Academic literature on the topic 'Road side units (RSU)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Road side units (RSU)"
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Karunathilake, Thenuka, and Anna Förster. "A Survey on Mobile Road Side Units in VANETs." Vehicles 4, no. 2 (May 20, 2022): 482–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles4020029.
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The number of vehicles on the road increases daily, causing many fatal accidents and wasting much time for the average commuter every day due to congestion. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) were introduced to overcome these issues by enabling vehicle-to-vehicle communication and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The prime challenge in VANETs is the necessity of very low communication delays, especially for safety-related applications due to the high mobility nature of vehicles. The VANET architecture introduces a network component, the Road Side Unit (RSU), to meet the required delay limitations. Even though the RSU is a critical component in VANETs, as expected, the RSUs were not deployed throughout the world because of their high investment cost. As a solution, the idea of mobile RSU (mRSU) was introduced, and, ever since, several techniques of mRSU deployment strategies have been proposed. In this survey, we first analyze the importance of the RSU to the VANET architecture with real-world data incorporating the new 5G standard. Then, we investigate the research done in the areas of mRSU and exploit the pros and cons of each mRSU deployment strategy. Finally, we also discuss the future research directions of mRSU, and we explain the challenges connected to these future trends.
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Cho, Chanhyuk, and Sanghyun Ahn. "Efficient Maintenance of AODV Routes in the Vehicular Communication Environment with Sparsely Placed Road Side Units." Mobile Information Systems 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6252907.
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Thanks to the vehicular communication network, vehicles on the road can communicate with other vehicles or nodes in the global Internet. In this study, we propose an enhanced routing mechanism based on AODV so that road side units (RSUs) can provide continuous services such as video streaming services to vehicles which may be intermittently located outside of the coverage areas of RSUs. In the highway environment with sparsely placed RSUs, the communications between RSUs and vehicles are frequently disconnected due to high vehicular speeds. To resolve this problem, both V2I and V2V communications are utilized. In order to reduce the route recovery time and the number of route failures in the sparsely placed RSU environment, backup routes are established through the vehicles with longer direct communication duration with the RSU. The backup route substitutes the main route upon route disconnection. Also, for the efficient handover to the next RSU, the route shortening mechanism is proposed. For the performance evaluation of the proposed mechanism, we carried out the NS-3-based simulations.
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Ali, G. G. Md Nawaz, and Edward Chan. "Co-Operative Load Balancing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 1, no. 4 (October 2011): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2011100101.
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Recently data dissemination using Road Side Units (RSUs) in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) received considerable attention for overcoming the vehicle to vehicle frequent disconnection problem. An RSU becomes overloaded due to its mounting location and/or during rush hour overload. As an RSU has short wireless transmission coverage range and vehicles are mobile, a heavily overloaded RSU may experience high deadline miss rate in effect of serving too many requests beyond its capacity. In this work, the authors propose a co-operative multiple-RSU model, which offers the opportunity to the RSUs with high volume workload to transfer some of its overloaded requests to other RSUs that have light workload and located in the direction in which the vehicle is heading. Moreover, for performing the load balancing, the authors propose three different heuristic load transfer approaches. By a series of simulation experiments, the authors demonstrate the proposed co-operative multiple-RSU based load balancing model significantly outperforms the non-load balancing multiple-RSU based VANETs model against a number of performance metrics.
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Sun, Jian, and Yuwei Yang. "RSU LOCALIZATION MODEL AND SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION FOR VII NETWORK." TRANSPORT 26, no. 4 (January 9, 2012): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.638024.
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While facing the needs for Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) applications in traffic management, the paper deals with the problem of locating Road Side Units (RSU) for VII deployment. After analyzing the difference between traditional problems of locating traffic information detector and the problem of RSU location, a significance ranking model for RSU localization and three kinds of Significance Degree (SD) computing strategies are put forward. A VII simulation environment for the purpose of RSU localization optimization within VISSIM microscopic traffic simulation software is established developing add-on functions using VISSIM's Component Object Model (COM). A VII test bed of the Olympic Park network in Beijing is taken as an example to evaluate the performance of RSU localization model. The results of simulation experiments indicate that the mixed SD strategy considering both speed and route monitoring is superior to the other two SD strategies. Then, the impact of RSU number and OBE market penetration rate on the evaluation measures of traffic monitoring are studied with reference to the proposed mixed SD strategy. In this case, the evaluation measures of optimized RSU configurations generated by the ranking algorithm are always better than those of random RSU configurations. In addition, the benefits of optimized RSU configurations increase along with RSU number and market penetration rate while the benefits of random RSU configurations are more fluctuant.
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G, Kothai, and Poovammal E. "Performance Analysis of Stationary and Deterministic AODV Model." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 14, no. 17 (October 13, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i17.16643.
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Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is an emerging technology that provides a digital communication among vehicles, persons and Road-Side Units (RSU). VANETs are highly vulnerable to cyber-attacks. These cyber-attacks make a wrong illusion on traffic jam, can inject false information regarding traffics and injects large amount of spam messages that disrupts the normal functionalities. The main objective of the research work is to implement and analyze the different models that help in improving the traffic management. The scenarios are simulated, and the performance is analyzed using the OMNET++ Simulator<strong>.</strong>
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Hussain, Syed Asad, Muddesar Iqbal, Atif Saeed, Imran Raza, Hassan Raza, Amjad Ali, Ali Kashif Bashir, and Adeel Baig. "An Efficient Channel Access Scheme for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8246050.
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Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are getting more popularity due to the potential Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) technology. It provides many efficient network services such as safety warnings (collision warning), entertainment (video and voice), maps based guidance, and emergency information. VANETs most commonly use Road Side Units (RSUs) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) referred to as Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) mode for data accessing. IEEE 802.11p standard which was originally designed for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) is modified to address such type of communication. However, IEEE 802.11p uses Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) for communication between wireless nodes. Therefore, it does not perform well for high mobility networks such as VANETs. Moreover, in RSU mode timely provision of data/services under high density of vehicles is challenging. In this paper, we propose a RSU-based efficient channel access scheme for VANETs under high traffic and mobility. In the proposed scheme, the contention window is dynamically varied according to the times (deadlines) the vehicles are going to leave the RSU range. The vehicles with shorter time deadlines are served first and vice versa. Simulation is performed by using the Network Simulator (NS-3) v. 3.6. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs better in terms of throughput, backoff rate, RSU response time, and fairness.
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Ahmad, Farhan, Asma Adnane, Virginia Franqueira, Fatih Kurugollu, and Lu Liu. "Man-In-The-Middle Attacks in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks: Evaluating the Impact of Attackers’ Strategies." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114040.
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Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET), a vital component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technology, relies on communication between dynamically connected vehicles and static Road Side Units (RSU) to offer various applications (e.g., collision avoidance alerts, steep-curve warnings and infotainment). VANET has a massive potential to improve traffic efficiency, and road safety by exchanging critical information between nodes (vehicles and RSU), thus reducing the likelihood of traffic accidents. However, this communication between nodes is subject to a variety of attacks, such as Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attacks which represent a major risk in VANET. It happens when a malicious node intercepts or tampers with messages exchanged between legitimate nodes. In this paper, we studied the impact on network performance of different strategies which attackers can adopt to launch MITM attacks in VANET, such as fleet or random strategies. In particular, we focus on three goals of MITM attacks—message delayed, message dropped and message tampered. The simulation results indicate that these attacks have a severe influence on the legitimate nodes in VANET as the network experience high number of compromised messages, high end-to-end delays and preeminent packet losses.
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Kalkundri, Ravi U., Rajashri Khanai, and Kalkundri Praveen. "Survey on Security for WSN based VANET using ECC." International Annals of Science 8, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.30-37.
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With the increase in population, there is an increase in the number of car users drastically. Around the world, either millions of people die due to car accidents or they are severely injured by the accident. Most of the accidents occur due to lack of common information the drivers, as the lane change, applying sudden break, traffic congestion, etc, are the causes of accidents. Safety information such as speed limits, road conditions, traffic status, accidents, etc..., are used in some countries, but still more work is to be achieved. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) should be implemented and they should collect and distribute necessary safety information to other vehicles. VANET is a combination of Road Side Units (RSU’s) and On-Board Units (OBU’s). These RSU’s and OBU’s consist of various sensors, which are used to collect various data. The data collected by the sensors on the OBU’s on the vehicles can either be sent to another vehicle or can be displayed to the driver. Similarly, the sensor collects data at the RSU and sends the data to other RSU or depending on its nature and importance, the RSU may even be broadcasted to other vehicles. The main objective is to provide safety to the drivers, the passengers and to the information that is being transmitted between the nodes. However, in some scenarios, VANET’s may not guarantee timely detection of issues or any type of dangerous. We propose a solution by the integration of VANET and WSN to create a hybrid infrastructure with the in inexpensive wireless sensor nodes integrated on RSU’s along the roadside and on the OBU’s in the vehicle. As the new hybrid structure is proposed, there may be challenges that may occur. This article discussed these challenges and solutions to create an efficient and well-organized VANET-WSN Hybrid network.
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Al-qutwani, Majed, and Xingwei Wang. "Smart Traffic Lights over Vehicular Named Data Networking." Information 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10030083.
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The existing traffic light system fails to deal with the increase in vehicular traffic requirements due to fixed time programming. Traffic flow suffers from vehicle delay and congestion. A new networking technology called vehicular ad hoc networking (VANET) offers a novel solution for vehicular traffic management. Nowadays, vehicles communicate with each other (V2V), infrastructure (V2I), or roadside units (V2R) using IP-based networks. Nevertheless, IP-based networks demonstrate low performance with moving nodes as they depend on communication with static nodes. Currently, the research community is studying a new networking architecture based on content name called named data networking (NDN) to implement it in VANET. NDN is suitable for VANET as it sends/receives information based on content name, not content address. In this paper, we present one of VANET’s network applications over NDN, a smart traffic light system. Our system solves the traffic congestion issue as well as reducing the waiting time of vehicles in road intersections. This system replaces the current conventional system with virtual traffic lights (VTLs). Instead of installing traffic lights at every intersection, we utilize a road side unit (RSU) to act as the intersection controller. Instead of a light signal, the RSU collects the orders of vehicles that have arrived or will arrive at the intersection. After processing the orders according to the priority policy, the RSU sends an instant message for every vehicle to pass the intersection or wait for a while. The proposed system mimics a human policeman intersection controlling. This approach is suitable for autonomous vehicles as they only receive signals from the RSU instead of processing many images. We provide a map of future work directions for enhancing this solution to take into account pedestrian and parking issues.
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Alaya, Bechir, and Lamaa Sellami. "Multilayer Video Encoding for QoS Managing of Video Streaming in VANET Environment." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 18, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491433.
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Efficient delivery and maintenance of the quality of service (QoS) of audio/video streams transmitted over VANETs for mobile and heterogeneous nodes are one of the major challenges in the convergence of this network type and these services. In this context, we propose an inter-layer approach for multimedia stream transmission in a VANET environment (VSMENET). The main idea of our work is based on the dynamic adaptation of the transmission rate according to the physical rate available in the VANET. VSMENET is all about eliminating downtime during video playback by vehicle users. This involves adapting the quality of the video to the actual performance of the VANETs, intelligent encoding of video on the Road Side Units (RSU) side, and finally continuous maintenance of the calculation tasks on the RSU side and sufficient video data on the vehicle node side. Thus, we are interested in the process of evaluating the strict parameters of the VANETs, influencing the video transmission. For example, we propose, on the one hand, an architecture for intelligent data selection and good clock synchronization, and, on the other hand, efficient management of the availability and consumption of video data. We used the NetSim simulator to test the proposed approach performance. To this end, several algorithms such as OCLFEC, MAC, ShieldHEVC, and AntArmour have been implemented for such a performance comparison. Our work suggests that VSMENET is well concerning the average lifetime of the video packets and their delivery rate (more than 9% gain compared with other approaches).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Road side units (RSU)"
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Randriamasy, Malalatiana. "Localisation et transmissions sécurisées pour la communication Véhicule à Infrastructure (V2I) : Application au service de télépéage ITS-G5." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR011/document.
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La localisation précise des véhicules et la sécurité des échanges sont deux grands axes qui font la fiabilité des services fournis dans les systèmes de transport intelligent. Ces dernières années, elles font l’objet de nombreux projets de recherche pour des champs d’application divers. Dans cette thèse, le contexte d’application est la réalisation d’un service de télépéage utilisant la technologie ITS-G5. Cette technologie de communication sans-fil permet dans un premier temps le partage des informations de sécurité routière entre les véhicules (V2V), le véhicule et l’infrastructure (V2I). Dans cette thèse, on propose une architecture permettant d’échanger des transactions de télépéage utilisant les équipements communicants en ITS-G5 embarqués dans les véhicules connectés et les unités bord de route (UBR) de l’infrastructure. Les problématiques de nos travaux de recherche se concentrent sur la méthode de localisation des véhicules ayant effectué la transaction afin de pouvoir la valider et sur la sécurité de l’architecture proposée pour assurer l’échange de cette transaction. Afin de bien localiser les véhicules lors du passage au péage, notre approche propose la compréhension de la cinématique du véhicule par une modélisation adéquate à partir des données recueillies dans les messages coopératifs (CAM : Cooperative Awareness Message) en approche du péage. Cela améliorera les informations de géolocalisation déjà présentes. Notre objectif est d’arriver à une précision de moins d’un mètre pour distinguer 2 véhicules adjacents. D’autre part, le protocole de sécurité proposé permet d’assurer l’authentification des équipements participant à l’échange et à la validation de la transaction, l’intégrité des données échangées ainsi que la confidentialité des échanges compte tenu du contexte de communication sans-fil et de la sensibilité des données échangées. Une preuve de concept de la solution de télépéage utilisant la technologie ITS-G5 est développée et intègre nos deux contributionsThe precise localization of vehicles and the security of communication are requirements that make almost of the services provided in intelligent transport systems (ITS) more reliable. In recent years, they have been the subject of numerous research projects for various fields of application. In this thesis, the context is the development of an electronic toll service using the ITS-G5 technology. This wireless communication technology initially allows the sharing of traffic safety information between vehicles (V2V), vehicle and infrastructure (V2I). In our work, we propose a tolling application using equipment operating in ITS-G5 embedded in the connected vehicles and roadside units. For this, ensuring both precise geolocation of the vehicles and security of communication are required to validate the transaction.In order to properly locate the vehicles during the toll crossing, our approach is based on the understanding of the kinematics of the vehicle through a suitable modeling from the data collected in the cooperative messages (called CAM: Cooperative Awareness Message). This approach aims to improve the geolocation information already present in the message. Our goal is to achieve vehicle localization with an accuracy lower than one meter to distinguish two adjacent vehicles. On the other hand, the proposed tolling protocol ensures the authentication of the equipment or entities involved in the exchange and the validation of the transaction, the integrity of the transmitted data as well as the confidentiality of the communication. In this way, we take into account the context of the wireless communication and the sensitivity of the exchanged data. Our two contributions are integrated in the implemented Proof of Concept of the tolling application using the ITS-G5 technology
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Aldabbas, Hamza. "Securing data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/7987.
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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in which the mobile nodes are vehicles; these vehicles are autonomous systems connected by wireless communication on a peer-to-peer basis. They are self-organized, self-configured and self-controlled infrastructure-less networks. This kind of network has the advantage of being able to be set-up and deployed anywhere and anytime because it has no infrastructure set-up and no central administration. Distributing information between these vehicles over long ranges in such networks, however, is a very challenging task, since sharing information always has a risk attached to it especially when the information is confidential. The disclosure of such information to anyone else other than the intended parties could be extremely damaging, particularly in military applications where controlling the dissemination of messages is essential. This thesis therefore provides a review of the issue of security in VANET and MANET; it also surveys existing solutions for dissemination control. It highlights a particular area not adequately addressed until now: controlling information flow in VANETs. This thesis contributes a policy-based framework to control the dissemination of messages communicated between nodes in order to ensure that message remains confidential not only during transmission, but also after it has been communicated to another peer, and to keep the message contents private to an originator-defined subset of nodes in the VANET. This thesis presents a novel framework to control data dissemination in vehicle ad hoc networks in which policies are attached to messages as they are sent between peers. This is done by automatically attaching policies along with messages to specify how the information can be used by the receiver, so as to prevent disclosure of the messages other than consistent with the requirements of the originator. These requirements are represented as a set of policy rules that explicitly instructs recipients how the information contained in messages can be disseminated to other nodes in order to avoid unintended disclosure. This thesis describes the data dissemination policy language used in this work; and further describes the policy rules in order to be a suitable and understandable language for the framework to ensure the confidentiality requirement of the originator. This thesis also contributes a policy conflict resolution that allows the originator to be asked for up-to-date policies and preferences. The framework was evaluated using the Network Simulator (NS-2) to provide and check whether the privacy and confidentiality of the originators’ messages were met. A policy-based agent protocol and a new packet structure were implemented in this work to manage and enforce the policies attached to packets at every node in the VANET. Some case studies are presented in this thesis to show how data dissemination can be controlled based on the policy of the originator. The results of these case studies show the feasibility of our research to control the data dissemination between nodes in VANETs. NS-2 is also used to test the performance of the proposed policy-based agent protocol and demonstrate its effectiveness using various network performance metrics (average delay and overhead).
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Nguyen, Bach Long. "Cooperative vehicle-to-everything communications for intelligent transportation system applications." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1460431.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) are the two technological innovations proposed to satisfy the stringent requirements of delay, service continuity and throughput in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications, e.g. autonomous vehicle operation and stolen vehicle alert. However, in the standalone V2I networks, the sparse deployment and small coverage range of infrastructure units, e.g. road side units (RSUs), cause frequent service disruptions at requesting vehicles. Meanwhile, stand-alone V2V communications are intermittent and unreliable under high mobility and low vehicle density. Therefore, solutions that effectively combine V2I with V2V communications to meet the ITS application requirements, i.e. low service disruption and high achieved throughput, are called for. Additionally, the number of V2I and V2V links grows considerably when hundreds of vehicles request services at the same time. This leads to the question of how to allocate limited radio resources efficiently to a large number of links in ITS applications. In this study, we develop and evaluate a dynamic cooperative strategy and two scheduling schemes for V2I and V2V communications. The proposed approaches improve network connectivity in the scenarios where only one vehicle or many vehicles request the services simultaneously. To maintain service continuity at a single requesting vehicle, we propose a dynamic forwarder selection to generate an adaptive multi-hop V2I and V2V path between the vehicle and the RSU that it has just passed by. Through an analytical model and extensive simulations using the practical settings of the wireless channel and vehicular mobility, we show that: (i) The proposed scheme is a better choice than existing cooperation solutions in the sparse RSU scenarios; and (ii) A high vehicle density, more assistance willingness by the forwarders and larger buffer size at the requesting vehicle are shown to be beneficial for the proposed dynamic cooperation scheme. To address the issue of insufficient radio resources, we design a frequency scheduling and power control scheme for when multiple vehicles download data via single-hop V2I and V2V communications in an RSU’s coverage range. Mapping the V2I and V2V links to tuple-links, including multiple channel allocation, we formulate a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem to maximize the number of concurrent tuple-links. To solve the problem, we apply the delayed column generation (DCG) method to propose an algorithm. Our main findings are: (i) This design minimizes service disruptions compared to baseline scheduling approaches; and (ii) The proposed scheme not only improves average achieved throughput but also maintains ii throughput fairness among the requesting vehicles. As the vehicles receive their requested data through multi-hop V2I and V2V paths in the area uncovered by any RSUs, we develop a frequency scheduling and power control scheme for multi-hop communications. Using the specific constraints of multi-hop transmission, we formulate a non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard) problem to achieve the maximum number of active tuple-links within a sub-slot duration. Each tuple-link consists of multiple subslot and multiple channel allocations. After we design a DCG-based solution to the problem, our main findings are: (i) The proposed solution improves multi-hop network connectivity more than existing schemes when RSUs are deployed sparsely; and (ii) The efficiency of the proposed scheme can be further significantly enhanced by providing more available channels and equipping the requesting vehicles with a larger buffer size.
Book chapters on the topic "Road side units (RSU)"
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Ali, G. G. Md Nawaz, Edward Chan, and Wenzhong Li. "Two-Step Joint Scheduling Scheme for Road Side Units (RSUs)-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)." In Database Systems for Adanced Applications, 453–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20244-5_43.
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Yousefi, Saleh, Amin Amini Maleki, and Reza Hashemi. "File Distribution Algorithm from Multiple Road Side Units in Vehicular Networks." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 246–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21937-5_23.
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Almeida, João, Joaquim Ferreira, Arnaldo S. R. Oliveira, Paulo Pedreiras, and José Fonseca. "Enforcing Replica Determinism in the Road Side Units of Fault-Tolerant Vehicular Networks." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 3–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51207-5_1.
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Weihong, Yao, Yang Yuehui, and Tan Guozhen. "Recursive Kernighan-Lin Algorithm (RKL) Scheme for Cooperative Road-Side Units in Vehicular Networks." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 321–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53962-6_28.
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Reineri, Massimo, Claudio Casetti, Carla-Fabiana Chiasserini, Marco Fiore, Oscar Trullols-Cruces, and Jose M. Barcelo-Ordinas. "RSU Deployment for Content Dissemination and Downloading in Intelligent Transportation Systems." In IT Policy and Ethics, 1798–821. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2919-6.ch079.
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The focus of this chapter is twofold: information dissemination from infrastructure nodes deployed along the roads, the so-called Road-Side Units (RSUs), to passing-by vehicles, and content downloading by vehicular users through nearby RSUs. In particular, in order to ensure good performance for both content dissemination and downloading, the presented study addresses the problem of RSU deployment and reviews previous work that has dealt with such an issue. The RSU deployment problem is then formulated as an optimization problem, where the number of vehicles that come in contact with any RSU is maximized, possibly considering a minimum contact time to be guaranteed. Since such optimization problems turn out to be NP-hard, heuristics are proposed to efficiently approximate the optimal solution. The RSU deployment obtained through such heuristics is then used to investigate the performance of content dissemination and downloading through ns2 simulations. Simulation tests are carried out under various real-world vehicular environments, including a realistic mobility model, and considering that the IEEE 802.11p standard is used at the physical and medium access control layers. The performance obtained in realistic conditions is discussed with respect to the results obtained under the same RSU deployment, but in ideal conditions and protocol message exchange. Based on the obtained results, some useful hints on the network system design are provided.
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Neelima, S., and G. Siva Sankar. "An Efficient and Reliable Data Dissemination Among Autonomous Cars Through Cluster Based Relaying in VANETS." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde221298.
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With a lot of advancement in technology, there is an improvement in transportation so as to make the humans comfortable with driving. The idea behind this is the development of Autonomous cars also called as Self driving cars in which driving is similar to humans. The challenges faced in the Autonomous cars are to provide cooperative driving among themselves and collision avoidance between neighbor cars. The Autonomous cars communicate and gather the road information from the Road Side Units (RSU) that is placed along the road. Hence in this paper an efficient data dissemination model is proposed such that instead of making each and every car to communicate with the RSU’s which increases the travel time the autonomous cars moving on the road are formed as clusters based on certain distance limit and the car which is nearer to the RSU is identified as Cluster head. The Cluster head gathers the information from RSU and relays the information to all the other cars in its cluster. As the road information is broadcasted to all the other cars by the cluster head data dissemination becomes faster and travel time of the vehicles can also be reduced to a greater extent. The Cluster head apart from relaying the information of RSU’s can also transmit the information of object detection and traffic signal information to other cars in the cluster.
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Abassi, Ryma. "Trust Management in Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork." In Security and Privacy in Smart Sensor Networks, 47–62. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5736-4.ch003.
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A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a self-organized network that can be formed by connecting vehicles equipped with on-board units. Two types of communications are provided in VANET: vehicular-to-vehicular and vehicular-to-infrastructure. In the first communication type, vehicles communicate directly, whereas in V2I, vehicles communicate through routers called road side units (RSU). Trusted authorities control the network. VANET can be used in several cases. However, the main applications of VANET are oriented to safety issues. In such context, a security problem can have disastrous consequences. In fact, an attacker can be tempted to forward false information in order to obtain some privileges such as road liberation, etc. Hence, evaluating the reliability of transmissions is vital. Trust can be used to promote such healthy collaboration. In fact, trust enables collaborating vehicles to counter their uncertainty and suspicion by establishing trustworthy relationships. The main contribution of this chapter is then the proposition of a trust-based security scheme for VANET.
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Kumar, Navin, Luis Nero Alves, and Rui L. Aguiar. "Employing Traffic Lights as Road Side Units for Road Safety Information Broadcast." In Transportation Systems and Engineering, 143–59. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8473-7.ch007.
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There is great concern over growing road accidents and associated fatalities. In order to reduce accidents, improve congestion and offer smooth flow of traffic, several measures, such as providing intelligence to transport, providing communication infrastructure along the road, and vehicular communication, are being undertaken. Traffic safety information broadcast from traffic lights using Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a new cost effective technology which assists drivers in taking necessary safety measures. This chapter presents the VLC broadcast system considering LED-based traffic lights. It discusses the integration of traffic light Roadside Units (RSUs) with upcoming Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) architecture. Some of the offered services using this technology in vehicular environment together with future directions and challenges are discussed. A prototype demonstrator of the designed VLC systems is also presented.
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Kchaou, Amira, Ryma Abassi, and Sihem Guemara El Fatmi. "Toward a Security Scheme for an Intelligent Transport System." In Artificial Intelligence and Security Challenges in Emerging Networks, 221–36. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7353-1.ch009.
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Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) allow communication among vehicles using some fixed equipment on roads called roads side units. Vehicular communications are used for sharing different kinds of information between vehicles and RSUs in order to improve road safety and provide travelers comfort using exchanged messages. However, falsified or modified messages can be transmitted that affect the performance of the whole network and cause bad situations in roads. To mitigate this problem, trust management can be used in VANET and can be distributive for ensuring safe and secure communication between vehicles. Trust is a security concept that has attracted the interest of many researchers and used to build confident relations among vehicles. Hence, the authors propose a secured clustering mechanism for messages exchange in VANET in order to organize vehicles into clusters based on vehicles velocity, then CH computes the credibility of message using the reputation of vehicles and the miner controls the vehicle's behavior for verifying the correctness of the message.
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Kchaou, Amira, Ryma Abassi, and Sihem Guemara El Fatmi. "Toward a Security Scheme for an Intelligent Transport System." In Research Anthology on Blockchain Technology in Business, Healthcare, Education, and Government, 884–96. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5351-0.ch051.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) allow communication among vehicles using some fixed equipment on roads called roads side units. Vehicular communications are used for sharing different kinds of information between vehicles and RSUs in order to improve road safety and provide travelers comfort using exchanged messages. However, falsified or modified messages can be transmitted that affect the performance of the whole network and cause bad situations in roads. To mitigate this problem, trust management can be used in VANET and can be distributive for ensuring safe and secure communication between vehicles. Trust is a security concept that has attracted the interest of many researchers and used to build confident relations among vehicles. Hence, the authors propose a secured clustering mechanism for messages exchange in VANET in order to organize vehicles into clusters based on vehicles velocity, then CH computes the credibility of message using the reputation of vehicles and the miner controls the vehicle's behavior for verifying the correctness of the message.
Conference papers on the topic "Road side units (RSU)"
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Maharani, Chintya, and Ida Nurcahyani. "Analysis of the Effect of Road Side Units (RSU) Existence on A-STAR Routing Protocol Performance in VANET Network." In 2019 International Biomedical Instrumentation and Technology Conference (IBITeC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ibitec46597.2019.9091723.
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Macêdo, Jorge, Vicente Carvalho, Ermeson Andrade, and Francisco Airton Silva. "Modelagem e Análise da Comunicação em VANETs com uso de RSUs." In Workshop em Desempenho de Sistemas Computacionais e de Comunicação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wperformance.2022.223324.
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Escalabilidade e processamento paralelo são características inerentes às redes veiculares ou VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks). A implementação de VANETs pode envolver elevado custo e por serem sistemas críticos, possuem requisitos específicos que exigem configurações heterogêneas. O crescimento da rede aumenta a complexidade e fica propenso a erros, tais como disseminação de dados, perda de pacotes e atraso. Dado o custo de implementação de VANETs, as ferramentas de simulação surgem como alternativa para avaliar configurações apropriadas. Simuladores permitem verificar interações complexas em diversas configurações, compreender o comportamento do sistema e propor otimizações. A análise prévia permite dimensionar corretamente o sistema e minimizar o custo envolvido, seja na ampliação, seja na redução da quantidade de dispositivos. Este trabalho apresenta um modelo Stochastic Petri Net voltado para VANETs com Road Side Units (RSU), onde foram avaliadas as métricas tempo médio de resposta (MRT), probabilidade de descarte de mensagens, taxa de utilização da camada network WIFI e taxa de utilização da camada Edge RSU. A bateria de testes foi executada com variações na taxa chegada de requisições. A partir do estudo realizado foi possível verificar que a alta performance na camada Wifi deixa subutilizada a camada Edge RSU.
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Marcillo, Pablo, Ángel Leonardo Valdivieso Caraguay, and Myriam Hernandez-Alvarez. "Security in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002210.
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By 2020, the number of connected vehicles will reach 250 million units. Thus, one of five vehicles worldwide will count on any wireless connection. Functional areas such as telecommunications, infotainment, automatic driving, or mobility services will have to face the implications caused by that growth. As long as vehicles require exchanging information with other vehicles or accessing external networks through a communication infrastructure, these vehicles must be part of a network. A VANET is a type of mobile network formed by base stations known as Road Side Units (RSU) and vehicles equipped with communication units known as Onboard Units (OBU). The two modes of communication in a VANET are Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I). Some authors consider that V2I communication has more advantages than V2V communication because V2I communication provides services such as driving guidance or early warning for drivers. This consideration has meant that researchers show more interest in this mode of communication. Likewise, others affirm that the problem of V2I communication is its security. This review focuses on knowing the most relevant and current approaches on security in V2I communication. Among the solutions, we have authentication schemes based on Blockchain technology, Elliptic Curve cryptography, key insulation strategy, and certificateless aggregate signature technique. Also, we found security arquitectures and identification schemes based on SDN, NFV, and Fog / Edge / Cloud computing. The proposals focus on resolving issues such as the privacy-preserving, high computational work, regular updating and exposure of secret keys, large number of revoked pseudonyms lists, lack of scalability in networks, and high dependence on certification authorities. In addition, these proposals provide countermeasures or strategies against replay, message forgery, impersonation, eavesdropping, DDoS, fake information, modification, Sybil, man-in-the-middle, and spoofing attacks. Finally, we determined that the attacks in V2I communications mostly compromise security requirements such as confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and availability. Preserving privacy by reducing computational costs by integrating emerging technologies is the direction toward security in vehicular network points.
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Almeida, Thales T., Lucas de C. Gomes, Fernando M. Ortiz, José Geraldo R. Júnior, and Luís Henrique M. K. Costa. "Análise de Desempenho do IEEE 802.11p: Simulações versus Experimentos Reais." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2018.2433.
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A embarcação de dispositivos com o padrão IEEE 802.11p no ambiente automotivo é considerado um fator crucial para alavancar a segurança e a eficiência no trânsito, o que torna fundamental a avaliação deste padrão antes de sua completa integração com sistemas reais. Entretanto, devido ao custo elevado e à pouca oferta de dispositivos comerciais, a maioria dos trabalhos envolvendo VANETs (Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks) ainda é realizada apenas no campo das simulações. Visando comparar uma possível equivalência, este trabalho investiga os resultados de medições reais envolvendo cenários V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) e V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle). Para isso, foram confrontados os resultados obtidos por meio de OBUs (On-Board Units) e RSUs (Road Side Units) com os obtidos pelo simulador NS-3. Três métricas de rede foram avaliadas: o alcance máximo, a taxa de entrega de pacotes e o tempo entre recepções de pacotes. Também foi analisada a influência dos diferentes tipos de modulação permitidos no referido padrão e de diversos padrões de mobilidade. Este trabalho representa uma referência para a completa integração do padrão IEEE 802.11p e contribui para a validação e evolução dos modelos de simulação atuais.
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Senel, Numan, Shrivatsa Udupa, and Gordon Elger. "Sensor Data Preprocessing in Road-Side Sensor Units." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2021-acm-120.
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To improve safety, mitigate traffic congestion and to reduce pollution caused by vehicles, infrastructure-side sensors can be used, especially at critical locations in cities. In the future, infrastructural safeguarding has large potential, due to availability of advanced sensors (camera, radar, lidar) and vehicle-to-infrastructure(V2I) communications. Currently, camera-based systems are widely used to monitor traffic violations. A smart combination of multiple sensors like camera-RADAR or camera-LIDAR is used to determine the precise velocity and position of the traffic participants. In such scenarios RADAR/LIDAR will be responsible for detection of velocity or position and cameras will be used to identify the traffic participants, i.e. for object classification. However, processing of large amount of data is necessary at the sensor nodes. With the evolution of technology and availability of higher computational power, such systems will become affordable and smarter. Additional hardware can enable such systems to communicate with other traffic participants in order to increase safety and efficiency. Additional hardware and computational power will be limited due to cost overhead, size, weather conditions and power consumption limitations in the open-air roads. To mitigate such limitations, we have could-based solutions where data are acquired at the road side units but processed remotely in the cloud. Although it is a valid solution, it brings limitation regarding the required high bandwidth and is also a potential threat for data leaks, e.g. privacy and data security. To have a large detection range a camera imager needs to have a large chip area and high number of pixels. Therefore, the image size gets large even if the large number of pixels is not required for objects in short distance. In this paper an image pre-processing method is developed to reduce the sensor data size, which in turn reduces the computational power to process or the bandwidth to transmit the data. An increase of detection range is possible keeping the data size at an acceptable level. Reducing the sensor data size is a benefit and reduces the dependency of cloud-based solutions. Even in case of using a cloud-based solution, reduced data size will result in a lower network load, that increase overall performance of could base systems. In the paper, YOLO-V3 is used for object detection and classification of traffic participants. In Addition, the fixed installation of the camera in the infrastructure allows to apply methods for depth estimation when using only mono cameras. The improvement and accuracy of the depth estimation is benchmarked using data from RADAR and LiDAR sensors as ground truth, which are installed at the same sensor node as the camera, i.e. the data of Radar and LiDAR are fused to the camera data.
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Bazzi, Alessandro, Barbara M. Masini, Alberto Zanella, and Gianni Pasolini. "Virtual road side units for geo-routing in VANETs." In 2014 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccve.2014.7297547.
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Farsi, Abdelhak, and Piotr Szczechowiak. "Optimal deployment of Road Side Units in urban environments." In 2014 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccve.2014.7297665.
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Kamakura, Koji, and Bertrand Ducourthial. "Experimental validation of cooperative approach near road side units." In 2014 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc.2014.6906493.
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Fux, Vladimir, Patrick Maille, and Matteo Cesana. "Price competition between road side units operators in vehicular networks." In 2014 IFIP Networking Conference. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifipnetworking.2014.6857112.
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Reis, A. B., and S. Sargento. "Leveraging Parked Cars as Urban Self-Organizing Road-Side Units." In 2015 IEEE 82nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2015.7391007.
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