified into two primary categories that correspond to two groups of countries: LMCs “Less Motorised Countries” and HMCs “Highly Motorised Countries”. RSDI aggregates the key performance indicators into one single quantitative value (composite index). Four main objective and subjective approaches are used to calculate RSDI and determine which one is the best. One approach uses equal weights for all indicators and countries, whereas the other approaches give different weights depending on the importance of indicators. Two empirical studies were carried out, in different parts of the world, to determine the applicability of this tool in real world applications. The first empirical study comes from eight European countries (HMCs). The second empirical study comes from five Southeast Asian countries (LMCs). The RSDI results from this study indicate a remarkable difference between the selected countries even at the same level of motorisation and/or with close accident death rates. The unavailability of comparable and useful data are problems for deeper analysis of RSDI, especially the index should be as relevant as possible for different parts of the world. The empirical and theoretical assessments prove that RSDI can give a broader picture of the whole road safety situation in a country compared to the traditional models and can offer a simple and easily understandable tool to national policy makers and public.Denna avhandling utvecklar, presenterar och testar ett nytt internationellt verktyg, det så kallade Road Safety Development Index (RSDI), vilket på ett begripligt och lättillgängligt sätt beskriver trafiksäkerhetsläget i ett visst land jämfört med andra länder. Resultatet av RSDI utgörs av tre grundpelare. Den första pelaren är Fokus på människor (vägtrafikbeteende). Den andra är Fokus på systemet (säkrare fordon, säkrare vägar, beivrande, management, osv). Den tredje pelaren är Fokus på produkten med avseende på antal döda per fordon och per invånare. Arbetet analyserar var och en av dessa tre pelare. RSDI kopplar dessutom samman de viktigaste nationella praxisarna och erfarenheterna med varandra och till slutresultaten (antal dödsfall). Studien föreslår en lista med de viktigaste indikatorerna på hur olika länder vidtar åtgärder för trafiksäkerheten. Grundat på denna “master-lista” kan en kort lista med de viktigaste indikatorerna skapas och klassificeras i två huvudkategorier för två typer av länder: LMC “länder med låg andel fordon” och HMC “länder med hög andel fordon”. RSDI aggregerar de viktigaste performance-indikatorerna till ett enda kvantitativt mått (ett sammansatt index). Fyra olika objektiva och subjektiva huvudangreppssätt används för att beräkna RSDI och bestämma vilket av dem som är det bästa. En metod använder sig av lika stora vikter för alla indikatorer och länder, medan en annan metod ger olika vikter beroende på indikatorernas betydelse. Två empiriska studier genomfördes i olika delar av världen för att bestämma tillämpligheten av detta verktyg i verkliga situationer. Den första empiriska studien kommer från åtta länder i Europa (HMC-länder). Den andra empiriska studien har gjorts i fem länder i Sydostasien (LMC-länder). Resultaten från detta RSDI tyder på en anmärkningsvärd skillnad mellan de valda länderna, också om andelen bilägare och/eller andra variabler för trafiksäkerhet hålls konstanta. Bristen på jämförbara och användbara data medför problem vid en djupare analys av RSDI för olika delar av världen. De empiriska och teoretiska skattningarna visar att RSDI kan ge en bredare bild av hela trafiksäkerhetssituationen i ett land jämfört med traditionella modeller och kan erbjuda ett enkelt och lättförståeligt verktyg för de nationella beslutsfattarna liksom för allmänheten.
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Dully, Michael. "Traffic Safety Evaluation of Future Road Lighting Systems." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-101978.
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While new road lighting technologies, either LED or adaptive road lighting systems, offer a wide range of unique potential benefits (mainly in terms of energy savings), it is necessary to evaluate the safety impacts of these technologies on road users. The literature survey shows that providing light on previous unlit roads has a positive effect on traffic safety. Reducing the amount of light has the opposite effect. These studies are usually conducted by using crash numbers, which makes it impossible to draw conclusions on changes in driving behaviour. Driving behaviour analyses need special approaches and indicators. Therefore indirect indicators such as speed and safety relationship, jerky driving and traffic conflict parameters are presented. The individual character of such data is difficult to deal with and limits big scale analyses. In order to have a practical example of such indicators a case study is conducted. Floating car data collected in Vienna is used to analyse travel speeds of taxi drivers at two LED test sites. A simple before-after analysis is used with data from January 2011 to May 2012 in order to examine an expected increase in speed due to a better visual performance of LED light. However the results show either no changes at all or a trend in speed reduction of 1km/h in average. Unfavourable test site locations might limit the significance of the results.
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Evans, D. "Understanding and changing road safety awareness in adolescents." Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636941.
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This thesis reports a number of studies examining young peoples' (aged 11 to 15 years) road crossing intentions and the development of an intervention which sought to encourage a more positive attitude towards road crossing. Study 1 applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to the prediction of secondary school children's road crossing intentions. In addition, the study considered the influence of moral norms (i.e. the perceived moral correctness of a behaviour), anticipated affect (i.e. anticipated feelings of having performed a behaviour) and self-identity (i.e. perception of personal road crossing behaviour). A sample of young people (n=1833, aged 11-15) were presented with scenarios depicting two potentially dangerous road crossing behaviours (i.e. away from a crossing, and from behind a bus) in which the target child was either alone or with friends. Following each scenario, respondents completed a TPB questionnaire along with measures of moral norms, anticipated affect and self-identity. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that, with the exception of moral norms, all factors contributed significantly to the prediction of behavioural intention. Comparison between boys and girls also showed a number of significant differences with boys consistently more likely to adopt riskier behaviour. Study 2. The development of an intervention using the key determinants of road crossing intentions as identified by the TPB and through the medium of drama to affect attitude change. Results indicated a significant shift in behaviour intention and PBC of the young people involved in the drama developed. Study 3, examined the effects of watching a road safety drama, showed no significant changes in behavioural intention. These findings suggest that the 'pro-active' involvement in developing the intervention is necessary to produce significant changes in road safety awareness in adolescents. The utility of the TPB and implications of the findings for the future of road safety interventions are discussed.
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Kumar, Navin. "Visible light communication systems for road safety applications." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/8176.
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Doutoramento em MAP-TeleEsta tese apresenta um estudo exploratório sobre sistemas de comunicação por luz visível e as suas aplicações em sistemas de transporte inteligentes como forma a melhorar a segurança nas estradas. Foram desenvolvidos neste trabalho, modelos conceptuais e analíticos adequados à caracterização deste tipo de sistemas. Foi desenvolvido um protótipo de baixo custo, capaz de suportar a disseminação de informação utilizando semáforos. A sua realização carece de um estudo detalhado, nomeadamente: i) foi necessário obter modelos capazes de descrever os padrões de radiação numa área de serviço pré-definida; ii) foi necessário caracterizar o meio de comunicações; iii) foi necessário estudar o comportamento de vários esquemas de modulação de forma a optar pelo mais robusto; finalmente, iv) obter a implementação do sistema baseado em FPGA e componentes discretos. O protótipo implementado foi testado em condições reais. Os resultados alcançados mostram os méritos desta solução, chegando mesmo a encorajar a utilização desta tecnologia em outros cenários de aplicação.
This thesis presents a study carried out on the exploration of visible light communication (VLC) for road safety applications in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). We developed conceptual and analytical models for the usage of VLC technologies for human safety. A low cost VLC prototype traffic broadcast system was hardware designed and implemented. In order to realize this prototype a number of exhaustive steps have been designed and implemented. An optimized illumination distribution was achieved in a defined service area from LED-based traffic lights associated with a VLC emitter. A traffic light system set-up was modeled and designed for optimum performance. The optical wireless channel was characterized and examined. Depending on the characteristics of the channel and specific applications, a robust modulation technique based on direct sequence spread spectrum using sequence inverse keying (DSSS SIK) was analyzed, developed, and implemented. The complete prototype VLC transceiver system was then implemented with field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) and discrete components. Simulation and experimental validation of system was performed in different scenarios and environments. The obtained results have shown the merits of our approach. A number of findings was experienced which are illustrated at the end. These observations would enhance and encourage potential research in the area and optimize performance of VLC systems for a number of interesting applications in future. A summary of future research challenges is presented at the end.
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Hughes, Brett Peter. "A Comprehensive Framework for Future Road Safety Strategies." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/59647.
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Internationally, road fatalities and injury are a massive public health, social, economic and transport problem that road safety strategies are developed to counteract. This thesis aimed to investigate and improve the applicability, responsiveness, efficiency and effectiveness of these strategies. A comprehensive and coherent framework, comprising nine mutually interacting Components, with 75 subcomponents, that contribute to crashes, and ten generic Policy Tools, was developed. The framework is based on safety and system theory, principles and practice.
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Tahir, Muhammed Navid. "Road safety aspects of motorcycle rickshaws in Pakistan." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/115467/1/115467_8436835_navid_tahir_thesis.pdf.
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The current research examines the road safety aspects of Motorcycle Rickshaws (MRs). MRs are motorcycle driven three-wheeled paratransit vehicles that appear to be the largest informal public transport mode in Pakistan. There are widespread public concerns about their negative effects on safety, traffic flow, and air and noise pollution, but little relevant research or government policy exists because of the lack of registration systems for these vehicles and under-reporting in police crash data. In response to this identified gap in knowledge, this doctoral program was undertaken to: (1) examine the road safety aspects of MRs, and (2) identify appropriate policy measures and strategies that could improve the road safety of MRs.
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Canoquena, Joao M. "Developing a theoretical framework for improved practical application of a coordinated response in road safety." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/107924/2/Joao%20Canoquena%20Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis develops ten conceptual tools for investigating, designing, implementing and evaluating coordinated road safety countermeasures at a local level in Australia by examining coordinated responses at the practical, conceptual and systemic layers. Practical level tools include a descriptive model of coordinated responses, two continua of public approval and a typology. At the conceptual level they include a strategy development model, a coordination model, predictors of optimal coordination and a typology. At the systemic level, the thesis identifies the need to manage road safety in a more decentralised manner, by adopting principles from Dynamic Systems Theory and the descriptive model.
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Axelsson, Eva, and Therese Wilson. "Microscopic simulation as an evaluation tool for the road safety of vulnerable road users." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130010.
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Traffic safety has traditionally been measured by analyzing historical accident data, which is a reactive method where a certain number of accidents must occur in order to identify the safety problem. An alternative safety assessment method is to use proximal safety indicators that are defined as measures of accident proximity, which is considered a proactive method. With this method it is possible to detect the safety problem before the accidents have happened. To be able to detect problems in traffic situations in general, microscopic simulation is commonly used. In these models it may be possible to generate representative near-accidents, measured by proximal safety indicator techniques. A benefit of this would be the possibility to experiment with different road designs and evaluate the traffic safety level before reconstructions of the road infrastructure. Therefore has an investigation been performed to test the possibility to identify near-accidents (conflicts) in a microscopic simulation model mimicking the Traffic Conflict Technique developed by Hydén (1987). In order to perform the investigation a case study has been used where an intersection in the city center of Stockholm was studied. The intersection has been rebuilt, which made it possible to perform a before and after study. For the previous design there was a traffic safety assessment available which was carried out using the Traffic Conflict Technique. Microscopic simulation models representing the different designs of the intersection were built in PTV Vissim. In order to evaluate and measure the traffic safety in reality as well as in the microscopic simulation models, a traffic safety assessment was performed in each case. The traffic safety assessment in field for the present design was carried out as a part of this thesis. The main focus of this thesis was the road safety for vulnerable road users. The method to identify conflicts in the simulation model has been to extract raw data output from the simulation model and thereafter process this data in a Matlab program, aiming to mimic the Traffic Conflict Technique. The same program and procedure was used for both the previous and the present design of the intersection. The results from the traffic safety assessment in the simulation model have been compared to the results from the field study in order to evaluate how well microscopic simulation works as an evaluation tool for traffic safety in new designs. The comparison shows that the two methods of conflict identification cannot replace each other straight off. But with awareness of the differences between the methods, the simulation model could be used as an indication when evaluating the level of traffic safety in a road design.
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Chee, Wing-yan David. "Road accidents : identification of patterns and trends /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21128819.
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Arun, Ashutosh. "A novel Road User Safety Field Theory for traffic safety assessment applying video analytics." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/234039/1/Ashutosh_Arun_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis introduces a new Road User Safety Field Theory to proactively assess traffic safety by studying the interactions of various road users at signalised intersections. The proposed theory combines road traffic environmental factors, vehicle capabilities and personal characteristics to determine the extent and strength of road users’ safety ‘bubble’ or field across various traffic interactions. By applying the Artificial Intelligence-based video data analytics, the proposed Road User Safety Field Theory is found to better estimate crash risks in terms of crash frequency and severity than traditional traffic conflict techniques.
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Zhang, Zheshuo. "Dynamics of road vehicles crossing rail-road intersections." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/132688/2/Zheshuo%20Zhang%20Thesis.pdf.
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This project was a step forward in redesigning level crossing for improved safety of level crossing infrastructure. A vehicle-tire-obstacle model capable of predicting the vehicle dynamic behaviour as well as the tire-obstacle contact forces was developed from basic equations of motion. The thesis investigated the profile of redesigned level crossing from the perspective of road vehicle dynamics including the safety risk to the occupant and the dislodgement risk of the freights in the road vehicles. It was shown that the redesigned level crossings can save lives and avoid damages to trains, road vehicles and the related infrastructure.
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Leadbeatter, Corinne. "RoadSmart : an evaluation : an impact evaluation of a road safety education program and the road crossing behaviour of 7 year old children." Connect to thesis, 1997. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/1521.
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National and international studies and statistics show that road trauma is the leading cause of injury and death of children to age 14 years. One contributing element of this trauma among children relates to pedestrian accidents. Reducing child pedestrian trauma is a complex problem requiring a multi-faceted approach. One approach is through education. This evaluative study explored the links between the implementation of RoadSmart, a new primary school road safety education program developed by VicRoads, and the road crossing behaviour of children in year 2.A process-outcome approach was employed which focused on both the implementation and outcome components of the year 2 "Walking safely" component of the RoadSmart program. RoadSmart offers children first-hand experiences of real-traffic situations and comprises two major parts - school based learning sequences and take-home activities, designed to involve parents/carers in educating their children about road safety. Pre and post unobtrusive observations were undertaken of participating children crossing the road at an unmarked mid-block location and were matched for 44 children. The program was also systematically observed in the classrooms of these students. The findings imply that if teachers implement RoadSmart in the intended manner, students cross roads more safely. Overall findings from this evaluation concur with those of other researchers(Demetre et al., 1993; Rivara, 1990; Roberts, 1980; Thomson et al., 1996), that children under 9 possess capabilities that can be fostered through education and real-street experience to enable them to function more effectively in the traffic environment.
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Balogh, Samu Márton. "Perceived safety of cyclists : The role of road attributes." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214830.
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Objectives Although the lack of perceived safety is an important deterrent to cycling, available knowledge is not comprehensive enough. The aim of this research is to contribute to academic knowledge by exploring the role of road section attributes in perceived safety of cyclists and to develop a method to use the theoretical results in practice. Methods A stated choice survey is carried out to estimate the effects of selected infrastructure attributes on perceived safety. A multinomial logit (MNL) model is used to estimate the effects. Results are used to develop an infrastructure assessment tool by counting aggregate perceived safety utility values of road sections. Results Cyclists perceive the presence of dedicated cycling facilities and physical separation similarly important, while other attributes (traffic volume, speed reduction and adjacent car parking) turned out to be less important. The Subjective Safety Score can be consciously used to evaluate existing and planned road sections and compare different design alternatives. Conclusions The results give a strong support for using physically separated cycling facilities (cycle tracks for example) to engage people to cycling. Further research is recommended to explore the effects of intersection attributes and to include interaction effects of attributes as well.
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Appeadu, Charles Edward. "An assessment of road safety equations for British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27756.
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Five quantitative relationships relating some geometric features of two-lane rural highways to accident rates were reported in Special Report 214 of the Transportation Research Board. In this study, three of these models were applied to data from several two-lane sections of two rural highways in the province of British Columbia. The models were used to predict accident rates in the road sections for the five-year period covering 1981 to 1985. The R² values resulting from linear regression analyses of the predicted accident rates on the actual accident rates were used as a measure of the applicability of the models to the study area.
The results of this study are valuable for conducting an extensive road safety study on two-lane rural highways in British Columbia, primarily, and other regions of the world.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Al, Haji Ghazwan. "Road safety development index (RSDI) : theory, philosophy and practice /." Norrköping : Department of Science and technology, Linköping University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8812.
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Alam, Ahsan. "Quantifying the road safety benefits of sustainable transportation : transit." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30502.
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As more and more people require transportation, not only must it be efficient and economically affordable, it must also increase safety and be environmentally friendly. High road traffic collisions have been recognized as a global major public health and safety problem. Present autodominant culture results in more traffic congestion, collisions, and environmental deterioration. So, there is a need to shift people from auto to a more sustainable transportation system that will promote reduced congestion levels, reduced environmental pollutions, improved road safety, and regional economic growth. This research quantified the road safety benefits of sustainable
transportation in the form of increased transit services.
The objective of the research was: (1) to develop an auto-based transportation planning model of
the Regional District of Central Okanagan (RDCO) for year 2006 and 2020; (2) to conduct road
safety analysis due to future transit and road network improvements; and, (3) to identify collision prone locations of the region.
This research built AM period 4-step transportation planning model of the RDCO for the years 2006 and 2020. It proposed RDCO specific trip generation rate and a new auto mode share model, which can be used for future transportation modeling of the region. This research developed collision prediction models (CPMs) for the RDCO, which can be used to predict future AM period collisions. This research also built RDCO transportation planning model for 2020 having four sub-scenarios: (1) do-nothing; (2) only road improvements; (3) only transit improvements; and, (4) both transit and road improvements. It was found that transit
improvements have the potential to significantly reduce urban and rural collisions. This research
also suggests that construction of new roads in rural areas might result in collision increases.
This is a very important consideration for transportation planners before constructing new roads in rural areas. This research also identified, ranked and analyzed collision prone locations (CPLs)which would help decision makers as they consider where to spend resources, targeting locations with the highest potential for safety improvements. It is believed that the results of this research would contribute significantly in future transportation planning and road safety evaluation of the region.
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Ampofo-Boateng, Kwame. "Children's perception of safety and danger on the road." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21312.
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This thesis examines aspects of children's road safety awareness in relation to road crossing. The principal concern is with children's ability to discriminate safe from dangerous road crossing sites and their ability to select safe routes to cross the road. The influence of age, sex and specific road environmental features (hedges, bends, junctions, parked cars and zebra crossings) on safety judgements are explored. Children's judgements were obtained in a variety of experimental situations including table-top models, photographic posters and the real-world traffic environment. The results showed no sex differences in children's understanding of road dangers, but very significant age differences. Five and seven year olds used as their main referent the presence or absence of cars on the road to determine whether a situation was safe or dangerous. Other dangers, for example, an obscured view, were ignored. They were also inclined to select the shortest and most direct route as the safest. Nine and eleven year olds by contrast reasoned that even without cars on the road some crossing sites and routes were potentially dangerous because they did not permit an adequate view of the roadway. They also noted more varied and relevant road features in estimating safety and danger. On the basis of the findings, a preliminary training scheme was designed using a large table-top model to see if the younger children's skills could be improved. The results of the training were encouraging; the implications of the findings for child pedestrian research and training are discussed. Other psychological factors which may facilitate or hinder child pedestrians ability to identify safety and danger in traffic are also considered.
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張煒倩 and Wai-sin Cheung. "Road safety problems in China: the rural-urban divide." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4154822X.
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Parlour, Stephen. "Paternalistic legislation : political theory and practice in road safety." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270331.
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Jaroszweski, David John. "Climate change and road freight safety : impacts and opportunities." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1220/.
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This thesis aims to apply recent conceptual frameworks for climate change impact assessment to the road freight sector of Great Britain in order to identify potential future safety issues. The freight sector is a key component of Great Britain’s economy, and one which is particularly vulnerable to the effects of adverse weather. An assessment of the current patterns in weather related freight accidents is produced, and existing studies on accident causation are elaborated upon to arrive at relationships between key meteorological parameters and freight accident rates. These relationships are extrapolated onto various climate scenarios under low, medium and high emissions for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s using UKICP09 climate tools to arrive at projections of possible impacts at a regional scale. This thesis also addresses a key criticism of the previous climate change impact assessment literature; that studies usually neglect the consideration of what the network will look like in the future, how it will be used, and how this will impact upon its vulnerability to meteorology. The way in which the network is designed, the resilience of the vehicles that operate on it and the split of usage between the various modes will all affect the impacts that are likely to be seen, and are all determined by the broader socio-economic pathway of the country. Delphi techniques are used for short term forecasts of growth and to identify emerging issues with the industry. UKCIP data is used to extend these projections to 2050. By combining social and physical techniques, a more holistic picture of future impacts is found. Although the confluence of safer technology and a reduction of winter road icing and summer precipitation events could potentially lead to a safer operating environment, certain scenarios which promote high emissions, a larger freight fleet and low investment in infrastructure could cause problems, especially for winter precipitation events.
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Adedokun, Adeyemi. "Application of Road Infrastructure Safety Assessment Methods at Intersections." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-127334.
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Traffic safety at intersections is a particularly difficult phenomenon to study, given the fact that accidents occur randomly in time and space thereby making short-term measurement, assessment and comparison difficult. The EU directive 2008/96/EC introduced road infrastructure safety management, which offers a five layer structure for developing safer road infrastructure has been used to develop tools for accident prediction and black spot management analysis which has been applied in this work to assess the safety level of intersections in Norrköping city in Sweden. Accident data history from STRADA (Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) and the network demand model for Norrköping city were used to model black spots and predict the expected number of accidents at intersections using PTV Visum Safety tool, after STRADA accident classification was restructured and the Swedish accident prediction model (APM) was configured and tested to work within the tool using the model from the Swedish road administration (SRA). The performance of the default (Swiss) and the Swedish APM was compared and identified locations with the high accident records, predicted accident counts and traffic volumes were audited using qualitative assessment checklist from Street-Audit tool. The results from these methods were analysed, validated and compared. This work provides recommendations on the used quantitative and qualitative methods to prevent accident occurrence at the identified locations.
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Reddy, Nitin. "DRIVER ASSISTANCE FOR ENHANCED ROAD SAFETY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1237493386.
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Gozick, Brandon. "A Driver, Vehicle and Road Safety System Using Smartphones." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115086/.
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As vehicle manufacturers continue to increase their emphasis on safety with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), I propose a ubiquitous device that is able to analyze and advise on safety conditions. Mobile smartphones are increasing in popularity among younger generations with an estimated 64% of 25-34 year olds already using one in their daily lives. with over 10 million car accidents reported in the United States each year, car manufacturers have shifted their focus of a passive approach (airbags) to more active by adding features associated with ADAS (lane departure warnings). However, vehicles manufactured with these sensors are not economically priced while older vehicles might only have passive safety features. Given its accessibility and portability, I target a mobile smartphone as a device to compliment ADAS that can bring a driver assist to any vehicle without regards for any on-vehicle communication system requirements. I use the 3-axis accelerometer of multiple Android based smartphone to record and analyze various safety factors which can influence a driver while operating a vehicle. These influences with respect to the driver, vehicle and road are lane change maneuvers, vehicular comfort and road conditions. Each factor could potentially be hazardous to the health of the driver, neighboring public, and automobile and is therefore analyzed thoroughly achieving 85.60% and 89.89% classification accuracy for identifying road anomalies and lane changes, respectively. Effective use of this data can educate a potentially dangerous driver on how to operate a vehicle safely and efficiently. with real time analysis and auditory alerts of these factors, I hope to increase a driver's overall awareness to maximize safety.
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Cheung, Wai-sin. "Road safety problems in China the rural-urban divide /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4154822X.
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SANTILLI, Daniela. "New approaches for road safety assessment of vulnerable users." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Cassino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11580/86004.
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The increasingly frequent natural disasters, summed to the pandemic event, have leaded countries to reorganize their cities, habits, moves. The first step was to implement solutions to limit urban congestion by inducing citizens to prefer more sustainable and active ways. To discourage the use of motorized transport, more and more routes or areas for active users, as pedestrian or cyclists, should be dedicated. In order to conceive a safe and comfortable environment, specific studies and high budget, are needed. Due to the current economical constraints and the increasing need of physical distancing due to the pandemic situation, private and public road managers need procedures that maximize the resources to implement effective and sustainable interventions. It must be said that all the measures and actions implemented so far in the road sector are aimed at reducing the danger of the motorized component, but little has been done for vulnerable users. Unfortunately, in Italy there are still few regulations that can support technicians in the decision-making process. The most common way to solve the safety problem is the use of a systemic approach and this PhD thesis has the main objective of presenting a preliminary methodology for assessing the safety of vulnerable road users. In particular, the framework of the proposed procedure accompanies the sequence of the Chapters, which can be summarized as follows:
• Introduction: this chapter presents the need to convert citizens' habits towards sustainability in order to respond to European demands. This requires the evaluation of road safety which can be pursued with different methods proposed in the literature; the one chosen in this study is based on risk analysis.
• Chapter 1: deals with risk-based engineering analyzes, created mainly to activate forecasting and prevention measures in response to the damage generated by natural disasters. This made it possible to obtain a general definition of risk which was then extended to many other sectors such as the road sector. Then the different risk factors were identified (then examined in detail in the following chapters).
• Chapter 2: notes the relationship between road safety and vehicle speed. a predictive model was developed to estimate the average speed of vehicles (which represents the vehicle exposure factor) as a function of the urban, rural and “transition” environment. This model starts from a recalibration and re-adaptation of the literature models using Floating Car Data (FCD).
• Chapter 3: to assess the risk to which users are subjected in a road section, it is necessary to know not only the anthropometric data of the average user but also the exposure of vulnerable users, therefore the pedestrian and cycle flow. To estimate these flows, a hybrid methodology was defined which blends the purely configurational approach with the characteristics of the examination area and a demand-driven methodology.
• Chapter 4: to prevent accidents at a site and predict the related consequences, since the data is not always available, a methodology has been proposed that enriches the existing vulnerability functions with the kinematic parameters of multibody simulations.
• Chapter 5: once the risk factors were defined, a synthetic index was created. The latter allows to identify and classify the sites providing prioritization of interventions. To choose the type of countermeasure to be implemented, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the road, flows, speeds, the surrounding space, the hierarchy of the roads but also the available economic resources. Then, the most common countermeasures for the safety of pedestrians and cyclists were identified, their estimated average costs were considered and decision-making matrices of choice were proposed. This should allow the designer to have a procedure that, starting from the context and the risk factor, identifies the most convenient and effective countermeasure.
• Chapter 6: among the many countermeasures, the one most used in urban areas to reduce the speed of vehicles is traffic calming. In this chapter, attention was focused on altimetric devices, analyzing the effects they produce on the human body (whether used temporarily or permanently, single or in series) using simplified models.
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Hao, Jialin. "Machine learning for road active safety in vehicular networks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAS003.
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Cette thèse porte sur le développement d'une manœuvre d'aide au changement de voie (lane Change Assistance, LCA) sûre et efficace dans le contexte des réseaux de véhicules assistés par drones (Drone Assisted Vehicular Network, DAVN). En effet, les changements de voie contribuent de manière significative aux accidents de la route, nécessitant des solutions efficaces au sein des réseaux routiers. Les LCA stratégies actuelles établies sur l'apprentissage par renforcement profond (Deep Reinforcement Learning, DRL) sont limitées par les informations locales sur les véhicules, négligeant une vue globale, comme des conditions de circulation. Pour résoudre ce problème, les véhicules aériens sans pilote (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, UAVs), ou drones, présentent une extension prometteuse des services de réseau automobile grâce à leur mobilité, capacités informatiques et liaisons de communication en visibilité directe (Line-if-Sight, LoS) avec les véhicules routiers. Dans un premier temps, nous faisons une étude bibliographique sur LCA au sein du DAVN, mettant en évidence le potentiel des drones pour améliorer la sécurité routière. Les approches LCA existantes s'appuient principalement sur des informations locales sur les véhicules et ne prennent pas en compte l'état global du trafic. Afin de réduire cette limitation, nous proposons le GL-DEAR : joint global and local drone-assisted lane change platform based on Deep-Q Network (DQN) with a dynamic reward function, for LCA with drones' assistance. La plateforme proposée se compose de trois modules : route à risques aléatoires et véhicules d'urgence ; acquisition et traitement des données ; prise de décision de changement de voie en temps réel. La manœuvre de changement de voie est basée sur un Deep Q-Network avec des fonctions de récompense dynamiques. Plus précisément, nous adoptons les modèles de changement de voie authentiques basés sur l'ensemble de données NGSIM pour les véhicules routiers ordinaires afin de recréer les comportements de changement de voie du monde réel dans les simulations. Les résultats numériques démontrent la capacité de la plateforme à réaliser des trajets sans collision sur des autoroutes à risque avec des véhicules d'urgence. Dans un deuxième temps, nous identifions un manque de calibrage de la fréquence de mise à jour globale des algorithmes d'apprentissage fédéré (Federated Learning, FL) et l'absence d'évaluation approfondie du délai de traitement au niveau du drone. Nous proposons donc un cadre d'apprentissage par renforcement fédéré (FRL) assisté par drone, DAFL. Ce cadre permet un apprentissage coopératif entre les véhicules de l'ego en appliquant FL. Il comprend un algorithme d'agrégation de modèles global basé sur la réputation du client et une analyse complète du délai de bout en bout (End-to-End, E2E) au niveau du drone. Plus précisément, la fréquence globale de mise à jour est ajustée dynamiquement en fonction des mesures de sécurité routière et de la consommation énergétique des drones, ce qui donne des résultats efficaces dans les simulations. Dans la troisième étape, nous concevons l'algorithme DOP-T pour optimiser les trajectoires des drones dans les réseaux de véhicules dynamiques. Cet algorithme vise à équilibrer la consommation énergétique des drones et la sécurité routière. Nous fournissons un état de l'art complet des techniques existantes de planification de trajectoire de drones. Ensuite, sur la base de la modélisation du délai E2E du véhicule et de la modélisation de la consommation d'énergie du drone. Dans la seconde étape, nous formons un modèle d'apprentissage par renforcement hors ligne (Offline-Reinforcement Learning, ORL) pour éviter une formation en ligne consommatrice d'énergie. Les résultats de la simulation démontrent une réduction significative de la consommation d'énergie des drones et du délai E2E du véhicule à l'aide du modèle entraînéThis thesis focuses on the development of a safe and efficient LCA maneuver in the context of drone-assisted vehicle networks (DAVN). In fact, lane change maneuvers contribute significantly to road accidents, requiring effective solutions within road networks. Current lane change assistance (LCA) strategies relying solely on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) are limited by local vehicle information, neglecting a global view of traffic conditions. To address this problem, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, present a promising extension of automotive network services due to their mobility, computing capabilities, and line-of-sight (LoS) communications links with road vehicles. In the first step, we conduct a literature review on LCA within DAVN, highlighting the potential of drones to enhance road safety. Existing LCA approaches predominantly rely on local vehicle information and fail to consider overall traffic states. To address this limitation, we propose the GL-DEAR: joint global and local drone-assisted lane change platform based on Deep-Q Network (DQN) with a dynamic reward function, for LCA with drones' assistance. The proposed platform consists of three modules: road with random risks and emergency vehicles; data file acquisition and processing; and real-time lane change decision-making. The lane change maneuver is based on a Deep Q-Network with dynamic reward functions. Specifically, we adopt the authentic NGSIM dataset-based lane change models for ordinary road vehicles to recreate real world lane change behaviors in the simulations. Numerical results demonstrate the platform's ability to achieve collision-free trips on risky highways with emergency vehicles. In the second step, we identify a lack of calibration for the global update frequency in FL algorithms and the absence of thorough drone-level processing delay assessment. To this end, we propose the drone assisted Federated Reinforcement Learning (FRL)-based LCA framework, DAFL. This framework enables cooperative learning between ego vehicles by applying Federated Learning (FL). It includes a client reputation-based global model aggregation algorithm and a comprehensive analysis of End-to-End (E2E) delay at the drone. Specifically, the global update frequency is dynamically adjusted according to road safety measurements and drone energy consumption, yielding efficient results in simulations. In the third step, we devise the DOP-T algorithm for optimizing drone trajectories in dynamic vehicular networks. This algorithm aims to balance drone energy consumption and road safety. We provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of the existing drone trajectory planning techniques. Then, based on the vehicle E2E delay modeling and the drone energy consumption modeling in the second step, we train a Offline Reinforcement Learning (ORL) model to avoid power-consuming online training. Simulation results demonstrate a significant reduction in drone energy consumption and vehicle E2E delay using the trained model
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Pratyaksa, Prabha. "Safety evaluation of converging chevron pavement markings." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47697.
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Chevron pavement markings have seen rising interest in the United States as a means to reduce speeds at high-speed locations and improve safety performance. In Atlanta, there are two freeway-to-freeway ramps where chevron markings are being used. A previous study analyzed before-and-after speed data at these ramps and found only a modest reduction on overall vehicle speeds. However, a cursory crash analysis indicated that the ramps had crash reductions of over 60%, suggesting that safety benefits exist even though vehicle speeds are not significantly affected. This research aims to evaluate the safety performance of chevron markings on the two ramps in Atlanta, GA in order to quantify the potential impact of the treatment on safety and to understand the mechanism by which the treatment influences safety.
This thesis begins with a literature review covering topics in human factors in safety, past uses of different types of pavement markings, and methods in using crash databases and police reports in accident studies. Next, the thesis presents an in-depth before and after analysis of crash data from crash databases and police reports provided by the Georgia Department of Transportation. And finally, the thesis concludes with a summary of findings and a discussion of further research needs.
The results verified that there were 73% and 61% crash reductions in the two study ramps. Chevron markings appear to have benefitted all types of crashes and that they are possibly serving as a warning to drivers of potential upcoming hazards. Unavailability of a number of police reports and errors in crash databases were limitations to this study, and ultimately, new sites should be selected carefully and further studies need to be performed to better understand the treatment's benefits.