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1
Karunathilake, Thenuka, and Anna Förster. "A Survey on Mobile Road Side Units in VANETs." Vehicles 4, no. 2 (May 20, 2022): 482–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles4020029.
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The number of vehicles on the road increases daily, causing many fatal accidents and wasting much time for the average commuter every day due to congestion. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) were introduced to overcome these issues by enabling vehicle-to-vehicle communication and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The prime challenge in VANETs is the necessity of very low communication delays, especially for safety-related applications due to the high mobility nature of vehicles. The VANET architecture introduces a network component, the Road Side Unit (RSU), to meet the required delay limitations. Even though the RSU is a critical component in VANETs, as expected, the RSUs were not deployed throughout the world because of their high investment cost. As a solution, the idea of mobile RSU (mRSU) was introduced, and, ever since, several techniques of mRSU deployment strategies have been proposed. In this survey, we first analyze the importance of the RSU to the VANET architecture with real-world data incorporating the new 5G standard. Then, we investigate the research done in the areas of mRSU and exploit the pros and cons of each mRSU deployment strategy. Finally, we also discuss the future research directions of mRSU, and we explain the challenges connected to these future trends.
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Cho, Chanhyuk, and Sanghyun Ahn. "Efficient Maintenance of AODV Routes in the Vehicular Communication Environment with Sparsely Placed Road Side Units." Mobile Information Systems 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6252907.
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Thanks to the vehicular communication network, vehicles on the road can communicate with other vehicles or nodes in the global Internet. In this study, we propose an enhanced routing mechanism based on AODV so that road side units (RSUs) can provide continuous services such as video streaming services to vehicles which may be intermittently located outside of the coverage areas of RSUs. In the highway environment with sparsely placed RSUs, the communications between RSUs and vehicles are frequently disconnected due to high vehicular speeds. To resolve this problem, both V2I and V2V communications are utilized. In order to reduce the route recovery time and the number of route failures in the sparsely placed RSU environment, backup routes are established through the vehicles with longer direct communication duration with the RSU. The backup route substitutes the main route upon route disconnection. Also, for the efficient handover to the next RSU, the route shortening mechanism is proposed. For the performance evaluation of the proposed mechanism, we carried out the NS-3-based simulations.
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Ali, G. G. Md Nawaz, and Edward Chan. "Co-Operative Load Balancing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 1, no. 4 (October 2011): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2011100101.
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Recently data dissemination using Road Side Units (RSUs) in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) received considerable attention for overcoming the vehicle to vehicle frequent disconnection problem. An RSU becomes overloaded due to its mounting location and/or during rush hour overload. As an RSU has short wireless transmission coverage range and vehicles are mobile, a heavily overloaded RSU may experience high deadline miss rate in effect of serving too many requests beyond its capacity. In this work, the authors propose a co-operative multiple-RSU model, which offers the opportunity to the RSUs with high volume workload to transfer some of its overloaded requests to other RSUs that have light workload and located in the direction in which the vehicle is heading. Moreover, for performing the load balancing, the authors propose three different heuristic load transfer approaches. By a series of simulation experiments, the authors demonstrate the proposed co-operative multiple-RSU based load balancing model significantly outperforms the non-load balancing multiple-RSU based VANETs model against a number of performance metrics.
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Sun, Jian, and Yuwei Yang. "RSU LOCALIZATION MODEL AND SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION FOR VII NETWORK." TRANSPORT 26, no. 4 (January 9, 2012): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.638024.
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While facing the needs for Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) applications in traffic management, the paper deals with the problem of locating Road Side Units (RSU) for VII deployment. After analyzing the difference between traditional problems of locating traffic information detector and the problem of RSU location, a significance ranking model for RSU localization and three kinds of Significance Degree (SD) computing strategies are put forward. A VII simulation environment for the purpose of RSU localization optimization within VISSIM microscopic traffic simulation software is established developing add-on functions using VISSIM's Component Object Model (COM). A VII test bed of the Olympic Park network in Beijing is taken as an example to evaluate the performance of RSU localization model. The results of simulation experiments indicate that the mixed SD strategy considering both speed and route monitoring is superior to the other two SD strategies. Then, the impact of RSU number and OBE market penetration rate on the evaluation measures of traffic monitoring are studied with reference to the proposed mixed SD strategy. In this case, the evaluation measures of optimized RSU configurations generated by the ranking algorithm are always better than those of random RSU configurations. In addition, the benefits of optimized RSU configurations increase along with RSU number and market penetration rate while the benefits of random RSU configurations are more fluctuant.
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G, Kothai, and Poovammal E. "Performance Analysis of Stationary and Deterministic AODV Model." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 14, no. 17 (October 13, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i17.16643.
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Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is an emerging technology that provides a digital communication among vehicles, persons and Road-Side Units (RSU). VANETs are highly vulnerable to cyber-attacks. These cyber-attacks make a wrong illusion on traffic jam, can inject false information regarding traffics and injects large amount of spam messages that disrupts the normal functionalities. The main objective of the research work is to implement and analyze the different models that help in improving the traffic management. The scenarios are simulated, and the performance is analyzed using the OMNET++ Simulator<strong>.</strong>
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Hussain, Syed Asad, Muddesar Iqbal, Atif Saeed, Imran Raza, Hassan Raza, Amjad Ali, Ali Kashif Bashir, and Adeel Baig. "An Efficient Channel Access Scheme for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8246050.
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Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are getting more popularity due to the potential Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) technology. It provides many efficient network services such as safety warnings (collision warning), entertainment (video and voice), maps based guidance, and emergency information. VANETs most commonly use Road Side Units (RSUs) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) referred to as Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) mode for data accessing. IEEE 802.11p standard which was originally designed for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) is modified to address such type of communication. However, IEEE 802.11p uses Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) for communication between wireless nodes. Therefore, it does not perform well for high mobility networks such as VANETs. Moreover, in RSU mode timely provision of data/services under high density of vehicles is challenging. In this paper, we propose a RSU-based efficient channel access scheme for VANETs under high traffic and mobility. In the proposed scheme, the contention window is dynamically varied according to the times (deadlines) the vehicles are going to leave the RSU range. The vehicles with shorter time deadlines are served first and vice versa. Simulation is performed by using the Network Simulator (NS-3) v. 3.6. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs better in terms of throughput, backoff rate, RSU response time, and fairness.
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Ahmad, Farhan, Asma Adnane, Virginia Franqueira, Fatih Kurugollu, and Lu Liu. "Man-In-The-Middle Attacks in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks: Evaluating the Impact of Attackers’ Strategies." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114040.
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Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET), a vital component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technology, relies on communication between dynamically connected vehicles and static Road Side Units (RSU) to offer various applications (e.g., collision avoidance alerts, steep-curve warnings and infotainment). VANET has a massive potential to improve traffic efficiency, and road safety by exchanging critical information between nodes (vehicles and RSU), thus reducing the likelihood of traffic accidents. However, this communication between nodes is subject to a variety of attacks, such as Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attacks which represent a major risk in VANET. It happens when a malicious node intercepts or tampers with messages exchanged between legitimate nodes. In this paper, we studied the impact on network performance of different strategies which attackers can adopt to launch MITM attacks in VANET, such as fleet or random strategies. In particular, we focus on three goals of MITM attacks—message delayed, message dropped and message tampered. The simulation results indicate that these attacks have a severe influence on the legitimate nodes in VANET as the network experience high number of compromised messages, high end-to-end delays and preeminent packet losses.
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Kalkundri, Ravi U., Rajashri Khanai, and Kalkundri Praveen. "Survey on Security for WSN based VANET using ECC." International Annals of Science 8, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.30-37.
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With the increase in population, there is an increase in the number of car users drastically. Around the world, either millions of people die due to car accidents or they are severely injured by the accident. Most of the accidents occur due to lack of common information the drivers, as the lane change, applying sudden break, traffic congestion, etc, are the causes of accidents. Safety information such as speed limits, road conditions, traffic status, accidents, etc..., are used in some countries, but still more work is to be achieved. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) should be implemented and they should collect and distribute necessary safety information to other vehicles. VANET is a combination of Road Side Units (RSU’s) and On-Board Units (OBU’s). These RSU’s and OBU’s consist of various sensors, which are used to collect various data. The data collected by the sensors on the OBU’s on the vehicles can either be sent to another vehicle or can be displayed to the driver. Similarly, the sensor collects data at the RSU and sends the data to other RSU or depending on its nature and importance, the RSU may even be broadcasted to other vehicles. The main objective is to provide safety to the drivers, the passengers and to the information that is being transmitted between the nodes. However, in some scenarios, VANET’s may not guarantee timely detection of issues or any type of dangerous. We propose a solution by the integration of VANET and WSN to create a hybrid infrastructure with the in inexpensive wireless sensor nodes integrated on RSU’s along the roadside and on the OBU’s in the vehicle. As the new hybrid structure is proposed, there may be challenges that may occur. This article discussed these challenges and solutions to create an efficient and well-organized VANET-WSN Hybrid network.
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Al-qutwani, Majed, and Xingwei Wang. "Smart Traffic Lights over Vehicular Named Data Networking." Information 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10030083.
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The existing traffic light system fails to deal with the increase in vehicular traffic requirements due to fixed time programming. Traffic flow suffers from vehicle delay and congestion. A new networking technology called vehicular ad hoc networking (VANET) offers a novel solution for vehicular traffic management. Nowadays, vehicles communicate with each other (V2V), infrastructure (V2I), or roadside units (V2R) using IP-based networks. Nevertheless, IP-based networks demonstrate low performance with moving nodes as they depend on communication with static nodes. Currently, the research community is studying a new networking architecture based on content name called named data networking (NDN) to implement it in VANET. NDN is suitable for VANET as it sends/receives information based on content name, not content address. In this paper, we present one of VANET’s network applications over NDN, a smart traffic light system. Our system solves the traffic congestion issue as well as reducing the waiting time of vehicles in road intersections. This system replaces the current conventional system with virtual traffic lights (VTLs). Instead of installing traffic lights at every intersection, we utilize a road side unit (RSU) to act as the intersection controller. Instead of a light signal, the RSU collects the orders of vehicles that have arrived or will arrive at the intersection. After processing the orders according to the priority policy, the RSU sends an instant message for every vehicle to pass the intersection or wait for a while. The proposed system mimics a human policeman intersection controlling. This approach is suitable for autonomous vehicles as they only receive signals from the RSU instead of processing many images. We provide a map of future work directions for enhancing this solution to take into account pedestrian and parking issues.
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Alaya, Bechir, and Lamaa Sellami. "Multilayer Video Encoding for QoS Managing of Video Streaming in VANET Environment." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 18, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491433.
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Efficient delivery and maintenance of the quality of service (QoS) of audio/video streams transmitted over VANETs for mobile and heterogeneous nodes are one of the major challenges in the convergence of this network type and these services. In this context, we propose an inter-layer approach for multimedia stream transmission in a VANET environment (VSMENET). The main idea of our work is based on the dynamic adaptation of the transmission rate according to the physical rate available in the VANET. VSMENET is all about eliminating downtime during video playback by vehicle users. This involves adapting the quality of the video to the actual performance of the VANETs, intelligent encoding of video on the Road Side Units (RSU) side, and finally continuous maintenance of the calculation tasks on the RSU side and sufficient video data on the vehicle node side. Thus, we are interested in the process of evaluating the strict parameters of the VANETs, influencing the video transmission. For example, we propose, on the one hand, an architecture for intelligent data selection and good clock synchronization, and, on the other hand, efficient management of the availability and consumption of video data. We used the NetSim simulator to test the proposed approach performance. To this end, several algorithms such as OCLFEC, MAC, ShieldHEVC, and AntArmour have been implemented for such a performance comparison. Our work suggests that VSMENET is well concerning the average lifetime of the video packets and their delivery rate (more than 9% gain compared with other approaches).
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Michailidis, Emmanouel T., Nikolaos I. Miridakis, Angelos Michalas, Emmanouil Skondras, and Dimitrios J. Vergados. "Energy Optimization in Dual-RIS UAV-Aided MEC-Enabled Internet of Vehicles." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 4392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134392.
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Mobile edge computing (MEC) represents an enabling technology for prospective Internet of Vehicles (IoV) networks. However, the complex vehicular propagation environment may hinder computation offloading. To this end, this paper proposes a novel computation offloading framework for IoV and presents an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided network architecture. It is considered that the connected vehicles in a IoV ecosystem should fully offload latency-critical computation-intensive tasks to road side units (RSUs) that integrate MEC functionalities. In this regard, a UAV is deployed to serve as an aerial RSU (ARSU) and also operate as an aerial relay to offload part of the tasks to a ground RSU (GRSU). In order to further enhance the end-to-end communication during data offloading, the proposed architecture relies on reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) units consisting of arrays of reflecting elements. In particular, a dual-RIS configuration is presented, where each RIS unit serves its nearby network nodes. Since perfect phase estimation or high-precision configuration of the reflection phases is impractical in highly mobile IoV environments, data offloading via RIS units with phase errors is considered. As the efficient energy management of resource-constrained electric vehicles and battery-enabled RSUs is of outmost importance, this paper proposes an optimization approach that intends to minimize the weighted total energy consumption (WTEC) of the vehicles and ARSU subject to transmit power constraints, timeslot scheduling, and task allocation. Extensive numerical calculations are carried out to verify the efficacy of the optimized dual-RIS-assisted wireless transmission.
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D., Sathish Kumar, Thenmozhi R., Chinnasamy A., and Kalpanadevi S. "A Survey: Position based Non DTN and DTN Routing Protocol in VANET." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 1607–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19108.
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An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is an advanced technology which aims to provide modern services such as smart parking, Emergency vehicle alert notification systems, automatic traffic management, direction of safe driving, accident prevention system and many. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) play a significant role to implement an ITS system. In Vehicular Ad-hoc network, every vehicle and Road Side Units (RSU) take part in a communication to achieve the ITS services. Since nodes of VANET are different kind of vehicles with various speed, the formation of network will be more dynamic and scalability of network varies continuously. Due to dynamic characteristics of VANET, high density of traffic and more obstacles, routing is one the biggest challenge in urban area than rural area. In this paper we present an outline of VANET, taxonomy of routing, followed by a brief discussion of position based Non DTN and DTN routing protocol. Finally, we conclude the paper with comparison result of various position-based routing protocol.
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Sabri, Yassine, and Najib El Kamoun. "Traffic management in vehicular adhoc networks using hybrid deep neural networks and mobile agents." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v12.i1.pp114-123.
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<p>The traffic congestion in vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) is a vital problem due to its dynamic increase in traffic loads. VANETs undergo inefficient routing capability due to its increasing traffic demands. This has led to the need for intelligent transport system (ITS) to assist VANETs in enabling suitable traffic loads between vehicles and road side units (RSU). Most conventional systems offer distributed solution to manage traffic congestion but fail to regulate real-time traffic flows. In this paper, a dynamic traffic control in VANETs is offered by combining deep neural network (DNN) with mobile agents (MA). An experimental analysis is carried out to test the efficacy of the DNN-MA against conventional machine learning and a deep learning routing algorithm in VANETs. DNN-Mal is validated under various traffic congestion metrics like latency, percentage delivery ratio, packet error rate, and throughput. The results show that the proposed method offers reduced energy consumption and latency.</p>
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Yein, Alan Dahgwo, Chih-Hsueh Lin, Yu-Hsiu Huang, Wen-Shyong Hsieh, Chung-Nan Lee, and Pin-Chun Kuo. "A novel message authentication method for VANET without RSU." Engineering Computations 33, no. 8 (November 7, 2016): 2288–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-08-2015-0255.
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Purpose Riding on the wave of intelligent transportation systems, the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is becoming a popular research topic. VANET is designed to build an environment where the vehicles can exchange information about the traffic conditions or vehicle situation to help the vehicles avoid traffic accidents or traffic jams. In order to keep the privacy of vehicles, the vehicles must be anonymous and the routing must be untraceable while still being able to be verified as legal entities. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The exchanged messages must be authenticated to be genuine and verified that they were sent by a legal vehicle. The vehicles also can mutually trust and communicate confidentially. In VANETs, road-side units (RSUs) are installed to help the vehicles to obtain message authentication or communicate confidentially. However, the coverage of RSUs is limited due to the high cost of wide area installation. Therefore the vehicles must be able to obtain message authentication by themselves – without an RSU. Findings The authors take the concept of random key pre-distribution used in wireless sensor networks, modify it into a random secret pre-distribution, and integrate it with identity-based cryptography to make anonymous message authentication and private communication easier and safer. The authors construct a two-tier structure. The tier 1, trust authority, assigns n anonymous identities and embeds n secrets into these identities to be the private secret keys for the tier 2, registered vehicles. At any time, the vehicles can randomly choose one of n anonymous identities to obtain message authentication or communicate confidentially with other vehicles. Originality/value The processes of building neighbor set, setting pairing value, and message authenticating are proposed in this paper. The proposed method can protect against the attacks of compromising, masquerading, forging, and replying, and can also achieve the security requirements of VANET in message authentication, confidential communication, anonymity, and un-traceability. The performance of the proposed method is superior to the related works.
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Tripathi, Vijay Kumar, and S. Venkateswari. "Vehicular Ad Hoc Network as a Supplementary Cellular Tower by Using Open BTS." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.7754.
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VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network) used in vehicular communication which is trending are of current research and it is the future of vehicles industry. Many companies are investing lots of money to make their vehicles smart and effective so that need of driver can be reduced or omitted as well as journey should be safe and secure. Recently, Google tested its driverless car and the test was successful. Vehicular communication is becoming intelligent and efficient day by day. In this paper we are proposing a realistic approach to use VANET as an additional cellular tower by using Open BTS to reduce RSU (Road Side Units) and cellular towers. This will result reducing cost of installing more cell tower and increase communication speed along with reduction in harmful gasses which spreads in atmosphere due to use of diesel Generators which provide electricity to Cell Towers. VANET's OBU (On Board Unit) will work as Medium Range Cellular Tower (MRCT) to facilitate mobile phone and other subscribers in range of 1 to 2 Kilometer.
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Skondras, Emmanouil, Emmanouel T. Michailidis, Angelos Michalas, Dimitrios J. Vergados, Nikolaos I. Miridakis, and Dimitrios D. Vergados. "A Network Slicing Framework for UAV-Aided Vehicular Networks." Drones 5, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5030070.
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In a fifth generation (5G) vehicular network architecture, several point of access (PoA) types, including both road side units (RSUs) and aerial relay nodes (ARNs), can be leveraged to undertake the service of an increasing number of vehicular users. In such an architecture, the application of efficient resource allocation schemes is indispensable. In this direction, this paper describes a network slicing scheme for 5G vehicular networks that aims to optimize the performance of modern network services. The proposed architecture consists of ground RSUs and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) acting as ARNs enabling the communication between ground vehicular nodes and providing additional communication resources. Both RSUs and ARNs implement the LTE vehicle-to-everything (LTE-V2X) technology, while the position of each ARN is optimized by applying a fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making (fuzzy MADM) technique. With regard to the proposed network architecture, each RSU maintains a local virtual resource pool (LVRP) which contains local RBs (LRBs) and shared RBs (SRBs), while an SDN controller maintains a virtual resource pool (VRP), where the SRBs of the RSUs are stored. In addition, each ARN maintains its own resource blocks (RBs). For users connected to the RSUs, if the remaining RBs of the current RSU can satisfy the predefined threshold value, the LRBs of the RSU are allocated to user services. On the contrary, if the remaining RBs of the current RSU cannot satisfy the threshold, extra RBs from the VRP are allocated to user services. Similarly, for users connected to ARNs, the satisfaction grade of each user service is monitored considering both the QoS and the signal-to-noise plus interference (SINR) factors. If the satisfaction grade is higher than the predefined threshold value, the service requirements can be satisfied by the remaining RBs of the ARN. On the contrary, if the estimated satisfaction grade is lower than the predefined threshold value, the ARN borrows extra RBs from the LVRP of the corresponding RSU to achieve the required satisfaction grade. Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method optimizes the resource allocation and improves the performance of the offered services in terms of throughput, packet transfer delay, jitter and packet loss ratio, since the use of ARNs that obtain optimal positions improves the channel conditions observed from each vehicular user.
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Lee, Wei-Hsun, and Hsuan-Chih Wang. "A Person-Based Adaptive Traffic Signal Control Method with Cooperative Transit Signal Priority." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (March 27, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2205292.
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Real-time traffic signal control has long been a critical way to improve traffic congestion. Transit Signal Priority (TSP) is seen as a cost-effective way to reduce travel time variability. Most of the previous studies develop real-time signal control systems on a vehicle basis, which is unable to efficiently provide preferential treatment on transit vehicles. Person-based signal control systems, which transform traffic delay computation units from vehicle to passenger, have been proposed to try to address this limitation. However, their models, optimizing signal plan cycle-by-cycle, cannot rapidly respond to traffic variations. This study proposes a Person-based Adaptive traffic signal control method with Cooperative Transit signal priority (PACT). In PACT, not only do Road-Side Units (RSUs) perform signal optimization, but also On-Board Units (OBUs) provide in-vehicle speed advisory to reduce delays. The interaction between RSU and OBU is conducted second-by-second, which has high adaptability to traffic variations. Experiments are performed based on real traffic data via traffic simulation platform SUMO. The results indicate that PACT can efficiently reduce delays of both bus passengers and auto passengers at a signalized intersection. Compared to preoptimized signal plans, the results show that each passenger on transit vehicles experiences 33%–70% decreases in delays, and each auto passenger experiences 3%–29% decreases in delays. PACT can reduce 80%–98% in delays when the occupancy weight factor is relatively large, showing the potential of extending PACT on performing signal preemption.
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Madkour, Fatma Elzahraa, Umair Mohammad, Sameh Sorour, Mohamed Hefeida, and Ahmed Abdel-Rahim. "Vendor-Independent Reliability Testing Model for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 9 (July 7, 2020): 898–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120932910.
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This paper describes a vendor-independent reliability testing approach for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications in connected vehicle traffic signal system applications. It provides an alternative to using the communication data reported by proprietary vendor-supplied interfaces. This approach was based on building a rigorously tested translation model that uses measured received signal strength indicator (RSSI) from any V2I communication equipment to predict the corresponding packet delivery ratio (PDR). This was achieved by correlating the signal strength, measured using a generic power meter, to PDR values reported in the communication interface of the equipment of different vendors. Both stationary and in-motion (10–40 mph) field data collection tests were conducted at three intersections. These tests were performed over distances of up to 500 m between the road-side units (RSUs) and the on-board units (OBUs). In each test, the RSSI values for line-of-sight packet exchange between various RSUs and OBUs was collected in the field, using both a generic power meter and vendor-specific tools. Next, the results were statistically analyzed and logistic and linear regression models that predict PDR values were developed. A case study to test and validate this new PDR prediction model was conducted at two intersections in Boise, Idaho. This prediction model will enable transportation system operators to test and validate the efficiency of connected vehicle RSU/OBU communications at signalized intersection approaches under different traffic conditions, independent of vendor-provided tools.
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Yang, Chengjun, Jiansheng Peng, Yong Xu, Qingjin Wei, Ling Zhou, and Yuna Tang. "Edge Computing-Based VANETs’ Anonymous Message Authentication." Symmetry 14, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14122662.
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Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have high requirements for real-time data processing and security of message authentication. In order to solve the computing power asymmetry between vehicles and road side units (RSUs) in VANETs under high-density traffic, accelerate the processing speed of message authentication, and solve the problems of high computational overhead and long message authentication time caused by the use of bilinear pairing encryption technology in similar message-batch-authentication schemes, we propose introducing the concept of edge computing (EC) into VANETs and using idle nodes’ resources to assist the RSU in quickly authenticating messages to achieve computing power load balancing under multiple traffic flows. We propose introducing the idea of edge computing (EC) into VANETs and using idle nodes’ resources to assist RSUs in quickly authenticating messages. This scheme performs two identity-based message authentications based on the identity signature constructed by elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). One of them is the batch authentication of the vehicle sending messages by the RSU-authenticated vehicles with free resources, as temporary edge computing nodes (TENs), and the other is the authentication of the temporary TEN messages by the fixed-edge-node RSUs. The resources of the TEN are used to reduce the computational burden of RSUs and message authentication time, thereby improving the efficiency of system authentication of messages. We performed a security analysis of the scheme to prove its security properties and compared it with other schemes in terms of performance. The experimental results show that our scheme has a transmission overhead of 2400 bytes when there are four TENs, and the number of verification message requests reaches 20, which outperforms other methods. The gap will be more evident as the numbers of TEN and message verification requests increase.
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Et. al., Kishor N. Tayade,. "Enhancement of Link Stability and Connectivity in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 1S (April 11, 2021): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i1s.1767.
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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks is a promising sub-group of MANET. VANET is deployed on the highways, where the vehicles are mobile nodes. Safety and intelligent transportation are important VANET applications that require appropriate communication among vehicles, in particular routing technology. VANETs generally inherit their common features from MANETs where vehicles operate in a collaborative and dispersed way for promoting contact among vehicles and with network infrastructure like the Road Side Units (RSU) for enhanced traffic experience. In view of the fast growth of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), VANETs has attracted considerable interest in this decade. VANET suffer from a major problem of link failure due to dynamic mobility of vehicles. In this paper we proposed a position based routing algorithm to identify stable path, this will improve the routing by decreasing overhead and interrupting the number of links. Link Expiration Time (LET) is used to provide the stable link, the link with the longest LET is considered as the most stable link. The multicast Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (MAODV) is proposed to avoid the link breakages by using a link with longest LET. Data loss is reduced by avoiding link breakages and enhance throughput by reducing the communication delay.
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Latif, Shahid, Saeed Mahfooz, Bilal Jan, Naveed Ahmad, Haleem Farman, Murad Khan, and Huma Javed. "Multicriteria Based Next Forwarder Selection for Data Dissemination in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Using Analytical Network Process." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4671892.
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Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a wireless emerging technology that aims to provide safety and communication services to drivers and passengers. In VANETs, vehicles communicate with other vehicles directly or through road side units (RSU) for sharing traffic information. The data dissemination in VANETs is a challenging issue as the vehicles have to share safety critical information in real time. The data distribution is usually done using broadcast method resulting in inefficient use of network resources. Therefore, to avoid the broadcast storm and efficiently use network resources, next forwarder vehicle (NFV) is selected to forward data to nearby vehicles. The NFV selection is based on certain parameters like direction, distance, and position of vehicles, which makes it a multicriteria decision problem. In this paper, analytical network process (ANP) is used as a multicriteria decision tool to select the optimal vehicle as NFV. The stability of alternatives (candidate vehicles for NFV selection) ranking is checked using sensitivity analysis for different scenarios. Mathematical formulation shows that ANP method is applicable for NFV selection in VANETs. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms other state-of-the-art data dissemination schemes in terms of reachability, latency, collisions, and number of transmitted and duplicate data packets.
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Hossain, Md Delowar, Tangina Sultana, Md Alamgir Hossain, Md Abu Layek, Md Imtiaz Hossain, Phoo Pyae Sone, Ga-Won Lee, and Eui-Nam Huh. "Dynamic Task Offloading for Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Edge Computing Networks: A Non-Cooperative Game Theoretic Approach." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 3678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103678.
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Vehicular edge computing (VEC) is one of the prominent ideas to enhance the computation and storage capabilities of vehicular networks (VNs) through task offloading. In VEC, the resource-constrained vehicles offload their computing tasks to the local road-side units (RSUs) for rapid computation. However, due to the high mobility of vehicles and the overloaded problem, VEC experiences a great deal of challenges when determining a location for processing the offloaded task in real time. As a result, this degrades the quality of vehicular performance. Therefore, to deal with these above-mentioned challenges, an efficient dynamic task offloading approach based on a non-cooperative game (NGTO) is proposed in this study. In the NGTO approach, each vehicle can make its own strategy on whether a task is offloaded to a multi-access edge computing (MEC) server or a cloud server to maximize its benefits. Our proposed strategy can dynamically adjust the task-offloading probability to acquire the maximum utility for each vehicle. However, we used a best response offloading strategy algorithm for the task-offloading game in order to achieve a unique and stable equilibrium. Numerous simulation experiments affirm that our proposed scheme fulfills the performance guarantees and can reduce the response time and task-failure rate by almost 47.6% and 54.6%, respectively, when compared with the local RSU computing (LRC) scheme. Moreover, the reduced rates are approximately 32.6% and 39.7%, respectively, when compared with a random offloading scheme, and approximately 26.5% and 28.4%, respectively, when compared with a collaborative offloading scheme.
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Cao, Chenhong, Meijia Su, Shengyu Duan, Miaoling Dai, Jiangtao Li, and Yufeng Li. "QoS-Aware Joint Task Scheduling and Resource Allocation in Vehicular Edge Computing." Sensors 22, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 9340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239340.
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Vehicular edge computing (VEC) has emerged in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) as a new paradigm that offloads computation tasks to Road Side Units (RSU), aiming to thereby reduce the processing delay and resource consumption of vehicles. Ideal computation offloading policies for VEC are expected to achieve both low latency and low energy consumption. Although existing works have made great contributions, they rarely consider the coordination of multiple RSUs and the individual Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of different applications, resulting in suboptimal offloading policies. In this paper we present FEVEC, a Fast and Energy-efficient VEC framework, with the objective of realizing an optimal offloading strategy that minimizes both delay and energy consumption. FEVEC coordinates multiple RSUs and considers the application-specific QoS requirements. We formalize the computation offloading problem as a multi-objective optimization problem by jointly optimizing offloading decisions and resource allocation, which is a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem and NP-hard. We propose MOV, a Multi-Objective computing offloading method for VEC. First, vehicle prejudgment is proposed to meet the requirements of different applications by considering the maximum tolerance delay related to the current vehicle speed. Second, an improved Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is adopted to obtain the Pareto-optimal solutions with low complexity. Finally, the optimal offloading strategy is selected for QoS maximization. Extensive evaluation results based on real and simulated vehicle trajectories verify that the average QoS value of MOV is improved by 20% compared with the state-of-the-art VEC mechanism.
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Farooq, Shaik Mullapathi, S. M. Suhail Hussain, Siddavaram Kiran, and Taha Selim Ustun. "Certificate Based Security Mechanisms in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks based on IEC 61850 and IEEE WAVE Standards." Electronics 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8010096.
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When equipped with an on-board wireless kit, electric vehicles (EVs) can communicate with nearby entities, e.g., road side units (RSUs), via a vehicle ad-hoc network (VANET). More observability enables smart charging algorithms where charging stations (CSs) are allocated to EVs based on their current state of charge, destination, and urgency to charge. IEEE 1609 WAVE standard regulates VANETs, while IEC 61850 is emerging as the smart grid communication standard. In order to integrate these two domains of energy management, past research has focused on harmonizing these two standards for a full smart city solution. However, this solution requires very sensitive data to be transmitted, such as ownership of EV, owners’ personal details, and driving history. Therefore, data security in these networks is of prime concern and needs to be addressed. In this paper, different security mechanisms defined by the IEEE 1609 WAVE standard are applied for both vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communication. The former relates to EV–RSU, while the latter covers EV–CS communication. The implicit and explicit certificate mechanism processes proposed in IEEE 1609 WAVE for authentication are studied in great detail. Furthermore, a performance evaluation for these mechanisms is presented in terms of total time lapse for authentication, considering both the computational time and communication time delays. These results are very important in understanding the extra latency introduced by security mechanisms. Considering that VANETs may be volatile and may disappear as EVs drive away, overall timing performance becomes vital for operation. Reported results show the magnitude of this impact and compare different security mechanisms. These can be utilized to further develop VANET security approaches based on available time and the required security level.
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Tan, Haowen, Shichang Xuan, and Ilyong Chung. "HCDA: Efficient Pairing-Free Homographic Key Management for Dynamic Cross-Domain Authentication in VANETs." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12061003.
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Emerging as the effective strategy of intelligent transportation system (ITS), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have the capacity of drastically improving the driving experience and road safety. In typical VANET scenarios, high mobility and volatility of vehicles result in dynamic topology of vehicular networks. That is, individual vehicle may pass through the effective domain of multiple neighboring road-side-units (RSUs) during a comparatively short time interval. Hence, efficient and low-latency cross-domain verification with all the successive RSUs is of significance. Recently, a lot of research on VANET authentication and key distribution was presented, while the critical cross-domain authentication (CDA) issue has not been properly addressed. Particularly, the existing CDA solutions mainly reply on the acquired confidential keying information from the neighboring entities (RSUs and vehicles), while too much trustworthiness is granted to the involved RSUs. Please note that the RSUs are distributively located and may be compromised or disabled by adversary, thus vital vehicle information may be revealed. Furthermore, frequent data interactions between RSUs and cloud server are always the major requisite so as to achieve mutual authentication with cross-domain vehicles, which leads to heavy bandwidth consumption and high latency. In this paper, we address the above VANET cross-domain authentication issue under the novel RSU edge networks assumption. Please note that RSUs are assumed to be semi-trustworthy entity in our design, where critical vehicular keying messages remain secrecy. Homomorphic encryption design is applied for all involved RSUs and vehicles. In this way, successive RSUs could efficiently verify the cross-domain vehicle with the transited certificate from the neighbor RSUs and vehicle itself, while the identity and secrets of each vehicle is hidden all the time. Afterwards, dynamic updating towards the anonymous vehicle identity is conducted upon validation, where conditional privacy preserving is available. Moreover, pairing-free mutual authentication method is used for efficiency consideration. Formal security analysis is given, proving that the HCDA mechanism yields desirable security properties on VANET cross domain authentication issue. Performance discussions demonstrate efficiency of the proposed HCDA scheme compared with the state-of-the-art.
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Ali, Qutaiba. "Security Issues of Solar Energy Harvesting Road Side Unit (RSU)." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.11.1.3.
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Vehicular network security had spanned and covered a wide range of security related issues. However solar energy harvesting Road Side Unit (RSU) security was not defined clearly, it is this aspect that is considered in this paper. In this work, we will suggest an RSU security model to protect it against different internal and external threats. The main goal is to protect RSU specific data (needed for its operation) as well as its functionality and accessibility. The suggested RSU security model must responds to many objectives, it should ensure that the administrative information exchanged is correct and undiscoverable (information authenticity and privacy), the source (e.g., VANET server) is who he claims to be (message integrity and source authentication) and the system is robust and available (using Intrusion Detection System (IDS)). In this paper, we suggest many techniques to strength RSU security and they were prototyped using an experimental model based on Ubicom IP2022 network processor development kit.
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I. Ali, Qutaiba. "Security Issues of Solar Energy Harvesting Road Side Unit (RSU)." Iraqi Journal for Electrical And Electronic Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 28, 2015): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33762/eeej.2015.102711.
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Kherroubi, Zine El Abidine, Samir Aknine, and Rebiha Bacha. "New Off-Board Solution for Predicting Vehicles' Intentions in the Highway On-Ramp Using Probabilistic Classifiers (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 10 (April 3, 2020): 13841–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i10.7193.
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Ju, Hong-Taek, Kang-Min Ko, and Dong-Woo Kwon. "Development of WAVE Networking Service Protocol for RSU(Road-side Unit)." Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society 37, no. 5B (May 30, 2012): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2012.37b.5.395.
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Guerna, Abderrahim, Salim Bitam, and Carlos T. Calafate. "Roadside Unit Deployment in Internet of Vehicles Systems: A Survey." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 3190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093190.
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In recent years, the network technology known as Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has been developed to improve road safety and vehicle security, with the goal of servicing the digital demands of car drivers and passengers. However, the highly dynamical network topology that characterizes these networks, and which often leads to discontinuous transmissions, is one of the most significant challenges of IoV. To address this issue, IoV infrastructure-based components known as roadside units (RSU) are designed to play a critical role by providing continuous transmission coverage and permanent connectivity. However, the main challenges that arise when deploying RSUs are balancing IoVs’ performances and total cost so that optimal vehicle service coverage is provided with respect to some target Quality of Service (QoS) such as: service coverage, throughput, low latency, or energy consumption. This paper provides an in-depth survey of RSU deployment in IoV networks, discussing recent research trends in this field, and summarizing of a number of previous papers on the subject. Furthermore, we highlight that two classes of RSU deployment can be found in the literature—static and dynamic—the latter being based on vehicle mobility. A comparison between the existing RSU deployment schemes proposed in existing literature, as well as the various networking metrics, are presented and discussed. Our comparative study confirms that the performance of the different RSU placement solutions heavily depends on several factors such as road shape, particularity of road segments (like accident-prone ones), wireless access methods, mobility model, and vehicles’ distribution over time and space. Besides that, we review the most important RSU placement approaches, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Finally, this survey concludes by presenting some future research directions in this domain.
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Wong, Robert, Jack White, Sumanjit Gill, and Shahab Tayeb. "Virtual Traffic Light Implementation on a Roadside Unit over 802.11p Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments." Sensors 22, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 7699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207699.
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Blind intersections have high accident rates due to the poor visibility of oncoming traffic, high traffic speeds, and lack of infrastructure (e.g., stoplights). These intersections are more commonplace in rural areas, where traffic infrastructure is less developed. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) aims to address such safety concerns through a network of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) that intercommunicate. This paper proposes a Road-Side Unit-based Virtual Intersection Management (RSU-VIM) over 802.11p system consisting of a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) lightweight RSU that is solar power-based and tailored to rural areas. The RSU utilizes the proposed RSU-VIM algorithm adapted from existing virtual traffic light methodologies to communicate with vehicles over IEEE 802.11p and facilitate intersection traffic, minimizing visibility issues. The implementation of the proposed system has a simulated cloud delay of 0.0841 s and an overall system delay of 0.4067 s with 98.611% reliability.
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Ganeshkumar, P., and P. Gokulakrishnan. "Emergency Situation Prediction Mechanism: A Novel Approach for Intelligent Transportation System Using Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/218379.
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In Indian four-lane express highway, millions of vehicles are travelling every day. Accidents are unfortunate and frequently occurring in these highways causing deaths, increase in death toll, and damage to infrastructure. A mechanism is required to avoid such road accidents at the maximum to reduce the death toll. An Emergency Situation Prediction Mechanism, a novel and proactive approach, is proposed in this paper for achieving the best of Intelligent Transportation System using Vehicular Ad Hoc Network. ESPM intends to predict the possibility of occurrence of an accident in an Indian four-lane express highway. In ESPM, the emergency situation prediction is done by the Road Side Unit based on (i) the Status Report sent by the vehicles in the range of RSU and (ii) the road traffic flow analysis done by the RSU. Once the emergency situation or accident is predicted in advance, an Emergency Warning Message is constructed and disseminated to all vehicles in the area of RSU to alert and prevent the vehicles from accidents. ESPM performs well in emergency situation prediction in advance to the occurrence of an accident. ESPM predicts the emergency situation within 0.20 seconds which is comparatively less than the statistical value. The prediction accuracy of ESPM against vehicle density is found better in different traffic scenarios.
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Ben bezziane, Mohamed, Ahmed Korichi, Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache, and Mohamed el Amine Fekair. "RCVC: RSU-Aided Cluster-Based Vehicular Clouds Architecture for Urban Areas." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020193.
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As a promising topic of research, Vehicular Cloud (VC) incorporates cloud computing and ad-hoc vehicular network (VANET). In VC, supplier vehicles provide their services to consumer vehicles in real-time. These services have a significant impact on the applications of internet access, storage and data. Due to the high-speed mobility of vehicles, users in consumer vehicles need a mechanism to discover services in their vicinity. Besides this, quality of service varies from one supplier vehicle to another; thus, consumer vehicles attempt to pick out the most appropriate services. In this paper, we propose a novel protocol named RSU-aided Cluster-based Vehicular Clouds protocol (RCVC), which constructs the VC using the Road Side Unit (RSU) directory and Cluster Head (CH) directory to make the resources of supplier vehicles more visible. While clusters of vehicles that move on the same road form a mobile cloud, the remaining vehicles form a different cloud on the road side unit. Furthermore, the consumption operation is achieved via the service selection method, which is managed by the CHs and RSUs based on a mathematical model to select the best services. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of our protocol in terms of service discovery and end-to-end delay, where we achieved service discovery and end-to-end delay of 3 × 10−3 s and 13 × 10−2 s, respectively. Moreover, we carried out an experimental comparison, revealing that the proposed method outperformed several states of the art protocols.
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Al-Shareeda, Mahmood A., Selvakumar Manickam, Badiea Abdulkarem Mohammed, Zeyad Ghaleb Al-Mekhlafi, Amjad Qtaish, Abdullah J. Alzahrani, Gharbi Alshammari, Amer A. Sallam, and Khalil Almekhlafi. "Provably Secure with Efficient Data Sharing Scheme for Fifth-Generation (5G)-Enabled Vehicular Networks without Road-Side Unit (RSU)." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 9961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169961.
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The vehicles in the fifth-generation (5G)-enabled vehicular networks exchange the data about road conditions, since the message transmission rate and the downloading service rate have been considerably brighter. The data shared by vehicles are vulnerable to privacy and security issues. Notably, the existing schemes require expensive components, namely a road-side unit (RSU), to authenticate the messages for the joining process. To cope with these issues, this paper proposes a provably secure efficient data-sharing scheme without RSU for 5G-enabled vehicular networks. Our work included six phases, namely: TA initialization (TASetup) phase, pseudonym-identity generation (PIDGen) phase, key generation (KeyGen) phase, message signing (MsgSign) phase, single verification (SigVerify) phase, and batch signatures verification (BSigVerify) phase. The vehicle in our work has the ability to verify multiple signatures simultaneously. Our work not only achieves privacy and security requirements but also withstands various security attacks on the vehicular network. Ultimately, our work also evaluates favourable performance compared to other existing schemes with regards to costs of communication and computation.
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Yuan, Jia Lu, Hai Lin Jiang, and Hua Shen Wang. "HLA Based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 1458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.1458.
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Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is a promising technology in enabling highway active safety applications such as collision warning and information broadcasting. Nowadays, VANET is extended to offer more services like vehicle tracking, WI-FI access, and Global Positioning System (GPS) services. However, there`s still serious challenges in enabling information disseminated while avoiding broadcast storm. In this paper, we develop an HLA Federation with two federates to evaluate the VANET performance with or without Road-side Unit (RSU) in the same scenarios. We use OPNET Modeler to evaluate the performance of VANET and use Paramics to set the trajectory of vehicle node in OPNET Modeler and find out the improvement of communication quality brought by RSU.
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Talusan, Jose Paolo V., Michael Wilbur, Abhishek Dubey, and Keiichi Yasumoto. "Route Planning Through Distributed Computing by Road Side Units." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 176134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3026677.
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Ibrahim, Qutaiba. "Enhanced power management scheme for embedded road side units." IET Computers & Digital Techniques 10, no. 4 (July 2016): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cdt.2015.0135.
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Robles Casa, Jefferson Eduardo, and Martha Cecilia Paredes Paredes. "Evaluación del desempeño de una HetNet de caravanas, caso de estudio: centro histórico de Quito." Revista de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información 10, no. 21 (September 2022): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36825/riti.10.21.005.
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In the Quito historical center, due to its narrow streets, vehicular congestion is very frequent. Intelligent vehicles can be used, which have fully automatic driving, but need to interact with each other. The manner in which smart vehicles interact is through vehicle networks, which require the installation of an infrastructure called RSU (Road Side Unit) that uses the IEEE 802.11p standard and the RSU allows sending vehicle information to more distant places. However, installing RSUs requires an economic investment, so, as an alternative, it can be combined with an already deployed infrastructure such as the LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular network, forming a heterogeneous network (HetNet). This paper seeks to analyze the behavior of the platooning HetNet through the analysis of physical and technical parameters of two network scenarios within of the Quito historical center.
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Raj, A. Samson Arun, and Yogesh Palanichamy. "An aerial intelligent relay-road side unit (AIR-RSU) framework for modern intelligent transportation system." Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 13, no. 3 (January 10, 2020): 965–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12083-019-00860-x.
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Tak, Sehyun, Jinsu Yoon, Soomin Woo, and Hwasoo Yeo. "Sectional Information-Based Collision Warning System Using Roadside Unit Aggregated Connected-Vehicle Information for a Cooperative Intelligent Transport System." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (July 21, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1528028.
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Vehicular collision and hazard warning is an active field of research that seeks to improve road safety by providing an earlier warning to drivers to help them avoid potential collision danger. In this study, we propose a new type of a collision warning system based on aggregated sectional information, describing vehicle movement processed by a roadside unit (RSU). The proposed sectional information-based collision warning system (SCWS) overcomes the limitations of existing collision warning systems such as the high installation costs, the need for high market penetration rates, and the lack of consideration of traffic dynamics. The proposed SCWS gathers vehicle operation data through on-board units (OBUs) and shares this aggregated information through an RSU. All the data for each road section are locally processed by the RSU using edge computing, allowing the SCWS to effectively estimate the information describing the vehicles surrounding the subject vehicle in each road section. The performance of the SCWS was evaluated through comparison with other collision warning systems such as the vehicle-to-vehicle communication-based collision warning system (VCWS), which solely uses in-vehicle sensors; the hybrid collision warning system (HCWS), which uses information from both infrastructure and in-vehicle sensors; and the infrastructure-based collision warning system (ICWS), which only uses data from infrastructure. In this study, the VCWS with a 100% market penetration rate was considered to provide the most theoretically similar result to the actual collision risk. The comparison results show that in both aggregation and disaggregation level analyses, the proposed SCWS exhibits a similar collision risk trend to the VCWS. Furthermore, the SCWS shows a high potential for practical application because it provides acceptable performance even with a low market penetration rate (30%) at the relatively low cost of OBU installation, compared to the VCWS requirement of a high market penetration rate at a high installation cost.
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Shree, Divya, and Dinesh Singh. "Performance Evaluation of Realistic Mobility Models using Road Side Units." International Journal of Computer Applications 80, no. 15 (October 18, 2013): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/13939-1909.
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Fux, Vladimir, Patrick Maillé, and Matteo Cesana. "Road-side units operators in competition: A game-theoretical approach." Computer Networks 88 (September 2015): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2015.06.008.
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Wang, Pang-wei, Hong-bin Yu, Lin Xiao, and Li Wang. "Online Traffic Condition Evaluation Method for Connected Vehicles Based on Multisource Data Fusion." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7248189.
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With the development of connected vehicle (CV) and Vehicle to X (V2X) communication, more traffic data is being collected from the road network. In order to predict future traffic condition from connected vehicles’ data in real-time, we present an online traffic condition evaluation model utilizing V2X communication. This model employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the multilevel fuzzy set theory to fuse multiple sources of information for prediction. First, the contemporary vehicle data from the On Board Diagnostic (OBD) is fused with the static road data in the Road Side Unit (RSU). Then, the real-time traffic evaluation scores are calculated using the variable membership model. The real data collected by OBU in field test demonstrates the feasibility of the evaluation model. Compared with traditional evaluation systems, the proposed model can handle more types of data but demands less data transfer.
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Wang, Feng, Chenle Wang, Kan Wang, Qiaoyong Jiang, Bin Wang, and Wenjuan He. "Multiobjective Differential Evolution with Discrete Elite Guide in Internet of Vehicles Roadside Unit Deployment." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (November 11, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4207130.
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In a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), roadside units (RSUs) are installed at roadside and intersections to process vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, collect and analyse intelligent vehicle traffic data, send information to vehicles, and achieve early warning of safe driving of vehicles. Owning to the high cost of implementing and maintaining RSUs, it is of vital importance to determine where and how many RSUs to deploy. Optimal RSU deployment requires both a small number of RSUs and the maximum coverage of vehicle running process, which constitutes a conflicting multiobjective problem. Nevertheless, existing works do not explicitly utilize multiobjective algorithm to solve the RSU deployment problem. Therefore, a multiobjective differential evolution approach is proposed in this work to solve the problem. Firstly, to conquer the complexity of urban road RSU deployment, the static model is established. Secondly, in the proposed multiobjective differential evolution with discrete elitist guide (MODE-deg), the sigmoid function is applied to discrete individual values. Finally, elitist individuals are selected based on crowding distance ranking and nondominated ranking to generate new individuals, which further improve the convergence speed and population performance. Experimental results show that MODE-deg can generate the optimal nondominant solution set with good convergence and diversity, in contrast to other multiobjective evolutionary algorithms in five test functions of ZDT.
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Raj, A. Samson Arun, and Yogesh Palanichamy. "Packet classification based aerial intelligent relay-road side unit (air-rsu) framework for vehicular ad-hoc networks." Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 14, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 1132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01092-8.
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Li, Hongming, Dongxiu Ou, and Yuqing Ji. "An Environmentally Sustainable Software-Defined Networking Data Dissemination Method for Mixed Traffic Flows in RSU Clouds with Energy Restriction." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215112.
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The connected multi road side unit (RSU) environment can be envisioned as the RSU cloud. In this paper, the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) framework is utilized to dynamically reconfigure the RSU clouds for the mixed traffic flows with energy restrictions, which are composed of five categories of vehicles with distinctive communication demands. An environmentally sustainable SDN data dissemination method for safer and greener transportation solutions is thus proposed, aiming to achieve the lowest overall SDN cloud delay with the least working hosts and minimum energy consumption, which is a mixed integer linear programming problem (MILP). To solve the problem, Joint optimization algorithms with Finite resources (JF) in three hyperparameters versions, JF (DW = 0.3, HW = 0.7), JF (DW = 0.5, HW = 0.5) and JF (DW = 0.7, HW = 0.3), were proposed, which are in contrast with single-objective optimization algorithms, the Host Optimization (H) algorithm, and the Delay optimization (D) algorithm. Results show that JF (DW = 0.3, HW = 0.7) and JF (DW = 0.5, HW = 0.5), when compared with the D algorithm, usually had slightly larger cloud delays, but fewer working hosts and energy consumptions, which has vital significance for enhancing energy efficiency and environmental protection, and shows the superiority of JFs over the D algorithm. Meanwhile, the H algorithm had the least working hosts and fewest energy consumptions under the same conditions, but completely ignored the explosive surge of delay, which is not desirable for most cases of the SDN RSU cloud. Further analysis showed that the larger the network topology of the SDN cloud, the harder it was to find a feasible network configuration. Therefore, when designing an environmentally sustainable SDN RSU cloud for the greener future mobility of intelligent transportation systems, its size should be limited or partitioned into a relatively small topology.
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Sasirekha, V., and S. Nithyadevi. "Detecting and Preventing a Black Hole Attack in VANET." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 8, S1 (February 5, 2019): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2019.8.s1.2015.
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In recent years, Vehicular Adhoc Network is one of fastest ongoing emerging field in the networking industry. But it faces lot of challenges today. Security is the major concern in the VANET. Now a day’s hacking is the hobby of the programmers. Lots of applications were developed for security attack. VANET is a dynamic network, it require secure communication. The VANET is vulnerable to various types of attacks. In this paper we have focused on black hole attack. The Black hole attack may interrupt the packets and insert the false information in the packets and sends to the other vehicle. The receiver of the vehicles is directly affected. Here we developed a mechanism with AODV protocol called blackhole attack detection and prevention which is mainly focused on vehicles sequence number. The source vehicles sequence number compared with the destination vehicles sequence number. If it is larger than the destination vehicle then the vehicle is marked as malicious vehicle. And this vehicles information is send to the Road Side Unit(RSU). The Road Side Unit analyzes the malicious vehicle and blocks the vehicle.
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Waqas, Muhammad, Shanshan Tu, Sadaqat Ur Rehman, Zahid Halim, Sajid Anwar, Ghulam Abbas, Ziaul Haq Abbas, and Obaid Ur Rehman. "Authentication of Vehicles and Road Side Units in Intelligent Transportation System." Computers, Materials & Continua 64, no. 1 (2020): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2020.09821.
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Chen, Fei, Detian Zhang, Jian Zhang, Xiaofeng Wang, Lifang Chen, Yuan Liu, and Jiangchuan Liu. "Distribution-aware cache replication for cooperative road side units in VANETs." Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 11, no. 5 (July 5, 2017): 1075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12083-017-0582-4.
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Kulandaivel, Rajkumar, Monica Balasubramaniam, Fadi Al-Turjman, Leonardo Mostarda, Manikandan Ramachandran, and Rizwan Patan. "Intelligent Data Delivery Approach for Smart Cities Using Road Side Units." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 139462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943013.
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