Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Road subgrades'

Roads constructed on expansive clays may be adversely affected by the behaviour of the clay. Expansive clays suffer volume change due to changes in moisture content which causes heaving, cracking and the break up of the road pavement. Stabilisation of these types of soil is necessary to suppress swelling and increase the strength of the soil and thus partially decrease the thickness of road pavement layers. The use of by-product materials for stabilisation has environmental and economic benefits. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS), a by-product material in Egypt, and lime are used in the current work to stabilise samples of a clay soil similar to a typical Egyptian clay soil. This test soil comprises 80% River Aire soil and 20% calcium montmorillonite. The main objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of GGBS, with and without lime, on the engineering behaviour (plasticity characteristics, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and swelling potential) of the test soil and to identify the reaction products of the stabilised materials to determine the mechanisms by which changes in engineering properties are obtained. In order to achieve these objectives, extensive laboratory investigations were carried out. Various mixes (up to 10% GGBS by dry weight of the test soil and up to 30% replacement by hydrated lime) were prepared and cured under two representative conditions {20°C with 90-100% relative humidity (CCI) and 35° C with 50-60% relative humidity (CC2)} for up to 12 months. Compaction and plasticity were measured soon after mixing, the swelling potential and UCS were measured after longer curing periods. Four analytical techniques {X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)} were used to identify the reaction products of the clay fraction of the test soil mixed with various amount of GGBS and lime. This pure clay test soil was used to ease identification of the reaction products. The investigations showed that generally the engineering properties (UCS, swelling, plasticity) improved with the addition of GGBS and with increasing curing period and temperature. The addition of lime resulted in a dramatic improvement within the test ranges covered in the programme. The maximum dry density, MDD, decreased and the optimum moisture content, OMC, increased with increasing GGBS and lime content. The major changes in the UCS and swelling behaviour are due to the formation of new cementitious materials. The analytical investigation confirmed two major reactions when GGBS and lime were added to the pure clay soil, hydration of GGBS activated by lime to produce calcium aluminosilicate hydrate gel (C-A-S-H) and hydrotalcite type phase, and the clay-lime reaction to produce calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), (C-A-H) and (C-A-S-H). The NMR test results revealed that the aluminosilicate chain length (EL), the aluminium: silicate (Al/Si) ratio and the amount of Si in the formed C-S-H significantly increased with an increase in the curing temperature and period, which indicates a more stable and well crystalline C-S-H. The results indicate that the use of GGBS alone, or preferably with lime, could have a significant effect on the behaviour of potentially swelling clays. Recommendations for further studies include a study of the effect of cyclic loading on the test soil. Also, site trials should be carried out to assess the suitability of using these materials in the field.

A Resolução nº 258/99 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente - CONAMA, em vigor desde janeiro de 2002, obriga a destinação ambientalmente correta de pneumáticos inservíveis. Os pneus são considerados inservíveis devido ao desgaste e quando não há possibilidade de reaproveitamento para uso veicular e nem para processos de reforma. Entretanto, preservam propriedades físicas com potencial de aproveitamento na engenharia civil. Nos últimos anos surgiram várias iniciativas no Brasil, desde pesquisas acadêmicas à execução de obras, para a utilização de pneus, sobretudo em pavimentação asfáltica e aterros reforçados. Este trabalho analisa outras alternativas de aplicação de pneus inservíveis em obras geotécnicas e rodoviárias. Apresenta a caracterização dos pneus, suas propriedades físicas, parâmetros geotécnicos e geomecânicos e são realizadas análises paramétricas para cada tipo de aplicação estudada, isto é, muros de gravidade, reforço do subleito de pavimentos e aterros leves.
The Resolution nº 258/99 of the Brazilian Council for the Environment - CONAMA, in vigour since January of 2002, compels the environmentaly correct destination of scrap tires. The tires are considered used when there is no possibility of vehicle utilization or renew process. However, they preserve physical properties with potential of utilization in civil engineering. In the last years, for instance, several options were considered in Brazil, from academic researches to the execution of works, particularly in the asphalt paving industry and in reinforced embankments. This work analyzes anothers alternatives for scrap tires in geotechnical and transportation applications. It presents the characterization of tires, their physical properties and geotechnical and geomechanics parameters. It also presents parametric analyses carried out for each type of studied application, that is, gravity walls, reinforcement of road subgrades and lightweigth fill for road embankment.

Road pavement design in Kurdistan is based on ASSHTO 1993. However, it seems not to be entirely satisfactory since it is unable to take full account of properties of local soils or those which have been stabilised. To address this, a design procedure applicable to different material and environmental conditions was developed. The associated research consisted of a suite of laboratory experiment allied to the development of a finite element model. The laboratory work was undertaken on three types of subgrade soils found in Kurdistan to determine their permanent deformation behaviour, UCS and resilient modulus for a range of moisture contents. The experimental investigation considered soils stabilised with 2%, 4% cement content and a combination of cement and lime with 2% cement plus 1.5% lime and 4% cement and 1.5% lime. The results were used to develop empirical equations to: (i) predict resilient modulus values of deteriorated modified soils as a function of different stabiliser contents and types; (ii) correlate resilient modulus values of soils with their UCS and stress state; (iii) determine the accumulation of permanent deformation in modified subgrade soils subject to weathering. These relationships, together with the developed finite element model were used to establish the design procedure.

Abstract This PhD thesis is composed of a synopsis and five published papers that are focused on both the research results of studies on electrical properties of road materials and subgrade soils and their seasonal changes and the use of Ground Penetrating Radar technique in traffic infrastructure surveys. The data for this survey was collected mainly in Finland, Texas, Scotland and Sweden and thus presents many kinds of road materials, subgrade soils and climate conditions. The synopsis of this work begins with a presentation of the theory and basic principles of GPR techniques. Special attention is given to the dielectric properties and seasonal changes of unbound road materials and subgrade soils. The synopsis also presents different kinds of GPR hardware systems as well as recommendations and experiences from different data collection, processing and interpretation techniques. Special attention is given to a method whereby GPR data is integrated with other road survey data and then analysed using a number of structural diagnostic methods. Finally, the synopsis provides an overview of of the various GPR applications on roads and streets, bridges, railways and airports. The laboratory test results presented in this work show that the relationship between dielectric value and increasing water content is not linear or exponential but more likely a series of logarithmic functions. Laboratory results also showed that dielectric dispersion, which can be related to poorly performing subgrade soils and road aggregates, takes place mainly in loosely bound adsorption water and capillary water layer. As such these moisture sensitive problem materials can also be identified during the dry summer seasons when they are stiff. Dielectric value and electrical conductivity can also be related to other technical properties of road materials and subgrade soils such as frost susceptibility, shear strength, plastic limit, compaction degree and voids content. Laboratory tests and field data collected using the Percostation technique also demonstrate that a knowledge of seasonal changes and thermodynamics is very important in understanding and modelling the mechanical behaviour of road structures. Finally, laboratory and field tests indicate that colloids have an important role in the failure mechanism of the road materials. This research demonstrates that the GPR technique not only gives valuable structural information on the different types of structures and subgrade soils but it provides a wide range of information of the electrical properties of the materials under survey which can be further related to their mechanical performance. The best information will be gained if GPR data is analysed together with other non destructive testing data collected form the roads, railways and airports.

There are many studies about how the addition of lime and rice husk ash (RHA) gives the soil a better mechanical behavior, particularly on clayey soils, where usually fine particles reach more than 75%. However, the soils with a small presence of fine particles (59-60%) do not have much research. This analysis evaluates the influence that RHA has on this kind of soil stabilized with 3% of lime. After the initial mix of soil-lime, CBR increased 11.2 times its initial value; within the addition of the ash, the CBR averaged between 45-50% up until 28% of RHA was added, where the results decreased considerably. Soil workability improved and the specimens with more ash resulted in a more granular material, with a group index value 0 following the AASHTO standards. The greatest CBR record was obtained with the specimen of 16% RHA, 3% lime and soil, reaching a 51.3% CBR, 1.58g/cm3 of MDD and 16.5% of OMC. Yet, it only showed a 1.55% more resistance than the lime-soil specimen. The CBR with more presence of RHA tends to decrease its value, therefore for silica-rich clayey soils, the addition of lime by itself should be enough for an adequate performance.

Orientador: Cassio Eduardo Lima de Paiva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa procurou estabelecer uma correlação entre os valores de capacidade de suporte resultantes dos ensaios CBR (Califórnia Bearing Ratio) versus DCP (Dynamic Cone Penetrometer), realizados com o solo proveniente de vias não-pavimentadas dentro do Campus da UNICAMP, situado em Campinas, São Paulo. O Cone de Penetração Dinâmica (DCP) é caracterizado como um equipamento simples, portátil e de baixo custo, cujo ensaio revela ser praticamente não-destrutivo. Com ele é possível determinar o perfil de resistência de camadas de solo compactadas ou em seu estado natural, controlar a execução de obras viárias e avaliar estruturas de pavimentos. Uma investigação do solo através de ensaios DCP e CBR conduziu ao desenvolvimento de modelos de regressão, correlacionando a capacidade de suporte obtida através de ensaios ¿in situ¿ com o auxílio do DCP, e ensaios de laboratório utilizando o ensaio de CBR e DCP. Através das informações contidas na literatura técnica, dos procedimentos experimentais efetuados e das análises de regressão realizadas, ficou evidenciado o relacionamento entre o DCP e o CBR, validando as correlações estabelecidas e propondo modelos próprios, aumentando a confiabilidade dos resultados dos ensaios DCP para avaliação da capacidade de suporte de solos
Abstract: This research establishes a correlation among the strength or supporting values of the tests: CBR (California Bearing Ratio) versus DCP (Dynamic Cone Penetrometer), accomplished with the soil originating from no-paved roads inside of the Campus of UNICAMP. The Cone of Dynamic Penetration (DCP) it is characterized as an equipment simple, portable and of low cost, whose tests reveals to be practically no-destructive. DCP test determines the profile of resistance of soil layers compacted or in your natural state, to control the execution of road buildings and to evaluate structures of pavements. An investigation of the soil through DCP and CBR tests led to the development of regression models, correlating the strength measures obtained through in-situ tests with the aid of DCP and laboratory tests using the CBR and DCP. Through the information contained in the technical literature, of the made experimental procedures and of the regression analyses accomplished, the relationship was evidenced between DCP and CBR, validating the established correlations and proposing own models, increasing the reliability of the results of the DCP tests for determining strength values of soils
Mestrado
Transportes
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Les géosynthétiques sont utilisés depuis les années 70 dans le renforcement des plateformes granulaires reposant sur des sols de faible portance pour des applications de routes non revêtues. La complexité des mécanismes développés et la diversité des produits de renforcement nécessitent encore d’étudier ces plateformes renforcées. Un essai au laboratoire permettant de tester des plateformes à échelle réelle a été développé. Une plateforme granulaire non revêtue reposant sur un sol de faible portance a été reproduite. Un protocole de mise en place de ce sol a été élaboré pour assurer son homogénéité et la répétabilité des essais. Une instrumentation spécifique a été développée pour collecter le maximum de mesures utiles pour l’interprétation du transfert de charge et du comportement des géogrilles utilisées. Trois types de géogrille ont été testées : une géogrille extrudée et deux géogrilles tricotées de rigidité différente. Après de nombreux essais de faisabilité, dix essais ont été effectués sous un chargement cyclique sur plaque circulaire, la plateforme testée a été placée dans un banc d’essai de 1,8 m de large, 1,9 m de long et 1,1 m de haut. Sur la base du même protocole de mise en œuvre, des essais de circulation avec un Simulateur Accélérateur de Traffic (SAT) ont été effectués. Ce simulateur a été spécifiquement conçu et construit pour cette application. Pour ces essais, la plateforme testée a été placée dans le banc d’essai allongé à 5 m. La plateforme a été soumise à deux types de sollicitations : un chargement cyclique sur plaque et un chargement de circulation. Des essais de répétabilité ont permis de vérifier le protocole mis en place. A partir des essais, plusieurs observations ont pu être faites sur le comportement des plateformes granulaires, le sol peu porteur, et sur l’efficacité du renforcement. De plus, ces essais ont permis de montrer que le chargement de circulation est beaucoup plus endommageant que le chargement sur plaque. Parallèlement à ces essais, un modèle numérique a été développé en se basant sur la méthode des différences finies avec le logiciel FLAC 3D. Cette modélisation a permis de prédire le comportement de la plateforme sous le premier chargement de plaque
Geosynthetics were used since 1970 in the base course reinforcement supported by soft subgrade in unpaved road application. The various factors and parameters influencing the dominant mechanism and its relative contribution on the platform improvement explain the need of more investigations in this topic. In this research work, large-scale laboratory test was developed to study the reinforcement contribution in the unpaved road improvement. Therefore, an unpaved platform was built of 600 mm of artificial subgrade supporting a base course layer. A detailed experimental Protocol was established regarding the soil preparation, the installation and the soils compaction procedure to reproduce the site conditions and insure the platform repeatability for each test. Three geosynthetics were tested first under a cyclic plate load test. Cyclic load was performed on the prepared platform, with a maximum load of 40 kN resulting in a maximum applied pressure of 560 kPa. The platform was subjected to 10,000 cycles with a frequency of 0.77 Hz. An advanced and complete soil instrumentation was provided in order to collect the maximum data needed for thorough analysis. Quality control tests were performed before each test to verify the soil layers homogeneity and properties. Two base course thicknesses were tested under this test condition, 350 and 220 mm. Once the developed protocol was confirmed under the circular plate load tests, further tests using the Simulator Accelerator of Traffic (SAT) were performed. Indeed, the laboratory prepared platform was placed in a larger box of 1.8 m in large, 5 m in length and 1.1 m in height. The prepared platform was subjected to two solicitations: a particular plate and traffic load. The Simulator Accelerator of Traffic was developed specially for this application. A machine that simulates the traffic load under an effective length of 2 m and a velocity of 4 km/h. The two areas were instrumented: the area under the circulation load, and the area under the plat load, located aside. In addition, a numerical model based on the differential element method using FLAC 3D was developed. The model simulated the circular plate load test with the same platform configuration under monotonic load. The results were compared to the first monotonic load applied on the rigid plate experimentally

Studies conducted in 2016 show that 58% of the highways in Brazil presents any deficiency in the pavement, signaling or in its geometry. These deficiencies are, on average, the cause for about 6% of the accidents and for the increase of the operational cust by 91,6%. Among them we can stress the permanent deformation, the so called wheel tracks, which is harmful to the dynamic of the loads, to the comfort provided by the pavement, increasing its risk. To the correct design of the pavement it is very important to better know the characteristics of the materials to be used. In this context, stands out the subgrade, the foundation for the whole structure of the pavement, which one is studied in the present reseach by considering three typical soils used as highway subgrade in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, and having the permanent deformations as the main focus. The metodology aplied in this work consisted in the location, sampling and characterization of the soil fields, lab tests and empirical machanistic design. Besides the physical, chemical and mechanical characterizations, it was performed the repeated triaxial load test aiming to obtain the resilient modulus and the permanent deformation parameters, according to the Brazilian Petroleum Corporation Manual (PETROBRAS). The Resilient Modulus model presented the better results with frequencies of 1 Hz and 2 Hz, and the presence of silt in one of the soils affected its resilient behaviour. The permanent deformation tests were performed with the frequency of 2 Hz and 150.000 load cicles. The average statistic correlation, according to Guimaraes (2009)´s methodology, was 0.91, bigger than the one provided by the Monismith and Barksdale´s models. However, the dominance of fine grained soils, along with low compactation energy, lead to a higher deformation rates, motivating the use of intermediate energy. With this new approach the permanent deformation was reduced 40% and the resilient modulus increased 78,8%. However, the numerical simulation according to the mechanistic approach, and using the layer thickness obtained from the Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes (DNIT) method, under 8,2 ton standard axle load, showed that the wheel tracks deeping would be small, based on the low stresses observed in the subgrade. On the other hand, the fatigue behaviour presented an inferior performance, reducing the project´s useful life. It was observed the presence of shakedown in the ranges A, B and C.
Pesquisas realizadas no ano de 2016 mostram que 58,2 % das rodovias de todo o país apresentam alguma deficiência no pavimento, na sinalização ou na geometria da via. Em média, esses defeitos são responsáveis por cerca de 6% do número de acidentes, além de aumentar o custo operacional das vias em até 91,6%. Dentre essas anomalias, destaca-se a deformação permanente denominada de afundamento na trilha de roda (ATR), que prejudica a dinâmica das cargas, afeta o conforto ao rolamento e causa risco à segurança. Para o adequado dimensionamento de um pavimento, é fundamental o conhecimento dos materiais que o compõem. Neste contexto, destaca-se o subleito, por ser a fundação sobre a qual são assentes todas as camadas, motivo pelo qual o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é analisar três solos típicos de subleitos rodoviários de Santa Maria, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em especial quanto aos parâmetros de deformação permanente. A metodologia aplicada neste trabalho consistiu na localização, coleta e caracterização das jazidas de solos, realização de ensaios laboratoriais e dimensionamento mecanístico - empírico. Assim, além da caracterização física, química e mecânica, foram realizados ensaios triaxiais de cargas repetidas para obtenção do módulo de resiliência e dos parâmetros de deformação permanente, segundo recomendações do manual de execução de trechos monitorados da empresa Petróleo Brasileiro Sociedade Anônima (PETROBRAS). O modelo composto do módulo de resiliência apresentou os melhores resultados, a partir de ensaios com frequência de 1 Hz e 2 Hz, sendo que a presença de silte em um dos solos afetou seu comportamento resiliente. Os ensaios de deformação permanente foram conduzidos a 2 Hz, com 150.000 ciclos de aplicação de carga, cuja correlação estatística média, empregando a metodologia de Guimarães (2009), foi de 0,91 – superior a dos modelos de Monismith e Barksdale. Entretanto, a predominância de materiais finos, aliada à baixa energia de compactação (normal), resultaram em elevadas taxas de deformação, o que motivou o estudo de um dos solos também com uso da energia intermediária. Esse procedimento reduziu a deformação permanente em 40% e elevou o módulo de resiliência em 78,8%. Entretanto, a simulação numérica do pavimento sob a ótica mecanicista, a partir das espessuras calculadas pelo método do Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes (DNIT), aplicando-se a carga padrão de 8,2 toneladas, mostrou que o ATR seria pequeno, em face das baixas tensões atuantes no subleito, em contraposição ao desempenho à fadiga, que reduziu sensivelmente a vida útil de projeto. Constatouse a ocorrência de shakedown nos domínios A, B e C.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the effect of freezing on soils in subgrades of road structures. The theoretical part compares methods of determining the frost susceptibility of soils used in selected countries of the European Union and the Czech Republic. It also explains the principle of frost heave in subgrade layers. The aim of the practical part is to compare the direct and indirect method of determining frost susceptibility in the Czech Republic and the California bearing ration CBR or the immediate bearing ratio IBI.

M. Tech. Civil Engineering
Climatic data is one of the most important inputs required in any road design. The historical information being currently relied upon for pavement design may soon lose its significance due to the expected global climate change. The broad objective of the study was to determine and simulate future climate change for road sub-grades in the southern African region, with a view to developing new pavement design parameters in order to protect the pavement infrastructure.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
105
In this study, 0%, 5% and 10% cement contents were prepared by using subgrade soil, recycled material (RAP) and natural sand and gravel pellets in Taichung area, and applied to subgrade gradation to explore different cement content (CBR value). In this study, we use the compaction test and the bearing capacity test in California, and then analyze the pavement structure of the test results, and use the ABAQUS numerical simulation program to analyze the multi-layer elasticity theory. The results of the compaction test show that the maximum dry weight is increased after adding the cement content. In California, bearing the test results, adding cement content, the CBR value with the increase in the amount of cement has a relative increase. The results of the pavement analysis show that the horizontal tensile stress at the bottom of the asphalt concrete surface layer is improved with the CBR value of the bottom layer, and the maximum nominal particle size of the asphalt concrete is 19mm. The stability of the asphalt concrete, the value of the flow and the indirect tension as the material strength, compared with the results of pavement analysis to assess the road surface does not occur when the tension cracks, with the corresponding thickness of the pavement structure corresponding to the minimum carrying capacity of California CBR Limit.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2005.
Vita. Includes bibliographical references (215-221) Also available online via UMI (http://il.proquest.com/brand/umi.shtml) and the University of Texas Libraries websites (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/).

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
105
A sponge city can absorb rain water, reduce surface runoff and flood peak of the river. The space underneath the road pavement is often chosen to be the storage space for rainwater. But after soaked in water, the soil underlying the water storage space will lose its strength and capacity to carry the traffic load. It can cause big trouble for the road maintenance department. This study proposes a modified road base configuration which also integrates with the water preserve side ditch. In other words, the modified road base system allows rainwater infiltrate to soil through side ditch rather than the base material underneath the road. So that the subgrade soil will not lose bearing capacity because no water soaking occurs. The PLAXIS 2D software is used here to study the water infiltration behavior from side ditches with different infiltration boundaries under or around the road. Four infiltration scenarios are studied and the effect of increasing degree of saturation on the traffic load carrying capacity of the sub-base soil is also evaluated. Based on the results of numerical study, a modified road base design for the traffic road with a water preserve side ditch is proposed. The infiltrated water can moisture the soil for the need of vegetation but will have minimal negative effect on the bearing capacity of the road base soil. It is hoped that the proposed road base system can contribute to the development of sponge city.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
O desenvolvimento da rede rodoviária obriga a que haja a preocupação na sua conservação e reabilitação. Com o decorrer do tempo em que um pavimento rodoviário se encontra ao serviço, é solicitado pelas ações do tráfego e ações climatéricas, as quais contribuem para uma diminuição da qualidade das características mecânicas e funcionais dos materiais que constituem o pavimento. Para se conhecer a necessidade de um pavimento ser reabilitado é necessário uma avaliação da sua capacidade de carga que pode ser obtida através de ensaios de carga, obtendo-se deflexões com as quais se obtém o módulo de rigidez das camadas dos pavimentos. A deflexão de um pavimento pode ser obtida através de vários equipamentos de ensaio, sendo que o mais utilizado é o defletómetro de impacto que permite a obtenção de deflexões a várias distâncias do ponto de aplicação da carga. Com a obtenção destes dados e através do processo de análise inversa é possível a obtenção do módulo de rigidez das várias camadas dos pavimentos, com os quais se obtém a capacidade de carga do pavimento. Esta dissertação centra-se no desenvolvimento de um modelo para determinação da espessura da fundação para a análise inversa de pavimentos rodoviários, conhecendo-se a deflexão do pavimento e as suas características, nomeadamente a espessura das várias camadas.
The development of the road networks requires a concern in their conservation and rehabilitation. During its life, road pavements are subjected to traffic and climatic conditions, which contribute to a reduction in the quality of the mechanical and functional characteristics of the materials that constitute the pavement. To know the necessity of a pavement to be rehabilitated an analysis of its bearing capacity is required which can be achieved by loading tests, with which is obtained the stiffness modulus of the pavement layers. The determination of the deflection of a pavement can be undertaken by several tests, and the most used is the Falling Weight Deflectometer that allows to obtain the pavement deflection at different distances from the load. With these data and by a back-analysis process it is possible to obtain the stiffness modulus of the various layers of the pavement. This dissertation focuses on the development of a model for determining the thickness of the foundation for the back-analysis of road pavements, knowing the pavement deflection and its characteristics, namely the thickness of the pavement layers.