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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Road traffic'
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Khoury, Joe S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Traffic characterization and road categorization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59940.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis looks into the ability to collect driving data reliably and cost-effectively, characterize driving behavior, categorize roads, and finally link all together in a way to minimize the fuel consumption in cars. Using an OBDII scanner, a Smartphone, and an accelerometer, we were able to collect data from various types of cars. Then, we used Matlab in order to analyze the data and compare them visually. We found out that using a Smartphone's built-in GPS and accelerometer is sufficient to record all the basic information required to enable us to model driving behavior and characterize roads. This thesis also aims at establishing a basis for future work to determine how driving patterns relate to fuel consumption.
by Joe Khoury.
S.B.
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Fleyeh, Hasan. "Traffic and Road Sign Recognition." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-3396.
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This thesis presents a system to recognise and classify road and traffic signs for the purpose of developing an inventory of them which could assist the highway engineers’ tasks of updating and maintaining them. It uses images taken by a camera from a moving vehicle. The system is based on three major stages: colour segmentation, recognition, and classification. Four colour segmentation algorithms are developed and tested. They are a shadow and highlight invariant, a dynamic threshold, a modification of de la Escalera’s algorithm and a Fuzzy colour segmentation algorithm. All algorithms are tested using hundreds of images and the shadow-highlight invariant algorithm is eventually chosen as the best performer. This is because it is immune to shadows and highlights. It is also robust as it was tested in different lighting conditions, weather conditions, and times of the day. Approximately 97% successful segmentation rate was achieved using this algorithm.Recognition of traffic signs is carried out using a fuzzy shape recogniser. Based on four shape measures - the rectangularity, triangularity, ellipticity, and octagonality, fuzzy rules were developed to determine the shape of the sign. Among these shape measures octangonality has been introduced in this research. The final decision of the recogniser is based on the combination of both the colour and shape of the sign. The recogniser was tested in a variety of testing conditions giving an overall performance of approximately 88%.Classification was undertaken using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The classification is carried out in two stages: rim’s shape classification followed by the classification of interior of the sign. The classifier was trained and tested using binary images in addition to five different types of moments which are Geometric moments, Zernike moments, Legendre moments, Orthogonal Fourier-Mellin Moments, and Binary Haar features. The performance of the SVM was tested using different features, kernels, SVM types, SVM parameters, and moment’s orders. The average classification rate achieved is about 97%. Binary images show the best testing results followed by Legendre moments. Linear kernel gives the best testing results followed by RBF. C-SVM shows very good performance, but ?-SVM gives better results in some case.
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Crook, Jordan C. "Road Closed to Thru Traffic." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2601.
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This collection of nine fiction stories explores the journeys of men and women who find themselves unable to continue on the path they've set for themselves. So often, the roads we follow are dictated by social conditioning. This collection considers how are paths are predetermined by social norms and follows the characters as they react to unexpected obstacles encountered in common scenarios. Will they forge new paths? Turn back? Or will they take a detour and return to their original road?
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Wanvik, Per Ole. "Road Lighting and Traffic Safety : Do we need Road Lighting?" Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-5396.
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Road lighting is widely recognised as an efficient traffic safety measure. However, we know too little about the effect of road lighting on accidents in a given situation and we do not know what kind of lighting that is optimal for the situation. Society today has a demand for energy savings, locally and globally, and we should not use more energy for road lighting than is necessary. In the field of road lighting the demand for energy savings is accompanied by a fast development of techniques and equipment that give great opportunities for energy savings. The opportunity already exists to adapt the lighting to the actual road, traffic and weather situation. It is a problem, however, that we do not know what lighting quantity and quality which gives the best benefit – cost ratio. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to more knowledge about the relationship between road lighting and traffic safety and thus make a basis for benefit – cost calculations (including environmental costs). The thesis is based on four studies about the safety effect of road lighting, reported in four papers. The first is a literature study, the second is a Norwegian before-and-after study, the third is a cross-section study of Dutch accidents and the fourth is a study of Dutch motorway accidents. The thesis also contains three appendices presenting some more details from the studies than were shown in the papers. The content of the four papers are presented and discussed as a whole in a (fairly comprehensive) introductory part consisting of 10 chapters, where conclusions about the safety effect are discussed and summarised. The thesis in addition discusses the benefit – cost ratio of road lighting, but it is not treated in any of the papers. It has been useful to discuss this matter in advance of the discussion of the future role of road lighting. In the literature study (Paper I), the mean effect of road lighting on injury accidents during darkness was found to be -30 %. The mean effect on fatal accidents was -60 %. The mean effect on pedestrian injury accidents was -45 %, and on motorways the mean effect on injury accidents was -50 %. In the Norwegian before-and-after study (Paper II), the estimated effect of road lighting on injury accidents during darkness was -28 %. The estimated effect was larger at high speed limits than at low speed limits. The estimated effect was smaller on roads with AADT (average daily traffic volume) > 8000 vehicles than on roads with AADT < 8000 vehicles. In the cross-section study of accidents on all Dutch roads (Paper III), the mean effect of road lighting on injury accidents during darkness was found to be -50 %, while it was -54 % when only rural roads were considered. The effect on pedestrian, bicycle and moped accidents was larger than the effect on automobile and motorcycle accidents, and the differences were statistically significant. There was no significant difference between the safety effects for different accident types (Rear end collisions, Frontal collisions etc.) and no significant difference between the driver age groups 60 – 74 years and 30 – 39 years. The effect on fatal accidents was found to be slightly larger than the effect on injury accidents. The mean effect on twilight accidents was 2/3 of the effect during darkness. In the study of motorway accidents (Paper IV), the effect on injury accidents during darkness was found to be -49 % on Dutch motorways, while the effect seemed to be much smaller on British and Swedish motorways. On Dutch rural roads and Dutch motorways, the estimated effect of road lighting on accidents during darkness was smaller during adverse weather and road surface conditions than in fine weather and dry surface conditions. The differences were statistically significant. In fog, there was found no effect of road lighting during darkness. However, there were indications on a daylight safety effect during fog, possibly due to guidance from light poles. The results from the studies described in this thesis give a basis for increasing the application of road lighting as a traffic safety measure worldwide. Cost – benefit calculations indicate that road lighting is one of the most efficient road safety measures available. However, the energy consumption related to road lighting is a problem that must be considered. The great challenge is to reduce the energy consumption as much as possible without reducing the safety benefit too much. Future road lighting will probably be of the adaptive type, and it will be essential to know how the safety effect varies according to traffic and weather conditions and how it varies with the road lighting level and the quality of the lighting. The thesis answers some question about the safety effect during different weather conditions. There is, however, too little information about safety effect related to varying road and traffic conditions. A more serious lack of knowledge is that we do not know how the safety effect varies according to the lighting level. It is not possible to balance the energy consumption and the safety effect as long as this relationship is not known.
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Hjortenkrans, David. "Road traffic metals : sources and emissions." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Kalmar, Naturvetenskapliga institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-666.
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As the environmental regulations and technical progress have forced the factories’ old “end of pipe” solutions to improve, the metal emissions from point sources have decreased. Instead, the diffuse consumption emissions from goods in use now are in focus. The increased awareness of traffic as a major diffuse metal emission source emphasizes the need for more detailed information on the various traffic related sources. The main scope of this thesis is to study specific parts of metal emissions from some road traffic related sub sources such as brake lining and tyres. The metals in focus are antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel(Ni) and zinc (Zn), and the research quantifies emissions from the different sub sources, trace changes over time as well as dispersal patterns and metal mobility in the roadside environment. The results show that even if the road traffic associated metal stocks are small compared to total in use stocks, their emissions are of major importance. The updated figures show that despite material developments during the last 10 years, tyres still are one of the main sources of Zn and Cd, while it can be excluded as a source of concern for the other metals studied. Brake linings are shown to be an especially pronounced source for Cu and Sb. The Pb and Cd emissions from brake linings and tyres have decreased as a result of decreasing material concentrations in these sources, most likely a result of EU regulations. Further the results reveals galvanized goods to be a major road traffic related source for Zn. The results show that the total metal concentrations in roadside soils have increased 3-16 times compared to regional background during the last decades. Each metal has a limited dispersal distance from the roads as well as down in the soil profile. Most metals are found within 10 m from the road in the uppermost 10 cm of the topsoil. However, the sequential extractions show that a large part of the metals found in the soil are rather easily mobilized and can be redistributed if the roadside soils become disturbed. Metals emitted due to decelerating activities are not correlated to elevated concentrations near road junctions. Instead the metals appear to be more evenly spread along the whole driven distance. The study points out Sb as an element that might be problematic to analyse. For Sb, which is sparsely studied as a roadside contaminant, there is a need of more general knowledge as it has a high accumulation rate in roadside soils.I takt med ökade regleringar inom miljöområdet och en snabb teknikutveckling har fabrikerna allt mer spelat ut sin roll som emissionskällor till miljön. Istället har den diffusa emissionen som kommer från produktanvändning fått en större betydelse. En ökad medvetenhet om transporter och trafikens betydelse för samhällets konsumtionsemissioner understryker det ökade kunskapsbehovet för de trafikrelaterade emissionskällorna. Avhandlingens huvudsyfte är att studera specifika delar av metallemissionen från vissa trafikrelaterade källor så som bromsbelägg och däck. Metallerna som är i fokus är antimon (Sb), bly (Pb), kadmium (Cd), koppar (Cu), krom (Cr), nickel (Ni) och zink (Zn) och forskningen strävar efter att kvantifiera emissionerna från de olika källorna, spåra förändringar i emissioner över tid, kartlägga utsläppsmönster och metallrörlighet i vägnära jord. Resultaten pekar på att även om de trafikrelaterade källorna kvantitativt är små i jämförelse med de totala källorna så är deras emissioner av stor betydelse. De nya siffrorna visar att trots en materialutveckling inom området under det senaste årtiondet så är fortfarande däck en av de största källorna för Cd och Zn i stadsmiljö, medan de kan avfärdas som källa för de övriga studerade metallerna. Studien visar att bromsbelägg fortfarande är en viktig källa för Cu och Sb. Bly- och Cd-emissionerna från däck och bromsbelägg har däremot minskat drastiskt under samma period. Denna minskning beror troligen på en reglering på EU-nivå. Dessutom visar resultaten att galvaniserade ytor är den viktigaste källan till Zn i stadsmiljö. Metallkoncentrationerna i vägnära jord har ökat med 3 – 16 ggr jämfört med bakgrundshalterna i de undersökta områdena. Metallerna uppvisar endast en begränsad spridning från vägen och ner i jordprofilen. Den största metallpåverkan återfinns inom 10 m från vägen och i de översta 10 cm av jorden. Trots den begränsade spridningen så uppvisar de flesta metallerna en förhållandevis hög rörlighet, vilket innebär att de kan bli mobila vid störning av jorden. De bromsrelaterade metallerna uppvisar ingen korrelation till förhöjda halter nära korsningar utan är mer jämnt spridda över hela körsträckan. Studien pekar ut Sb som ett element som kan vara problematiskt att analysera på grund av dess flyktighet. Trots att Sb för närvarande har en snabb ackumulationstakt i trafikmiljö så är den endast sparsamt studerad. Mer generell kunskap om Sb är därför önskvärd.
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Garside, Simon. "Dynamic prediction of road traffic networks." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387431.
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Yip, Ying-ling, and 葉影玲. "Review of road traffic noise control." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42128523.
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Ali, Abdulamer T. "Computer vision aided road traffic analysis." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333953.
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Yip, Ying-ling. "Review of road traffic noise control." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42128523.
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Zheng, Yunan. "The impact of localized road accident information on road safety awareness." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/721/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.Ph.D. thesis submitted the Faculty of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computing Science. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Hung, Wing-kei, and 洪永淇. "A review of road safety strategies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26791596.
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Cameron, Maxwell Hugh 1943. "Statistical evaluation of road trauma countermeasures." Monash University, Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7943.
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Chee, Wing-yan David. "Road accidents : identification of patterns and trends /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21128819.
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Vokurka, Christopher. "Relating wildlife crashes to road reconstruction." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317334891&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Mollet, C. J. "The analysis of road traffic accident data in the implementation of road safety remedial programmes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52483.
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Thesis (M.Ing.)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A road safety remedial programme has as an objective the improvement of road transportation safety by applying road safety engineering remedial measures to hazardous road network elements in a manner that will be economically efficient. Since accident data is the primary manifestation of poor safety levels it must be analysed in manner that will support the overall objective of economic efficiency. Three steps in the process of implementing a road safety remedial programme, that rely on the systematic analysis of accident data, are the identification of hazardous locations, the ranking of hazardous locations and the evaluation of remedial measure effectiveness. The efficiency of a road safety remedial programme can be enhanced by using appropriate methodologies to measure safety, identify and rank hazardous locations and to determine the effectiveness of road safety remedial measures. There are a number of methodologies available to perform these tasks, although some perform much better than other. Methodologies based on the Empirical Bayesian approach generally provide better results than the Conventional methods. Bayesian methodologies are not often used in South Africa. To do so would require the additional training of students and engineering professionals as well as more research by tertiary and other research institutions. The efficiency of a road safety remedial programme can be compromised by using poor quality accident data. In South Africa the quality of accident data is generally poor and should more attention be given to the proper management and control of accident data. This thesis will report on, investigate and evaluate Bayesian and Conventional accident data analysis methodologies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram is om op die mees koste effektiewe manier die veiligheid van onveilige padnetwerkelemente te verbeter deur die toepassing van ingenieursmaatreëls. Aangesien padveiligheid direk verband hou met verkeersongelukke vereis die koste effektiewe implementering van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram die doelgerigte en korrekte ontleding van ongeluksdata. Om 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram te implementeer word die ontleding van ongeluksdata verlang vir die identifisering en priortisering van gevaarkolle, sowel as om die effektiwiteit van verbeteringsmaatreëls te bepaal. Die koste effektiwiteit van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram kan verbeter word deur die regte metodes te kies om padveiligheid te meet, gevaarkolle te identifiseer en te prioritiseer en om die effektiwiteit van verbeteringsmaatreëls te bepaal. Daar is verskeie metodes om hierdie ontledings te doen, alhoewel sommige van die metodes beter is as ander. Die 'Bayesian' metodes lewer oor die algemeen beter resultate as die gewone konvensionele metodes. 'Bayesian' metodes word nie. in Suid Afrika toegepas nie. Om dit te doen sal addisionele opleiding van studente en ingenieurs vereis, sowel as addisionele navorsing deur universiteite en ander navorsing instansies. Die gebruik van swak kwaliteit ongeluksdata kan die integriteit van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram benadeel. Die kwaliteit van ongeluksdata in Suid Afrika is oor die algemeen swak en behoort meer aandag gegee te word aan die bestuur en kontrole van ongeluksdata. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om verslag te doen oor 'Bayesian' en konvensionele metodes wat gebruik kan word om ongeluksdata te ontleed, dit te ondersoek en te evalueer.
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David, Iuliana. "Road Traffic Safety Problem Based Learning Module." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14691.
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Road traffic safety has increasingly become in need of educated road safety professionals, as the number of accidents in the World Health Organization member countries exceeds one million. The profession itself is transitioning from experience based decision making to empirical, theoretical and mathematical based solutions. However, road traffic safety is a multidiscipline, crossing over many fields and requiring a high degree of communication between different institutions. There are very few institutions that provide programs in the field; furthermore, they employ traditional lecture-based teaching methods. The traditional teaching environment does not fulfill the educational needs of future traffic safety professionals due to its rigidity and lack of problem solving exercises.
An alternative method, namely problem based learning, is recommended as an alternative teaching method in this paper. The thesis is constructed in such a way as to develop a complete road traffic safety educational module at graduate and post graduate level.
The theoretical basis on which a road traffic safety module is later built is presented in the first part of the thesis. Major concepts in road traffic safety, as well as problem based learning methods are investigated. In addition, a literature review SWOT analysis based on literature is conducted.The module development consists of establishing the road traffic safety learning goals for each segment in the module, appropriate assessment criteria and group work format. The module contains gradual difficulty level problems, starting from the easiest topic and easiest format (closed ended problem) and ending with the hardest topic and hardest format (open ended problem).
The last section employs the SWOT analysis findings in the theoretical section to develop a SWOT analysis of the road traffic safety module presented in the thesis.
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Suraweera, C. "Systems integration of road traffic monitoring software." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.593533.
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A variety of traffic management schemes have been tried in the past to alleviate traffic problems, but with limited success. The European Space Agency proposed a satellite based Road Traffic Monitoring (RTM) system to overcome the limitations in existing schemes. This is studied in Aberdeen in the form of a simulation operating under varying conditions. This simulation has been introduced into the Internet using advanced Web technology to acquaint a wide range of users with the RTM concept. The work that has contributed towards this thesis looks at different approaches used for incorporating pre-processing and post-processing modules to strengthen the RTM simulation on the Web. A Database Management System was integrated into the system to improve data storage and manipulation tasks. This acts as the central coordinator to several sub-applications within the RTM system. A Graphical User Interface has been added to the front end of the simulator to provide easy access into the simulation through a sophisticated visual display. The post-processing needs are being handled by a spreadsheet suite. Techniques that were followed to integrate these modules with each other or with the core simulator have been considered in detail. The spreadsheet facilities have provided analytical ways and means of interpreting RTM system characteristics and performance criteria satisfactorily. As the thesis proceeds from the beginning to the end, it reflects how the original RTM simulator has evolved into a powerful simulation tool for analysing the effects and underling protocols of the RTM system comprehensively.
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Ayland, Nicholas D. "Automatic vehicle identification for road traffic monitoring." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254395.
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Andrade, Gustavo Riente de. "Relationship between traffic operations and road safety." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-23012019-011508/.
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Since before the release of the Highway Safety Manual research has been indicating the need to incorporate mobility and control aspects to road safety analysis. The first part of this work developed and implement in an existing computational engine a signal timing optimization method that considers mobility, safety, and emissions measures simultaneously. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to provide insight on the practical effects and order of relevance of 20 key input variables. Mobility improvement performance usually coincides with emissions improvements, but sometimes at the expense of safety. The second part of this work investigated the relationship between hourly traffic density and crash rates on Brazilian expressways with different characteristics, based on a database containing over 20,000 crashes and more than 35 million traffic volume observations and. The resulting curves for urban expressways follow a U shape, with minimum values associated with LOS B to C, while the relationships for rural expressways were found to be continuously increasing, suggesting that low volume rural roads are safer than the higher volume ones. The analysis of other influencing factors revealed that nighttime conditions, weaving segments and urban multilane highways could be related to higher crash rates. The third part of the project extends the analysis to crash severity modeling, using an ordered response choice model. The framework that better fit this database led to the development of two different models: single-vehicle crashes (SV) and multiple-vehicle crashes (MV), since the factors that explain the severity of crashes varies widely between these models. For instance, guardrails and barriers proved to effectively reduce severity for SV crashes, for which run-offs are the most severe crash type. The unique database used in this study also allowed for an investigation of the influence of prevailing traffic conditions on crash severity, while still controlling for all other factors. The results suggested that multiple-vehicle crash severity is negatively related with traffic density, while single-vehicle crashes are more closely related to speed. The findings of this work have implications to policy and design decisions, and the produced equation could be incorporated to active traffic management (ATM) and HCM reliability analysis.Desde antes da publicação do Highway Safety Manual, vários pesquisadores indicam a necessidade de se incorporar aspectos de operação de tráfego à análise de segurança viária. A primeira parte deste trabalho desenvolveu e implementou em uma ferramenta computacional existente um método de otimização de tempos semafóricos que considera medidas de desempenho de operação, segurança e emissões simultaneamente. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi realizada para produzir conhecimento sobre os efeitos práticos e a ordem de relevância de 20 variáveis de entrada principais. O desempenho da programação semafórica em termos de redução dos atrasos geralmente coincide com redução das emissões, embora às vezes às custas da segurança. A segunda parte deste trabalho investigou a relação entre a densidade horária de tráfego e as taxas de acidentes em autoestradas e rodovias de pista dupla brasileiras com características diversas, com base em um banco de dados contendo mais de 20.000 registros de acidentes e mais de 35 milhões de observações de tráfego. As curvas resultantes para rodovias urbanas seguem um formato em U, com valores mínimos associados aos níveis de serviço B a C, enquanto que as relações para as rodovias rurais são contínuas e crescentes, sugerindo que rodovias rurais de baixo volume são mais seguras do que as de maior volume. A análise de outros fatores revelou que condições noturnas, segmentos de entrelaçamento e rodovias de pista dupla convencionais urbanas estariam relacionadas a maiores taxas de acidentes. A terceira parte deste projeto amplia a análise para modelagem de severidade dos acidentes, usando um modelo de escolha discreta ordenado. A estrutura que melhor se adequa a esse banco de dados levou ao desenvolvimento de dois modelos diferentes: acidentes com um veículo e acidentes com múltiplos veículos, já que os fatores que explicam a severidade dos acidentes variam muito entre esses modelos. Por exemplo, defensas e barreiras se mostraram efetivas para a redução da severidade de acidentes com um veículo, para as quais a saída de pista é o tipo de acidente mais grave. O amplo banco de dados usado neste estudo também permitiu uma investigação da influência das condições de tráfego na severidade do acidente, em comparação com todos os outros fatores. Os resultados sugeriram que a severidade de acidentes de múltiplos veículos está negativamente relacionada com a densidade de tráfego, enquanto colisões com um único veículo estão mais relacionadas à velocidade. As descobertas deste trabalho têm implicações nas decisões sobre políticas e projetos de transportes, e a equação produzida pode ser incorporada à análise de confiabilidade do gerenciamento ativo do tráfego (ATM) e do Highway Capacity Manual.
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Mao, Ruixue. "Road Traffic Density Estimation in Vehicular Network." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9467.
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In recent decades, vehicular networks or intelligent transportation systems are being increasingly investigated and used to provide solutions to next generation traffic systems. Road traffic density estimation provides important information for road planning, intelligent road routing, road traffic control, vehicular network traffic scheduling, routing and dissemination. The ever increasing number of vehicles equipped with wireless communication capabilities provide new means to estimate the road traffic density more accurately and in real time than traditionally used techniques. In this thesis, we consider two research problems on road traffic density estimation. First research problem is the estimation algorithm design of road traffic density where each vehicle estimates its local road traffic density using some simple measurements only, i.e. the number of neighboring vehicles. A maximum likelihood estimator of the traffic density is obtained based on a rigorous analysis of the joint distribution of the number of vehicles in each hop. Analysis is also conducted on the accuracy of the estimation and the amount of neighborhood information required for an accurate road traffic density estimation. Simulations are performed which validate the accuracy and the robustness of the proposed density estimation algorithm. Secondly, we consider the problem of road traffic density estimation based on the use of a stochastic geometry concept—contact distribution function, which obtains density estimates by a probe vehicle traveling within objective area, measuring the inter-contact vehicle numbers and lengths. A maximum likelihood estimator of the traffic density is applied. Analysis is also performed on the accuracy of the estimation and the small sample sizes’ bias has been corrected. Simulations are performed which validate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed density estimation algorithm.
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HASSAN, WAQAR. "Smartphone based applications for Road Traffic Telematics." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2768320.
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Zanule, Paul Gudoi. "Road Management System and Road Safety in Uganda." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/368.
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Traffic collisions cost Uganda millions of dollars each year. The purpose of this descriptive case study was to describe the strategies and processes needed to implement a road management system. Such a system would significantly reduce the fatalities and accidents in Uganda, improve the transportation within Kampala's business district, and increase business profitability. Three conceptual theories framed the research study: management theory, strategic management theory, and criminology theory. Using a snowball sampling strategy, data were collected from open-ended interviews, questionnaires, observations, and archived documents from 20 administrative participants in the government and organizational leaders involved in the transport operations and transport services in the Kampala business district in Uganda. Data were analyzed using 3 phases: (a) interpretational analysis, coding, and grouping segments; (b) structural analysis, consistency, and quality; and (c) reflective analysis, consequences, what, when, where, and how. Five themes or action requirements emerged from the data analysis: to improve transport operations and transport services profitability, reduce traffic jams and fatalities, provide sufficient driving training, maintain road infrastructure, and maintain traffic law enforcement. The findings and recommendations from this study may improve the profitability of businesses, reduce the traffic jams and fatalities, and improve the gross domestic product of Uganda, thereby contributing to positive social change.
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De, Vries ID, and SR Kockott. "Towards a risk assessment model for the road traffic environment." Southern African Journal of Criminology, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001169.
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After World War II, which lasted from 1939 to 1945, the economies of many countries worldwide
experienced a boom period. Many people were able to buy private motor vehicles. A
consequence of this, however, was that the number of road traffic accidents in these countries
has also increased dramatically. From reports over decades it became clear that traffic safety
programs that were implemented did not have the desired effect. To evaluate success, countries
normally used accident rates or indices based on mathematical formulas. Rates and indices were
and are still used to compare accident situations among countries – normally on an annual
basis. It seems that motorised countries try to determine a “winner” by recording the lowest
accident rates and indices in a specific year. The approaches followed are uncoordinated. In
addition to trend analysis, the municipal police managers or road transport and traffic safety
fraternity authorities in the various countries could also focus on risk analysis. Risk analysis is
used in the industry with its many role players and security and safety can be promoted through
this approach in a more scientific manner. Although risks are normally formulated in terms of
probability theory, a Risk Score Value model could be of further benefit to road traffic
managers. The Risk Score Value could be used to assist authorities to conduct cost effectiveness
studies and to prioritize and optimise countermeasures in a holistic integrated manner with a
view to reduce road operation risks to an acceptable level.
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Igbe, Damian. "Dynamic load balancing of parallel road traffic simulation." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2010. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/90644/dynamic-load-balancing-of-parallel-road-traffic-simulation.
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The objective of this research was to investigate, develop and evaluate dynamic load-balancing strategies for parallel execution of microscopic road traffic simulations. Urban road traffic simulation presents irregular, and dynamically varying distributed computational load for a parallel processor system. The dynamic nature of road traffic simulation systems lead to uneven load distribution during simulation, even for a system that starts off with even load distributions. Load balancing is a potential way of achieving improved performance by reallocating work from highly loaded processors to lightly loaded processors leading to a reduction in the overall computational time. In dynamic load balancing, workloads are adjusted continually or periodically throughout the computation. In this thesis load balancing strategies were evaluated and some load balancing policies developed. A load index and a profitability determination algorithms were developed. These were used to enhance two load balancing algorithms. One of the algorithms exhibits local communications and distributed load evaluation between the neighbour partitions (diffusion algorithm) and the other algorithm exhibits both local and global communications while the decision making is centralized (MaS algorithm). The enhanced algorithms were implemented and synthesized with a research parallel traffic simulation. The performance of the research parallel traffic simulator, optimized with the two modified dynamic load balancing strategies were studied.
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Wang, Baojin. "Revealing the safety of the road environment from driver responses : investigation of driver behaviour under specific road and traffic situations." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27765.
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Kwok, Shi-chung Colin. "The role of electronic road pricing in tackling traffic congestion in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21128832.
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Law, See-hon. "Implementing control on road traffic noise in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813973.
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Naji, Jamil Abdul-Rabb. "Road accident analysis in Yemen : the identification of shortcomings in road accident data, data adjustment, cost and development of road fatality model." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1996. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/road-accident-analysis-in-yemen(8586c669-4709-4b2c-9d83-45003bc5d0bf).html.
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The true extent of the road accident problem in Yemen is questionable. Some agencies and citizens believe that the safety situation in Yemen is very critical while others disagree with this belief. Both sides however, agree that the road accident problem in Yemen is such that it requires considerable attention. Since Yemen has no history in road safety research and since there is no reliable road accident data in the country, making final judgements on the situation is difficult unless supported by adequate research. The aim of the present research is to provide a better understanding of the road accident problem in the Yemen. This can be made by investigation of the real dimensions of the road accident problem. This includes the identification of the shortcomings in road accident data, the cost of road accidents and modelling road accident fatalities.
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Chee, Wing-yan David, and 遲榮仁. "Road accidents: identification of patterns and trends." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951879.
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Rhee, Hakjun. "Inferring traffic induced sediment production processes from forest road particle size distributions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5459.
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Shi, Min. "Road and Traffic Signs Recognition using Vector Machines." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-2281.
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Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a system that builds a safe, effective and integrated transportation environment based on advanced technologies. Road signs detection and recognition is an important part of ITS, which offer ways to collect the real time traffic data for processing at a central facility.This project is to implement a road sign recognition model based on AI and image analysis technologies, which applies a machine learning method, Support Vector Machines, to recognize road signs. We focus on recognizing seven categories of road sign shapes and five categories of speed limit signs. Two kinds of features, binary image and Zernike moments, are used for representing the data to the SVM for training and test. We compared and analyzed the performances of SVM recognition model using different features and different kernels. Moreover, the performances using different recognition models, SVM and Fuzzy ARTMAP, are observed.
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Park, Jin Young. "Microscopic modelling of air pollution from road traffic." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11308.
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Dully, Michael. "Traffic Safety Evaluation of Future Road Lighting Systems." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-101978.
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While new road lighting technologies, either LED or adaptive road lighting systems, offer a wide range of unique potential benefits (mainly in terms of energy savings), it is necessary to evaluate the safety impacts of these technologies on road users. The literature survey shows that providing light on previous unlit roads has a positive effect on traffic safety. Reducing the amount of light has the opposite effect. These studies are usually conducted by using crash numbers, which makes it impossible to draw conclusions on changes in driving behaviour. Driving behaviour analyses need special approaches and indicators. Therefore indirect indicators such as speed and safety relationship, jerky driving and traffic conflict parameters are presented. The individual character of such data is difficult to deal with and limits big scale analyses. In order to have a practical example of such indicators a case study is conducted. Floating car data collected in Vienna is used to analyse travel speeds of taxi drivers at two LED test sites. A simple before-after analysis is used with data from January 2011 to May 2012 in order to examine an expected increase in speed due to a better visual performance of LED light. However the results show either no changes at all or a trend in speed reduction of 1km/h in average. Unfavourable test site locations might limit the significance of the results.
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Wilson, Richard Edward. "Modelling, analysis and simulation of road traffic networks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268101.
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Han, Sangjin. "Dynamic traffic assignment techniques for general road networks." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349430/.
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Dynamic traffic assignment is widely recognised as being more useful to evaluate traffic management measures than is static counterpart, as it allows us to analyse how congestion forms and dissipates in time-varying conditions. In this thesis, both deterministic and stochastic dynamic assignments are modelled with a proper link performance function, and solved with efficient solution algorithms so that they give rise to high quality solutions. A deterministic dynamic assignment is formulated in the form of variational inequality and solved by a route-based solution algorithm which intrinsically respects correct flow propagation. Similarly a stochastic dynamic assignment is formulated in the form of variational inequality, but solved with a link-based algorithm with an explanation on how to maintain correct flow propagation in this solution approach. In particular, both solution algorithms are developed in a way that we can find optimal solutions efficiently without direct evaluation of an objective function, based on the interpolation method. In both dynamic assignment techniques, the deterministic queuing model is adopted as the basis of the link performance function. This model is suitable to describe the relationship between inflows, outflows, and travel costs for a link in time-varying conditions because it respects all requirements for dynamic traffic modelling such as traffic conservation, the FIFO discipline, correct flow propagation, and causality. Finally, application of both dynamic assignment techniques to several test networks, including a medium-size network with 24 nodes and 76 links, shows that a proper way of associating costs with flows in discrete time is crucial to the calculation of plausible dynamic assignments.
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Lee, Seungjae. "Mathematical programming algorithms for equilibrium road traffic assignment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318036/.
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The equilibrium approach to representing interactions between the supply and demand sides of traffic assignment has been used widely in the estimation of traffic flows on road networks. Although this approach is quite reasonable, there is a considerable gap between the observed and modelled values of cost and flow. This gap can be reduced by relaxing some of the restrictive assumptions behind the models used in order to enhance their realism. This study investigates the solutions of various advanced road traffic assignment models. Priority and signal controlled junctions are modelled in traffic assignment in order to enhance the realism of junction analysis. A multiclass assignment is modelled to represent different groups of users. These problems are known to be non-separable because traffic cannot be segmented in such a way that the costs incurred by any one segment vary only with the flow within that segment. Existence, uniqueness and stability properties of solutions to these problems are investigated. These analyses are important to know the reliability and repeatability of any solutions that are calculated. Analyses of these properties lead to some guidelines for using these detailed models. A number of new solution algorithms are developed to solve the resulting traffic assignment problems. These algorithms belong to the general category of simplicial decomposition which solves the problem by dividing it into two subproblems: a linear and a master subproblem which are solved alternately. One of the advantages of these algorithms is that they operate in a lower dimensional space than that of original feasible region and hence allow large-scale problems to be solved with improved accuracy and speed of convergence. These improved algorithms give many choices to the traffic management studies. Two substantial networks have been used to compare the performance of new algorithms on the various models developed. They have performed favourably by comparison with existing algorithms. A small example network has been used to investigate existence, uniqueness and stability properties using the models. In a priority controlled model, a unique stable solution has been obtained using the model whilst in a signal controlled model, multiple and unstable solutions have been obtained. In a multiclass model, a unique solution has been obtained in terms of the total class flow whilst multiple solutions have been obtained in terms of each class flow. These results correspond well to the theoretical analyses of these models, which has shown to have indeterminate behaviour and by the nature of these models assumed, the degree of non-separability is ordered according to priority controlled, multiclass and signal controlled models.
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Saunders, Roger. "Road traffic accidents and their implications for management." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 1987. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/413/.
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It has been known for some time that police records collected by the Department of Transport could be unreliable. Local Authorities use these data as an aid to the decision making process and to assist with objective setting. Studies warning of deficiencies in the accuracy of Stats 19 police data show confusing and often differing levels of inaccuracy. Due to the atypical nature of Road Traffic Accident typology the thesis sets out to examine a methodology for use by professional safety practitioners in order to test the reliability and accuracy of existing data and to test how in an operational environment these data might be expanded to meet the needs of the practitioner responsible for education, training and publicity measures rather than the pure highway engineering function which exists at the present time. Saunders, in 'Road Safety Management in a shire county' showed how tactical objectives were set by safety practitioners but concluded that operational resource planning was a vital stepping stone between the tactical and operational objective setting phase. The thesis examines this aspect in depth from a theoretical backcloth but illustrates throughout how this is-necessary to improve management efficiency and effectiveness within a public sector organisation. The thesis examines the levels of under-reporting in the local area from a management standpoint and considers the effects this information will have on the organisation. At the same time, aids to accident analysis such as statements made to the police and methods for improving the quality and reliability of data collection in an operational setting are considered. From this, the thesis examines the current and a proposed revision of the resource base and considers how these findings affect the operational resource plan for the organisation. This, and the methodology discussed, is a necessary management consideration if it is to enable an organisation to meet its aims and objectives.
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Marsden, Gregory Richard. "Towards a real-time road traffic pollution estimator." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390260.
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Whitlock, Mark E. "A Bayesian approach to road traffic network modelling." Thesis, University of Kent, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311262.
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Holland, Edward N. "Continuum and car-following models of road traffic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266303.
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Mason, Anthony David. "Mathematical models of road traffic, and related problems." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624189.
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Setchell, Christopher John. "Applications of computer vision to road-traffic monitoring." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/a79e87e2-8020-45ce-be27-dd9e382d18c7.
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Cheng, Lin. "Road Network Reliability Based on Traffic Flow Equilibrium." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149426.
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Grote, Matthew John. "Enhancing urban road traffic carbon dioxide emissions models." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/412711/.
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The aim of this project was to provide a more accurate representation of road traffic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in urban areas, whilst remaining within limited Local Government Authority (LGA) resources. Tailpipe emissions from vehicles on urban roads have damaging impacts, with the problem exacerbated by the common occurrence of congestion. The scope of the project was CO2 because it is by far the largest constituent (99%) of road traffic greenhouse gas emissions. LGAs are typically responsible for facilitating mitigation of these emissions and must engage in emissions modelling to quantify the impact of transport interventions. A review of relevant literature identified a research gap, which constituted an investigation into whether a Traffic Variable Emissions Model (EM) (i.e. based on input data aggregated at traffic level rather than disaggregated at vehicle level) represented optimal complexity for LGAs, improving on the ability of wellestablished Average Speed EMs to capture the influence on emissions of congestion, whilst remaining within resource constraints. British LGAs (n=34) were surveyed to discover general attitudes to emissions modelling. Results showed that resource scarcity is important, with particular importance attached to EM reusability and convenient input data sources. Data sources rated highly for convenience were Urban Traffic Control (UTC) systems and Road Traffic Models (RTMs). A new Traffic Variable EM was developed termed the Practical EM for Local Authorities (PEMLA). Using Southampton as a testbed, 514 real-world GPS driving patterns (1Hz speed-time profiles) were collected from 49 drivers of different vehicle types and used as inputs to a detailed, instantaneous EM to calculate accurate vehicle CO2 emissions (assumed to represent 'real-world' emissions). Concurrent data were collected from Inductive Loop Detectors (ILDs installed as part of UTC systems) crossed by vehicles during their journeys and used to calculate values for selected traffic variables. Relationships between traffic variables (predictor variables) and accurate emissions (outcome variable) were examined using statistical analysis. Results showed that PEMLA outperformed the well-established, next-best alternative EM available to LGAs (an Average Speed EM), with mean predictions of PEMLA found to be 2% greater than observed values, whilst mean predictions of the alternative EM were 12% less. PEMLA's contribution is two-fold. Firstly, it is closer to optimal complexity than the well-established Average Speed EM alternative. This was for two reasons: (1) PEMLA was more accurate through using as inputs other traffic variable congestion indicators (in addition to traffic average speed), which improved its ability to capture the influence of congestion on emissions; and (2) PEMLA consumes similar (or potentially lower) resources to operate because inputs are generated from ILD data, which are a by-product of UTC systems or can be readily simulated in RTMs. Secondly, it possesses attributes that addressed the identified limitations of other Traffic Variable EM alternatives. These two contributions make PEMLA a suitable option to be recommended for LGA use.
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Lee, Yan-pui, and 李昕鋇. "A new approach to presenting congestion level alerts to road users." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46541421.
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Khatri, Chandra P. "Real-time road traffic information detection through social media." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53889.
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In current study, a mechanism to extract traffic related information such as congestion and incidents from textual data from the internet is proposed. The current source of data is Twitter, however, the same mechanism can be extended to any kind of text available on the internet. As the data being considered is extremely large in size automated models are developed to stream, download, and mine the data in real-time. Furthermore, if any tweet has traffic related information then the models should be able to infer and extract this data. To pursue this task, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Natural Language Processing techniques are used. These models are designed in such a way that they are able to detect the traffic congestion and traffic incidents from the Twitter stream at any location.
Currently, the data is collected only for United States. The data is collected for 85 days (50 complete and 35 partial) randomly sampled over the span of five months (September, 2014 to February, 2015) and a total of 120,000 geo-tagged traffic related tweets are extracted, while six million geo-tagged non-traffic related tweets are retrieved. The classification models for detection of traffic congestion and incidents are trained on this dataset. Furthermore, this data is also used for various kinds of spatial and temporal analysis. A mechanism to calculate level of traffic congestion, safety, and traffic perception for cities in U.S. is proposed. Traffic congestion and safety rankings for the various urban areas are obtained and then they are statistically validated with existing widely adopted rankings. Traffic perception depicts the attitude and perception of people towards the traffic.
It is also seen that traffic related data when visualized spatially and temporally provides the same pattern as the actual traffic flows for various urban areas. When visualized at the city level, it is clearly visible that the flow of tweets is similar to flow of vehicles and that the traffic related tweets are representative of traffic within the cities.
With all the findings in current study, it is shown that significant amount of traffic related information can be extracted from Twitter and other sources on internet. Furthermore, Twitter and these data sources are freely available and are not bound by spatial and temporal limitations. That is, wherever there is a user there is a potential for data.
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Axelsson, Eva, and Therese Wilson. "Microscopic simulation as an evaluation tool for the road safety of vulnerable road users." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130010.
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Traffic safety has traditionally been measured by analyzing historical accident data, which is a reactive method where a certain number of accidents must occur in order to identify the safety problem. An alternative safety assessment method is to use proximal safety indicators that are defined as measures of accident proximity, which is considered a proactive method. With this method it is possible to detect the safety problem before the accidents have happened. To be able to detect problems in traffic situations in general, microscopic simulation is commonly used. In these models it may be possible to generate representative near-accidents, measured by proximal safety indicator techniques. A benefit of this would be the possibility to experiment with different road designs and evaluate the traffic safety level before reconstructions of the road infrastructure. Therefore has an investigation been performed to test the possibility to identify near-accidents (conflicts) in a microscopic simulation model mimicking the Traffic Conflict Technique developed by Hydén (1987). In order to perform the investigation a case study has been used where an intersection in the city center of Stockholm was studied. The intersection has been rebuilt, which made it possible to perform a before and after study. For the previous design there was a traffic safety assessment available which was carried out using the Traffic Conflict Technique. Microscopic simulation models representing the different designs of the intersection were built in PTV Vissim. In order to evaluate and measure the traffic safety in reality as well as in the microscopic simulation models, a traffic safety assessment was performed in each case. The traffic safety assessment in field for the present design was carried out as a part of this thesis. The main focus of this thesis was the road safety for vulnerable road users. The method to identify conflicts in the simulation model has been to extract raw data output from the simulation model and thereafter process this data in a Matlab program, aiming to mimic the Traffic Conflict Technique. The same program and procedure was used for both the previous and the present design of the intersection. The results from the traffic safety assessment in the simulation model have been compared to the results from the field study in order to evaluate how well microscopic simulation works as an evaluation tool for traffic safety in new designs. The comparison shows that the two methods of conflict identification cannot replace each other straight off. But with awareness of the differences between the methods, the simulation model could be used as an indication when evaluating the level of traffic safety in a road design.
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Fong, Pui San. "Assessment of roundabout in urban road network :a case study of Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691706.
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Cheung, Wai-sin. "Road safety problems in China the rural-urban divide /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4154822X.
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Jraiw, Kadhim Salih. "Prediction and control of road traffic noise associated with non-free flowing vehicular traffic." Thesis, University of Bath, 1987. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376977.
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